In this study, the intrinsic mechanism of aerodynamic effects on the motion stability of a high-speed maglev system was investigated. The concept of a critical speed for maglev vehicles considering the aerodynamic eff...In this study, the intrinsic mechanism of aerodynamic effects on the motion stability of a high-speed maglev system was investigated. The concept of a critical speed for maglev vehicles considering the aerodynamic effect is proposed. The study was carried out based on a single magnetic suspension system, which is convenient for proposing relevant concepts and obtaining explicit expressions. This study shows that the motion stability of the suspension system is closely related to the vehicle speed when aerodynamic effects are considered. With increases of the vehicle speed, the stability behavior of the system changes. At a certain vehicle speed,the stability of the system reaches a critical state, followed by instability. The speed corresponding to the critical state is the critical speed. Analysis reveals that when the system reaches the critical state, it takes two forms, with two critical speeds, and thus two expressions for the critical speed are obtained. The conditions of the existence of the critical speed were determined, and the effects of the control parameters and the lift coefficient on the critical speed were analyzed by numerical analysis. The results show that the first critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is upward,and the second critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is downward. Moreover, both critical speeds decrease with the increase of the lift coefficient.展开更多
Vehicular speeds are of particular interest in areas with a high number of pedestrians due to the fact that 14-percent of all fatal crashes involve pedestrians. This study investigated the effect of a radar speed disp...Vehicular speeds are of particular interest in areas with a high number of pedestrians due to the fact that 14-percent of all fatal crashes involve pedestrians. This study investigated the effect of a radar speed display sign placed for an extended period of time, at a location frequented by law enforcement on a road segment entering a university campus with a high number of pedestrians and vehicle speed violations. The statistical analysis included a comparison between AM peak, PM peak, and midday speeds collected one year apart. The data suggested that radar speed display signs can remain effective over a long period of time;causing drivers to decelerate when warned of a speeding violation. While other studies have examined long-term impacts of similar technologies, none have included a road entering a University campus. Thus, these findings support that other similar locations entering university campuses could see long-term benefits to stationary radar speed display signs.展开更多
The temperature distributions of different parts of a subgrade were analyzed based on the results of three years of moni- toring data from the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line, a high-speed railway, including ...The temperature distributions of different parts of a subgrade were analyzed based on the results of three years of moni- toring data from the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line, a high-speed railway, including the slope toes, shoulders, and natural ground. The temperature variation with time and the maximum frozen depths showed that an obvious sun- ny-shady effect exists in the railway subgrade, which spans a seasonal frozen region. Development of frost heave is af- fected by the asymmetric temperature distribution. The temperature field and the maximum frozen depths 50 years after the subgrade was built were simulated with a mathematical model of the unsteady phase transition of the geothermal field.展开更多
The rapid development of high-speed rail（HSR） is influencing regional development, regional structure, commuting, and regional integration. East Asia is the region with the world＇s first and largest current operati...The rapid development of high-speed rail（HSR） is influencing regional development, regional structure, commuting, and regional integration. East Asia is the region with the world＇s first and largest current operating and planned HSR network. In this paper, we examine the evolutionary mechanism and impacts on the transport circle and accessibility of HSR in East Asia. The results indicate that the HSR network first follows a ＂core-core＂ model and then forms a corridor in Japan, South Korea, and China Taiwan, but then forms a complete network in China Mainland. The current operating HSR lines are mostly distributed in regions with developed economies and dense populations, and more than half of the population and GDP in China can be served by HSR within 1 hour＇s travel time. The planned HSR network will expand to the western region of China and Japan and the southern region of South Korea. The development of the current operating and planned HSR network considerably enlarges the transport circle of core cities, especially cities along trunk HSR lines. This 1 h transport circle of core cities has formed continuous regions in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Tokyo, Seoul, and along trunk HSR lines. The HSR network will bring about substantial improvement in accessiblity, but also increase the inequality of nodal accessibility in China Mainland. Spatially, the spatial patterns of the weighted shortest travel time of cities in China Mainland, Japan, and South Korea all present the ＂core-peripheral structure＂, taking Zhengzhou, Tokyo, and Seoul, respectively, as core cities, and cities located along the trunk HSR lines gain large improvement in accessibility.展开更多
Owing to the inherent limitation of the internal pulse ionization chamber within the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor,that is,its inability to discriminate the energy levels of α particles,the ingress of^(220)Rn from ...Owing to the inherent limitation of the internal pulse ionization chamber within the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor,that is,its inability to discriminate the energy levels of α particles,the ingress of^(220)Rn from the surrounding environment,along with its decay progeny,poses a substantive challenge in accurately determining the^(222)Rn concentration in the measurement outcomes.Among these,the protracted influence primarily stems from the two enduring decay progenies,namely^(212)Pb with a half-life of 10.64 h and^(212)Bi with a half-life of 60.54 min.This study explored the influence of^(220)Rn progeny on the measurement results of an AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor by developing a theoretical calculation model.The response coefficient related to the residual^(220)Rn progeny within the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor was experimentally validated.In addition,this study investigated the effects of temperature and wind speed on the sensitivity of the instrument to^(220)Rn gas.The research findings revealed commendable agreement between the experimentally measured response coefficients of the residual^(220)Rn progeny and the corresponding values derived from the theoretical model.Notably,both the response coefficients of the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor to^(220)Rn gas and its internal residual^(220)Rn progeny increased with elevated temperatures and increased wind speeds,providing a reference for correcting the impact of^(220)Rn and its progeny on the measurement results of^(222)Rn concentration obtained using the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor.展开更多
Based on the pioneering work of Konishi et al., in consideration of the influence of drivers＇ steady desired speed ef/ect on the traffic flow, we develop a new coupled map car-following model in the real world. By us...Based on the pioneering work of Konishi et al., in consideration of the influence of drivers＇ steady desired speed ef/ect on the traffic flow, we develop a new coupled map car-following model in the real world. By use of the control theory, the stability condition of our model is derived. The validity of the present theoretical scheme is verified via numerical simulation, confirming the correctness of our theoretical analysis.展开更多
In this paper, a new traffic flow model called the forward-backward velocity difference (FBVD) model based on the full velocity difference model is proposed to investigate the backward-looking effect by applying a mod...In this paper, a new traffic flow model called the forward-backward velocity difference (FBVD) model based on the full velocity difference model is proposed to investigate the backward-looking effect by applying a modified backward optimal velocity using generalized backward maximum speed. The FBVD model belongs to the family of microscopic models that consider spatiotemporally continuous formulations. Neutral stability conditions of the discrete car-following model are derived using the linear stability theory. The stability analysis results prove that the modified backward optimal velocity has a significant positive effect in stabilizing the traffic flow. Through nonlinear analysis, a kink-antikink solution is derived from the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation of the FBVD model to explain traffic congestion of the model. The validity of this theoretical model is checked using numerical results, according to which traffic jams were found to have been significantly diminished by the introduction of the modified backward optimal velocity.展开更多
Rain effect and lack of in situ validation data are two main causes of tropical cyclone wind retrieval errors. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration＇s Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique （CMO...Rain effect and lack of in situ validation data are two main causes of tropical cyclone wind retrieval errors. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration＇s Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique （CMORPH） rain rate is introduced to a match-up dataset and then put into a rain correction model to remove rain effects on ＂Jason-1＂ normalized radar cross section （NRCS）; Hurricane Research Division （HRD） wind sPeed, which integrates all available surface weather observations, is used to substitute in situ data for establishing this relationship with ＂Jason-l＂ NRCS. Then, an improved ＂Jason-l＂ wind retrieval algorithm under tropical cyclone conditions is proposed. Seven tropical cyclones from 2003 to 2010 are studied to validate the new algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the standard deviation of this algorithm at C-band and Ku-band is 1.99 and 2.75 m/s respectively, which is better than the existing algorithms. In addition, the C-band algorithm is more suitable for sea surface wind retrieval than Ku-band under tropical cyclone conditions.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effect of age on reading acuity and reading speed in attaining text information in healthy eyes.METHODS: Reading acuity, critical print size, reading speed and maximum reading speed were measur...AIM: To investigate the effect of age on reading acuity and reading speed in attaining text information in healthy eyes.METHODS: Reading acuity, critical print size, reading speed and maximum reading speed were measured in groups of 40 children (8 to 12 years old), 40 teenagers (13 to 19 years old), 40 young adults (20 to 39 years old), and 40 adults (40 years old and above) using the Buari-Chen Malay Reading Chart [contextual sentences (CS) set and random words (RW) set] in a cross-sectional study design.RESULTS: Reading acuity was significantly improved by 0.04 logMAR for both CS set and RW set from children to teenagers, then gradually worsened from young adults to adults (CS set: 0.06 logMAR;RW set: 0.08 logMAR). Critical print size for children showed a significant improvement in teenagers (CS set: 0.14 logMAR;RW set: 0.07 logMAR), then deteriorated from young adults to adults by 0.09 logMAR only for CS set. Reading speed significantly increased from children to teenagers,[CS set: 46.20 words per minute (wpm);RW set: 42.06 wpm], then stabilized from teenagers to young adults, and significantly reduced from young adults to adults (CS set: 28.58 wpm;RW set: 24.44 wpm). Increment and decrement in maximum reading speed measurement were revealed from children to teenagers (CS set: 39.38 wpm;RW set: 43.38 wpm) and from young adults to adults (CS set: 22.26 wpm;RW set: 26.31 wpm) respectively.CONCLUSION: The reference of age-related findings in term of acuity and speed of reading should be incorporated in clinical practice to enhance reading assessment among healthy eyes population.展开更多
The present study aimed to determine the optimum rolling speed for break-down rolling of as-cast AZ31 B alloy and investigated the friction behavior associated with temperature-and reduction-sensitivity at the roll/pl...The present study aimed to determine the optimum rolling speed for break-down rolling of as-cast AZ31 B alloy and investigated the friction behavior associated with temperature-and reduction-sensitivity at the roll/plate contact interface. Tensile testing, formability evaluation and microstructural studies relevant to different rolling speeds were performed and finally the optimum operating rolling speed（50.0 ± 0.8 m/min） was obtained. Further, the effects of rolling reduction and initial temperature were assessed on the temperature variation, lateral spread and interfacial friction behavior at optimum rolling speed. The results showed that lower rolling speed（18.0 ± 0.8 m/min） resulted in an incompletely recrystallized structure where twins occupied relatively high volume fraction. Twinning dominated the deformation at rolling speed exceeding the optimum, resulting in the local recrystallization with shear bands and coarse grains. Rolling at 50.0 ± 0.8 m/min could get the best overall tensile properties and rolling formability due to the relatively high recrystallization degree and microstructure uniformity. An inverse method has been developed to determine the interfacial friction coefficient during interaction of AZ31 B alloy with roll surfaces. When rolling at the optimum speed, the interfacial friction coefficient ranged from 0.16 to 0.58, which was strongly positively correlated with the reduction but slightly positively correlated with the initial temperature. Depended on the rolling characteristics, external friction effect coefficient ranged from 1.25 to 2.35 and it exhibited positive correlation with both the initial rolling temperature and rolling reduction.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant 2016YFB1200602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 11672306, 51490673)+2 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant XDB22020101)the National Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (Grant 2014CB046801)the State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety (Tianjin University)
文摘In this study, the intrinsic mechanism of aerodynamic effects on the motion stability of a high-speed maglev system was investigated. The concept of a critical speed for maglev vehicles considering the aerodynamic effect is proposed. The study was carried out based on a single magnetic suspension system, which is convenient for proposing relevant concepts and obtaining explicit expressions. This study shows that the motion stability of the suspension system is closely related to the vehicle speed when aerodynamic effects are considered. With increases of the vehicle speed, the stability behavior of the system changes. At a certain vehicle speed,the stability of the system reaches a critical state, followed by instability. The speed corresponding to the critical state is the critical speed. Analysis reveals that when the system reaches the critical state, it takes two forms, with two critical speeds, and thus two expressions for the critical speed are obtained. The conditions of the existence of the critical speed were determined, and the effects of the control parameters and the lift coefficient on the critical speed were analyzed by numerical analysis. The results show that the first critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is upward,and the second critical speed appears when the aerodynamic force is downward. Moreover, both critical speeds decrease with the increase of the lift coefficient.
文摘Vehicular speeds are of particular interest in areas with a high number of pedestrians due to the fact that 14-percent of all fatal crashes involve pedestrians. This study investigated the effect of a radar speed display sign placed for an extended period of time, at a location frequented by law enforcement on a road segment entering a university campus with a high number of pedestrians and vehicle speed violations. The statistical analysis included a comparison between AM peak, PM peak, and midday speeds collected one year apart. The data suggested that radar speed display signs can remain effective over a long period of time;causing drivers to decelerate when warned of a speeding violation. While other studies have examined long-term impacts of similar technologies, none have included a road entering a University campus. Thus, these findings support that other similar locations entering university campuses could see long-term benefits to stationary radar speed display signs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51378057 and 41371081)Scientific and Technological Research and Development Plan of Chinese Railway Corporation(2014G003-A)
文摘The temperature distributions of different parts of a subgrade were analyzed based on the results of three years of moni- toring data from the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line, a high-speed railway, including the slope toes, shoulders, and natural ground. The temperature variation with time and the maximum frozen depths showed that an obvious sun- ny-shady effect exists in the railway subgrade, which spans a seasonal frozen region. Development of frost heave is af- fected by the asymmetric temperature distribution. The temperature field and the maximum frozen depths 50 years after the subgrade was built were simulated with a mathematical model of the unsteady phase transition of the geothermal field.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41171107,No.41371143,No.4401121
文摘The rapid development of high-speed rail（HSR） is influencing regional development, regional structure, commuting, and regional integration. East Asia is the region with the world＇s first and largest current operating and planned HSR network. In this paper, we examine the evolutionary mechanism and impacts on the transport circle and accessibility of HSR in East Asia. The results indicate that the HSR network first follows a ＂core-core＂ model and then forms a corridor in Japan, South Korea, and China Taiwan, but then forms a complete network in China Mainland. The current operating HSR lines are mostly distributed in regions with developed economies and dense populations, and more than half of the population and GDP in China can be served by HSR within 1 hour＇s travel time. The planned HSR network will expand to the western region of China and Japan and the southern region of South Korea. The development of the current operating and planned HSR network considerably enlarges the transport circle of core cities, especially cities along trunk HSR lines. This 1 h transport circle of core cities has formed continuous regions in the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, Tokyo, Seoul, and along trunk HSR lines. The HSR network will bring about substantial improvement in accessiblity, but also increase the inequality of nodal accessibility in China Mainland. Spatially, the spatial patterns of the weighted shortest travel time of cities in China Mainland, Japan, and South Korea all present the ＂core-peripheral structure＂, taking Zhengzhou, Tokyo, and Seoul, respectively, as core cities, and cities located along the trunk HSR lines gain large improvement in accessibility.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12175102)Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2022JJ40346)the 2022 Hunan Provincial University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.S202210555144).
文摘Owing to the inherent limitation of the internal pulse ionization chamber within the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor,that is,its inability to discriminate the energy levels of α particles,the ingress of^(220)Rn from the surrounding environment,along with its decay progeny,poses a substantive challenge in accurately determining the^(222)Rn concentration in the measurement outcomes.Among these,the protracted influence primarily stems from the two enduring decay progenies,namely^(212)Pb with a half-life of 10.64 h and^(212)Bi with a half-life of 60.54 min.This study explored the influence of^(220)Rn progeny on the measurement results of an AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor by developing a theoretical calculation model.The response coefficient related to the residual^(220)Rn progeny within the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor was experimentally validated.In addition,this study investigated the effects of temperature and wind speed on the sensitivity of the instrument to^(220)Rn gas.The research findings revealed commendable agreement between the experimentally measured response coefficients of the residual^(220)Rn progeny and the corresponding values derived from the theoretical model.Notably,both the response coefficients of the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor to^(220)Rn gas and its internal residual^(220)Rn progeny increased with elevated temperatures and increased wind speeds,providing a reference for correcting the impact of^(220)Rn and its progeny on the measurement results of^(222)Rn concentration obtained using the AlphaGUARD PQ2000 radon monitor.
基金Project supported by the Major Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(Grant No.2012-ZX-22)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71201178)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City,China(Grant No.cstc2012jjB40002)the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20120191110047)the Engineering Center Research Program of Chongqing City,China(Grant No.cstc2011pt-gc30005)the Key Technology R&D Project of Chongqing City,China(Grant Nos.cstc2011AB2052 and cstc2012gg-yyjsB30001)
文摘Based on the pioneering work of Konishi et al., in consideration of the influence of drivers＇ steady desired speed ef/ect on the traffic flow, we develop a new coupled map car-following model in the real world. By use of the control theory, the stability condition of our model is derived. The validity of the present theoretical scheme is verified via numerical simulation, confirming the correctness of our theoretical analysis.
文摘水平轴风力机尾流可显著影响风场下游风力机组气动特性,但传统基于数学或致动模型的尾流分析方法难以获得风力机尾流精细涡结构特征,且忽略了真实湍流环境的影响。该文通过计算流体力学方法开展全尺寸美国可再生能源实验室(national renewable energy laboratory,NREL)5 MW风力机在湍流风场下尾流气动特性研究规律,同时考虑风力机在湍流风下的变转速控制。结果表明,风力机输出功率随湍流风的波动而变化,而适当的转速控制可更好地提取风能;湍流风有助于加速尾流速度亏损的恢复;尾流横、纵向蜿蜒与湍流风流向及垂向的波动正相关;叶尖涡的破裂可加速尾流区速度的恢复。
文摘In this paper, a new traffic flow model called the forward-backward velocity difference (FBVD) model based on the full velocity difference model is proposed to investigate the backward-looking effect by applying a modified backward optimal velocity using generalized backward maximum speed. The FBVD model belongs to the family of microscopic models that consider spatiotemporally continuous formulations. Neutral stability conditions of the discrete car-following model are derived using the linear stability theory. The stability analysis results prove that the modified backward optimal velocity has a significant positive effect in stabilizing the traffic flow. Through nonlinear analysis, a kink-antikink solution is derived from the modified Korteweg-de Vries equation of the FBVD model to explain traffic congestion of the model. The validity of this theoretical model is checked using numerical results, according to which traffic jams were found to have been significantly diminished by the introduction of the modified backward optimal velocity.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under Nos 41201350 and 41228007the International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Projects of State Oceanic Adminstration under contact No.2011DFA22260the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contact No.Y0S04300KB
文摘Rain effect and lack of in situ validation data are two main causes of tropical cyclone wind retrieval errors. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration＇s Climate Prediction Center Morphing technique （CMORPH） rain rate is introduced to a match-up dataset and then put into a rain correction model to remove rain effects on ＂Jason-1＂ normalized radar cross section （NRCS）; Hurricane Research Division （HRD） wind sPeed, which integrates all available surface weather observations, is used to substitute in situ data for establishing this relationship with ＂Jason-l＂ NRCS. Then, an improved ＂Jason-l＂ wind retrieval algorithm under tropical cyclone conditions is proposed. Seven tropical cyclones from 2003 to 2010 are studied to validate the new algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the standard deviation of this algorithm at C-band and Ku-band is 1.99 and 2.75 m/s respectively, which is better than the existing algorithms. In addition, the C-band algorithm is more suitable for sea surface wind retrieval than Ku-band under tropical cyclone conditions.
基金Supported by the Research Grant Scheme 600-IRMI-DANA 5/3/BESTARI(00013/2016)and 600-IRMI/MYRA 5/3/MITRA(007/2017)-2 from the Universiti Teknologi MARA,Malaysia
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of age on reading acuity and reading speed in attaining text information in healthy eyes.METHODS: Reading acuity, critical print size, reading speed and maximum reading speed were measured in groups of 40 children (8 to 12 years old), 40 teenagers (13 to 19 years old), 40 young adults (20 to 39 years old), and 40 adults (40 years old and above) using the Buari-Chen Malay Reading Chart [contextual sentences (CS) set and random words (RW) set] in a cross-sectional study design.RESULTS: Reading acuity was significantly improved by 0.04 logMAR for both CS set and RW set from children to teenagers, then gradually worsened from young adults to adults (CS set: 0.06 logMAR;RW set: 0.08 logMAR). Critical print size for children showed a significant improvement in teenagers (CS set: 0.14 logMAR;RW set: 0.07 logMAR), then deteriorated from young adults to adults by 0.09 logMAR only for CS set. Reading speed significantly increased from children to teenagers,[CS set: 46.20 words per minute (wpm);RW set: 42.06 wpm], then stabilized from teenagers to young adults, and significantly reduced from young adults to adults (CS set: 28.58 wpm;RW set: 24.44 wpm). Increment and decrement in maximum reading speed measurement were revealed from children to teenagers (CS set: 39.38 wpm;RW set: 43.38 wpm) and from young adults to adults (CS set: 22.26 wpm;RW set: 26.31 wpm) respectively.CONCLUSION: The reference of age-related findings in term of acuity and speed of reading should be incorporated in clinical practice to enhance reading assessment among healthy eyes population.
基金financial support of the project from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFB0301104)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51771043)
文摘The present study aimed to determine the optimum rolling speed for break-down rolling of as-cast AZ31 B alloy and investigated the friction behavior associated with temperature-and reduction-sensitivity at the roll/plate contact interface. Tensile testing, formability evaluation and microstructural studies relevant to different rolling speeds were performed and finally the optimum operating rolling speed（50.0 ± 0.8 m/min） was obtained. Further, the effects of rolling reduction and initial temperature were assessed on the temperature variation, lateral spread and interfacial friction behavior at optimum rolling speed. The results showed that lower rolling speed（18.0 ± 0.8 m/min） resulted in an incompletely recrystallized structure where twins occupied relatively high volume fraction. Twinning dominated the deformation at rolling speed exceeding the optimum, resulting in the local recrystallization with shear bands and coarse grains. Rolling at 50.0 ± 0.8 m/min could get the best overall tensile properties and rolling formability due to the relatively high recrystallization degree and microstructure uniformity. An inverse method has been developed to determine the interfacial friction coefficient during interaction of AZ31 B alloy with roll surfaces. When rolling at the optimum speed, the interfacial friction coefficient ranged from 0.16 to 0.58, which was strongly positively correlated with the reduction but slightly positively correlated with the initial temperature. Depended on the rolling characteristics, external friction effect coefficient ranged from 1.25 to 2.35 and it exhibited positive correlation with both the initial rolling temperature and rolling reduction.
