Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)exhibits an unusually asynchronous reproductive cycle,in which flowering,peg penetration,pod development,and seed filling occur over an extended period.This results in the simultaneous prese...Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)exhibits an unusually asynchronous reproductive cycle,in which flowering,peg penetration,pod development,and seed filling occur over an extended period.This results in the simultaneous presence of immature and preharvest sprouted(PHS)pods on the same plant a dual challenge that undermines yield,compromises seed quality,and complicates postharvest management.Immature pods reduce harvest efficiency,while PHS diminishes flavor,uniformity,and storage stability.Both genetic and environmental determinants ranging from temporal variation in peg initiation and hormonal gradients to microenvironmental heterogeneity and differential seed dormancy shape this variability.However,despite advances in pod biology,systematic field-based quantification of intra-plant temporal variation,genotype×environment interactions,and localized microclimatic influences remains limited.This review aims to synthesize current understanding of within-plant variability in pod maturation and PHS in peanut,to elucidate critical knowledge gaps at physiological and field scales,and to evaluate emerging strategies for mitigation.Particular emphasis is given for underexplored interface between physiological mechanisms and field-scale dynamics.Emerging innovations including hyperspectral imaging,soil and canopy moisture sensing,and molecular markers offer promising avenues for precise monitoring of pod maturity and early detection of PHS risk.Integrating these tools with targeted breeding strategies for synchronous flowering,enhanced dormancy,and late-season stress resilience,alongside adaptive agronomic practices such as optimized sowing,irrigation scheduling,nutrient management,and harvest timing,could substantially reduce yield and quality losses.Future progress will depend on bridging molecular insights with predictive models that capture mixed maturity and sprouting risk under variable environments.展开更多
Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)will have a serious effect both on the yield and quality of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoaWilld.).It is crucial to select and breed quinoa varieties with PHS resistance and excellent agronomic tra...Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)will have a serious effect both on the yield and quality of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoaWilld.).It is crucial to select and breed quinoa varieties with PHS resistance and excellent agronomic traits for guidance production and utilization of quinoa.A comprehensive evaluation of the PHS resistance and agronomic traits of 37 species of quinoa resources was conducted in Chengdu Plain.The evaluation used various methods,including grain germination rate(GR),grain germination index(GI),total spike germination rate(SR),total grain germination index(SI),grey correlation analysis(GCA),cluster analysis and correlation analysis.Results showed significant differences in PHS resistance and agronomic traits amongst the 37 quinoa resources.CDU-23 was most resistant to PHS within 24 h,with a germination rate of 2.67%and 0%according to the GR and SR results,respectively.However,in the same time,CDU-31 showed the maximum susceptibility to PHS based on the SR of 31.07%,while CDU-34 was the most sensitive to PHS according to the GR of 100%.The comprehensive evaluation identified one and nine kinds of high resistance species for grain and whole spike germination,respectively.In both cases,the coefficients of variation(CV)for these parameters were 34.78%and 82.13%,respectively.GCA results showed that the magnitude of the association between each trait and yield in the thirty-seven quinoa resources was in the following order:thousand grain weight>seed length>seed area>seed width.Although the seed weight of CDU-18 reached 3.7010 g,the seed weight of CDU-5 was only 1.6030 g.However,the size of the seeds,their width and area did not correlate with their 1000-grain weight.There was a complex correlation between PHS resistance index and agronomic traits.Based on clustering analysis,thirty-seven quinoa resources were classified into three taxa.It was found that various taxa differed in PHS resistance and agronomic traits.Several comparisons of the aggregated data led to the selection of five varieties of quinoa,of which CDU-2 presented excellent agronomic qualities and strong PHS resistance.This study has provided a reference for breeding excellent quinoa varieties with PHS resistance.展开更多
Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)influences yield and end-use quality of bread wheat.Developing varieties with PHS resistance is the most effective way to reduce this problem.In this study,a panel of 725 Chinese wheat access...Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)influences yield and end-use quality of bread wheat.Developing varieties with PHS resistance is the most effective way to reduce this problem.In this study,a panel of 725 Chinese wheat accessions were evaluated for PHS resistance in three environments.There was abundant variation in PHS resistance and 63 accessions showing high resistance had germination rates of less than 10%across three experiments.The distribution of three causal single nucleotide polymorphisms in Ta PHS1 at bases-222,+646,and+666 were assessed and frequencies were determined.Favorable alleles conferring PHS resistance were identified for each locus.Haplotype analysis showed that bases C,G,and A at each of the three loci comprised the best haplotype for PHS resistance,whereas TAT showed the highest sprouting rate.Accessions with the superior Ta PHS1 haplotypes proved to be resistant to PHS providing a basis to develop varieties with PHS resistance through marker assisted breeding.展开更多
Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to...Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to cereal production worldwide.A number of PHS-associated genes in cereals have been reported;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying PHS remain largely elusive.Here,we report a CRISPRCas9 mutant with severe PHS in a paddy field.The mutated gene OsMFT2 encodes a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein(PEBP).Intriguingly,the OsMFT1,in the same PEBP family,had the opposite effect in controlling rice PHS as does OsMFT2.Germination tests of seeds of chimeric protein-expressing plants revealed that the fourth exon conferred the antagonistic activity of OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 in rice PHS.Additionally,two lines of these plants showed elevated grain numbers per panicle,implying that chimeric protein has potential to significantly increase yield.Moreover,transcriptome analysis and genetic studies indicated that OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 performed opposing functions in rice PHS owing to three co-regulated genes that being contrastingly affected by OsMFT1 and OsMFT2.Overall,it seemed that the proper combination of PEBP family members could obtain optimal PHS resistance and high yield.展开更多
Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is an important staple food crop in the world and supplies about 20%of human caloric and protein consumption(Giraldo et al.,2019;Xiao et al.,2022).Wheat production accounts for~30%of global ...Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is an important staple food crop in the world and supplies about 20%of human caloric and protein consumption(Giraldo et al.,2019;Xiao et al.,2022).Wheat production accounts for~30%of global cereal crops(Li et al.,2019).With the global population increasing and the frequency of natural disasters rising,enhancing wheat yield is crucial to meet food demand.Spike traits such as increased grain number per spike are key determinants of wheat yield.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is a significant natural disaster that severely impacts grain yield and end-use quality of wheat(Tai et al.,2021,2024).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32171997)the Earmarked Fund for China Agricultural Research System(CARS-13)+2 种基金the Nanfan special project of CAAS(Grant No.YBXM2552)the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(Grant No.Y2025YC112)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.CAAS-ASTIP-2021-OCRI)。
文摘Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)exhibits an unusually asynchronous reproductive cycle,in which flowering,peg penetration,pod development,and seed filling occur over an extended period.This results in the simultaneous presence of immature and preharvest sprouted(PHS)pods on the same plant a dual challenge that undermines yield,compromises seed quality,and complicates postharvest management.Immature pods reduce harvest efficiency,while PHS diminishes flavor,uniformity,and storage stability.Both genetic and environmental determinants ranging from temporal variation in peg initiation and hormonal gradients to microenvironmental heterogeneity and differential seed dormancy shape this variability.However,despite advances in pod biology,systematic field-based quantification of intra-plant temporal variation,genotype×environment interactions,and localized microclimatic influences remains limited.This review aims to synthesize current understanding of within-plant variability in pod maturation and PHS in peanut,to elucidate critical knowledge gaps at physiological and field scales,and to evaluate emerging strategies for mitigation.Particular emphasis is given for underexplored interface between physiological mechanisms and field-scale dynamics.Emerging innovations including hyperspectral imaging,soil and canopy moisture sensing,and molecular markers offer promising avenues for precise monitoring of pod maturity and early detection of PHS risk.Integrating these tools with targeted breeding strategies for synchronous flowering,enhanced dormancy,and late-season stress resilience,alongside adaptive agronomic practices such as optimized sowing,irrigation scheduling,nutrient management,and harvest timing,could substantially reduce yield and quality losses.Future progress will depend on bridging molecular insights with predictive models that capture mixed maturity and sprouting risk under variable environments.
基金supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program[Grant No.2022YFQ0041].
文摘Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)will have a serious effect both on the yield and quality of quinoa(Chenopodium quinoaWilld.).It is crucial to select and breed quinoa varieties with PHS resistance and excellent agronomic traits for guidance production and utilization of quinoa.A comprehensive evaluation of the PHS resistance and agronomic traits of 37 species of quinoa resources was conducted in Chengdu Plain.The evaluation used various methods,including grain germination rate(GR),grain germination index(GI),total spike germination rate(SR),total grain germination index(SI),grey correlation analysis(GCA),cluster analysis and correlation analysis.Results showed significant differences in PHS resistance and agronomic traits amongst the 37 quinoa resources.CDU-23 was most resistant to PHS within 24 h,with a germination rate of 2.67%and 0%according to the GR and SR results,respectively.However,in the same time,CDU-31 showed the maximum susceptibility to PHS based on the SR of 31.07%,while CDU-34 was the most sensitive to PHS according to the GR of 100%.The comprehensive evaluation identified one and nine kinds of high resistance species for grain and whole spike germination,respectively.In both cases,the coefficients of variation(CV)for these parameters were 34.78%and 82.13%,respectively.GCA results showed that the magnitude of the association between each trait and yield in the thirty-seven quinoa resources was in the following order:thousand grain weight>seed length>seed area>seed width.Although the seed weight of CDU-18 reached 3.7010 g,the seed weight of CDU-5 was only 1.6030 g.However,the size of the seeds,their width and area did not correlate with their 1000-grain weight.There was a complex correlation between PHS resistance index and agronomic traits.Based on clustering analysis,thirty-seven quinoa resources were classified into three taxa.It was found that various taxa differed in PHS resistance and agronomic traits.Several comparisons of the aggregated data led to the selection of five varieties of quinoa,of which CDU-2 presented excellent agronomic qualities and strong PHS resistance.This study has provided a reference for breeding excellent quinoa varieties with PHS resistance.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31571666)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0101802)the Shandong Province Agricultural Fine Seeds Project(2016LZGC023)。
文摘Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)influences yield and end-use quality of bread wheat.Developing varieties with PHS resistance is the most effective way to reduce this problem.In this study,a panel of 725 Chinese wheat accessions were evaluated for PHS resistance in three environments.There was abundant variation in PHS resistance and 63 accessions showing high resistance had germination rates of less than 10%across three experiments.The distribution of three causal single nucleotide polymorphisms in Ta PHS1 at bases-222,+646,and+666 were assessed and frequencies were determined.Favorable alleles conferring PHS resistance were identified for each locus.Haplotype analysis showed that bases C,G,and A at each of the three loci comprised the best haplotype for PHS resistance,whereas TAT showed the highest sprouting rate.Accessions with the superior Ta PHS1 haplotypes proved to be resistant to PHS providing a basis to develop varieties with PHS resistance through marker assisted breeding.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172059)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(SWUXDJH202315).
文摘Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)describes the germination of physiologically mature grains in spikes prior to harvest in cereal crops.PHS could seriously decrease grain yield and quality,which makes it a major constraint to cereal production worldwide.A number of PHS-associated genes in cereals have been reported;however,the molecular mechanisms underlying PHS remain largely elusive.Here,we report a CRISPRCas9 mutant with severe PHS in a paddy field.The mutated gene OsMFT2 encodes a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein(PEBP).Intriguingly,the OsMFT1,in the same PEBP family,had the opposite effect in controlling rice PHS as does OsMFT2.Germination tests of seeds of chimeric protein-expressing plants revealed that the fourth exon conferred the antagonistic activity of OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 in rice PHS.Additionally,two lines of these plants showed elevated grain numbers per panicle,implying that chimeric protein has potential to significantly increase yield.Moreover,transcriptome analysis and genetic studies indicated that OsMFT1 and OsMFT2 performed opposing functions in rice PHS owing to three co-regulated genes that being contrastingly affected by OsMFT1 and OsMFT2.Overall,it seemed that the proper combination of PEBP family members could obtain optimal PHS resistance and high yield.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1200403 and 2023YFF1000600)the Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences。
文摘Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)is an important staple food crop in the world and supplies about 20%of human caloric and protein consumption(Giraldo et al.,2019;Xiao et al.,2022).Wheat production accounts for~30%of global cereal crops(Li et al.,2019).With the global population increasing and the frequency of natural disasters rising,enhancing wheat yield is crucial to meet food demand.Spike traits such as increased grain number per spike are key determinants of wheat yield.Pre-harvest sprouting(PHS)is a significant natural disaster that severely impacts grain yield and end-use quality of wheat(Tai et al.,2021,2024).
