Full understanding of the thermomechanical behaviors of materials at high strain rates and high temperatures are of great importance from not only scientific meaning but also practical value in engineering structure d...Full understanding of the thermomechanical behaviors of materials at high strain rates and high temperatures are of great importance from not only scientific meaning but also practical value in engineering structure design and safety assessment.Great efforts have been made for abilities of operation the split Hopkinson bars,the most popular technique for experimental determination of mechanical behaviors of materials over the strain rates from 10^2 to 10^4 s^−1 over the past 70 years,at high temperatures since 1960s.A review of experiment work is presented in this paper to give an overview of the development of experimental techniques at high temperatures based on Hopkinson bar systems.The principles of the split Hopkinson bar requires the loading bars avoiding temperature gradient or keeping relatively low temperature when performing high temperature testing.Techniques such as performing temperature gradient corrections,rapid heating or using special designed automatically assembled systems were proposed by researchers to enable the operation of the split Hopkinson bars at temperature as high as possible.Moreover,to the application of high speed photographic technique for capturing the dynamic deformation process of the specimen in high temperature Hopkinson bar testing,some key issues of eliminating the strong thermal radiation induced lights oversaturation and de-blurring of images due to insufficient exposure at high temperature and high strain rate condition,as well as fabrication of high contrast speckle pattern for high temperature digital image correlation measurement were also proposed.The technique can now enable the split Hopkinson bar testing to be performed at high temperature up to 1873 K under the loading conditions of compression or tension with the in situ observation and full field measurement of deformation as well.The paper concludes with summaries of the most important achievements and highlighting of the prospects,trends and remaining challenges for future research.展开更多
The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB)is threatened by dynamic disturbance,but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose.Therefore,a split Hopkinso...The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB)is threatened by dynamic disturbance,but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose.Therefore,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 MPa.And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis.CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios,solid mass concentrations,and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test.The results showed that increasing the cement content,tailings content,and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus.Under an impact load,a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading.And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate.The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading.The local damage was enhanced,and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB.This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.展开更多
Dynamic properties of rocks are important in a variety of rock mechanics and rock engineering problems. Due to the transient nature of the loading, dynamic tests of rock materials are very different from and much more...Dynamic properties of rocks are important in a variety of rock mechanics and rock engineering problems. Due to the transient nature of the loading, dynamic tests of rock materials are very different from and much more challenging than their static counterparts. Dynamic tests are usually conducted using the split Hopkinson bar or Kolsl^j bar systems, which include both split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） and split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） systems. Significant progress has been made on the quantification of various rock dynamic properties, owing to the advances in the experimental techniques of SHPB system. This review aims to fully describe and critically assess the detailed procedures and principles of tech- niques for dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson bars. The history and principles of SHPB are outlined, followed by the key loading techniques that are useful for dynamic rock tests with SHPB （i.e. pulse shaping, momentum-trap and multi-axial loading techniques）. Various measurement techniques for rock tests in SHPB （i.e. X-ray micro computed tomography （CT）, laser gap gauge （LGG）, digital image corre- lation （DIC）, Moir~ method, caustics method, photoelastic coating method, dynamic infrared thermog- raphy） are then discussed. As the main objective of the review, various dynamic measurement techniques for rocks using SHPB are described, including dynamic rock strength measurements （i.e. dynamic compression, tension, bending and shear tests）, dynamic fracture measurements （i.e. dynamic imitation and propagation fracture toughness, dynamic fracture energy and fracture velocity）, and dy- namic techniques for studying the influences of temperature and pore water.展开更多
Impact behavior of aluminum alloy 2519A was investigated at strain rates of 600-7 000 s-1 and temperatures of 20-450 ℃ by a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that the flow stress is dominated by temperat...Impact behavior of aluminum alloy 2519A was investigated at strain rates of 600-7 000 s-1 and temperatures of 20-450 ℃ by a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that the flow stress is dominated by temperature, and it increases with strain rate and decreases with deformation temperature. The serrated flow curves show the dynamic recrystallization occurs. The strain rate sensitivity exponents m determined are 0.066, 0.059 4, 0.059 0 and 0.057 3 at 20, 150, 300 and 450 ℃, respectively. Cowper- Symonds constitutive equation expressing the plastic flow behavior was calculated by analysis and regression of the experimental results. The fracture characteristics under the experimental conditions were observed by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It is determined that the tested material fails as a result of adiabatic shearing.展开更多
The coal mining process is afected by various water sources such as groundwater and coal seam water injection.Understanding the dynamic mechanical parameters of water-immersed coal is helpful for coalmine safe product...The coal mining process is afected by various water sources such as groundwater and coal seam water injection.Understanding the dynamic mechanical parameters of water-immersed coal is helpful for coalmine safe production.The impact compression tests were performed on coal with diferent moisture contents by using theϕ50 mm Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)experimental system,and the dynamic characteristics and energy loss laws of water-immersed coal with diferent compositions and water contents were analyzed.Through analysis and discussion,it is found that:(1)When the moisture content of the coal sample is 0%,30%,60%,the stress,strain rate and energy frst increase and then decrease with time.(2)When the moisture content of the coal sample increases from 30%to 60%,the stress“plateau”of the coal sample becomes more obvious,resulting in an increase in the compressive stress stage and a decrease in the expansion stress stage.(3)The increase of moisture content of the coal sample will afect its impact deformation and failure mode.When the moisture content is 60%,the incident rod end and the transmission rod end of the coal sample will have obvious compression failure,and the middle part of the coal sample will also experience expansion and deformation.(4)The coal composition ratio suitable for the coal immersion softening impact experiment is optimized.展开更多
A novel approach is proposed in determining dy- namic fracture toughness （DFT） of high strength steel, using the split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） apparatus, com- bined with a hybrid experimental-numerical method...A novel approach is proposed in determining dy- namic fracture toughness （DFT） of high strength steel, using the split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） apparatus, com- bined with a hybrid experimental-numerical method. The center-cracked tension specimen is connected between the bars with a specially designed fixture device. The fracture initiation time is measured by the strain gage method, and dynamic stress intensity factors （DSIF） are obtained with the aid of 3D finite element analysis （FEA）. In this approach, the dimensions of the specimen are not restricted by the connec- tion strength or the stress-state equilibrium conditions, and hence plane strain state can be attained conveniently at the crack tip. Through comparison between the obtained results and those in open publication, it is concluded that the ex- perimental data are valid, and the method proposed here is reliable. The validity of the obtained DFT is checked with the ASTM criteria, and fracture surfaces are examined at the end of paper.展开更多
In order to present basic guidance for system calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with the special shape striker,wave characteristics and dynamic responses of SHPB under striker impact were analyzed.Stre...In order to present basic guidance for system calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with the special shape striker,wave characteristics and dynamic responses of SHPB under striker impact were analyzed.Stress generated by the special shape striker tends to have a half-sine waveform and has little wave dispersion during its propagation.Impact velocities of the special shape striker and peak values of generated stress still have linear relation but with a different coefficient from that of cylindrical strikers.From stress histories on the surfaces of the input bar impacted by the special shape striker off-axially and obliquely,it is found that the misalignment impacts usually trigger wave distortion and amplitude decrease,which can be used to identify the poor system adjustment.Finally,the system calibration of SHPB with the special shape striker can be classified into four steps:system adjustment,wave distortion identification,measurement calibration and transmission calibration,where the measurement calibration factor and transmission calibration factor are elaborated and redefined.展开更多
Split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） apparatus, usually used for testing behavior of material in median and high strain-rate, is now widely used in the study of rock dynamic constitutive relation, damage evolvement me...Split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） apparatus, usually used for testing behavior of material in median and high strain-rate, is now widely used in the study of rock dynamic constitutive relation, damage evolvement mechanism and energy consumption. However, the possible reasons of sampling disturbance, machining error and so on often lead to the scattering of test results, and bring ultimate difficulty for forming general test conclusion. Based on the stochastic finite element method, the uncertain parameters of specimen density ps, specimen radius Rs, specimen elastic modulus Es and specimen length Ls in the data processing of SHPB test were considered, and the correlation between the parameters and the test results was analyzed. The results show that the specimen radius Rs has direct correlation with the test result, improving the accuracy in preparing and measuring of specimen is an effective way to improve the accuracy of test and minish the scattering of results for SHPB test.展开更多
Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain-rates. The accuracy of an SHPB test...Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain-rates. The accuracy of an SHPB test is based on the assumption of uniaxial and uniform stress distribution within the specimen, which, however, is not always satisfied in an actual SHPB test due to the existence of some unavoidable negative factors, e.g., interface friction constrains. Kinetic interface friction tests based on a simple device for engineering materials testing on SHPB tests are performed. A kinetic interface friction model is proposed and validated by implementing it into a numerical model. It shows that the proposed simple device is sufficient to obtain kinetic interface friction results for common SHPB tests. The kinetic friction model should be used instead of the frequently used constant friction model for more accurate numerical simulation of SHPB tests.展开更多
The split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was used to determine the dynamic compressive strength of the high-strength Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at strain rate on the order of 102 s^-1. It is shown t...The split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was used to determine the dynamic compressive strength of the high-strength Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at strain rate on the order of 102 s^-1. It is shown that at high strain rates beyond about 1 000 s^-1, uniform deformation within the metallic glass specimen could not be achieved and dispersion in the transmitted pulse can lead to discrepancies in measuring the dynamic failure strength of the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass. Based on these reasons, a copper insert was placed between the strike bar and the input bar to obtain reliable and consistent experimental data for testing of the Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass using the SHPB. Negative strain rate sensitivity was found in the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass.展开更多
基金This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 11772268,11527803,11832015 and 11627901)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant 2017YFB1103500)the 111 Project(Grant BP0719007).The authors also thanks for Dr.Yinggang Miao for useful discussions.
文摘Full understanding of the thermomechanical behaviors of materials at high strain rates and high temperatures are of great importance from not only scientific meaning but also practical value in engineering structure design and safety assessment.Great efforts have been made for abilities of operation the split Hopkinson bars,the most popular technique for experimental determination of mechanical behaviors of materials over the strain rates from 10^2 to 10^4 s^−1 over the past 70 years,at high temperatures since 1960s.A review of experiment work is presented in this paper to give an overview of the development of experimental techniques at high temperatures based on Hopkinson bar systems.The principles of the split Hopkinson bar requires the loading bars avoiding temperature gradient or keeping relatively low temperature when performing high temperature testing.Techniques such as performing temperature gradient corrections,rapid heating or using special designed automatically assembled systems were proposed by researchers to enable the operation of the split Hopkinson bars at temperature as high as possible.Moreover,to the application of high speed photographic technique for capturing the dynamic deformation process of the specimen in high temperature Hopkinson bar testing,some key issues of eliminating the strong thermal radiation induced lights oversaturation and de-blurring of images due to insufficient exposure at high temperature and high strain rate condition,as well as fabrication of high contrast speckle pattern for high temperature digital image correlation measurement were also proposed.The technique can now enable the split Hopkinson bar testing to be performed at high temperature up to 1873 K under the loading conditions of compression or tension with the in situ observation and full field measurement of deformation as well.The paper concludes with summaries of the most important achievements and highlighting of the prospects,trends and remaining challenges for future research.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0602902)the National Natural Scienceof China(Nos.41807259 and 51874350)+2 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University(No.2016zztx096)The support provided by the China Scholarship Council(CSC)during the visit of the first author toécole Polytechnique de Montréal(Student ID:201706370039)the materials supply by Fan Kou lead-zinc mine of Shenzhen Zhongjin Lingnan Non-ferrous metal Company Limited。
文摘The stability of cemented paste backfill(CPB)is threatened by dynamic disturbance,but the conventional low strain rate laboratory pressure test has difficulty achieving this research purpose.Therefore,a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)was utilized to investigate the high strain rate compressive behavior of CPB with dynamic loads of 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 MPa.And the failure modes were determined by macro and micro analysis.CPB with different cement-to-tailings ratios,solid mass concentrations,and curing ages was prepared to conduct the SHPB test.The results showed that increasing the cement content,tailings content,and curing age can improve the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus.Under an impact load,a higher strain rate can lead to larger increasing times of the dynamic compressive strength when compared with static loading.And the dynamic compressive strength of CPB has an exponential correlation with the strain rate.The macroscopic failure modes indicated that CPB is more seriously damaged under dynamic loading.The local damage was enhanced,and fine cracks were formed in the interior of the CPB.This is because the CPB cannot dissipate the energy of the high strain rate stress wave in a short loading period.
文摘Dynamic properties of rocks are important in a variety of rock mechanics and rock engineering problems. Due to the transient nature of the loading, dynamic tests of rock materials are very different from and much more challenging than their static counterparts. Dynamic tests are usually conducted using the split Hopkinson bar or Kolsl^j bar systems, which include both split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） and split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） systems. Significant progress has been made on the quantification of various rock dynamic properties, owing to the advances in the experimental techniques of SHPB system. This review aims to fully describe and critically assess the detailed procedures and principles of tech- niques for dynamic rock tests using split Hopkinson bars. The history and principles of SHPB are outlined, followed by the key loading techniques that are useful for dynamic rock tests with SHPB （i.e. pulse shaping, momentum-trap and multi-axial loading techniques）. Various measurement techniques for rock tests in SHPB （i.e. X-ray micro computed tomography （CT）, laser gap gauge （LGG）, digital image corre- lation （DIC）, Moir~ method, caustics method, photoelastic coating method, dynamic infrared thermog- raphy） are then discussed. As the main objective of the review, various dynamic measurement techniques for rocks using SHPB are described, including dynamic rock strength measurements （i.e. dynamic compression, tension, bending and shear tests）, dynamic fracture measurements （i.e. dynamic imitation and propagation fracture toughness, dynamic fracture energy and fracture velocity）, and dy- namic techniques for studying the influences of temperature and pore water.
基金Project(2005CB623706)supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘Impact behavior of aluminum alloy 2519A was investigated at strain rates of 600-7 000 s-1 and temperatures of 20-450 ℃ by a split Hopkinson pressure bar. The results show that the flow stress is dominated by temperature, and it increases with strain rate and decreases with deformation temperature. The serrated flow curves show the dynamic recrystallization occurs. The strain rate sensitivity exponents m determined are 0.066, 0.059 4, 0.059 0 and 0.057 3 at 20, 150, 300 and 450 ℃, respectively. Cowper- Symonds constitutive equation expressing the plastic flow behavior was calculated by analysis and regression of the experimental results. The fracture characteristics under the experimental conditions were observed by optical microscopy(OM) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). It is determined that the tested material fails as a result of adiabatic shearing.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51974176,51934004)ShandongProvince Natural Science Foundation of Outstanding Youth Fund(ZR2020JQ22)+1 种基金Shandong Province Colleges and Universities Youth Innovation and Technology Support Program(2019KJH006)Taishan Scholars Project(TS20190935).
文摘The coal mining process is afected by various water sources such as groundwater and coal seam water injection.Understanding the dynamic mechanical parameters of water-immersed coal is helpful for coalmine safe production.The impact compression tests were performed on coal with diferent moisture contents by using theϕ50 mm Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)experimental system,and the dynamic characteristics and energy loss laws of water-immersed coal with diferent compositions and water contents were analyzed.Through analysis and discussion,it is found that:(1)When the moisture content of the coal sample is 0%,30%,60%,the stress,strain rate and energy frst increase and then decrease with time.(2)When the moisture content of the coal sample increases from 30%to 60%,the stress“plateau”of the coal sample becomes more obvious,resulting in an increase in the compressive stress stage and a decrease in the expansion stress stage.(3)The increase of moisture content of the coal sample will afect its impact deformation and failure mode.When the moisture content is 60%,the incident rod end and the transmission rod end of the coal sample will have obvious compression failure,and the middle part of the coal sample will also experience expansion and deformation.(4)The coal composition ratio suitable for the coal immersion softening impact experiment is optimized.
基金supported by the 111 Project (B07050)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10932008)
文摘A novel approach is proposed in determining dy- namic fracture toughness （DFT） of high strength steel, using the split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） apparatus, com- bined with a hybrid experimental-numerical method. The center-cracked tension specimen is connected between the bars with a specially designed fixture device. The fracture initiation time is measured by the strain gage method, and dynamic stress intensity factors （DSIF） are obtained with the aid of 3D finite element analysis （FEA）. In this approach, the dimensions of the specimen are not restricted by the connec- tion strength or the stress-state equilibrium conditions, and hence plane strain state can be attained conveniently at the crack tip. Through comparison between the obtained results and those in open publication, it is concluded that the ex- perimental data are valid, and the method proposed here is reliable. The validity of the obtained DFT is checked with the ASTM criteria, and fracture surfaces are examined at the end of paper.
基金Projects(50904079,50934006) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2010CB732004) supported by the National Basic Research Program of China
文摘In order to present basic guidance for system calibration of split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with the special shape striker,wave characteristics and dynamic responses of SHPB under striker impact were analyzed.Stress generated by the special shape striker tends to have a half-sine waveform and has little wave dispersion during its propagation.Impact velocities of the special shape striker and peak values of generated stress still have linear relation but with a different coefficient from that of cylindrical strikers.From stress histories on the surfaces of the input bar impacted by the special shape striker off-axially and obliquely,it is found that the misalignment impacts usually trigger wave distortion and amplitude decrease,which can be used to identify the poor system adjustment.Finally,the system calibration of SHPB with the special shape striker can be classified into four steps:system adjustment,wave distortion identification,measurement calibration and transmission calibration,where the measurement calibration factor and transmission calibration factor are elaborated and redefined.
基金Projects(50490274, 50534030) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by the Natural Science Foundatin of Hunan Province, China
文摘Split Hopkinson pressure bar（SHPB） apparatus, usually used for testing behavior of material in median and high strain-rate, is now widely used in the study of rock dynamic constitutive relation, damage evolvement mechanism and energy consumption. However, the possible reasons of sampling disturbance, machining error and so on often lead to the scattering of test results, and bring ultimate difficulty for forming general test conclusion. Based on the stochastic finite element method, the uncertain parameters of specimen density ps, specimen radius Rs, specimen elastic modulus Es and specimen length Ls in the data processing of SHPB test were considered, and the correlation between the parameters and the test results was analyzed. The results show that the specimen radius Rs has direct correlation with the test result, improving the accuracy in preparing and measuring of specimen is an effective way to improve the accuracy of test and minish the scattering of results for SHPB test.
文摘Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) has become a frequently used technique to measure the uniaxial compressive stress-strain relation of various engineering materials at high strain-rates. The accuracy of an SHPB test is based on the assumption of uniaxial and uniform stress distribution within the specimen, which, however, is not always satisfied in an actual SHPB test due to the existence of some unavoidable negative factors, e.g., interface friction constrains. Kinetic interface friction tests based on a simple device for engineering materials testing on SHPB tests are performed. A kinetic interface friction model is proposed and validated by implementing it into a numerical model. It shows that the proposed simple device is sufficient to obtain kinetic interface friction results for common SHPB tests. The kinetic friction model should be used instead of the frequently used constant friction model for more accurate numerical simulation of SHPB tests.
基金Sponsored by the Ministerial Level Research Foundation (00J12 1 7 BQ0123)
文摘The split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） was used to determine the dynamic compressive strength of the high-strength Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass at strain rate on the order of 102 s^-1. It is shown that at high strain rates beyond about 1 000 s^-1, uniform deformation within the metallic glass specimen could not be achieved and dispersion in the transmitted pulse can lead to discrepancies in measuring the dynamic failure strength of the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass. Based on these reasons, a copper insert was placed between the strike bar and the input bar to obtain reliable and consistent experimental data for testing of the Zr38Ti17Cu10.5Co12Be22.5 bulk metallic glass using the SHPB. Negative strain rate sensitivity was found in the present Zr-based bulk metallic glass.
