The magnitude of dynamic load produced by high-speed trains depends on many factors,of which train speed is the most critical one.However,it is quite difficult to determine the effect of train speed on dynamic load us...The magnitude of dynamic load produced by high-speed trains depends on many factors,of which train speed is the most critical one.However,it is quite difficult to determine the effect of train speed on dynamic load using the theoretical methods due to the complexity of the interaction between vehicle and track-subgrade.Thus large-scale model test has gradually become an important approach for studying dynamic responses of ballastless track-subgrade of high-speed railway.In this study,a full-scale model of ballastless track-subgrade was constructed in accordance with the design and construction standards for Shanghai-Nanjing intercity high-speed railway line firstly.Then,the dynamic strain of slab and the dynamic earth pressure of subgrade were measured by conducting single wheel axle excitation test.In addition,the relationship between the dynamic load magnification factor（DLF） and the train speed was obtained.Finally,the DLF of track-subgrade under different train speeds was proposed,similar to that given by German Railway Standard.展开更多
The design live load of railway is divided into common railway and high-speed railway separately inKorea. Accordingly, the Korean design specification of railway specifies the impact factor for common railway and high...The design live load of railway is divided into common railway and high-speed railway separately inKorea. Accordingly, the Korean design specification of railway specifies the impact factor for common railway and high-speed railway respectively. The impact factor for high-speed railway is based on Eurocode. Since the impact factor criteria inKoreawere established by adopting those of the Eurocode and without dedicated investigation relying on research results reflecting the domestic circumstances, thorough examination should be implemented on these criteria. Therefore the evaluation of impact factor based on field tests is required. Both dynamic and static vertical displacements are necessary to compute the impact factor. The dynamic response can be obtained from the measurement of deflection of the bridge slab crossed by the firstKoreahigh-speed train (KTX, Korea Train eXpress) running at high-speed. The main difficulties encountered are in obtaining static response because static response corresponds to the response of the bridge when the train remains immobile on the bridge or crosses the bridge at speed slower than5 km/hr. This study introduces the static response derived by applying the moving average method on the dynamic response signal. To that goal, field measurements was conducted under train speeds of5 km/hr and ranging from100 km/hr to300 km/hr on Yeonjae Bridge located in the trial section of the Gyeonbu High-Speed Railway Line before its opening. The validity of the application of the moving average method is verified from comparison of measured static response and derived static response by moving average method. Moreover, evaluation is conducted on the impact factor computed for a bridge crossed by the KTX train running at operational speed.展开更多
Improvement of transportation infrastructure quality will lead to more sufficient market competition and promote the flow of resources with greater efficiency. This paper considers China's railway speed-up in 2007...Improvement of transportation infrastructure quality will lead to more sufficient market competition and promote the flow of resources with greater efficiency. This paper considers China's railway speed-up in 2007 as a quasi-natural experiment on China's transportation infrastructure quality improvement. With the initial operation of electric multiple units(EMUs) as the basis of grouping, this research examines the effect of railway speed-up on corporate total factor productivity(TFP) growth by the differencein-differences(DID) method. Overally, the results reveal positive effects both on firms' technological change and efficiency improvement, which lead to the increase of TFP. Based on subsamples divided by different regions and types of enterprises, further analysis indicates that the productivity of exporter, non-state and coastal firms has been mostly affected by the railway speed-up. These conclusions are verified by a placebo test. Besides, firms within "one-hour economic circle" have been shown more sensitive to the effect of railway speed increase.展开更多
Factors influencing pedestrians＇ speed were investigated. They included types of pedes- trian facilities, the accompanying numbers, gender, age, purpose of trips and surrounding pedestri- ans. The data mining techniq...Factors influencing pedestrians＇ speed were investigated. They included types of pedes- trian facilities, the accompanying numbers, gender, age, purpose of trips and surrounding pedestri- ans. The data mining technique of statistical package for the social science （SPSS） was used to filter and analyze the data of pedestrians＇ speed under different conditions. The differences among influ- encing factors on pedestrians＇ speed was investigated by comparing the diagrams generated by SPSS. Through comprehensive analysis, including quantitative and qualitative analysis, a pedestrian＇ s speed was influenced significantly by the facilities, bis surrounding pedestrians and his own person- ality.展开更多
Based on the train-track coupling dynamics and high-speed train aerodynamics, this paper deals with an improved algorithm for fluid-structure interaction of high-speed trains. In the algorithm, the data communication ...Based on the train-track coupling dynamics and high-speed train aerodynamics, this paper deals with an improved algorithm for fluid-structure interaction of high-speed trains. In the algorithm, the data communication between fluid solver and structure solver is avoided by inserting the program of train-track coupling dynamics into fluid dynamics program, and the relaxation factor concerning the load boundary of the fluid-structure interface is introduced to improve the fluctuation and convergence of aerodynamic forces. With this method, the fluid-structure dynamics of a highspeed train are simulated under the condition that the velocity of crosswind is 13.8 m/s and the train speed is 350 km/h. When the relaxation factor equals 0.5, the fluctuation of aerodynamic forces is lower and its convergence is faster than in other cases. The side force and lateral displacement of the head train are compared between off-line simulation and co-simulation. Simulation results show that the fluid-structure interaction has a significant influence on the aerodynam- ics and attitude of the head train under crosswind conditions. In addition, the security indexes of the head train worsen after the fluid-structure interaction calculation. Therefore, the fluid-structure interaction calculation is necessary for high-speed trains.展开更多
Horizontal alignment greatly affects the speedof vehicles at rural roads. Therefore, it is necessary toanalyze and predict vehicles speed on curve sections.Numerous studies took rural two-lane as research subjectsand ...Horizontal alignment greatly affects the speedof vehicles at rural roads. Therefore, it is necessary toanalyze and predict vehicles speed on curve sections.Numerous studies took rural two-lane as research subjectsand provided models for predicting operating speeds.However, less attention has been paid to multi-lane highwaysespecially in Egypt. In this research, field operatingspeed data of both cars and trucks on 78 curve sections offour multi-lane highways is collected. With the data, correlationbetween operating speed （V85） and alignment isanalyzed. The paper includes two separate relevant analyses.The first analysis uses the regression models toinvestigate the relationships between V85 as dependentvariable, and horizontal alignment and roadway factors asindependent variables. This analysis proposes two predictingmodels for cars and trucks. The second analysisuses the artificial neural networks （ANNs） to explore theprevious relationships. It is found that the ANN modelinggives the best prediction model. The most influential variableon V85 for cars is the radius of curve. Also, for V85 fortrucks, the most influential variable is the median width.Finally, the derived models have statistics within theacceptable regions and they are conceptually reasonable.展开更多
Al-Baha region, located in Saudi Arabia, is one of the main tourism and leisure areas. The authority at Al-Baha Governorate plans to use clean and renewable energy in its tourism facilities. The importance of this stu...Al-Baha region, located in Saudi Arabia, is one of the main tourism and leisure areas. The authority at Al-Baha Governorate plans to use clean and renewable energy in its tourism facilities. The importance of this study is to assess the possibility of building a wind farm in Al-Baha and to select the best site for this purpose. This paper presents an analysis of long-term wind data for the annual and monthly variability in Al-Baha region of southwestern Saudi Arabia. Al-Baha region has an area of 9921 square kilometers and is divided into seven regions (groups) based on their similar measurements and wind speed values. The analysis used 40 years of annual and monthly wind speed data between 1981 and 2020. The analysis showed that Group III has the highest mean wind speed values in the northeastern part of the Al-Baha region, ranging from 5.4 m/s to 5.9 m/s at 50 m above the surface. Group VI (5.1 - 5.6 m/s) east of the Al-Baha area recorded the second-highest mean wind speed, while group V southwest of the Al-Baha area recorded lower values. The maximum wind speeds observed in Group III in January, February, March, and July were 6 m/s or higher. A frequency analysis ensures that 79% of the year’s wind speeds exceed 4 m/s at 50 m above the surface of the Group III site. Wind power was considered for 17 wind turbines of different sizes. The Soyut Wind 500 machine was found to produce maximum energy of 1420 MWh/year. The highest performance values for the Soyut Wind 500 machine occurred in winter and summer, while the calculated capacity factor values at a hub height of 50 m were 41% and 32%, respectively. The assessment concluded that generating electricity from wind at G III in the northeast of the Al-Baha region is a good decision.展开更多
To increase the variety and security of communication, we present the definitions of modified projective synchronization with complex scaling factors （CMPS） of real chaotic systems and complex chaotic systems, where...To increase the variety and security of communication, we present the definitions of modified projective synchronization with complex scaling factors （CMPS） of real chaotic systems and complex chaotic systems, where complex scaling factors establish a link between real chaos and complex chaos. Considering all situations of unknown parameters and pseudo-gradient condition, we design adaptive CMPS schemes based on the speed-gradient method for the real drive chaotic system and complex response chaotic system and for the complex drive chaotic system and the real response chaotic system, respectively. The convergence factors and dynamical control strength are added to regulate the convergence speed and increase robustness. Numerical simulations verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the presented schemes.展开更多
In order to obtain accurate characteristics of wireless channels in the viaduct area of China, a channel meas- urement was taken in a railway viaduct scenario of the Zhengzhou-Xi＇an passenger dedicated line with a ba...In order to obtain accurate characteristics of wireless channels in the viaduct area of China, a channel meas- urement was taken in a railway viaduct scenario of the Zhengzhou-Xi＇an passenger dedicated line with a bandwidth of 50 MHz at 2.35 GHz. The single-slope log-distance model is used to analyze the path-loss （PL）, and the distribution of shadow fading （SF） is obtained by statistical methods, which shows that the normal distribution fits the samples well. Ricean K-factor is analyzed by the method of moments, and the variation of K-factor is given along the measured route. Small scale such as delay spread and Doppler behavior are parameterized. Based on empirical channel measurement, this paper provides parameters for the evaluation and simulation work on viaduct scenarios of high-speed railway.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51225804,U1234204,51222803,51178418)for the financial supports
文摘The magnitude of dynamic load produced by high-speed trains depends on many factors,of which train speed is the most critical one.However,it is quite difficult to determine the effect of train speed on dynamic load using the theoretical methods due to the complexity of the interaction between vehicle and track-subgrade.Thus large-scale model test has gradually become an important approach for studying dynamic responses of ballastless track-subgrade of high-speed railway.In this study,a full-scale model of ballastless track-subgrade was constructed in accordance with the design and construction standards for Shanghai-Nanjing intercity high-speed railway line firstly.Then,the dynamic strain of slab and the dynamic earth pressure of subgrade were measured by conducting single wheel axle excitation test.In addition,the relationship between the dynamic load magnification factor（DLF） and the train speed was obtained.Finally,the DLF of track-subgrade under different train speeds was proposed,similar to that given by German Railway Standard.
文摘The design live load of railway is divided into common railway and high-speed railway separately inKorea. Accordingly, the Korean design specification of railway specifies the impact factor for common railway and high-speed railway respectively. The impact factor for high-speed railway is based on Eurocode. Since the impact factor criteria inKoreawere established by adopting those of the Eurocode and without dedicated investigation relying on research results reflecting the domestic circumstances, thorough examination should be implemented on these criteria. Therefore the evaluation of impact factor based on field tests is required. Both dynamic and static vertical displacements are necessary to compute the impact factor. The dynamic response can be obtained from the measurement of deflection of the bridge slab crossed by the firstKoreahigh-speed train (KTX, Korea Train eXpress) running at high-speed. The main difficulties encountered are in obtaining static response because static response corresponds to the response of the bridge when the train remains immobile on the bridge or crosses the bridge at speed slower than5 km/hr. This study introduces the static response derived by applying the moving average method on the dynamic response signal. To that goal, field measurements was conducted under train speeds of5 km/hr and ranging from100 km/hr to300 km/hr on Yeonjae Bridge located in the trial section of the Gyeonbu High-Speed Railway Line before its opening. The validity of the application of the moving average method is verified from comparison of measured static response and derived static response by moving average method. Moreover, evaluation is conducted on the impact factor computed for a bridge crossed by the KTX train running at operational speed.
基金supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (NSFC) programs (14CJL020, 15CJL048)the Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation Program of Ministry of Education of China (15YJC790006)
文摘Improvement of transportation infrastructure quality will lead to more sufficient market competition and promote the flow of resources with greater efficiency. This paper considers China's railway speed-up in 2007 as a quasi-natural experiment on China's transportation infrastructure quality improvement. With the initial operation of electric multiple units(EMUs) as the basis of grouping, this research examines the effect of railway speed-up on corporate total factor productivity(TFP) growth by the differencein-differences(DID) method. Overally, the results reveal positive effects both on firms' technological change and efficiency improvement, which lead to the increase of TFP. Based on subsamples divided by different regions and types of enterprises, further analysis indicates that the productivity of exporter, non-state and coastal firms has been mostly affected by the railway speed-up. These conclusions are verified by a placebo test. Besides, firms within "one-hour economic circle" have been shown more sensitive to the effect of railway speed increase.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (60674012)Beijing Jiaotong University Research Fund(2007RC039)
文摘Factors influencing pedestrians＇ speed were investigated. They included types of pedes- trian facilities, the accompanying numbers, gender, age, purpose of trips and surrounding pedestri- ans. The data mining technique of statistical package for the social science （SPSS） was used to filter and analyze the data of pedestrians＇ speed under different conditions. The differences among influ- encing factors on pedestrians＇ speed was investigated by comparing the diagrams generated by SPSS. Through comprehensive analysis, including quantitative and qualitative analysis, a pedestrian＇ s speed was influenced significantly by the facilities, bis surrounding pedestrians and his own person- ality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Nos.50821063 and 50823004)973 Program(No.2007CB714701)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2010XS34)
文摘Based on the train-track coupling dynamics and high-speed train aerodynamics, this paper deals with an improved algorithm for fluid-structure interaction of high-speed trains. In the algorithm, the data communication between fluid solver and structure solver is avoided by inserting the program of train-track coupling dynamics into fluid dynamics program, and the relaxation factor concerning the load boundary of the fluid-structure interface is introduced to improve the fluctuation and convergence of aerodynamic forces. With this method, the fluid-structure dynamics of a highspeed train are simulated under the condition that the velocity of crosswind is 13.8 m/s and the train speed is 350 km/h. When the relaxation factor equals 0.5, the fluctuation of aerodynamic forces is lower and its convergence is faster than in other cases. The side force and lateral displacement of the head train are compared between off-line simulation and co-simulation. Simulation results show that the fluid-structure interaction has a significant influence on the aerodynam- ics and attitude of the head train under crosswind conditions. In addition, the security indexes of the head train worsen after the fluid-structure interaction calculation. Therefore, the fluid-structure interaction calculation is necessary for high-speed trains.
文摘Horizontal alignment greatly affects the speedof vehicles at rural roads. Therefore, it is necessary toanalyze and predict vehicles speed on curve sections.Numerous studies took rural two-lane as research subjectsand provided models for predicting operating speeds.However, less attention has been paid to multi-lane highwaysespecially in Egypt. In this research, field operatingspeed data of both cars and trucks on 78 curve sections offour multi-lane highways is collected. With the data, correlationbetween operating speed （V85） and alignment isanalyzed. The paper includes two separate relevant analyses.The first analysis uses the regression models toinvestigate the relationships between V85 as dependentvariable, and horizontal alignment and roadway factors asindependent variables. This analysis proposes two predictingmodels for cars and trucks. The second analysisuses the artificial neural networks （ANNs） to explore theprevious relationships. It is found that the ANN modelinggives the best prediction model. The most influential variableon V85 for cars is the radius of curve. Also, for V85 fortrucks, the most influential variable is the median width.Finally, the derived models have statistics within theacceptable regions and they are conceptually reasonable.
文摘Al-Baha region, located in Saudi Arabia, is one of the main tourism and leisure areas. The authority at Al-Baha Governorate plans to use clean and renewable energy in its tourism facilities. The importance of this study is to assess the possibility of building a wind farm in Al-Baha and to select the best site for this purpose. This paper presents an analysis of long-term wind data for the annual and monthly variability in Al-Baha region of southwestern Saudi Arabia. Al-Baha region has an area of 9921 square kilometers and is divided into seven regions (groups) based on their similar measurements and wind speed values. The analysis used 40 years of annual and monthly wind speed data between 1981 and 2020. The analysis showed that Group III has the highest mean wind speed values in the northeastern part of the Al-Baha region, ranging from 5.4 m/s to 5.9 m/s at 50 m above the surface. Group VI (5.1 - 5.6 m/s) east of the Al-Baha area recorded the second-highest mean wind speed, while group V southwest of the Al-Baha area recorded lower values. The maximum wind speeds observed in Group III in January, February, March, and July were 6 m/s or higher. A frequency analysis ensures that 79% of the year’s wind speeds exceed 4 m/s at 50 m above the surface of the Group III site. Wind power was considered for 17 wind turbines of different sizes. The Soyut Wind 500 machine was found to produce maximum energy of 1420 MWh/year. The highest performance values for the Soyut Wind 500 machine occurred in winter and summer, while the calculated capacity factor values at a hub height of 50 m were 41% and 32%, respectively. The assessment concluded that generating electricity from wind at G III in the northeast of the Al-Baha region is a good decision.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61273088,10971120,and 61001099)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.ZR2010FM010)
文摘To increase the variety and security of communication, we present the definitions of modified projective synchronization with complex scaling factors （CMPS） of real chaotic systems and complex chaotic systems, where complex scaling factors establish a link between real chaos and complex chaos. Considering all situations of unknown parameters and pseudo-gradient condition, we design adaptive CMPS schemes based on the speed-gradient method for the real drive chaotic system and complex response chaotic system and for the complex drive chaotic system and the real response chaotic system, respectively. The convergence factors and dynamical control strength are added to regulate the convergence speed and increase robustness. Numerical simulations verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the presented schemes.
基金supported by the National Science & Technology Pillar Program(No.2012BAF14B01)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61171105)China Mobile Research Institute
文摘In order to obtain accurate characteristics of wireless channels in the viaduct area of China, a channel meas- urement was taken in a railway viaduct scenario of the Zhengzhou-Xi＇an passenger dedicated line with a bandwidth of 50 MHz at 2.35 GHz. The single-slope log-distance model is used to analyze the path-loss （PL）, and the distribution of shadow fading （SF） is obtained by statistical methods, which shows that the normal distribution fits the samples well. Ricean K-factor is analyzed by the method of moments, and the variation of K-factor is given along the measured route. Small scale such as delay spread and Doppler behavior are parameterized. Based on empirical channel measurement, this paper provides parameters for the evaluation and simulation work on viaduct scenarios of high-speed railway.
