This paper analyzes characteristics of multi type current transformers hybrid operation for each branch of the bus and their effects on differential protection of the bus. By theoretically analyzing transmission chara...This paper analyzes characteristics of multi type current transformers hybrid operation for each branch of the bus and their effects on differential protection of the bus. By theoretically analyzing transmission characteristics of multi type current transformers and their influence factors, we study the dynamic model testing method of multi type current transformers for the bus, and design 3 kinds of testing schemes by making the equivalent model based on the field of P-level current transformer, TPY-level current transformer and electronic current transformer, and build the hybrid operation testing platform of multi type current transformers. Finally, we compare and analyze the transmission characteristics difference of multi type current transformers on the same branch and the characteristics difference of hybrid operation in two successive external faults, analyze the cause behind the differences, and put forward the corresponding improvement measures.展开更多
When fault occurs on cross-coupling autotransformer(AT)power supply traction network,the up-line and down-line feeder circuit breakers in the traction substation trip at the same time without selectivity,which leads t...When fault occurs on cross-coupling autotransformer(AT)power supply traction network,the up-line and down-line feeder circuit breakers in the traction substation trip at the same time without selectivity,which leads to an extended power failure.Based on equivalent circuit and Kirchhoff’s current law,the feeder current characteristic in the substation,AT station and sectioning post when T-R fault,F-R fault,and T-F fault occur are analyzed and their expressions are obtained.When the traction power supply system is equipped with wide-area protection measurement and control system,the feeder protection device in each station collects the feeder currents in other two stations through the wide-area protection channel and a wide-area current differential protection scheme based on the feeder current characteristic is proposed.When a short-circuit fault occurs in the power supply arm,all the feeder protection devices in each station receive the feeder currents with time stamp in other two stations.After data synchronous processing and logic judgment,the fault line of the power supply arm can be identified and isolated quickly.The simulation result based on MATLAB/Simulink shows that the power supply arm protection scheme based on wide-area current differential has good fault discrimination ability under different fault positions,transition resistances,and fault types.The verification of measured data shows that the novel protection scheme will not be affected by the special working conditions of the electrical multiple unit(EMU),and reliability,selectivity,and rapidity of relay protection are all improved.展开更多
Stray currents from DC metro systems intrude into the grounded neutrals of large power transformers,posing a major threat to the differential relay protection of transformer.In this paper,the performance of harmonic b...Stray currents from DC metro systems intrude into the grounded neutrals of large power transformers,posing a major threat to the differential relay protection of transformer.In this paper,the performance of harmonic blocking based differential relay protection considering neutral stray currents(NSCs)from DC metro systems is thoroughly investigated.The findings reveal that relays may fail to clear internal faults in some scenarios because they are blocked due to NSC-induced harmonic currents.To improve the reliability of differential relay protection,a method for preventing incorrect operation is proposed using a skewness-based criterion to detect the presence of NSCs.Then,the relay is unblocked when an internal fault is simultaneously detected by the novel internal fault detection block.The proposed method is resistant to current transformer saturation and accounts for NSC fluctuations.Various time-domain simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
A reliable transformer protection method is crucial for power systems. Aiming at improving the generalization performance and response speed of multi-feature fusion based transformer protection, this paper presents a ...A reliable transformer protection method is crucial for power systems. Aiming at improving the generalization performance and response speed of multi-feature fusion based transformer protection, this paper presents a dynamic differential current by fusing pre-disturbance and post-disturbance differential currents in real time then developing a dynamic differential current based transformer protection focusing on the feature changes of differential current. Generally, the image of differential current can comprehensively embody the feature changes resulting from any disturbance. In addition, a short window is sometimes sufficient to clearly reflect the internal fault because the differential current will instantly change when an internal fault occurs. Therefore, in order to identify the running states reliably in the shortest possible time, multiple images, including the differential current from a pre-disturbance one cycle to a post-disturbance different time, are combined by time order to define a dynamic differential current. After the protection method is started, this dynamic differential current serves as input for the deep learning algorithm to identify the running states in real time. Once the transformer is identified as a faulty one, a tripping signal is issued and the protection method stops. The dynamic model experiments show that the proposed protection method has a strong generalization ability and rapid response speed.展开更多
The petal-shaped distribution network has high power supply reliability.However,the closed-loop operation mode and the access of inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs)bring great challenges to the protectio...The petal-shaped distribution network has high power supply reliability.However,the closed-loop operation mode and the access of inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs)bring great challenges to the protection schemes.The current amplitude differential protection is an effective means to solve this problem,but the existing criterions rarely consider both sensitivity to high-resistance faults and low requirements for data synchronization.Therefore,the general variation laws of the amplitude difference between the current steady-state components at both terminals and the phase differences between current fault components at both terminals are revealed.For external faults,the steady-state-component current amplitude difference is around zero and the fault-component current phase difference is around 180◦.For internal faults,either the amplitude difference is large or the phase difference is small.Accordingly,a current differential protection scheme based on the pre-fault and postfault steady-state current is proposed.The amplitude and phase of current at both terminals of the protected line are required in the proposed scheme,which has low requirements for data synchronization.The simulation results show that the proposed protection scheme is not affected by the fault type,position,resistance and capacity of the IIDGs.It can also be applied to radial distribution networks with IIDGs.展开更多
The paper has presented the impact on the line protection performance with the introduction of MUs （merging units） in the process bus level. The paper begins with the introduction on modem digital substation structu...The paper has presented the impact on the line protection performance with the introduction of MUs （merging units） in the process bus level. The paper begins with the introduction on modem digital substation structure and process bus. Then, the paper describes the performances of different sensors such as CTs （current transformers）, CVTs （capacitive voltage transformers）, FOCS （fiber optical current transducers） and FOVS （fiber optical voltage transducers）. With the use of above transducers together with MUs, the performance of distance protection function and line differential protection function have been investigated and presented. Finally, conclusions based on the study are presented in the paper.展开更多
新型电力系统下,大量新能源电源及电力电子设备接入交流电网。发生母线区内故障时,受控制策略影响,故障电流幅值受控,角度受控,谐波含量高,母线比率差动保护的动作性能下降,因此文中提出一种适用于新型电力系统的母线比率差动保护改进...新型电力系统下,大量新能源电源及电力电子设备接入交流电网。发生母线区内故障时,受控制策略影响,故障电流幅值受控,角度受控,谐波含量高,母线比率差动保护的动作性能下降,因此文中提出一种适用于新型电力系统的母线比率差动保护改进算法。首先,介绍传统比率差动算法的基本原理,并分析新型电力系统下该算法存在的问题;然后,提出不受故障电流角差及谐波影响的母线比率差动保护改进算法,将相位存在差异的各支路电流相量映射到同一坐标系下,并进行差流和制动电流计算,分析母线比率差动保护改进算法在母线区内外故障及区外故障电流互感器(current transformer,CT)饱和时的动作性能,提出母线比率差动保护改进逻辑;最后,基于实时数字仿真(real time digital simulation,RTDS),对比传统比率差动保护和改进比率差动保护的动作性能,证明改进比率差动保护能够在不降低保护动作可靠性的前提下提高动作灵敏性。展开更多
The emergence of distributed generators has changed the operational mode and fault characteristics of the distribu-tion network,in a way which can severely influence protection.This paper proposes a d-axis-based curre...The emergence of distributed generators has changed the operational mode and fault characteristics of the distribu-tion network,in a way which can severely influence protection.This paper proposes a d-axis-based current differential protection scheme.The d-axis current characteristics of inverter-interfaced distributed generators and synchronous generators are analyzed.The differential protection criterion using sampling values of the d-axis current component is then constructed.Compared to conventional phase-based current differential protection,the proposed protection reduces the number of required communication channels,and is suitable for distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators with complex fault characteristics.Finally,a 10 kV active distribution network model is built in the PSCAD platform and protection prototypes are developed in RTDS.Superior sensitivity and fast speed are verified by simulation and RTDS-based tests.展开更多
本文针对高压直流输电(high-voltage direct current,HVDC)工程中交流滤波电容器桥差保护电流表测量值异常偏大的问题展开研究。理论分析与现场实测表明,因电流表测量导线与电容器塔、导线与地面以及导线之间存在杂散电容,且导线对地布...本文针对高压直流输电(high-voltage direct current,HVDC)工程中交流滤波电容器桥差保护电流表测量值异常偏大的问题展开研究。理论分析与现场实测表明,因电流表测量导线与电容器塔、导线与地面以及导线之间存在杂散电容,且导线对地布线存在物理不对称,引起差模干扰,导致不平衡电流测量值大于真实值。研究建立了杂散电容的等效电路模型,推导了测量误差的计算公式,并分析了杂散电容对测量结果的影响程度。为精确量化杂散电容参数,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件构建了电容器塔与测量导线的高保真三维静电场模型,为误差分析提供了关键输入。最后结合新疆哈密某±800 kV特高压直流工程实例,通过现场试验验证了理论分析的正确性,并提出以采集电压替代电流的方案,实现不平衡电流的等效测量。展开更多
We propose a new scheme for transformer differential protection. This scheme uses different characteristics of the differential currents waveforms (DCWs) under internal fault and magnetizing inrush current conditions....We propose a new scheme for transformer differential protection. This scheme uses different characteristics of the differential currents waveforms (DCWs) under internal fault and magnetizing inrush current conditions. The scheme is based on choosing an appropriate feature of the waveform and monitoring it during the post-disturbance instants. For this purpose, the signal feature is quantified by a discrimination function (DF). Discrimination between internal faults and magnetizing inrush currents is carried out by tracking the signs of three decision-making functions (DMFs) computed from the DFs for three phases. We also present a new algorithm related to the general scheme. The algorithm is based on monitoring the second derivative sign of DCW. The results show that all types of internal faults, even those accompanied by the magnetizing inrush, can be correctly identified from the inrush conditions about half a cycle after the occurrence of a disturbance. Another advantage of the proposed method is that the fault detection algorithm does not depend on the selection of thresholds. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm does not require burdensome computations.展开更多
静止变频器(static frequency converter,SFC)是抽水蓄能电站大型同步机组启动过程的重要设备。在抽蓄机组启动的过程中,由于SFC机、网两侧电流频率不一致,使得基于工频相量的常规差动保护配置困难,且现有保护方案在速动性和可靠性上存...静止变频器(static frequency converter,SFC)是抽水蓄能电站大型同步机组启动过程的重要设备。在抽蓄机组启动的过程中,由于SFC机、网两侧电流频率不一致,使得基于工频相量的常规差动保护配置困难,且现有保护方案在速动性和可靠性上存在不足。为解决上述问题,提出了一种基于模型校核的SFC采样值差动保护原理。首先充分研究SFC的工作原理和控制策略,并基于电流采样值在时域内构建符合SFC工作原理的数学模型,然后采用模型校核的方法寻找故障前后差异并提出相应的保护判据。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建抽蓄机组SFC启动的电磁暂态仿真模型,验证所提保护原理的有效性。仿真结果表明,所提保护原理不受SFC两侧不同频率的干扰,具有良好的选择性、速动性和可靠性。展开更多
文摘This paper analyzes characteristics of multi type current transformers hybrid operation for each branch of the bus and their effects on differential protection of the bus. By theoretically analyzing transmission characteristics of multi type current transformers and their influence factors, we study the dynamic model testing method of multi type current transformers for the bus, and design 3 kinds of testing schemes by making the equivalent model based on the field of P-level current transformer, TPY-level current transformer and electronic current transformer, and build the hybrid operation testing platform of multi type current transformers. Finally, we compare and analyze the transmission characteristics difference of multi type current transformers on the same branch and the characteristics difference of hybrid operation in two successive external faults, analyze the cause behind the differences, and put forward the corresponding improvement measures.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(No.2022NSFSC0405).
文摘When fault occurs on cross-coupling autotransformer(AT)power supply traction network,the up-line and down-line feeder circuit breakers in the traction substation trip at the same time without selectivity,which leads to an extended power failure.Based on equivalent circuit and Kirchhoff’s current law,the feeder current characteristic in the substation,AT station and sectioning post when T-R fault,F-R fault,and T-F fault occur are analyzed and their expressions are obtained.When the traction power supply system is equipped with wide-area protection measurement and control system,the feeder protection device in each station collects the feeder currents in other two stations through the wide-area protection channel and a wide-area current differential protection scheme based on the feeder current characteristic is proposed.When a short-circuit fault occurs in the power supply arm,all the feeder protection devices in each station receive the feeder currents with time stamp in other two stations.After data synchronous processing and logic judgment,the fault line of the power supply arm can be identified and isolated quickly.The simulation result based on MATLAB/Simulink shows that the power supply arm protection scheme based on wide-area current differential has good fault discrimination ability under different fault positions,transition resistances,and fault types.The verification of measured data shows that the novel protection scheme will not be affected by the special working conditions of the electrical multiple unit(EMU),and reliability,selectivity,and rapidity of relay protection are all improved.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2166212)。
文摘Stray currents from DC metro systems intrude into the grounded neutrals of large power transformers,posing a major threat to the differential relay protection of transformer.In this paper,the performance of harmonic blocking based differential relay protection considering neutral stray currents(NSCs)from DC metro systems is thoroughly investigated.The findings reveal that relays may fail to clear internal faults in some scenarios because they are blocked due to NSC-induced harmonic currents.To improve the reliability of differential relay protection,a method for preventing incorrect operation is proposed using a skewness-based criterion to detect the presence of NSCs.Then,the relay is unblocked when an internal fault is simultaneously detected by the novel internal fault detection block.The proposed method is resistant to current transformer saturation and accounts for NSC fluctuations.Various time-domain simulations conducted in PSCAD/EMTDC verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
基金supported by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877167)。
文摘A reliable transformer protection method is crucial for power systems. Aiming at improving the generalization performance and response speed of multi-feature fusion based transformer protection, this paper presents a dynamic differential current by fusing pre-disturbance and post-disturbance differential currents in real time then developing a dynamic differential current based transformer protection focusing on the feature changes of differential current. Generally, the image of differential current can comprehensively embody the feature changes resulting from any disturbance. In addition, a short window is sometimes sufficient to clearly reflect the internal fault because the differential current will instantly change when an internal fault occurs. Therefore, in order to identify the running states reliably in the shortest possible time, multiple images, including the differential current from a pre-disturbance one cycle to a post-disturbance different time, are combined by time order to define a dynamic differential current. After the protection method is started, this dynamic differential current serves as input for the deep learning algorithm to identify the running states in real time. Once the transformer is identified as a faulty one, a tripping signal is issued and the protection method stops. The dynamic model experiments show that the proposed protection method has a strong generalization ability and rapid response speed.
基金supported in part by Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China:Research on Key Protection Technologies for New-type Urban Distribution Network with Controllable Sources and Loads.
文摘The petal-shaped distribution network has high power supply reliability.However,the closed-loop operation mode and the access of inverter-interfaced distributed generators(IIDGs)bring great challenges to the protection schemes.The current amplitude differential protection is an effective means to solve this problem,but the existing criterions rarely consider both sensitivity to high-resistance faults and low requirements for data synchronization.Therefore,the general variation laws of the amplitude difference between the current steady-state components at both terminals and the phase differences between current fault components at both terminals are revealed.For external faults,the steady-state-component current amplitude difference is around zero and the fault-component current phase difference is around 180◦.For internal faults,either the amplitude difference is large or the phase difference is small.Accordingly,a current differential protection scheme based on the pre-fault and postfault steady-state current is proposed.The amplitude and phase of current at both terminals of the protected line are required in the proposed scheme,which has low requirements for data synchronization.The simulation results show that the proposed protection scheme is not affected by the fault type,position,resistance and capacity of the IIDGs.It can also be applied to radial distribution networks with IIDGs.
文摘The paper has presented the impact on the line protection performance with the introduction of MUs （merging units） in the process bus level. The paper begins with the introduction on modem digital substation structure and process bus. Then, the paper describes the performances of different sensors such as CTs （current transformers）, CVTs （capacitive voltage transformers）, FOCS （fiber optical current transducers） and FOVS （fiber optical voltage transducers）. With the use of above transducers together with MUs, the performance of distance protection function and line differential protection function have been investigated and presented. Finally, conclusions based on the study are presented in the paper.
文摘新型电力系统下,大量新能源电源及电力电子设备接入交流电网。发生母线区内故障时,受控制策略影响,故障电流幅值受控,角度受控,谐波含量高,母线比率差动保护的动作性能下降,因此文中提出一种适用于新型电力系统的母线比率差动保护改进算法。首先,介绍传统比率差动算法的基本原理,并分析新型电力系统下该算法存在的问题;然后,提出不受故障电流角差及谐波影响的母线比率差动保护改进算法,将相位存在差异的各支路电流相量映射到同一坐标系下,并进行差流和制动电流计算,分析母线比率差动保护改进算法在母线区内外故障及区外故障电流互感器(current transformer,CT)饱和时的动作性能,提出母线比率差动保护改进逻辑;最后,基于实时数字仿真(real time digital simulation,RTDS),对比传统比率差动保护和改进比率差动保护的动作性能,证明改进比率差动保护能够在不降低保护动作可靠性的前提下提高动作灵敏性。
基金supported by China Southern Power Grid Technology Project.
文摘The emergence of distributed generators has changed the operational mode and fault characteristics of the distribu-tion network,in a way which can severely influence protection.This paper proposes a d-axis-based current differential protection scheme.The d-axis current characteristics of inverter-interfaced distributed generators and synchronous generators are analyzed.The differential protection criterion using sampling values of the d-axis current component is then constructed.Compared to conventional phase-based current differential protection,the proposed protection reduces the number of required communication channels,and is suitable for distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators with complex fault characteristics.Finally,a 10 kV active distribution network model is built in the PSCAD platform and protection prototypes are developed in RTDS.Superior sensitivity and fast speed are verified by simulation and RTDS-based tests.
文摘本文针对高压直流输电(high-voltage direct current,HVDC)工程中交流滤波电容器桥差保护电流表测量值异常偏大的问题展开研究。理论分析与现场实测表明,因电流表测量导线与电容器塔、导线与地面以及导线之间存在杂散电容,且导线对地布线存在物理不对称,引起差模干扰,导致不平衡电流测量值大于真实值。研究建立了杂散电容的等效电路模型,推导了测量误差的计算公式,并分析了杂散电容对测量结果的影响程度。为精确量化杂散电容参数,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件构建了电容器塔与测量导线的高保真三维静电场模型,为误差分析提供了关键输入。最后结合新疆哈密某±800 kV特高压直流工程实例,通过现场试验验证了理论分析的正确性,并提出以采集电压替代电流的方案,实现不平衡电流的等效测量。
文摘We propose a new scheme for transformer differential protection. This scheme uses different characteristics of the differential currents waveforms (DCWs) under internal fault and magnetizing inrush current conditions. The scheme is based on choosing an appropriate feature of the waveform and monitoring it during the post-disturbance instants. For this purpose, the signal feature is quantified by a discrimination function (DF). Discrimination between internal faults and magnetizing inrush currents is carried out by tracking the signs of three decision-making functions (DMFs) computed from the DFs for three phases. We also present a new algorithm related to the general scheme. The algorithm is based on monitoring the second derivative sign of DCW. The results show that all types of internal faults, even those accompanied by the magnetizing inrush, can be correctly identified from the inrush conditions about half a cycle after the occurrence of a disturbance. Another advantage of the proposed method is that the fault detection algorithm does not depend on the selection of thresholds. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm does not require burdensome computations.
文摘静止变频器(static frequency converter,SFC)是抽水蓄能电站大型同步机组启动过程的重要设备。在抽蓄机组启动的过程中,由于SFC机、网两侧电流频率不一致,使得基于工频相量的常规差动保护配置困难,且现有保护方案在速动性和可靠性上存在不足。为解决上述问题,提出了一种基于模型校核的SFC采样值差动保护原理。首先充分研究SFC的工作原理和控制策略,并基于电流采样值在时域内构建符合SFC工作原理的数学模型,然后采用模型校核的方法寻找故障前后差异并提出相应的保护判据。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建抽蓄机组SFC启动的电磁暂态仿真模型,验证所提保护原理的有效性。仿真结果表明,所提保护原理不受SFC两侧不同频率的干扰,具有良好的选择性、速动性和可靠性。
