Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-...Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-rotor un- manned sprayer. The effects on rice injury, lodging, and rehabilitation were conclud- ed and drug uniform distribution, sedimentation and prevention effects were ana- lyzed. The results showed that the self-propelled boom sprayer is characterized by high degree of automation, convenient operation, high adaptability, and high work efficiency. What＇s more, the sprayed fog quality is better, and fog distribution is more uniform. During the work process, fog loss would be diminished substantially, improving work efficiency and cutting down drug and water. It is notable that the underpart of the sprayer can be widely applied to plant protection in large-scale ar- eas in Jiangsu Province, significantly advancing whole-process mechanization of rice production.展开更多
We firstly introduce existing situations of development of electrostatic spraying technology both at home and abroad. On the basis of such problems as serious drift, loss and deterioration of environment during orchar...We firstly introduce existing situations of development of electrostatic spraying technology both at home and abroad. On the basis of such problems as serious drift, loss and deterioration of environment during orchard spraying in Xinjiang, we design and develop a new electrostatic sprayer which can effectively reduce the pesticide, improve the adhesion rate of pesticide in the target, and reduce pollution on human body and environment. Using electrostatic induction principle, this electrostatic sprayer directly sprays charged droplet onto target in the action of electrostatic force and high speed air flow. Besides, this sprayer has outstanding economic and social benefits. For farmers, it can raise the utilization ratio of pesticide to 60%, reduce the pesticide loss by 50%, and reduce prevention cost for 10% to 20%; for enterprises, this investment project has a trial profit-tax rate up to 21.4%; the entire sprayer only needs one person to operate; it is highly efficient and low pollution, conforming to national environmental protection and policy concerning agriculture, farmers and countryside. Therefore, this new pneumatic electrostatic sprayer in orchard will have bright popularization and application prospect.展开更多
Two kinds of 2-dof parallel mechanisms are proposed in this paper which can be used as the actuator for the plane sprayer. The direct and inverse kinematics solutions of the two kinds of mechanisms are derived on the ...Two kinds of 2-dof parallel mechanisms are proposed in this paper which can be used as the actuator for the plane sprayer. The direct and inverse kinematics solutions of the two kinds of mechanisms are derived on the end operating point and two workspaces are analyzed and compared. The kinematics models of the end operating point of two mechanisms are simulated by Matlab examples obtaining variation of kinematics parameters of these two mechanisms. The research of this paper provides the basis for the selection of mechanism, trajectory planning of the end operating point on the sprayer and often some practical value for trajectory analysis and structure design of the plane sprayer.展开更多
The application and spraying effect of 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard were evaluated by investigating the droplet density, coverage and volume median diameter(VMD) in different ca...The application and spraying effect of 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard were evaluated by investigating the droplet density, coverage and volume median diameter(VMD) in different canopy layers(2.0, 1.5, 1.0 m) and five directions(east, south, west, north and middle) of apple trees. The results showed that the droplet density was 166.99 per square centimeter, the coverage was 48.23%, and the VMD was 138.63 μm. The droplet density in different canopy layers of the trees had consistent trend with the coverage. The droplet density and coverage in the upper and middle canopy(2.0 m and 1.5 m) had no significant difference, but they were both higher than those in the lower canopy, while the VMD in different canopy layers showed an opposite trend. The change trends of the coverage and VMD in the five directions were consistent, and the values in the middle and east were the highest, followed by the north, south and west, respectively. The results indicated that droplet characteristics of the 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer met the basic requirements for pest and pathogen control. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the application and improvement of orchard application equipments in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard.展开更多
[Objectives]The paper was to compare and verify the operation performance of precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer,and to select the optimum plant protection equipment suitable for greenhouse application...[Objectives]The paper was to compare and verify the operation performance of precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer,and to select the optimum plant protection equipment suitable for greenhouse application.[Methods]Agents were sprayed by precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer to control tomato downy mildew in greenhouse,and the control effect and pesticide utilization rate were compared.[Results]Compared with electric sprayer,precision electric mist duster improved the pesticide utilization rate by 31.7%,improved the spray efficiency by 20 times,and increased the control effect by 13.2%.[Conclusions]The study provides technical support for the popularization and application of precision electric mist duster in greenhouse and other facilities cultivation.展开更多
In conjunction with the working characteristics of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and the benefits of the closed hydraulic system,a series of reasonable working parameters should be established,and a hydraulic sys...In conjunction with the working characteristics of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and the benefits of the closed hydraulic system,a series of reasonable working parameters should be established,and a hydraulic system that fulfills the requisite specifications should be designed.The AMESim software model is employed to construct a closed hydraulic transmission system,and the simulation analysis is then performed according to the data of hydraulic components.According to analysis results,the prototype can be optimized and upgraded,and a verification test is further carried out.The test results demonstrate that the designed closed hydraulic transmission system meets the actual working requirements of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and provides a stable experimental platform for intelligent control of agricultural machinery.展开更多
The study was aimed at determining the impacts of operating Manually Operated Hand Lever Knapsack Sprayers (MOHLKS) on physiological responses of the operators as dependent on anthropometric variations and sex. Twenty...The study was aimed at determining the impacts of operating Manually Operated Hand Lever Knapsack Sprayers (MOHLKS) on physiological responses of the operators as dependent on anthropometric variations and sex. Twenty eight subjects, (4 female, 24 male) Mean ± SD: Age 22.5 ± 1.92, 24.29 ± 2.2 years;Body Mass Index 24.6 ± 4.8, 21.7 ± 2.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were employed in the study. Selected anthropometric parameters of weight and height were used to determine body mass index (BMI), with these are arm-reach forward, elbow to fingertip, hand length and hand width were measured to establish human variations in diversity. Subjects undertook the operation at 5 replicates each, before and after which information about operators’ body pain locations and body physiological changes of heart rates were obtained. Measured parameters were used in the determination of expended energy (EE), physiological cost (PC), oxygen intake (VO<sub>2</sub>) and aerobic power (VO<sub>2</sub>max). Alongside with these were operational parameters of stroke, pace and time taken to get the operation done and environmental factors of temperature and relative humidity. The results revealed on the average that the BMI (24.61 ± 4.78 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in female operators was higher, this corresponded to PC and VO<sub>2</sub>, while the VO<sub>2</sub>max (34.83 ± 3.30 ml/min/kg) in males is higher. More EE was obtained in female subjects (3.53 ± 3.76 kCal/min) as compared to male subjects (3.42 ± 7.48 kCal/min). The main effects plot of operational factors on EE displayed the stroke made by the subjects during spraying operation as parameter with largest effect on EE. Regression equation for EE and PCI is given as PCI = 1.97 + 25.2 EE, while the P-value at α = 0.05 is 0.000 and R<sup>2</sup> = 98.8%. Post operational body pain showed that 19 out of 28 subjects incurred at least one type of body pain, with shoulder pain as most frequent. The results of the study suggest that early incidence of fatigue may occur in female operators as compared to the males, and in addition, cumulative trauma at shoulder, back, and upper and lower arm may result over time. Hence, it is recommended that the tank volume should be reduced and the straps for the shoulders should be supported with additional cushion.展开更多
This paper describes the design and evaluation of a user interface for a remotely supervised autonomous agricultural sprayer. The interface was designed to help the remote supervisor to instruct the autonomous sprayer...This paper describes the design and evaluation of a user interface for a remotely supervised autonomous agricultural sprayer. The interface was designed to help the remote supervisor to instruct the autonomous sprayer to commence operation, monitor the status of the sprayer and its operation in the field, and intervene when needed (i.e., to stop or shut down). Design principles and guidelines were carefully selected to help develop a human-centered automation interface. Evaluation of the interface using a combination of heuristic, cognitive walkthrough, and user testing techniques revealed several strengths of the design as well as areas that needed further improvement. Overall, this paper provides guidelines that will assist other researchers to develop an ergonomic user interface for a fully autonomous agricultural machine.展开更多
Sprayers produced by the Zhuhai Huaxun Precision Chemicals Co. Ltd. Chinese-foreign joint venture are mainly used as packing containers for perfume, hair sprays, bathing shampoo. different kinds of freshener, deodoran...Sprayers produced by the Zhuhai Huaxun Precision Chemicals Co. Ltd. Chinese-foreign joint venture are mainly used as packing containers for perfume, hair sprays, bathing shampoo. different kinds of freshener, deodorant, insecticides, etc. Our products are made with imported equipment, imported model plates, imported raw materials. They are sophisticated in design, and can match the world’s advanced level of the 1990s in integral function. After scientific and technical appraisal by the Light Industry Bureau展开更多
In order to reduce the application dosage of pesticides,a targeting air-assisted(TAA)sprayer was developed and tested in this study.Fruit trees were assayed by an infrared detection system to determine if the canopy n...In order to reduce the application dosage of pesticides,a targeting air-assisted(TAA)sprayer was developed and tested in this study.Fruit trees were assayed by an infrared detection system to determine if the canopy needs to be sprayed.This TAA sprayer was compared with conventional air-assisted(CAA)sprayers,and the impacts of various fan speeds(0,800 r/min,1300 r/min,and 1800 r/min)on spray deposition,coverage,and drift amount were tested.Ponceau 2R was used as tracer to measure spray deposition under each treatment.Droplet coverage and canopy deposition were best when the CAA application fan speed was increased to 1300 r/min,but at higher fan speeds,spray deposition and coverage in canopy did not increase because extra air flow blew droplets from the ground into the air.During TAA spraying,droplet sizes increased at opening and closing moments.Optimal spray effects were achieved when the auxiliary airflow velocity was increased at a fan speed of 1800 r/min.The research provides a useful reference for the design of TAA and parameters optimization method with respect to the relationship between droplets deposition into tree canopy,ground and drift in the air.展开更多
There is an urgent need for new chemical application techniques and sprayers in Chinese orchard spraying.A new tractor-mounted automatic target detecting electrostatics,and air-assisted orchard sprayer was designed an...There is an urgent need for new chemical application techniques and sprayers in Chinese orchard spraying.A new tractor-mounted automatic target detecting electrostatics,and air-assisted orchard sprayer was designed and developed to meet the demand of chemical pest control in orchards.This sprayer light weighted,highly efficient,reduces pesticide use and is friendly to the environment.The techniques of automatic target detecting,electrostatics,and air-assisted spraying were combined in this system.The electrostatically charged droplets are projected toward the target by the assistance of an air stream that increases the droplets penetration within canopy.Experimental results show that the new automatic target detecting orchard sprayer with an infrared sensor can save more than 50%to 75%of pesticides,improve the utilization rate(over 55%),control efficiency,and significantly reduce environmental pollution caused by the pesticide application.At the same time the key technological problems related to air-assisted low volume and electrostatic spraying were solved.展开更多
During different growth periods,canopy size and density in orchards are variable,which need application conditions(flow rate and air flow)to be adjusted to match the canopy’s characteristics.In order to improve orcha...During different growth periods,canopy size and density in orchards are variable,which need application conditions(flow rate and air flow)to be adjusted to match the canopy’s characteristics.In order to improve orchard sprayer’s automatic operating performance,an automatic variable-rate orchard sprayer(VARS)fixed with 40 electromagnetic valves and 8 brushless fans was developed based on the canopy’s spatial dimensions.Each solenoid valve and brushless motor can be individually adjusted in real-time through pulse width modulation(PWM)signals emitted by a control system to adjust each nozzle’s spout and fan rotation speed.A high-precision laser scanning sensor(light detecting and ranging,LIDAR)was adopted as the detector to measure the canopy volume using the variable rate algorithm principle.Field experiments were conducted in an apple orchard,and conventional air blast sprayer(CABS)and directed air-jet sprayer(DAJS)were tested as a comparison.Results showed that on average,46%less spraying solution was applied compared to conventional applications,while penetration rate was similar to DAJS.Normalized deposition in the canopy with variable application was higher than that of conventional applications,indicating that electronic sprayers are more efficient than conventional sprayers.It was also observed that VARS could significantly reduce off-target loss.The field experiment showed that the newly developed variable-rate sprayer can greatly reduce pesticide use and protect the environment for the orchard fruit production,and also provide a reference for design and performance optimization for plant protection machinery.展开更多
Boom sprayer is widely used in large farm crops because of its high working efficiency and favorable spraying effect.But there are still some problems in cotton defoliant spraying in Xinjiang,China.Cotton is planted i...Boom sprayer is widely used in large farm crops because of its high working efficiency and favorable spraying effect.But there are still some problems in cotton defoliant spraying in Xinjiang,China.Cotton is planted in a high density in Xinjiang,the row space is(10+66)cm,leaves in two adjacent rows are seriously overlapped,the lower leavers are poorly sprayed,so the defoliation effect is poor,and the cotton quality is degraded.To solve this problem and improve the defoliant droplets coverage on the cotton canopy,the original boom spraying was modified,and the spraying pardameters was optimized by the central combination test and design concept of Box-Behnken based on a single-factor test.A quadratic polynomial model of droplets coverage was created by using working parameters including horizontal spraying boom height,hang boom height and nozzles angle as the influential factors and the mean droplets coverage on cotton canopy as the target function,and the effectiveness of mode and interaction of factors were analyzed.The model was optimized and analyzed using the regression analysis method and response surface analysis method of software Design-Expert 7.0.0,and the optimal combination of spraying parameters was obtained.The results showed that the droplets coverage on cotton canopy were influenced by boom height,sprayer height and angled nozzles sequentially from large to small,and the optimal combination of spraying parameters was under horizontal spraying boom height of 134 cm,hang spraying boom height of 27.5 cm and nozzles angle of 21°.The mean droplets coverage of experimental value and predicted value on cotton canopy were 19.6%and 20.43%respectively in such conditions,and the relative error to the estimated value on the model was–4.25%.The research result can provide a reference for further optimizing the spraying parameters of cotton defoliant sprayer.展开更多
To improve the precision spraying strategy and reduce excessive pesticide application in orchards,an air-assisted sprayer integrated with a laser-scanning system was developed to realize the toward-target variable-rat...To improve the precision spraying strategy and reduce excessive pesticide application in orchards,an air-assisted sprayer integrated with a laser-scanning system was developed to realize the toward-target variable-rate spraying.In the spray control system,a method of calculating canopy gridding volumes was designed to ensure that the canopy was divided into a uniform grid size,a variable-rate spray model was used in the flow rate decision software to control the spray output according to the canopy gridding volumes and travel speed,and a method of saving and accessing spray data was used to control the spray delay.The effects of different grid sizes and travel speeds on the spray performance were evaluated by quantifying spray coverage uniformity inside tree canopies.The results showed that spray coverage uniformity declined with increasing grid width from 0.14 to 0.28 m although the mean spray coverage on each target location showed no significant differences.Additionally,there were no significant variations in mean spray coverage at speeds of 1.0,1.2 and 1.4 m/s for a tested tree of 1.6 m width and at any experimental speeds for a tested tree of 1.3 m width,which indicated that the variable-rate sprayer could provide good spray coverage uniformity under various travel speeds with a canopy size limitation.Compared with the same sprayer without the variable-rate spray function,the intelligent sprayer prototype realized effective toward-target spraying and avoided overspraying while providing sufficient spray coverage.展开更多
A smart sprayer comprises a detection system and a chemical spraying system.In this study,the development status and challenges of the detection systems of smart sprayers are discussed along with perspectives on these...A smart sprayer comprises a detection system and a chemical spraying system.In this study,the development status and challenges of the detection systems of smart sprayers are discussed along with perspectives on these technologies.The detection system of a smart sprayer is used to collect information on target areas and make spraying decisions.The spraying system controls sprayer operation.Various sensing technologies,such as machine vision,spectral analysis,and remote sensing,are used in target detection.In image processing,morphological features are employed to segment characteristics such as shape,structure,color,and pattern.In spectral analysis,the characteristics of reflectance and multispectral images are applied in crop detection.For the remote sensing application,vegetation indices and hyperspectral images are used to provide information on crop management.Other sensors,such as thermography,ultrasonic,laser,and X-ray sensors,are also used in the detection system and mentioned in the review.On the basis of this review,challenges and perspectives are suggested.The findings of this study may aid the understanding of smart sprayer systems and provide feasible methods for improving efficiency in chemical applications.展开更多
A large high-clearance self-propelled sprayer chassis was designed according to the requirements of the sprayer’s driving operation and the overall goal.The structural characteristics and working principle of the cha...A large high-clearance self-propelled sprayer chassis was designed according to the requirements of the sprayer’s driving operation and the overall goal.The structural characteristics and working principle of the chassis drive system,suspension system,track adjustment system,and frame were analyzed.A finite element analysis of the frame was carried out under four extreme conditions:full load bending,full load torsion,full load emergency braking and full load emergency turning.Under these four conditions,the maximum stress values of the frame were 149.45 MPa,219 MPa,151.44 MPa,and 123.27 MPa respectively,and the maximum strain values were 1.12 mm,2.22 mm,0.95 mm,and 1.16 mm respectively.A theoretical analysis of the stability,steering ability,and obstacle navigation of the sprayer chassis was conducted.The results showed that the upper angleθlim,lower angleθ׳lim and lateral limit tumbling angleφlim of the sprayer chassis were 50.1°,30.0°and 35.3°respectively.The minimum turning radius of the chassis was 5816 mm,and the minimum turning width was 4113 mm.The maximum obstacle crossing heights of the front and rear wheels were 466 mm and 457 mm.The theoretical analysis showed that the designed chassis met the field management operations of large plots.A field experiment of the high-clearance self-propelled sprayer chassis at full load was conducted.The experimental results were consistent with the theoretical analysis results.The sprayer chassis not only good handling stability but also good ride comfort.The results of this study provide references for the design of high-clearance self-propelled sprayer chassis.展开更多
In order to obtain nozzle droplet deposition characteristics for sprayer mechanical design and variable spraying control algorithms,a nozzle droplet deposition characteristics test system for air-assisted spraying was...In order to obtain nozzle droplet deposition characteristics for sprayer mechanical design and variable spraying control algorithms,a nozzle droplet deposition characteristics test system for air-assisted spraying was designed.The test system can supply a stable wind site with precisely controlled air speed whose speed control ranges from 2 m/s to 16 m/s with maximum relative error of 4.5%.It can spray out a certain amount of liquid pesticide with adjustable spraying pressure which can be controlled with high precision while the maximum relative error is only 1.33%.The distribution of droplet deposition can be collected and measured by using the acquisition device and a pesticide deposition optical measurement system.The experiment of two-dimensional nozzle flow measurement was carried out.The results show that nozzle flow distribution is uniform and symmetric with“double-hump”shape in the spray range.Multi-nozzle overlapped droplet deposition ranges from 85%to 116%relative to the average.The nozzle droplet deposition experiment was completed.The experiment results show that in air-assisted spraying,the higher the wind speed,the less droplet deposition is affected by gravity.When the wind speed is higher than 12 m/s and spraying distance is 0.80 m,droplet deposition is concentrated on the originally designated point and hardly affected by gravity.The horizontal spray width becomes smaller with higher wind speed.When the wind speed is high,it can be considered that nozzle deposition only focuses on the nozzle center,if the position requirement is not very high in orchard spraying.展开更多
Axial air-assisted sprayers can distribute pesticides efficiently in kiwifruit orchards.Because of improper parameter settings,most sprayers deliver either too much or too little pesticide.To identify appropriate spra...Axial air-assisted sprayers can distribute pesticides efficiently in kiwifruit orchards.Because of improper parameter settings,most sprayers deliver either too much or too little pesticide.To identify appropriate sprayer parameters for kiwifruit trees,the vertical distribution profiles of the applied liquid spray were examined in this study.The effects of spray fan speed(SFS),spray pressure(SP)and spray distance(SD)on the distributions of the sprayed liquid in the vertical profiles were studied.Combined actions of the above parameters were systematically analysed using the quadratic general rotary design test method.Regression equations for the spray liquid distributions and working factors are presented.Field confirmation experiments were carried out to optimize the parameters.Data analysis showed that the optional sprayer working parameters are those of Group 3,with an SFS equal to 1900 r/min and SP equal to 3.25 MPa.The results of this study provide a reference for future applications of this type of axial air-assisted sprayer in kiwifruit orchards.展开更多
Artificially induced air currents or air-assistance to droplet spectrum produced by hydraulic nozzles not only facilitate in transporting and depositing the droplets in different parts of canopy but also reduce the ap...Artificially induced air currents or air-assistance to droplet spectrum produced by hydraulic nozzles not only facilitate in transporting and depositing the droplets in different parts of canopy but also reduce the application rate of chemicals.The air streams increase the velocity of smaller droplets so that extra momentum would increase impaction and improve penetration into the crop as well as mitigating the influence of wind on drift.It is necessary to quantify the airflow characteristics.But,control of climatic and other conditions in the field is very difficult.Thus,airflow characteristics study was done under controlled conditions on a horizontal simulated crop canopy.Based on this study,an airflow distribution model was developed and airflow characteristics for vegetable crops,namely,eggplant,chilli and bittergourd were predicted.The differences between predicted and actual field study values were not statistically significant.Kinetic energy of air stream dissipated with its movement from top to bottom of the canopy.The rate of kinetic energy dissipation was higher in denser canopies.Higher air velocity 15 m/s was the best as it produced maximum turbulence throughout the canopy.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31401296)Independent Innovation Foundation of Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province(CX(14)2101)
文摘Comparisons were performed between self-propelled boom sprayer and traditional mechanis, such as knapsack sprayer and sprayer-duster, stretcher-type powered sprayer, as well as single rotor unmanned sprayer and multi-rotor un- manned sprayer. The effects on rice injury, lodging, and rehabilitation were conclud- ed and drug uniform distribution, sedimentation and prevention effects were ana- lyzed. The results showed that the self-propelled boom sprayer is characterized by high degree of automation, convenient operation, high adaptability, and high work efficiency. What＇s more, the sprayed fog quality is better, and fog distribution is more uniform. During the work process, fog loss would be diminished substantially, improving work efficiency and cutting down drug and water. It is notable that the underpart of the sprayer can be widely applied to plant protection in large-scale ar- eas in Jiangsu Province, significantly advancing whole-process mechanization of rice production.
基金Supported by Technical Key Problem Tackling Project of Xinjiang Corps Industry (2008GG21)
文摘We firstly introduce existing situations of development of electrostatic spraying technology both at home and abroad. On the basis of such problems as serious drift, loss and deterioration of environment during orchard spraying in Xinjiang, we design and develop a new electrostatic sprayer which can effectively reduce the pesticide, improve the adhesion rate of pesticide in the target, and reduce pollution on human body and environment. Using electrostatic induction principle, this electrostatic sprayer directly sprays charged droplet onto target in the action of electrostatic force and high speed air flow. Besides, this sprayer has outstanding economic and social benefits. For farmers, it can raise the utilization ratio of pesticide to 60%, reduce the pesticide loss by 50%, and reduce prevention cost for 10% to 20%; for enterprises, this investment project has a trial profit-tax rate up to 21.4%; the entire sprayer only needs one person to operate; it is highly efficient and low pollution, conforming to national environmental protection and policy concerning agriculture, farmers and countryside. Therefore, this new pneumatic electrostatic sprayer in orchard will have bright popularization and application prospect.
文摘Two kinds of 2-dof parallel mechanisms are proposed in this paper which can be used as the actuator for the plane sprayer. The direct and inverse kinematics solutions of the two kinds of mechanisms are derived on the end operating point and two workspaces are analyzed and compared. The kinematics models of the end operating point of two mechanisms are simulated by Matlab examples obtaining variation of kinematics parameters of these two mechanisms. The research of this paper provides the basis for the selection of mechanism, trajectory planning of the end operating point on the sprayer and often some practical value for trajectory analysis and structure design of the plane sprayer.
基金Supported by Shandong Key Research and Development Program(2017CXGC0214)Tai’an Science and Technology Development Project(2017NS0091)
文摘The application and spraying effect of 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard were evaluated by investigating the droplet density, coverage and volume median diameter(VMD) in different canopy layers(2.0, 1.5, 1.0 m) and five directions(east, south, west, north and middle) of apple trees. The results showed that the droplet density was 166.99 per square centimeter, the coverage was 48.23%, and the VMD was 138.63 μm. The droplet density in different canopy layers of the trees had consistent trend with the coverage. The droplet density and coverage in the upper and middle canopy(2.0 m and 1.5 m) had no significant difference, but they were both higher than those in the lower canopy, while the VMD in different canopy layers showed an opposite trend. The change trends of the coverage and VMD in the five directions were consistent, and the values in the middle and east were the highest, followed by the north, south and west, respectively. The results indicated that droplet characteristics of the 3 WG-1200 A air-assisted sprayer met the basic requirements for pest and pathogen control. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for the application and improvement of orchard application equipments in dwarfing rootstock apple orchard.
基金Experimental Research Project of Qingdao Agricultural Technology Extension Center"Introduction of Efficient Greenhouse Plant Protection Machinery and Tools".
文摘[Objectives]The paper was to compare and verify the operation performance of precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer,and to select the optimum plant protection equipment suitable for greenhouse application.[Methods]Agents were sprayed by precision electric mist duster and electric sprayer to control tomato downy mildew in greenhouse,and the control effect and pesticide utilization rate were compared.[Results]Compared with electric sprayer,precision electric mist duster improved the pesticide utilization rate by 31.7%,improved the spray efficiency by 20 times,and increased the control effect by 13.2%.[Conclusions]The study provides technical support for the popularization and application of precision electric mist duster in greenhouse and other facilities cultivation.
基金Supported by 2023 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region R&D and Promotion and Application of Key Technologies of CNC Sprayer for Seed Corn(2023NC010).
文摘In conjunction with the working characteristics of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and the benefits of the closed hydraulic system,a series of reasonable working parameters should be established,and a hydraulic system that fulfills the requisite specifications should be designed.The AMESim software model is employed to construct a closed hydraulic transmission system,and the simulation analysis is then performed according to the data of hydraulic components.According to analysis results,the prototype can be optimized and upgraded,and a verification test is further carried out.The test results demonstrate that the designed closed hydraulic transmission system meets the actual working requirements of the high-clearance wheeled sprayer and provides a stable experimental platform for intelligent control of agricultural machinery.
文摘The study was aimed at determining the impacts of operating Manually Operated Hand Lever Knapsack Sprayers (MOHLKS) on physiological responses of the operators as dependent on anthropometric variations and sex. Twenty eight subjects, (4 female, 24 male) Mean ± SD: Age 22.5 ± 1.92, 24.29 ± 2.2 years;Body Mass Index 24.6 ± 4.8, 21.7 ± 2.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup> were employed in the study. Selected anthropometric parameters of weight and height were used to determine body mass index (BMI), with these are arm-reach forward, elbow to fingertip, hand length and hand width were measured to establish human variations in diversity. Subjects undertook the operation at 5 replicates each, before and after which information about operators’ body pain locations and body physiological changes of heart rates were obtained. Measured parameters were used in the determination of expended energy (EE), physiological cost (PC), oxygen intake (VO<sub>2</sub>) and aerobic power (VO<sub>2</sub>max). Alongside with these were operational parameters of stroke, pace and time taken to get the operation done and environmental factors of temperature and relative humidity. The results revealed on the average that the BMI (24.61 ± 4.78 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in female operators was higher, this corresponded to PC and VO<sub>2</sub>, while the VO<sub>2</sub>max (34.83 ± 3.30 ml/min/kg) in males is higher. More EE was obtained in female subjects (3.53 ± 3.76 kCal/min) as compared to male subjects (3.42 ± 7.48 kCal/min). The main effects plot of operational factors on EE displayed the stroke made by the subjects during spraying operation as parameter with largest effect on EE. Regression equation for EE and PCI is given as PCI = 1.97 + 25.2 EE, while the P-value at α = 0.05 is 0.000 and R<sup>2</sup> = 98.8%. Post operational body pain showed that 19 out of 28 subjects incurred at least one type of body pain, with shoulder pain as most frequent. The results of the study suggest that early incidence of fatigue may occur in female operators as compared to the males, and in addition, cumulative trauma at shoulder, back, and upper and lower arm may result over time. Hence, it is recommended that the tank volume should be reduced and the straps for the shoulders should be supported with additional cushion.
文摘This paper describes the design and evaluation of a user interface for a remotely supervised autonomous agricultural sprayer. The interface was designed to help the remote supervisor to instruct the autonomous sprayer to commence operation, monitor the status of the sprayer and its operation in the field, and intervene when needed (i.e., to stop or shut down). Design principles and guidelines were carefully selected to help develop a human-centered automation interface. Evaluation of the interface using a combination of heuristic, cognitive walkthrough, and user testing techniques revealed several strengths of the design as well as areas that needed further improvement. Overall, this paper provides guidelines that will assist other researchers to develop an ergonomic user interface for a fully autonomous agricultural machine.
文摘Sprayers produced by the Zhuhai Huaxun Precision Chemicals Co. Ltd. Chinese-foreign joint venture are mainly used as packing containers for perfume, hair sprays, bathing shampoo. different kinds of freshener, deodorant, insecticides, etc. Our products are made with imported equipment, imported model plates, imported raw materials. They are sophisticated in design, and can match the world’s advanced level of the 1990s in integral function. After scientific and technical appraisal by the Light Industry Bureau
基金Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation(BK20130670)Jiangxi Province 2011 Collaborative Innovation Special Funds“Co-Innovation Center of the South China Mountain Orchard Intelligent Management Technology and Equipment”(Jiangxi Finance Refers to[2014]NO156)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31301687)and the Jiangsu Union Innovation Foundation(BY2013050).
文摘In order to reduce the application dosage of pesticides,a targeting air-assisted(TAA)sprayer was developed and tested in this study.Fruit trees were assayed by an infrared detection system to determine if the canopy needs to be sprayed.This TAA sprayer was compared with conventional air-assisted(CAA)sprayers,and the impacts of various fan speeds(0,800 r/min,1300 r/min,and 1800 r/min)on spray deposition,coverage,and drift amount were tested.Ponceau 2R was used as tracer to measure spray deposition under each treatment.Droplet coverage and canopy deposition were best when the CAA application fan speed was increased to 1300 r/min,but at higher fan speeds,spray deposition and coverage in canopy did not increase because extra air flow blew droplets from the ground into the air.During TAA spraying,droplet sizes increased at opening and closing moments.Optimal spray effects were achieved when the auxiliary airflow velocity was increased at a fan speed of 1800 r/min.The research provides a useful reference for the design of TAA and parameters optimization method with respect to the relationship between droplets deposition into tree canopy,ground and drift in the air.
文摘There is an urgent need for new chemical application techniques and sprayers in Chinese orchard spraying.A new tractor-mounted automatic target detecting electrostatics,and air-assisted orchard sprayer was designed and developed to meet the demand of chemical pest control in orchards.This sprayer light weighted,highly efficient,reduces pesticide use and is friendly to the environment.The techniques of automatic target detecting,electrostatics,and air-assisted spraying were combined in this system.The electrostatically charged droplets are projected toward the target by the assistance of an air stream that increases the droplets penetration within canopy.Experimental results show that the new automatic target detecting orchard sprayer with an infrared sensor can save more than 50%to 75%of pesticides,improve the utilization rate(over 55%),control efficiency,and significantly reduce environmental pollution caused by the pesticide application.At the same time the key technological problems related to air-assisted low volume and electrostatic spraying were solved.
基金The authors acknowledge that this work was financially supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in Public Interest(No.201503130)Beijing Science and technology plan projects(No.D171100002317003)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31470099).
文摘During different growth periods,canopy size and density in orchards are variable,which need application conditions(flow rate and air flow)to be adjusted to match the canopy’s characteristics.In order to improve orchard sprayer’s automatic operating performance,an automatic variable-rate orchard sprayer(VARS)fixed with 40 electromagnetic valves and 8 brushless fans was developed based on the canopy’s spatial dimensions.Each solenoid valve and brushless motor can be individually adjusted in real-time through pulse width modulation(PWM)signals emitted by a control system to adjust each nozzle’s spout and fan rotation speed.A high-precision laser scanning sensor(light detecting and ranging,LIDAR)was adopted as the detector to measure the canopy volume using the variable rate algorithm principle.Field experiments were conducted in an apple orchard,and conventional air blast sprayer(CABS)and directed air-jet sprayer(DAJS)were tested as a comparison.Results showed that on average,46%less spraying solution was applied compared to conventional applications,while penetration rate was similar to DAJS.Normalized deposition in the canopy with variable application was higher than that of conventional applications,indicating that electronic sprayers are more efficient than conventional sprayers.It was also observed that VARS could significantly reduce off-target loss.The field experiment showed that the newly developed variable-rate sprayer can greatly reduce pesticide use and protect the environment for the orchard fruit production,and also provide a reference for design and performance optimization for plant protection machinery.
基金2012 Foundation Project of Technology Innovation for Graduate in Jiangsu Province of China(No.CXLX12_0658)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(No.201203025)+2 种基金National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 program,2013AA102303)Synergistic Innovation Center of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology in Jiangsu Province(NZXT01201403)Agriculture intelligent equipment and technology research key laboratory open research topic in Jiangsu province(NZ201005).
文摘Boom sprayer is widely used in large farm crops because of its high working efficiency and favorable spraying effect.But there are still some problems in cotton defoliant spraying in Xinjiang,China.Cotton is planted in a high density in Xinjiang,the row space is(10+66)cm,leaves in two adjacent rows are seriously overlapped,the lower leavers are poorly sprayed,so the defoliation effect is poor,and the cotton quality is degraded.To solve this problem and improve the defoliant droplets coverage on the cotton canopy,the original boom spraying was modified,and the spraying pardameters was optimized by the central combination test and design concept of Box-Behnken based on a single-factor test.A quadratic polynomial model of droplets coverage was created by using working parameters including horizontal spraying boom height,hang boom height and nozzles angle as the influential factors and the mean droplets coverage on cotton canopy as the target function,and the effectiveness of mode and interaction of factors were analyzed.The model was optimized and analyzed using the regression analysis method and response surface analysis method of software Design-Expert 7.0.0,and the optimal combination of spraying parameters was obtained.The results showed that the droplets coverage on cotton canopy were influenced by boom height,sprayer height and angled nozzles sequentially from large to small,and the optimal combination of spraying parameters was under horizontal spraying boom height of 134 cm,hang spraying boom height of 27.5 cm and nozzles angle of 21°.The mean droplets coverage of experimental value and predicted value on cotton canopy were 19.6%and 20.43%respectively in such conditions,and the relative error to the estimated value on the model was–4.25%.The research result can provide a reference for further optimizing the spraying parameters of cotton defoliant sprayer.
基金This study was financially supported by the National KeyResearch and Development Program(2016YFD0200700).
文摘To improve the precision spraying strategy and reduce excessive pesticide application in orchards,an air-assisted sprayer integrated with a laser-scanning system was developed to realize the toward-target variable-rate spraying.In the spray control system,a method of calculating canopy gridding volumes was designed to ensure that the canopy was divided into a uniform grid size,a variable-rate spray model was used in the flow rate decision software to control the spray output according to the canopy gridding volumes and travel speed,and a method of saving and accessing spray data was used to control the spray delay.The effects of different grid sizes and travel speeds on the spray performance were evaluated by quantifying spray coverage uniformity inside tree canopies.The results showed that spray coverage uniformity declined with increasing grid width from 0.14 to 0.28 m although the mean spray coverage on each target location showed no significant differences.Additionally,there were no significant variations in mean spray coverage at speeds of 1.0,1.2 and 1.4 m/s for a tested tree of 1.6 m width and at any experimental speeds for a tested tree of 1.3 m width,which indicated that the variable-rate sprayer could provide good spray coverage uniformity under various travel speeds with a canopy size limitation.Compared with the same sprayer without the variable-rate spray function,the intelligent sprayer prototype realized effective toward-target spraying and avoided overspraying while providing sufficient spray coverage.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Project No.U0931001,31071330)the 863 Program(2012BAH29 B04,2012AA101901)the Science Research Foundation for Young Teachers(Project No.2011JS151)。
文摘A smart sprayer comprises a detection system and a chemical spraying system.In this study,the development status and challenges of the detection systems of smart sprayers are discussed along with perspectives on these technologies.The detection system of a smart sprayer is used to collect information on target areas and make spraying decisions.The spraying system controls sprayer operation.Various sensing technologies,such as machine vision,spectral analysis,and remote sensing,are used in target detection.In image processing,morphological features are employed to segment characteristics such as shape,structure,color,and pattern.In spectral analysis,the characteristics of reflectance and multispectral images are applied in crop detection.For the remote sensing application,vegetation indices and hyperspectral images are used to provide information on crop management.Other sensors,such as thermography,ultrasonic,laser,and X-ray sensors,are also used in the detection system and mentioned in the review.On the basis of this review,challenges and perspectives are suggested.The findings of this study may aid the understanding of smart sprayer systems and provide feasible methods for improving efficiency in chemical applications.
基金The authors acknowledge that this work was financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(No.2019ZDLNY02-01)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M643744).
文摘A large high-clearance self-propelled sprayer chassis was designed according to the requirements of the sprayer’s driving operation and the overall goal.The structural characteristics and working principle of the chassis drive system,suspension system,track adjustment system,and frame were analyzed.A finite element analysis of the frame was carried out under four extreme conditions:full load bending,full load torsion,full load emergency braking and full load emergency turning.Under these four conditions,the maximum stress values of the frame were 149.45 MPa,219 MPa,151.44 MPa,and 123.27 MPa respectively,and the maximum strain values were 1.12 mm,2.22 mm,0.95 mm,and 1.16 mm respectively.A theoretical analysis of the stability,steering ability,and obstacle navigation of the sprayer chassis was conducted.The results showed that the upper angleθlim,lower angleθ׳lim and lateral limit tumbling angleφlim of the sprayer chassis were 50.1°,30.0°and 35.3°respectively.The minimum turning radius of the chassis was 5816 mm,and the minimum turning width was 4113 mm.The maximum obstacle crossing heights of the front and rear wheels were 466 mm and 457 mm.The theoretical analysis showed that the designed chassis met the field management operations of large plots.A field experiment of the high-clearance self-propelled sprayer chassis at full load was conducted.The experimental results were consistent with the theoretical analysis results.The sprayer chassis not only good handling stability but also good ride comfort.The results of this study provide references for the design of high-clearance self-propelled sprayer chassis.
基金China National 863 Project(2012AA101904)project 31201128 supported by NSFC,project KFZN2012W13-013IEA and project 2452013QN070 supported by Northwest A&F University.
文摘In order to obtain nozzle droplet deposition characteristics for sprayer mechanical design and variable spraying control algorithms,a nozzle droplet deposition characteristics test system for air-assisted spraying was designed.The test system can supply a stable wind site with precisely controlled air speed whose speed control ranges from 2 m/s to 16 m/s with maximum relative error of 4.5%.It can spray out a certain amount of liquid pesticide with adjustable spraying pressure which can be controlled with high precision while the maximum relative error is only 1.33%.The distribution of droplet deposition can be collected and measured by using the acquisition device and a pesticide deposition optical measurement system.The experiment of two-dimensional nozzle flow measurement was carried out.The results show that nozzle flow distribution is uniform and symmetric with“double-hump”shape in the spray range.Multi-nozzle overlapped droplet deposition ranges from 85%to 116%relative to the average.The nozzle droplet deposition experiment was completed.The experiment results show that in air-assisted spraying,the higher the wind speed,the less droplet deposition is affected by gravity.When the wind speed is higher than 12 m/s and spraying distance is 0.80 m,droplet deposition is concentrated on the originally designated point and hardly affected by gravity.The horizontal spray width becomes smaller with higher wind speed.When the wind speed is high,it can be considered that nozzle deposition only focuses on the nozzle center,if the position requirement is not very high in orchard spraying.
基金The authors acknowledge that this work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(No.2016YFD0200700)the National Key R&D Program of China“the 13th Five-Year Plan”(Grant No.2016YFD0700503)the Science and Technology Project of Shaanxi Province.Also,we thank the critical comments and suggestions from the anonymous reviewers for improving the manuscript.
文摘Axial air-assisted sprayers can distribute pesticides efficiently in kiwifruit orchards.Because of improper parameter settings,most sprayers deliver either too much or too little pesticide.To identify appropriate sprayer parameters for kiwifruit trees,the vertical distribution profiles of the applied liquid spray were examined in this study.The effects of spray fan speed(SFS),spray pressure(SP)and spray distance(SD)on the distributions of the sprayed liquid in the vertical profiles were studied.Combined actions of the above parameters were systematically analysed using the quadratic general rotary design test method.Regression equations for the spray liquid distributions and working factors are presented.Field confirmation experiments were carried out to optimize the parameters.Data analysis showed that the optional sprayer working parameters are those of Group 3,with an SFS equal to 1900 r/min and SP equal to 3.25 MPa.The results of this study provide a reference for future applications of this type of axial air-assisted sprayer in kiwifruit orchards.
文摘Artificially induced air currents or air-assistance to droplet spectrum produced by hydraulic nozzles not only facilitate in transporting and depositing the droplets in different parts of canopy but also reduce the application rate of chemicals.The air streams increase the velocity of smaller droplets so that extra momentum would increase impaction and improve penetration into the crop as well as mitigating the influence of wind on drift.It is necessary to quantify the airflow characteristics.But,control of climatic and other conditions in the field is very difficult.Thus,airflow characteristics study was done under controlled conditions on a horizontal simulated crop canopy.Based on this study,an airflow distribution model was developed and airflow characteristics for vegetable crops,namely,eggplant,chilli and bittergourd were predicted.The differences between predicted and actual field study values were not statistically significant.Kinetic energy of air stream dissipated with its movement from top to bottom of the canopy.The rate of kinetic energy dissipation was higher in denser canopies.Higher air velocity 15 m/s was the best as it produced maximum turbulence throughout the canopy.
