This study shows that the main cause of Fusarium head blight of spelt was F. poae. In 2007 deoxynivalenol was found up to 0.27 mg/kg in 2 of 18 samples of winter spelt kernels from organic farms. Also in 3 samples T-2...This study shows that the main cause of Fusarium head blight of spelt was F. poae. In 2007 deoxynivalenol was found up to 0.27 mg/kg in 2 of 18 samples of winter spelt kernels from organic farms. Also in 3 samples T-2 toxin was found in amount below 0.075 mg/kg. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were not found in kernels. Among nine of the examined samples of winter spelt in 2008, DON was identified in all samples （up to 0.31 mg/kg）, while T-2 toxin, aflatoxins and OTA were not found. Among twenty of the examined cultivars of winter spelt, deoxynivalenol was identified in 6 samples （up to 0.3 mg/kg）, T-2 toxin was identified in one sample in very low amount （below 75 μg/kg） while aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were not found. Deoxynivalenol was found in following winter spelt cultivars： T. spelta L. album, T. spelta BG, T. spelta BG 1166, T. spelta, Schwabenspelz and Franckenkorn. T-2 toxin was identified in T. spelta L. album BG 31. Among 13 products from spelt, DON was detected in 1 sample, OTA in 1 sample and zearalenone in 1 sample, T-2 toxins and aflatoxins were not found.展开更多
Spelt(Triticum aestivum ssp.spelta)is an important wheat subspecies mainly cultivated in Europe before the 20th century that has contributed to modern wheat breeding as a valuable genetic resource.However,relatively l...Spelt(Triticum aestivum ssp.spelta)is an important wheat subspecies mainly cultivated in Europe before the 20th century that has contributed to modern wheat breeding as a valuable genetic resource.However,relatively little is known about the origins and maintenance of spelt populations.Here,using resequencing data from 416 worldwide wheat accessions,including representative spelt wheat,we demonstrate that Eu-ropean spelt emerged when primitive hexaploid wheat spread to the west and hybridized with pre-settled domesticated emmer,the putative maternal donor.Genomic introgression regions from domesticated emmer confer spelt’s primitive morphological characters used for species taxonomy,such as tenacious glumes and laterflowering.We propose a haplotype-based"spelt index"to identify spelt-type wheat vari-eties and to quantify utilization of the spelt gene pool in modern wheat cultivars.This study reveals the ge-netic basis for the establishment of the spelt wheat subspecies in a specific ecological niche and the vital role of the spelt gene pool as a unique germplasm resource in modern wheat breeding.展开更多
Background: Wheat is a potent allergen source and is one of the causes of baker’s asthma and food allergy. The best strategy for managing food hypersensitivity involves strict avoidance of the trigger. However, wheat...Background: Wheat is a potent allergen source and is one of the causes of baker’s asthma and food allergy. The best strategy for managing food hypersensitivity involves strict avoidance of the trigger. However, wheat is quite difficult to avoid. Several alternative strategies for the treatment of food allergy are under study. Spelt is a possible hypoallergenic crop that may be tried in patients with wheat allergy. Methods: We have evaluated the allergenic IgE hypersensitivity mediated by spelt in wheat allergic patients. Overall, 66 patients who suffered from baker’s asthma or food allergy (45 males and 21 females, mean age 28.6 ± 12.9 years) were included. We have also compared its reactivity with standard- ized extracts from wheat and with purified non-specific lipid transfer proteins from wheat (Tri a 14) and from peach (Pru p 3). Immunodetection with spelt and common bread wheat extracts (Triticum aestivum, cultivar Astral) was per- formed. Fresh wheat and spelt grain extracts were used both for oral and bronchial challenge and skin tests. Specific IgE detection to different cereals was performed using the Immuno CAP System (Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden). The bronchial challenge was positive with wheat Astral in 44 (67%) patients, all of them suffered from asthma. Thirteen (29.54%) of these 44 patients had negative the challenge with spelt. The oral challenge with wheat Astral was positive in 22 (33%) patients with wheat food allergy, and the same test was positive in only in 6 of them with spelt (27.3%). The diagnostic yield (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) of routine tests in determining spelt allergy by specific positive challenge responses was determined. Prick tests for spelt versus positive challenge tests had a good sensitivity (94%, 86.5 - 99.4;95%CI) and specificity (86%, 84 - 90;95% CI) for the diagnosis of spelt allergy. Immunodetection detected minor differences among different extracts. Conclusion: In summary, the prick test and bronchial and oral challenges both efficiently detected sensitization to spelt and their levels were related to more severe clinical profiles, but the wheal area was significantly lower with spelt (p 0.001) and the percentage of positive challenge tests decreased. Our results suggest that spelt is an old crop that may be tried in patients with wheat allergy.展开更多
文摘This study shows that the main cause of Fusarium head blight of spelt was F. poae. In 2007 deoxynivalenol was found up to 0.27 mg/kg in 2 of 18 samples of winter spelt kernels from organic farms. Also in 3 samples T-2 toxin was found in amount below 0.075 mg/kg. Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were not found in kernels. Among nine of the examined samples of winter spelt in 2008, DON was identified in all samples （up to 0.31 mg/kg）, while T-2 toxin, aflatoxins and OTA were not found. Among twenty of the examined cultivars of winter spelt, deoxynivalenol was identified in 6 samples （up to 0.3 mg/kg）, T-2 toxin was identified in one sample in very low amount （below 75 μg/kg） while aflatoxins and ochratoxin A were not found. Deoxynivalenol was found in following winter spelt cultivars： T. spelta L. album, T. spelta BG, T. spelta BG 1166, T. spelta, Schwabenspelz and Franckenkorn. T-2 toxin was identified in T. spelta L. album BG 31. Among 13 products from spelt, DON was detected in 1 sample, OTA in 1 sample and zearalenone in 1 sample, T-2 toxins and aflatoxins were not found.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31991210)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFD1200104)+2 种基金the Strategic International Science and Technology Innovation Collaboration Project (2020YFE0202300)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University,the Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund (PC2023 B01016)the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents (BX20230414).
文摘Spelt(Triticum aestivum ssp.spelta)is an important wheat subspecies mainly cultivated in Europe before the 20th century that has contributed to modern wheat breeding as a valuable genetic resource.However,relatively little is known about the origins and maintenance of spelt populations.Here,using resequencing data from 416 worldwide wheat accessions,including representative spelt wheat,we demonstrate that Eu-ropean spelt emerged when primitive hexaploid wheat spread to the west and hybridized with pre-settled domesticated emmer,the putative maternal donor.Genomic introgression regions from domesticated emmer confer spelt’s primitive morphological characters used for species taxonomy,such as tenacious glumes and laterflowering.We propose a haplotype-based"spelt index"to identify spelt-type wheat vari-eties and to quantify utilization of the spelt gene pool in modern wheat cultivars.This study reveals the ge-netic basis for the establishment of the spelt wheat subspecies in a specific ecological niche and the vital role of the spelt gene pool as a unique germplasm resource in modern wheat breeding.
文摘Background: Wheat is a potent allergen source and is one of the causes of baker’s asthma and food allergy. The best strategy for managing food hypersensitivity involves strict avoidance of the trigger. However, wheat is quite difficult to avoid. Several alternative strategies for the treatment of food allergy are under study. Spelt is a possible hypoallergenic crop that may be tried in patients with wheat allergy. Methods: We have evaluated the allergenic IgE hypersensitivity mediated by spelt in wheat allergic patients. Overall, 66 patients who suffered from baker’s asthma or food allergy (45 males and 21 females, mean age 28.6 ± 12.9 years) were included. We have also compared its reactivity with standard- ized extracts from wheat and with purified non-specific lipid transfer proteins from wheat (Tri a 14) and from peach (Pru p 3). Immunodetection with spelt and common bread wheat extracts (Triticum aestivum, cultivar Astral) was per- formed. Fresh wheat and spelt grain extracts were used both for oral and bronchial challenge and skin tests. Specific IgE detection to different cereals was performed using the Immuno CAP System (Phadia, Uppsala, Sweden). The bronchial challenge was positive with wheat Astral in 44 (67%) patients, all of them suffered from asthma. Thirteen (29.54%) of these 44 patients had negative the challenge with spelt. The oral challenge with wheat Astral was positive in 22 (33%) patients with wheat food allergy, and the same test was positive in only in 6 of them with spelt (27.3%). The diagnostic yield (sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) of routine tests in determining spelt allergy by specific positive challenge responses was determined. Prick tests for spelt versus positive challenge tests had a good sensitivity (94%, 86.5 - 99.4;95%CI) and specificity (86%, 84 - 90;95% CI) for the diagnosis of spelt allergy. Immunodetection detected minor differences among different extracts. Conclusion: In summary, the prick test and bronchial and oral challenges both efficiently detected sensitization to spelt and their levels were related to more severe clinical profiles, but the wheal area was significantly lower with spelt (p 0.001) and the percentage of positive challenge tests decreased. Our results suggest that spelt is an old crop that may be tried in patients with wheat allergy.
文摘从短小芽孢杆菌中克隆阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶基因xyn43并重组表达,有利于将该酶分离纯化后应用于其他半纤维素多糖的水解。该研究利用E.coli BL21表达系统对实验室克隆到的短小芽孢杆菌的α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶基因xyn43进行重组表达并分析其酶学性质,将重组α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶Xyn43和来源于棒曲霉突变菌株的商业木聚糖酶联合作用于燕麦木聚糖。结果表明:以燕麦木聚糖为底物,重组α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶Xyn43的最适温度为50℃,最适p H为6.0。该酶在p H 5.0~10.0和45~55℃下较稳定。与木聚糖酶单独作用相比,重组Xyn43酶与商业木聚糖酶同时加入以及先用木聚糖酶水解后加入Xyn43酶,水解产物中的还原糖含量分别增加了16%和20%,木糖含量增加了35%和48%。该结果研究结果表明重组Xyn43酶能够和商业木聚糖酶协同降解燕麦木聚糖,提高水解效率,产生更多的木寡糖,阿拉伯糖和木糖。
