In order to study the durability of sprayed concrete （shotcrete）, effects of different hydration aging and water-binder ratio （w/b） on the microstructure of cement paste and basic mechanical properties of test spe...In order to study the durability of sprayed concrete （shotcrete）, effects of different hydration aging and water-binder ratio （w/b） on the microstructure of cement paste and basic mechanical properties of test specimens were investigated. The phase composition, mass percentage of ettringite and portland in hydration production and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, thermo gravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry （TG-DSC） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively. The experimental results showed that changes in phase composition was more significant than those of water-binder ratio. With hydration aging and water-binder ratio increased, the mass percentage of ettringite and portland was decreased from 4.42%, 1.49% to 3.31%, 1.35%, respectively and the microstructure of paste was significantly compacted. Likewise, the mechanical properties including cubic compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were rised obviously.展开更多
Based on an engineering background of a deep tunneling in weak rocks, the numerical modeling is used to compare different support schemes of tunnel at great depth in this paper. Focused on the general behaviors of wea...Based on an engineering background of a deep tunneling in weak rocks, the numerical modeling is used to compare different support schemes of tunnel at great depth in this paper. Focused on the general behaviors of weak rocks at great depth, a tunneling scheme with rock bolting and steel fibre reinforced sprayed concrete is proposed. This scheme is practiced successfully at a deep tunnel in weak rocks in Coal Mine No 10 of Hebi Coal Mining Administration.展开更多
Fiber-reinforced spayed concrete has been used for several years in civil and tunneling operations.Research conducted to reduce cure times and increase compressive and flexural strengths resulted in the development of...Fiber-reinforced spayed concrete has been used for several years in civil and tunneling operations.Research conducted to reduce cure times and increase compressive and flexural strengths resulted in the development of Tekcrete Fast~, a cementitious product capable of obtaining 41 MPa compressive strength and 8 MPa flexural strength in only 3 h and reaching 7 d strengths of 62 and 11.7 MPa, respectively.A single bag product that uses conventional shotcrete and gunite application systems makes it a natural crossover product for mining applications.The discovery of incredible adhesion properties and high resistance to chloride permeability helps ensure long-term stability and increases the ease of application.Project results from Disaster City~ in Texas and the application for rehabilitating a coal mine belt entry are presented.The case study illustrates the effectiveness of the product in stabilizing a coal mine beltway and adjacent cross-cuts that were subjected to progressive sloughage due to humidity and cyclical loading.展开更多
To investigate the effects of the spraying process and different fibers on the mechanical properties and failure patterns of ultrahigh performance concrete(UHPC),three types of fibers were used.These fibers were forme...To investigate the effects of the spraying process and different fibers on the mechanical properties and failure patterns of ultrahigh performance concrete(UHPC),three types of fibers were used.These fibers were formed using both spraying and molding methods.Uniaxial compression tests were conducted,and two nondestructive monitoring techniques,acoustic emission(AE)and digital image correlation,were employed to monitor the uniaxial compression tests.The results indicated that the compressive strength of UHPC with single steel fibers and hybrid fibers increased by about 19%and 14%compared with those of UHPC with polyoxymethylene fibers.In comparison with molded UHPC,sprayed UHPC showed a slight improvement in compressive strength.Specimens containing steel fibers exhibited better post-cracking ductility,whereas those with only polyoxymethylene fibers displayed a certain degree of brittle failure.In sprayed UHPC,the onset of significant internal damage was delayed,which was related to the redistribution of internal fibers.The failure of UHPC was characterized by primary tensile cracks,supplemented by shear cracks.The spraying process can better restrict the development of tensile cracks in UHPC.Sprayed UHPC typically exhibited multiple crack developments leading to failure,whereas molded UHPC generally failed in the form of a single main crack penetrating the specimen.The addition of steel fibers delayed the occurrence of local stress concentration zones,aligning well with AE monitoring data.展开更多
Urban tunnels crossing faults are always at the risk of severe damages.In this paper,the efects of a reverse and a normal fault movement on a transversely crossing shallow shotcreted tunnel are investigated by 3D fini...Urban tunnels crossing faults are always at the risk of severe damages.In this paper,the efects of a reverse and a normal fault movement on a transversely crossing shallow shotcreted tunnel are investigated by 3D finite difference analysis.After verifying the accuracy of the numerical simulation predictions with the centrifuge physical model results,a parametric study is then conducted.That is,theleffects of various parameters such as the sprayed concrete thickness,the geo-mechanical properties of soil,the tunnel depth,and the fault plane dip angle are studied on the displacements of the ground surface and the tunnel structure,and on the plastic strains of the soil mass around tunnel.The results of each case of reverse and normal faulting are independently discussed and then compared with each other.It is obtained that deeper tunnels show greater displacements for both types of faulting.展开更多
Spray-applied membranes for waterproofing of sprayed concrete tunnels have led to the possibility of shear transfer between primary and secondary linings through the membrane interface,with the potential for reducing o...Spray-applied membranes for waterproofing of sprayed concrete tunnels have led to the possibility of shear transfer between primary and secondary linings through the membrane interface,with the potential for reducing overall lining thickness.Laboratory tests have shown a reasonable degree of composite action in beam specimens.In this study,a numerical model previously calibrated against such tests is applied to a whole tunnel,considering soil–structure interaction and staged lining construction.The model shows composite action,and load sharing between the lining layers is expected in the tunnel as in the beams.Parametric studies over the practical range of interface stiffness values show that composite action is maintained,although at high interface stiffness,excessive bending may be imposed on the secondary lining,requiring additional reinforcement.An effcient composite shell design with minimal additional rein-forcement is achievable if the secondary lining thickness is reduced as compared to current practice.Robustness of the system,measured in terms of the interface’s ability to transfer stress under unequal loading causing distortion on the tunnel,is found to be generally ade-quate.However,adjacent construction in close proximity may provide insuffcient margin on membrane tensile de-bonding,particularly if the membrane is partially or fully saturated.展开更多
Sprayed concrete lining is a commonly employed support measure in tunnel engineering,which plays an important role in construction safety.Compressive strength is a key performance indicator of sprayed concrete lining,...Sprayed concrete lining is a commonly employed support measure in tunnel engineering,which plays an important role in construction safety.Compressive strength is a key performance indicator of sprayed concrete lining,and the traditional measuring method is time-consuming and laborious.This paper proposes various hybrid machine learning algorithms to accomplish the advanced prediction of compressive strength of sprayed concrete lining based on the mixture design.Two hundred and five sets of experimental data were collected from a water conveyance tunnel in northwestern China for model construction,and each set of data was made up of six basic input variables(i.e.,water,cement,mineral powder,superplasticizer,coarse aggregate,and fine aggregate)and one output variable(i.e.,compressive strength).In order to eliminate the correlation between input variables,a new composite indicator(i.e.,the water-binder ratio)was introduced to achieve dimensionality reduction.After that,four hybrid models in total were built,namely BPNN-QPSO,SVR-QPSO,ELM-QPSO,and RF-QPSO,where the hyper-parameters of BPNN,SVR,ELM,and RF were auto-tuned by QPSO.Engineering application results indicated that RF-QPSO achieved the lowest mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)of 3.47% and root mean square error(RMSE)of 1.30 and the highest determination coefficient(R^(2))of 0.93 in the four hybrid models.Moreover,RFQPSO had the shortest running time of 0.15 s,followed by SVR-QPSO(0.18 s),ELM-QPSO(1.19 s),and BPNN-QPSO(1.58 s).Compared with BPNN-QPSO,SVR-QPSO,and ELM-QPSO,RF-QPSO performed the most superior performance in terms of both prediction accuracy and running speed.Finally,the importance of input variables on the model performance was quantitatively evaluated,further enhancing the interpretability of RF-QPSO.展开更多
It is important to be able to measure stresses in tunnel linings to verify design assumptions and validate numerical models.For sprayed concrete-lined tunnels,continuous monitoring of stresses from the time of sprayin...It is important to be able to measure stresses in tunnel linings to verify design assumptions and validate numerical models.For sprayed concrete-lined tunnels,continuous monitoring of stresses from the time of spraying onwards is desirable,and this can only be achieved using pressure cells installed on and in the sprayed concrete lining.Although there has been some success in using radial pressure cells between the ground and the lining,a method for obtaining reliable absolute values of stress from tangential pressure cells embedded in the sprayed concrete has not been available.This paper describes numerical and experimental studies of the behavior of pressure cells for monitoring stresses in a sprayed concrete lining and describes an original methodology to achieve reliable results.In particular,data from tangential pressure cells require careful interpretation,as they are sensitive to temperature,and this temperature sensitivity is found in parametric numerical analyses to vary as the stiffness of the concrete and its coefficient of thermal expansion evolve at early age.Tangential pressure cells are also sensitive to shrinkage strains in the concrete,and a methodology for removing this effect is described.Using the approach described in this paper,it is now possible to use pressure cells to measure absolute values of stresses in and on sprayed concrete tunnel linings from early age into the long-term.An example of radial and tangential pressure cells installed in the Heathrow Terminal 4 concourse tunnel is used to illustrate the methodology.展开更多
In this paper, the technical research on the application of stone chips in wet-mixed shotcrete is carried out. By comparing the consistency, initial setting time, final setting time, strength, rebound rate, project co...In this paper, the technical research on the application of stone chips in wet-mixed shotcrete is carried out. By comparing the consistency, initial setting time, final setting time, strength, rebound rate, project cost and other indicators of wet-mixed shotcrete with natural sand and stone chips, the technical and theoretical feasibility of stone chips based wet-mixed shotcrete is determined. Through indoor raw material quality analysis, mix proportion design and verification, and project site construction effect verification, the results are good. First, the fineness modulus and gradation range of raw materials of natural sand and stone chips are basically the same, the particle shape is different, and internal friction and bonding are good. Secondly, the mix proportion, sand ratio and water-binder ratio of natural sand and stone chip-based sprayed concrete are the same, and the mixing time of stone chip-based sprayed concrete needs to be prolonged by 15S. Thirdly, according to the characteristics of stone chip-based shotcrete, such as strong cohesive force and low rebound rate, the thickness of single shotcrete can reach 100mm for the vault and 120mm for the side wall, thus improving the working efficiency.展开更多
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51278403 and 51308445)the Program for Innovative Research Team in University(IRT 13089)
文摘In order to study the durability of sprayed concrete （shotcrete）, effects of different hydration aging and water-binder ratio （w/b） on the microstructure of cement paste and basic mechanical properties of test specimens were investigated. The phase composition, mass percentage of ettringite and portland in hydration production and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, thermo gravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry （TG-DSC） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively. The experimental results showed that changes in phase composition was more significant than those of water-binder ratio. With hydration aging and water-binder ratio increased, the mass percentage of ettringite and portland was decreased from 4.42%, 1.49% to 3.31%, 1.35%, respectively and the microstructure of paste was significantly compacted. Likewise, the mechanical properties including cubic compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were rised obviously.
文摘Based on an engineering background of a deep tunneling in weak rocks, the numerical modeling is used to compare different support schemes of tunnel at great depth in this paper. Focused on the general behaviors of weak rocks at great depth, a tunneling scheme with rock bolting and steel fibre reinforced sprayed concrete is proposed. This scheme is practiced successfully at a deep tunnel in weak rocks in Coal Mine No 10 of Hebi Coal Mining Administration.
文摘Fiber-reinforced spayed concrete has been used for several years in civil and tunneling operations.Research conducted to reduce cure times and increase compressive and flexural strengths resulted in the development of Tekcrete Fast~, a cementitious product capable of obtaining 41 MPa compressive strength and 8 MPa flexural strength in only 3 h and reaching 7 d strengths of 62 and 11.7 MPa, respectively.A single bag product that uses conventional shotcrete and gunite application systems makes it a natural crossover product for mining applications.The discovery of incredible adhesion properties and high resistance to chloride permeability helps ensure long-term stability and increases the ease of application.Project results from Disaster City~ in Texas and the application for rehabilitating a coal mine belt entry are presented.The case study illustrates the effectiveness of the product in stabilizing a coal mine beltway and adjacent cross-cuts that were subjected to progressive sloughage due to humidity and cyclical loading.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52379124)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB2600200).
文摘To investigate the effects of the spraying process and different fibers on the mechanical properties and failure patterns of ultrahigh performance concrete(UHPC),three types of fibers were used.These fibers were formed using both spraying and molding methods.Uniaxial compression tests were conducted,and two nondestructive monitoring techniques,acoustic emission(AE)and digital image correlation,were employed to monitor the uniaxial compression tests.The results indicated that the compressive strength of UHPC with single steel fibers and hybrid fibers increased by about 19%and 14%compared with those of UHPC with polyoxymethylene fibers.In comparison with molded UHPC,sprayed UHPC showed a slight improvement in compressive strength.Specimens containing steel fibers exhibited better post-cracking ductility,whereas those with only polyoxymethylene fibers displayed a certain degree of brittle failure.In sprayed UHPC,the onset of significant internal damage was delayed,which was related to the redistribution of internal fibers.The failure of UHPC was characterized by primary tensile cracks,supplemented by shear cracks.The spraying process can better restrict the development of tensile cracks in UHPC.Sprayed UHPC typically exhibited multiple crack developments leading to failure,whereas molded UHPC generally failed in the form of a single main crack penetrating the specimen.The addition of steel fibers delayed the occurrence of local stress concentration zones,aligning well with AE monitoring data.
文摘Urban tunnels crossing faults are always at the risk of severe damages.In this paper,the efects of a reverse and a normal fault movement on a transversely crossing shallow shotcreted tunnel are investigated by 3D finite difference analysis.After verifying the accuracy of the numerical simulation predictions with the centrifuge physical model results,a parametric study is then conducted.That is,theleffects of various parameters such as the sprayed concrete thickness,the geo-mechanical properties of soil,the tunnel depth,and the fault plane dip angle are studied on the displacements of the ground surface and the tunnel structure,and on the plastic strains of the soil mass around tunnel.The results of each case of reverse and normal faulting are independently discussed and then compared with each other.It is obtained that deeper tunnels show greater displacements for both types of faulting.
文摘Spray-applied membranes for waterproofing of sprayed concrete tunnels have led to the possibility of shear transfer between primary and secondary linings through the membrane interface,with the potential for reducing overall lining thickness.Laboratory tests have shown a reasonable degree of composite action in beam specimens.In this study,a numerical model previously calibrated against such tests is applied to a whole tunnel,considering soil–structure interaction and staged lining construction.The model shows composite action,and load sharing between the lining layers is expected in the tunnel as in the beams.Parametric studies over the practical range of interface stiffness values show that composite action is maintained,although at high interface stiffness,excessive bending may be imposed on the secondary lining,requiring additional reinforcement.An effcient composite shell design with minimal additional rein-forcement is achievable if the secondary lining thickness is reduced as compared to current practice.Robustness of the system,measured in terms of the interface’s ability to transfer stress under unequal loading causing distortion on the tunnel,is found to be generally ade-quate.However,adjacent construction in close proximity may provide insuffcient margin on membrane tensile de-bonding,particularly if the membrane is partially or fully saturated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant numbers 41941018,52074258,42177140,and 41807250]the Key Research and Development Project of Hubei Province[Grant number 2021BCA133].
文摘Sprayed concrete lining is a commonly employed support measure in tunnel engineering,which plays an important role in construction safety.Compressive strength is a key performance indicator of sprayed concrete lining,and the traditional measuring method is time-consuming and laborious.This paper proposes various hybrid machine learning algorithms to accomplish the advanced prediction of compressive strength of sprayed concrete lining based on the mixture design.Two hundred and five sets of experimental data were collected from a water conveyance tunnel in northwestern China for model construction,and each set of data was made up of six basic input variables(i.e.,water,cement,mineral powder,superplasticizer,coarse aggregate,and fine aggregate)and one output variable(i.e.,compressive strength).In order to eliminate the correlation between input variables,a new composite indicator(i.e.,the water-binder ratio)was introduced to achieve dimensionality reduction.After that,four hybrid models in total were built,namely BPNN-QPSO,SVR-QPSO,ELM-QPSO,and RF-QPSO,where the hyper-parameters of BPNN,SVR,ELM,and RF were auto-tuned by QPSO.Engineering application results indicated that RF-QPSO achieved the lowest mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)of 3.47% and root mean square error(RMSE)of 1.30 and the highest determination coefficient(R^(2))of 0.93 in the four hybrid models.Moreover,RFQPSO had the shortest running time of 0.15 s,followed by SVR-QPSO(0.18 s),ELM-QPSO(1.19 s),and BPNN-QPSO(1.58 s).Compared with BPNN-QPSO,SVR-QPSO,and ELM-QPSO,RF-QPSO performed the most superior performance in terms of both prediction accuracy and running speed.Finally,the importance of input variables on the model performance was quantitatively evaluated,further enhancing the interpretability of RF-QPSO.
文摘It is important to be able to measure stresses in tunnel linings to verify design assumptions and validate numerical models.For sprayed concrete-lined tunnels,continuous monitoring of stresses from the time of spraying onwards is desirable,and this can only be achieved using pressure cells installed on and in the sprayed concrete lining.Although there has been some success in using radial pressure cells between the ground and the lining,a method for obtaining reliable absolute values of stress from tangential pressure cells embedded in the sprayed concrete has not been available.This paper describes numerical and experimental studies of the behavior of pressure cells for monitoring stresses in a sprayed concrete lining and describes an original methodology to achieve reliable results.In particular,data from tangential pressure cells require careful interpretation,as they are sensitive to temperature,and this temperature sensitivity is found in parametric numerical analyses to vary as the stiffness of the concrete and its coefficient of thermal expansion evolve at early age.Tangential pressure cells are also sensitive to shrinkage strains in the concrete,and a methodology for removing this effect is described.Using the approach described in this paper,it is now possible to use pressure cells to measure absolute values of stresses in and on sprayed concrete tunnel linings from early age into the long-term.An example of radial and tangential pressure cells installed in the Heathrow Terminal 4 concourse tunnel is used to illustrate the methodology.
文摘In this paper, the technical research on the application of stone chips in wet-mixed shotcrete is carried out. By comparing the consistency, initial setting time, final setting time, strength, rebound rate, project cost and other indicators of wet-mixed shotcrete with natural sand and stone chips, the technical and theoretical feasibility of stone chips based wet-mixed shotcrete is determined. Through indoor raw material quality analysis, mix proportion design and verification, and project site construction effect verification, the results are good. First, the fineness modulus and gradation range of raw materials of natural sand and stone chips are basically the same, the particle shape is different, and internal friction and bonding are good. Secondly, the mix proportion, sand ratio and water-binder ratio of natural sand and stone chip-based sprayed concrete are the same, and the mixing time of stone chip-based sprayed concrete needs to be prolonged by 15S. Thirdly, according to the characteristics of stone chip-based shotcrete, such as strong cohesive force and low rebound rate, the thickness of single shotcrete can reach 100mm for the vault and 120mm for the side wall, thus improving the working efficiency.
