The NCEP data were applied to analyze causes of 'late spring coldness' occurring twice in Dalian in late April and mid May of 2008.The results showed that the 500 hPa Baikal ridge of high pressure maintained o...The NCEP data were applied to analyze causes of 'late spring coldness' occurring twice in Dalian in late April and mid May of 2008.The results showed that the 500 hPa Baikal ridge of high pressure maintained or strengthened in a stable manner.The delivery of accumulated cold air toward southeast was along the northwest airstream before the ridge.Therefore,the ridge of high pressure over Lake Baikal provided access for the cold air southward so that the cold air could continue to decline,resulting in the appearance of low temperature in late April and formation of 'late spring coldness'.The Northeast cold vortex(NECV) occurred frequently in mid May.There was a high possibility for low temperature and pluvial damages over Dalian.Thus the phenomenon of 'late spring coldness' appeared again.展开更多
Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses o...Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.展开更多
A new acyclic peroxide derivative asperoxide A(1),along with 13 known compounds,namely,microperfuranone(2),9-hydroxymicroperfuranone(3),gibellulin A(4),lecanoric acid(5),terrequinone A(6),sterigmatocystin(7),isosecost...A new acyclic peroxide derivative asperoxide A(1),along with 13 known compounds,namely,microperfuranone(2),9-hydroxymicroperfuranone(3),gibellulin A(4),lecanoric acid(5),terrequinone A(6),sterigmatocystin(7),isosecosterigmatocystin(8),arugosin C(9),curvularin(10),3,3'-diindolylmethane(11),austinol(12),austin(13),and dehydroaustin(14),were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Aspergillus nidulans SD-531,a fungus obtained from the deep-sea sediment of cold spring in the South China Sea.Their structures were determined based on detailed interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data analysis.All the isolated compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against human and aquatic bacteria as well as plant pathogenic fungi.Compounds 1–8,10,and 11 exhibited antimicrobial activities against some of the tested strains with minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)values ranging from^2 to 64μg/mL.Compounds 4 and 6 displayed strongest activities among the tested samples and might be used as promising molecules for the development of natural antimicrobial agents.展开更多
The microbial diversity in Wuli Area, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was investigated using 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses. A total of 117 bacterial and 66 archaeal 16S rRNA gene clones were obtained from the Wuli cold ...The microbial diversity in Wuli Area, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was investigated using 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses. A total of 117 bacterial and 66 archaeal 16S rRNA gene clones were obtained from the Wuli cold springs, The bacterial clones could be classified into Proteobacteria, Acid- obacteria, Deinococci, Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, Nitrospirae, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimona- detes, and unclassified-bacteria; and the archaeal clones could be classified into Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota. Among the major groups, Proteobacteria and Crenarchaeota were dominant in the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, respectively. The clone sequences obtained in Wuli cold springs were closely related to those from cold habitats, such as snow/ice/soils on high mountains or at high latitude. Especially, the microbial community composition of Wuli Area was more similar to that in Tibetan glaciers than cold environments of other locations. The data presented in this study have impli- cations for a better understanding of microbial diversity in cold springs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.展开更多
This study presents the major features of extreme spring cold spells(ESCS)in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes.During an ESCS,northern Eurasia is controlled by large-scale positive SLP anomalies...This study presents the major features of extreme spring cold spells(ESCS)in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes.During an ESCS,northern Eurasia is controlled by large-scale positive SLP anomalies and an anomalous anticyclone that continuously transport northern cold air to North China,causing significant,persistent,lower-than-normal daily temperatures.In fact,these positive SLP and anticyclonic wind anomalies begin to appear over northwestern Europe about 10 days prior to the ESCS.The anticyclonic wind anomalies keep moving southeastward and expand to the west of Lake Baikal until two days before the ESCS.Then,the center of the anomalous low-level anticyclone moves over Lake Baikal,inducing northerly wind anomalies that transport cold air into North China.In the following days,as the positive SLP anomalies weaken,the anomalous anticyclone and related northerly winds appear to wane,and the ESCS gradually comes to an end.The results may prove meaningful for the prediction and early warning of ESCSs.展开更多
Overview Cold Spring Harbor Asia conferences will be held at Suzhou Dushu Lake Conference Center in Suzhou, China, sixty miles west of Shanghai and in easy reach of international and domestic airports. Suzhou is an an...Overview Cold Spring Harbor Asia conferences will be held at Suzhou Dushu Lake Conference Center in Suzhou, China, sixty miles west of Shanghai and in easy reach of international and domestic airports. Suzhou is an ancient city known as the Venice of China, famous for its canals and private gardens and home to scholars for more than two millenia.展开更多
The conference will include eight oral sessions and one poster session.Many talks will be selected from the openly submittedabstracts on the basis of scientific merit and relevance.Social events throughout the confere...The conference will include eight oral sessions and one poster session.Many talks will be selected from the openly submittedabstracts on the basis of scientific merit and relevance.Social events throughout the conference provide ample opportunity forinformal interactions.Major topics on the conference include:neurogenesis,axon guidance,synapse formation,dendritemorphogenesis,developmental plasticity。展开更多
通过对2018年3月15—16日河南省发生的一次春季大风的天气学分析,探讨了大风极值中心出现在豫北地区的原因。在此基础上,利用耦合了阵风估算(wind gust estimate,WGE)方法的天气研究和预报(weather research and forecasting,WRF)模式...通过对2018年3月15—16日河南省发生的一次春季大风的天气学分析,探讨了大风极值中心出现在豫北地区的原因。在此基础上,利用耦合了阵风估算(wind gust estimate,WGE)方法的天气研究和预报(weather research and forecasting,WRF)模式模拟了研究区风场的空间特征,评估了WRF和WRF-WGE对本次大风天气的模拟效果。结果表明:冷锋过境河南时正值白天,冷锋前后温度差很大,冷锋移速快是河南大风风速高于其他地区的主要原因,豫北地区因叠加了地形的“狭管效应”成为此次春季大风的核心区。WRF模式和WRF-WGE均对大风有一定的模拟能力,能够模拟出大风的时间、空间分布特征,但WRF模拟的最大风速值远低于观测值,而WRF-WGE模拟的最大风速值与观测更为匹配,其优势主要在于预报大于10 m/s以上的大风,表明WGE方法在中国大陆系统性大风的预报中有一定的适用性。展开更多
On March 17, 2022, a city-wide snowfall occurred in Beijing, China, with significant snowfall in Northwest China and other places. By using the surface meteorological observation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, we...On March 17, 2022, a city-wide snowfall occurred in Beijing, China, with significant snowfall in Northwest China and other places. By using the surface meteorological observation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, we carried out a case study of a snowfall event in Beijing from March 17 to 18, 2022. Results show that this process had the characteristics of a wide range of influence and a large range of cooling. The temperature in the north of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River changed from an obvious high to low in the previous period, and the rain and snow in northern China were obvious. The snowfall in Beijing is the result of the combined influence of warm and humid air and cold air. The warm and humid air flow from the Indo-China Peninsula all the way to the north brought abundant water vapor and unstable energy. The southward cold air and warm and humid air met and collided in the central and eastern part of China, and brought about precipitation under the combined action of atmospheric instability energy and other factors. The temperature in Beijing dropped significantly, but it still has not reached the standard of “cold spring” in the meteorological sense.展开更多
Under global climate change,high and low temperature extremes can drive shifts in species distributions.Across the range of a species,thermal tolerance is based on acclimatization,plasticity,and may undergo selection,...Under global climate change,high and low temperature extremes can drive shifts in species distributions.Across the range of a species,thermal tolerance is based on acclimatization,plasticity,and may undergo selection,shaping resilience to temperature stress.In this study,we measured variation in cold temperature tolerance of early instar larvae of an invasive forest insect,Lymantria dispar dispar L.(Lepidoptera:Erebidae),using populations sourced from a range of climates within the current introduced range in the Eastern United States.We tested for population differences in chill coma recovery(CCR)by measuring recovery time following a period of exposure to a nonlethal cold temperature in 2 cold exposure experiments.A 3rd experiment quantified growth responses after CCR to evaluate sublethal effects.Our results indicate that cold tolerance is linked to regional climate,with individuals from populations sourced from colder climates recovering faster from chill coma.While this geographic gradient is seen in many species,detecting this pattern is notable for an introduced species founded from a single point-source introduction.We demonstrate that the cold temperatures used in our experiments occur in nature during cold spells after spring egg hatch,but impacts to growth and survival appear low.We expect that population differences in cold temperature performance manifest more from differences in temperature-dependent growth than acute exposure.Evaluating intraspecific variation in cold tolerance increases our understanding of the role of climatic gradients on the physiology of an invasive species,and contributes to tools for predicting further expansion.展开更多
Ever since the Cold Spring Pavilion （Lengquan ting 冷泉亭） was built, it has been extolled by scholar-literati as a place of purity, where the dust of the mundane world could be cleansed by the cold spring water flo...Ever since the Cold Spring Pavilion （Lengquan ting 冷泉亭） was built, it has been extolled by scholar-literati as a place of purity, where the dust of the mundane world could be cleansed by the cold spring water flowing beside it. For centuries, people tried to reinforce the image of the pavilion as an innocent haven through writing poems, stories, and essays about their visits there. But they were unaware, or refused to admit, that their admiration of the place also possessed the power to destroy whatever sacredness and serenity it stood for. This paper examines representations of the Cold Spring Pavilion in Chinese literature through the lens of a paradox that has haunted the pavilion since it was first built. The paper argues that, ever since the pavilion was built, it has, through its literary-historical representation, been slowly but inevitably absorbed or assimilated into what it had originally been built to fend off. Like the Cold Spring, which flowed into West Lake, the Cold Spring Pavilion, which was created to help people resist the temptations of city life, was inevitably absorbed into the very fabric of the city.展开更多
文摘The NCEP data were applied to analyze causes of 'late spring coldness' occurring twice in Dalian in late April and mid May of 2008.The results showed that the 500 hPa Baikal ridge of high pressure maintained or strengthened in a stable manner.The delivery of accumulated cold air toward southeast was along the northwest airstream before the ridge.Therefore,the ridge of high pressure over Lake Baikal provided access for the cold air southward so that the cold air could continue to decline,resulting in the appearance of low temperature in late April and formation of 'late spring coldness'.The Northeast cold vortex(NECV) occurred frequently in mid May.There was a high possibility for low temperature and pluvial damages over Dalian.Thus the phenomenon of 'late spring coldness' appeared again.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0300408)the Major Research Projects of Anhui (202003b06020021)the Graduate Innovation Fund of Anhui Agricultural University (2020 ysj-5)。
文摘Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFC0310800)。
文摘A new acyclic peroxide derivative asperoxide A(1),along with 13 known compounds,namely,microperfuranone(2),9-hydroxymicroperfuranone(3),gibellulin A(4),lecanoric acid(5),terrequinone A(6),sterigmatocystin(7),isosecosterigmatocystin(8),arugosin C(9),curvularin(10),3,3'-diindolylmethane(11),austinol(12),austin(13),and dehydroaustin(14),were isolated and identified from the culture extract of Aspergillus nidulans SD-531,a fungus obtained from the deep-sea sediment of cold spring in the South China Sea.Their structures were determined based on detailed interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopic and mass spectrometry data analysis.All the isolated compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against human and aquatic bacteria as well as plant pathogenic fungi.Compounds 1–8,10,and 11 exhibited antimicrobial activities against some of the tested strains with minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)values ranging from^2 to 64μg/mL.Compounds 4 and 6 displayed strongest activities among the tested samples and might be used as promising molecules for the development of natural antimicrobial agents.
基金supported by grants from National Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41030211 and 41002123)the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Edncation Ministry,Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No. 20100022120009)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant Nos.2010ZY16 and 2011YXL03)the Teaching Laboratory Funds from China University of Geosciences,Beijing
文摘The microbial diversity in Wuli Area, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was investigated using 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analyses. A total of 117 bacterial and 66 archaeal 16S rRNA gene clones were obtained from the Wuli cold springs, The bacterial clones could be classified into Proteobacteria, Acid- obacteria, Deinococci, Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, Nitrospirae, Actinobacteria, Gemmatimona- detes, and unclassified-bacteria; and the archaeal clones could be classified into Crenarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota. Among the major groups, Proteobacteria and Crenarchaeota were dominant in the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, respectively. The clone sequences obtained in Wuli cold springs were closely related to those from cold habitats, such as snow/ice/soils on high mountains or at high latitude. Especially, the microbial community composition of Wuli Area was more similar to that in Tibetan glaciers than cold environments of other locations. The data presented in this study have impli- cations for a better understanding of microbial diversity in cold springs on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.
基金jointly supported by the National Key R&D Program of China [grant number 2016YFA0600701]the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant numbers41675083 and 41210007]the CAS–PKU Joint Research Program
文摘This study presents the major features of extreme spring cold spells(ESCS)in North China during 1961–2014 and the evolving processes.During an ESCS,northern Eurasia is controlled by large-scale positive SLP anomalies and an anomalous anticyclone that continuously transport northern cold air to North China,causing significant,persistent,lower-than-normal daily temperatures.In fact,these positive SLP and anticyclonic wind anomalies begin to appear over northwestern Europe about 10 days prior to the ESCS.The anticyclonic wind anomalies keep moving southeastward and expand to the west of Lake Baikal until two days before the ESCS.Then,the center of the anomalous low-level anticyclone moves over Lake Baikal,inducing northerly wind anomalies that transport cold air into North China.In the following days,as the positive SLP anomalies weaken,the anomalous anticyclone and related northerly winds appear to wane,and the ESCS gradually comes to an end.The results may prove meaningful for the prediction and early warning of ESCSs.
文摘Overview Cold Spring Harbor Asia conferences will be held at Suzhou Dushu Lake Conference Center in Suzhou, China, sixty miles west of Shanghai and in easy reach of international and domestic airports. Suzhou is an ancient city known as the Venice of China, famous for its canals and private gardens and home to scholars for more than two millenia.
文摘The conference will include eight oral sessions and one poster session.Many talks will be selected from the openly submittedabstracts on the basis of scientific merit and relevance.Social events throughout the conference provide ample opportunity forinformal interactions.Major topics on the conference include:neurogenesis,axon guidance,synapse formation,dendritemorphogenesis,developmental plasticity。
文摘通过对2018年3月15—16日河南省发生的一次春季大风的天气学分析,探讨了大风极值中心出现在豫北地区的原因。在此基础上,利用耦合了阵风估算(wind gust estimate,WGE)方法的天气研究和预报(weather research and forecasting,WRF)模式模拟了研究区风场的空间特征,评估了WRF和WRF-WGE对本次大风天气的模拟效果。结果表明:冷锋过境河南时正值白天,冷锋前后温度差很大,冷锋移速快是河南大风风速高于其他地区的主要原因,豫北地区因叠加了地形的“狭管效应”成为此次春季大风的核心区。WRF模式和WRF-WGE均对大风有一定的模拟能力,能够模拟出大风的时间、空间分布特征,但WRF模拟的最大风速值远低于观测值,而WRF-WGE模拟的最大风速值与观测更为匹配,其优势主要在于预报大于10 m/s以上的大风,表明WGE方法在中国大陆系统性大风的预报中有一定的适用性。
文摘On March 17, 2022, a city-wide snowfall occurred in Beijing, China, with significant snowfall in Northwest China and other places. By using the surface meteorological observation data and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, we carried out a case study of a snowfall event in Beijing from March 17 to 18, 2022. Results show that this process had the characteristics of a wide range of influence and a large range of cooling. The temperature in the north of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River changed from an obvious high to low in the previous period, and the rain and snow in northern China were obvious. The snowfall in Beijing is the result of the combined influence of warm and humid air and cold air. The warm and humid air flow from the Indo-China Peninsula all the way to the north brought abundant water vapor and unstable energy. The southward cold air and warm and humid air met and collided in the central and eastern part of China, and brought about precipitation under the combined action of atmospheric instability energy and other factors. The temperature in Beijing dropped significantly, but it still has not reached the standard of “cold spring” in the meteorological sense.
基金conducted under USDA APHIS permit numbers P526P-17-03681 and P526P-20-02026(K.L.G.)and P526P-16-04388(D.P.)supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant DEB 1702701(K.L.G.)and 1702312(D.P.)under the Macrosystems Biology Program and the Thomas F.and Kate Miller Jeffress Memorial Trust+1 种基金funding was provided by the Slow-the-Spread Foundationthe University of Richmond School of Arts&Sciences.
文摘Under global climate change,high and low temperature extremes can drive shifts in species distributions.Across the range of a species,thermal tolerance is based on acclimatization,plasticity,and may undergo selection,shaping resilience to temperature stress.In this study,we measured variation in cold temperature tolerance of early instar larvae of an invasive forest insect,Lymantria dispar dispar L.(Lepidoptera:Erebidae),using populations sourced from a range of climates within the current introduced range in the Eastern United States.We tested for population differences in chill coma recovery(CCR)by measuring recovery time following a period of exposure to a nonlethal cold temperature in 2 cold exposure experiments.A 3rd experiment quantified growth responses after CCR to evaluate sublethal effects.Our results indicate that cold tolerance is linked to regional climate,with individuals from populations sourced from colder climates recovering faster from chill coma.While this geographic gradient is seen in many species,detecting this pattern is notable for an introduced species founded from a single point-source introduction.We demonstrate that the cold temperatures used in our experiments occur in nature during cold spells after spring egg hatch,but impacts to growth and survival appear low.We expect that population differences in cold temperature performance manifest more from differences in temperature-dependent growth than acute exposure.Evaluating intraspecific variation in cold tolerance increases our understanding of the role of climatic gradients on the physiology of an invasive species,and contributes to tools for predicting further expansion.
文摘Ever since the Cold Spring Pavilion （Lengquan ting 冷泉亭） was built, it has been extolled by scholar-literati as a place of purity, where the dust of the mundane world could be cleansed by the cold spring water flowing beside it. For centuries, people tried to reinforce the image of the pavilion as an innocent haven through writing poems, stories, and essays about their visits there. But they were unaware, or refused to admit, that their admiration of the place also possessed the power to destroy whatever sacredness and serenity it stood for. This paper examines representations of the Cold Spring Pavilion in Chinese literature through the lens of a paradox that has haunted the pavilion since it was first built. The paper argues that, ever since the pavilion was built, it has, through its literary-historical representation, been slowly but inevitably absorbed or assimilated into what it had originally been built to fend off. Like the Cold Spring, which flowed into West Lake, the Cold Spring Pavilion, which was created to help people resist the temptations of city life, was inevitably absorbed into the very fabric of the city.
