Sheet metal spinning is an incremental forming process for producing axisymmetric thinwalled parts through continuous local deformation under the action of rollers.While studying the spinning process by finite element...Sheet metal spinning is an incremental forming process for producing axisymmetric thinwalled parts through continuous local deformation under the action of rollers.While studying the spinning process by finite element(FE)method,a critical bottleneck is the enormous simulation time.For beating off this challenge,a novel multi-mesh method is developed.The method can dynamically track the movement of rollers and adaptively refine the mesh.Thus,a locally refined quadrilateral computation mesh can be generated in the locally-deforming zone and reduce the unnecessary fine elements outside the locally-deforming zone.In the multi-mesh system,the fine elements and coarse elements are extracted from a storage mesh and a background mesh,respectively.Meanwhile,the hanging nodes in the locally refined mesh are removed by designing 4-refinement templates.Between computation mesh and storage mesh,a bi-cubic parametric surface fitting algorithm and accurate remapping methods are conducted to transmit geometric information and physical fields.The proposed method has been verified by two spinning processes.The results suggest that the method can save time by up to about 67%with satisfactory accuracy,especially for distributions of thickness and strain compared with the fully refined mesh.展开更多
In this paper,a robust adaptive controller is designed for a guided spinning rocket,whose dynamics presents the characteristics of pitch-yaw cross coupling,fast time-varying aerodynamics parameters and wide flight env...In this paper,a robust adaptive controller is designed for a guided spinning rocket,whose dynamics presents the characteristics of pitch-yaw cross coupling,fast time-varying aerodynamics parameters and wide flight envelop.First,a coupled nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom equation of motion for a guided spinning rocket is developed,and the lateral acceleration motion is modeled as a control plant with time-varying matched uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics.Then,a robust adaptive control method is proposed by combining Bregman divergence and variational method to achieve fast adaption and maintain bounded tracking.The stability of the resulting closed-loop system is proved,and the ultimate bound and convergence rate are also analyzed.Finally,numerical simulations are performed for a single operating point and the whole flight trajectory to show the robustness and adaptability of the proposed method with respect to timevarying uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics.展开更多
The numerical simulation model of single roller melt spinning for rapid quenching process of NdFeB alloy was built,and the vacuum chamber,cooling roller and sample were taken into account as a system.The existing matu...The numerical simulation model of single roller melt spinning for rapid quenching process of NdFeB alloy was built,and the vacuum chamber,cooling roller and sample were taken into account as a system.The existing mature technology was in order to verify the correctness of simulation.The rapid quenching ribbons with different roll speeds were used as the simulation objects.The results of the numerical simulation and experiments show that the validity of the model has been testified and the reasons of the formation of complete quenching ribbons and by-product have been explained.The experimental thickness of the ribbons is proportional to the theoretical thickness.In the same spray condition,with the roll speed increasing,the thickness decreases linearly.At the speed range of25-30 m·s^(-1),the simulated calculation date is close to the experimental date,which can be considered as an ideal technological parameter.展开更多
The development of fluorescien double labeling method in recent years,has identified the peripheral processes of spinal ganglionic neurons project divergently to the somatic and visceral areas,but the chemical nature ...The development of fluorescien double labeling method in recent years,has identified the peripheral processes of spinal ganglionic neurons project divergently to the somatic and visceral areas,but the chemical nature of these neurons remains unknown.For this reason,we developed a tri-labeled method of combining fluorescein tracing and immunocytochemistry to clarify this problem.展开更多
A new hybrid organic-inorganic structure of FTO/TiO2/Se/HTL/Au based selenium solar cell has been fabricated through a low-cost spin-coating process in air. In this process, selenium is completely dissolved in hydrazi...A new hybrid organic-inorganic structure of FTO/TiO2/Se/HTL/Au based selenium solar cell has been fabricated through a low-cost spin-coating process in air. In this process, selenium is completely dissolved in hydrazine, to fk）rm a homogeneous precursor solution. After spin-coating the precursor solution on the TiO2 substrates, following by sintering at 200 ℃ for 5rain, a uniform selenium film with crystalline grains is formed. The selenium based solar cell exhibits an efficiency of 1.23% under AM1.5 illumination （100 mW.cm-2）, short-circuit current density of 8 mA.cm 2, open-circuit voltage of 0.55 V, and fill factor of 0.37. Moreover, the device shows a stable ability with almost the same performance alter 60 days.展开更多
This paper introduces a new method for a formula for electron spin relaxation time of a system of electrons interacting with phonons through phonon-modulated spin-orbit coupling using the projection-reduction method. ...This paper introduces a new method for a formula for electron spin relaxation time of a system of electrons interacting with phonons through phonon-modulated spin-orbit coupling using the projection-reduction method. The phonon absorption and emission processes as well as the photon absorption and emission processes in all electron transition processes can be explained in an organized manner, and the result can be represented in a diagram that can provide intuition for the quantum dynamics of electrons in a solid. The temperature （T） dependence of electron spin relaxation times （T1） in silicon is T1 ∝ T-1.07 at low temperatures and T1 ∝ T-3.3 at high temperatures for acoustic deformation constant Pad = 1.4 × 10^7 eV and optical deformation constant Pod = 4.0 × 10^17 eV/m. This means that electrons are scattered by the acoustic deformation phonons at low temperatures and optical deformation phonons at high temperatures, respectively. The magnetic field （B） dependence of the relaxation times is T1 ∝ B-2.7 at 100 K and T1 ∝ B-2.3 at 150 K, which nearly agree with the result of Yafet, T1 ∝ B-3.0- B -2.5.展开更多
Based on the coupled harmonic oscillator model, which is born of Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain with nearest-neighbor interactions, we adopt the invariant eigen-operator method to derive its energy level, which p...Based on the coupled harmonic oscillator model, which is born of Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain with nearest-neighbor interactions, we adopt the invariant eigen-operator method to derive its energy level, which provides an alternate approach to dealing with the dynamics of spin chain.展开更多
We study the spin-1/2 two-dimensional Shastry–Sutherland spin model by exact diagonalization of clusters with periodic boundary conditions, developing an improved level spectroscopic technique using energy gaps betwe...We study the spin-1/2 two-dimensional Shastry–Sutherland spin model by exact diagonalization of clusters with periodic boundary conditions, developing an improved level spectroscopic technique using energy gaps between states with different quantum numbers. The crossing points of some of the relative(composite) gaps have much weaker finite-size drifts than the normally used gaps defined only with respect to the ground state, thus allowing precise determination of quantum critical points even with small clusters. Our results support the picture of a spin liquid phase intervening between the well-known plaquette-singlet and antiferromagnetic ground states, with phase boundaries in almost perfect agreement with a recent density matrix renormalization group study, where much larger cylindrical lattices were used [J. Yang et al., Phys. Rev. B 105, L060409(2022)]. The method of using composite low-energy gaps to reduce scaling corrections has potentially broad applications in numerical studies of quantum critical phenomena.展开更多
For the test of rotation speed of high spinning projectile, the general formula of the motional electromotive force （MEMF） of planar magnetic induction coil （PMIC） is derived in case of 3D rotation in a stable mag...For the test of rotation speed of high spinning projectile, the general formula of the motional electromotive force （MEMF） of planar magnetic induction coil （PMIC） is derived in case of 3D rotation in a stable magnetic field. Under a reasona-ble assumption, the MEMF of PMIC is simplified after the aforementioned general formula is used to calculate high spinning PMIC in the geomagnetic field environment. The determination approach of half-cycle is discussed and the method of rotation speed test is studied, and a test is conducted in the paper. The rotation speed curve obtained by the approach in this paper is consistent with the curve by telemetry.展开更多
Transparent zinc oxide（ZnO） thin films are fabricated by a simple sol-gel spin-coating technique on glass substrates with different solution concentrations（0.3-1.2 M） using zinc acetate dehydrate [Zn（CH_3COO）_2&...Transparent zinc oxide（ZnO） thin films are fabricated by a simple sol-gel spin-coating technique on glass substrates with different solution concentrations（0.3-1.2 M） using zinc acetate dehydrate [Zn（CH_3COO）_2·2H_2O] as precursor and isopropanol and monoethanolamine（MEA） as solvent and stabilizer, respectively. The molar ratio of zinc acetate dehydrate to MEA is 1.0. X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy are employed to investigate the effect of solution concentration on the structural and optical properties of the ZnO thin films. The obtained results of all thin films are discussed in detail and are compared with other experimental data.展开更多
Single negatively charged nitrogen vacancy(NV-)centers in diamond have emerged as promising platforms for quantum information science,where long coherence times are essential for advancing quantum technologies.However...Single negatively charged nitrogen vacancy(NV-)centers in diamond have emerged as promising platforms for quantum information science,where long coherence times are essential for advancing quantum technologies.However,traditional fabrication methods often introduce lattice damage during the irradiation process used to create vacancies,significantly impairing the spin coherence properties of NV-centers.展开更多
A model of electronic intersupplemental states was presented for calculating the d orbital energies of a distorted octahedral low spin ( S =1/2) n d 5(t 5 2, 2T 2)(n=3, 4, 5) multielectron system...A model of electronic intersupplemental states was presented for calculating the d orbital energies of a distorted octahedral low spin ( S =1/2) n d 5(t 5 2, 2T 2)(n=3, 4, 5) multielectron system, and the 6 dimensional eigenmatrices of two new types in real and complex orbital representations were derived from this electron model forth. In comparison with real and complex orbital methods offered by the hole model, the real and complex orbital methods reported in this paper not only could give directly all the electronic structure parameters for the n d 5(t 5 2, 2T 2) multielectron system, but also showed many other new advantages such as standardization in theory, systematization in method, agreement in calculation and so on.展开更多
Surface spin waves in a semi-infinite magnetre super lattice with a single-ion uniaxial anisotropy are investigated through the transfer mafrix method.The dispersion equations of surface spin wavs are obfained.We find...Surface spin waves in a semi-infinite magnetre super lattice with a single-ion uniaxial anisotropy are investigated through the transfer mafrix method.The dispersion equations of surface spin wavs are obfained.We find that not all the magnetic superlattice structures can excite the surface spin waves,and that the anisotropy term need not be favorable to the excitation of surface spin wavs,but surely influences the values of the energy of the excited surface spin waves.展开更多
Hot spinning process has attracted significant attention because it can be used to manufacture complex parts, extend the forming limit of materials, decrease forming forces and reduce process chains. In this paper, we...Hot spinning process has attracted significant attention because it can be used to manufacture complex parts, extend the forming limit of materials, decrease forming forces and reduce process chains. In this paper, we review researches on lightweight metals spun at elevated temperatures since they are difficult to deform at room temperature. These metals include light alloys, such as titanium, magnesium and aluminum alloys, and metal composites. Then, the heating methods used in the hot spinning process and the treatment methods employed for the temperature boundary condition in finite element analyses for the process were discussed. Finally, the future development directions for the hot spinning process of lightweight but difficult-to-deform alloys were highlighted.展开更多
As a new attempt,ball spinning was used to manufacture the nickel-titanium shape memory alloy（NiTi SMA） tube at elevated temperature.The NiTi bar with a nominal composition of Ni50.9Ti49.1（mole fraction,%） was sol...As a new attempt,ball spinning was used to manufacture the nickel-titanium shape memory alloy（NiTi SMA） tube at elevated temperature.The NiTi bar with a nominal composition of Ni50.9Ti49.1（mole fraction,%） was solution treated and was used as the original tube blank for ball spinning.Based on the variable temperature field and the constitutive equation,rigid-viscoplastic finite element method（FEM） was applied in order to simulate the ball spinning of NiTi SMA tube.The temperature field,the stress field,the strain field and the load prediction were obtained by means of FEM.FEM results reveal that there is a temperature increase of about 160 ℃ in the principal deformation zone of the spun part.It can be found from the stress fields and the strain fields that the outer wall of NiTi SMA tube is easier to meet the plastic yield criterion than the inner wall,and the plastic deformation zone is caused to be in a three-dimensional compressive stress state.The radial strain and the tangential strain are characterized by the compressive strain,while the axial strain belongs to the tensile strain.The variation of spinning loads with the progression of the ball is of great importance in predicting the stable flow of the spun part.展开更多
Ball spinning is applied to manufacturing thin-walled tube with high precision and high mechanical properties.On the basis of plastic mechanics,by simplifying ball spinning of thin-walled tube as plane strain problem,...Ball spinning is applied to manufacturing thin-walled tube with high precision and high mechanical properties.On the basis of plastic mechanics,by simplifying ball spinning of thin-walled tube as plane strain problem,slab method is used for the purpose of calculating the contact deformation pressure.The spinning force components,the torsional moment,the deformation power and the deformation work are calculated further as well.The influence of the two important process parameters such as the feed ratio and the ball diameter on the spinning force components is analyzed in order to further control the spinning force components by regulating the two process variables during the ball spinning process.The stress and strain state in deformable zone as well as mechanics boundary conditions in ball spinning are obtained.The effect of the three spinning force components on the formability of the spun part is analyzed and validated through the ball spinning experiments.The theoretical and experimental results show that the radial spinning component plays a significant role in ball spinning of thin-walled tube,and the mechanics situation in backward ball spinning contributes to enhancing the plasticity of the metal material,but that in forward ball spinning contributes to advancing the axial flow of the metal material.展开更多
基金co-supported by the supports of Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2019B1515120047)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52130507)。
文摘Sheet metal spinning is an incremental forming process for producing axisymmetric thinwalled parts through continuous local deformation under the action of rollers.While studying the spinning process by finite element(FE)method,a critical bottleneck is the enormous simulation time.For beating off this challenge,a novel multi-mesh method is developed.The method can dynamically track the movement of rollers and adaptively refine the mesh.Thus,a locally refined quadrilateral computation mesh can be generated in the locally-deforming zone and reduce the unnecessary fine elements outside the locally-deforming zone.In the multi-mesh system,the fine elements and coarse elements are extracted from a storage mesh and a background mesh,respectively.Meanwhile,the hanging nodes in the locally refined mesh are removed by designing 4-refinement templates.Between computation mesh and storage mesh,a bi-cubic parametric surface fitting algorithm and accurate remapping methods are conducted to transmit geometric information and physical fields.The proposed method has been verified by two spinning processes.The results suggest that the method can save time by up to about 67%with satisfactory accuracy,especially for distributions of thickness and strain compared with the fully refined mesh.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 11532002)。
文摘In this paper,a robust adaptive controller is designed for a guided spinning rocket,whose dynamics presents the characteristics of pitch-yaw cross coupling,fast time-varying aerodynamics parameters and wide flight envelop.First,a coupled nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom equation of motion for a guided spinning rocket is developed,and the lateral acceleration motion is modeled as a control plant with time-varying matched uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics.Then,a robust adaptive control method is proposed by combining Bregman divergence and variational method to achieve fast adaption and maintain bounded tracking.The stability of the resulting closed-loop system is proved,and the ultimate bound and convergence rate are also analyzed.Finally,numerical simulations are performed for a single operating point and the whole flight trajectory to show the robustness and adaptability of the proposed method with respect to timevarying uncertainties and unmodeled dynamics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51571064)the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2014CB643701)。
文摘The numerical simulation model of single roller melt spinning for rapid quenching process of NdFeB alloy was built,and the vacuum chamber,cooling roller and sample were taken into account as a system.The existing mature technology was in order to verify the correctness of simulation.The rapid quenching ribbons with different roll speeds were used as the simulation objects.The results of the numerical simulation and experiments show that the validity of the model has been testified and the reasons of the formation of complete quenching ribbons and by-product have been explained.The experimental thickness of the ribbons is proportional to the theoretical thickness.In the same spray condition,with the roll speed increasing,the thickness decreases linearly.At the speed range of25-30 m·s^(-1),the simulated calculation date is close to the experimental date,which can be considered as an ideal technological parameter.
文摘The development of fluorescien double labeling method in recent years,has identified the peripheral processes of spinal ganglionic neurons project divergently to the somatic and visceral areas,but the chemical nature of these neurons remains unknown.For this reason,we developed a tri-labeled method of combining fluorescein tracing and immunocytochemistry to clarify this problem.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51579057,5177090655,and 51379052)the State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment,Harbin Institute of Technology,China(Grant No.2016DX07)
文摘A new hybrid organic-inorganic structure of FTO/TiO2/Se/HTL/Au based selenium solar cell has been fabricated through a low-cost spin-coating process in air. In this process, selenium is completely dissolved in hydrazine, to fk）rm a homogeneous precursor solution. After spin-coating the precursor solution on the TiO2 substrates, following by sintering at 200 ℃ for 5rain, a uniform selenium film with crystalline grains is formed. The selenium based solar cell exhibits an efficiency of 1.23% under AM1.5 illumination （100 mW.cm-2）, short-circuit current density of 8 mA.cm 2, open-circuit voltage of 0.55 V, and fill factor of 0.37. Moreover, the device shows a stable ability with almost the same performance alter 60 days.
文摘This paper introduces a new method for a formula for electron spin relaxation time of a system of electrons interacting with phonons through phonon-modulated spin-orbit coupling using the projection-reduction method. The phonon absorption and emission processes as well as the photon absorption and emission processes in all electron transition processes can be explained in an organized manner, and the result can be represented in a diagram that can provide intuition for the quantum dynamics of electrons in a solid. The temperature （T） dependence of electron spin relaxation times （T1） in silicon is T1 ∝ T-1.07 at low temperatures and T1 ∝ T-3.3 at high temperatures for acoustic deformation constant Pad = 1.4 × 10^7 eV and optical deformation constant Pod = 4.0 × 10^17 eV/m. This means that electrons are scattered by the acoustic deformation phonons at low temperatures and optical deformation phonons at high temperatures, respectively. The magnetic field （B） dependence of the relaxation times is T1 ∝ B-2.7 at 100 K and T1 ∝ B-2.3 at 150 K, which nearly agree with the result of Yafet, T1 ∝ B-3.0- B -2.5.
基金The project supported by the President Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Based on the coupled harmonic oscillator model, which is born of Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain with nearest-neighbor interactions, we adopt the invariant eigen-operator method to derive its energy level, which provides an alternate approach to dealing with the dynamics of spin chain.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11874080 and 11734002)supported as a Simons Investigator by the Simons Foundation (Grant No. 511064)。
文摘We study the spin-1/2 two-dimensional Shastry–Sutherland spin model by exact diagonalization of clusters with periodic boundary conditions, developing an improved level spectroscopic technique using energy gaps between states with different quantum numbers. The crossing points of some of the relative(composite) gaps have much weaker finite-size drifts than the normally used gaps defined only with respect to the ground state, thus allowing precise determination of quantum critical points even with small clusters. Our results support the picture of a spin liquid phase intervening between the well-known plaquette-singlet and antiferromagnetic ground states, with phase boundaries in almost perfect agreement with a recent density matrix renormalization group study, where much larger cylindrical lattices were used [J. Yang et al., Phys. Rev. B 105, L060409(2022)]. The method of using composite low-energy gaps to reduce scaling corrections has potentially broad applications in numerical studies of quantum critical phenomena.
基金National Key Lab for Electronic Measurement and Technology,North University of China(No.9140C120401080C12)
文摘For the test of rotation speed of high spinning projectile, the general formula of the motional electromotive force （MEMF） of planar magnetic induction coil （PMIC） is derived in case of 3D rotation in a stable magnetic field. Under a reasona-ble assumption, the MEMF of PMIC is simplified after the aforementioned general formula is used to calculate high spinning PMIC in the geomagnetic field environment. The determination approach of half-cycle is discussed and the method of rotation speed test is studied, and a test is conducted in the paper. The rotation speed curve obtained by the approach in this paper is consistent with the curve by telemetry.
文摘Transparent zinc oxide（ZnO） thin films are fabricated by a simple sol-gel spin-coating technique on glass substrates with different solution concentrations（0.3-1.2 M） using zinc acetate dehydrate [Zn（CH_3COO）_2·2H_2O] as precursor and isopropanol and monoethanolamine（MEA） as solvent and stabilizer, respectively. The molar ratio of zinc acetate dehydrate to MEA is 1.0. X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy are employed to investigate the effect of solution concentration on the structural and optical properties of the ZnO thin films. The obtained results of all thin films are discussed in detail and are compared with other experimental data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.112374012 and 11974208)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant Nos.ZR2023JQ001 and tsqn202211128)。
文摘Single negatively charged nitrogen vacancy(NV-)centers in diamond have emerged as promising platforms for quantum information science,where long coherence times are essential for advancing quantum technologies.However,traditional fabrication methods often introduce lattice damage during the irradiation process used to create vacancies,significantly impairing the spin coherence properties of NV-centers.
文摘A model of electronic intersupplemental states was presented for calculating the d orbital energies of a distorted octahedral low spin ( S =1/2) n d 5(t 5 2, 2T 2)(n=3, 4, 5) multielectron system, and the 6 dimensional eigenmatrices of two new types in real and complex orbital representations were derived from this electron model forth. In comparison with real and complex orbital methods offered by the hole model, the real and complex orbital methods reported in this paper not only could give directly all the electronic structure parameters for the n d 5(t 5 2, 2T 2) multielectron system, but also showed many other new advantages such as standardization in theory, systematization in method, agreement in calculation and so on.
文摘Surface spin waves in a semi-infinite magnetre super lattice with a single-ion uniaxial anisotropy are investigated through the transfer mafrix method.The dispersion equations of surface spin wavs are obfained.We find that not all the magnetic superlattice structures can excite the surface spin waves,and that the anisotropy term need not be favorable to the excitation of surface spin wavs,but surely influences the values of the energy of the excited surface spin waves.
基金Project(51222509) supported by the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars of ChinaProject(51175429) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(97-QZ-2014,90-QP-2013) supported by the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(NWPU) of China
文摘Hot spinning process has attracted significant attention because it can be used to manufacture complex parts, extend the forming limit of materials, decrease forming forces and reduce process chains. In this paper, we review researches on lightweight metals spun at elevated temperatures since they are difficult to deform at room temperature. These metals include light alloys, such as titanium, magnesium and aluminum alloys, and metal composites. Then, the heating methods used in the hot spinning process and the treatment methods employed for the temperature boundary condition in finite element analyses for the process were discussed. Finally, the future development directions for the hot spinning process of lightweight but difficult-to-deform alloys were highlighted.
基金Project(51071056) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(HEUCF121712) supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘As a new attempt,ball spinning was used to manufacture the nickel-titanium shape memory alloy（NiTi SMA） tube at elevated temperature.The NiTi bar with a nominal composition of Ni50.9Ti49.1（mole fraction,%） was solution treated and was used as the original tube blank for ball spinning.Based on the variable temperature field and the constitutive equation,rigid-viscoplastic finite element method（FEM） was applied in order to simulate the ball spinning of NiTi SMA tube.The temperature field,the stress field,the strain field and the load prediction were obtained by means of FEM.FEM results reveal that there is a temperature increase of about 160 ℃ in the principal deformation zone of the spun part.It can be found from the stress fields and the strain fields that the outer wall of NiTi SMA tube is easier to meet the plastic yield criterion than the inner wall,and the plastic deformation zone is caused to be in a three-dimensional compressive stress state.The radial strain and the tangential strain are characterized by the compressive strain,while the axial strain belongs to the tensile strain.The variation of spinning loads with the progression of the ball is of great importance in predicting the stable flow of the spun part.
基金supported by Overseas Returnee Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(lc01c13).
文摘Ball spinning is applied to manufacturing thin-walled tube with high precision and high mechanical properties.On the basis of plastic mechanics,by simplifying ball spinning of thin-walled tube as plane strain problem,slab method is used for the purpose of calculating the contact deformation pressure.The spinning force components,the torsional moment,the deformation power and the deformation work are calculated further as well.The influence of the two important process parameters such as the feed ratio and the ball diameter on the spinning force components is analyzed in order to further control the spinning force components by regulating the two process variables during the ball spinning process.The stress and strain state in deformable zone as well as mechanics boundary conditions in ball spinning are obtained.The effect of the three spinning force components on the formability of the spun part is analyzed and validated through the ball spinning experiments.The theoretical and experimental results show that the radial spinning component plays a significant role in ball spinning of thin-walled tube,and the mechanics situation in backward ball spinning contributes to enhancing the plasticity of the metal material,but that in forward ball spinning contributes to advancing the axial flow of the metal material.
