AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) compared to Japanese controls.METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ...AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) compared to Japanese controls.METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ASD and control groups' demographic variables were matched for gender(male/female: 20/13 vs 20/13), age(26.1 ± 11.5 vs 26.8 ± 9.6), years of education(13.2 ± 2.9 vs 14.2 ± 1.9), full-scale intelligence quotient(IQ)(103.0 ± 16.7 vs 103.7 ± 14.7), performance IQ(96.2 ± 16.1 vs 97.8 ± 15.0), and verbal IQ(107.9 ± 16.3 vs 107.7 ± 14.4). Participants performed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), which assesses the executive processes involved in problem solving and cognitive flexibility, and the Continuous Performance Test(CPT), which assesses attention and impulsivity. Symptoms were assessed by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version(AQ-J). First, we compared the scores of the WCST between the groups using a Mann-Whitney U-test and conducted an analysis of covariance for the variables with the scores of category archives and CPT scores as covariates. Second, we analyzed the correlation between the scores of the WCST and the AQ-J in the ASD group using Pearson's r.RESULTS: The total errors(TE) and the percentages of perseverative errors of the Milner type(%PEM) and Nelson type(%PEN) among the TE in the ASD group were significantly worse compared with the control group(ASD vs Control, respectively: TE: 16.0 ± 6.2 vs 12.6 ± 3.5, P = 0.012; %PEM: 11.7 ± 10.7 vs 6.6 ± 8.9, P = 0.037; %PEN: 20.1 ± 14.5 vs 8.7 ± 10.4, P = 0.0011). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the scores of categories achieved on the WCST or the CPT. An analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the groups in the %PEN scores(P = 0.0062) but not in the TE or the %PEM scores. These results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD have cognitive inflexibility. Furthermore, our results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD may have difficulties using negative feedback because perseverative errors of the Nelson type indicate persistence in choosing the incorrect reaction. By contrast, there was no significant correlation between the WCST and AQ-J scores.CONCLUSION: We confirmed the presence of cognitive inflexibility in Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD. Our results also indicated that subjects with ASD may not use negative feedback effectively.展开更多
为了利用跳频信号的空域特征参数辅助多跳频信号的网台分选,在空时频分析的基础上,提出一种基于多重信号分类(multiple signal classification,MUSIC)对称压缩谱(MUSIC symmetrical compressed spectrum,MSCS)的多跳频信号二维波达方向(...为了利用跳频信号的空域特征参数辅助多跳频信号的网台分选,在空时频分析的基础上,提出一种基于多重信号分类(multiple signal classification,MUSIC)对称压缩谱(MUSIC symmetrical compressed spectrum,MSCS)的多跳频信号二维波达方向(two dimensional direction of arrival,2D-DOA)高效估计算法。首先根据跳频信号的时频域特征,构建每一跳的空时频矩阵(spatial time-frequency distribution,STFD),获取时频域的协方差矩阵;然后将共轭子空间的思想引入到MUSIC算法中,通过对噪声子空间及其共轭的交集进行奇异值分解,实现噪声子空间的降维;最终通过半谱搜索实现2D-DOA的高效估计。同时为了提高低信噪比条件下算法的性能,在时频图处理过程中采用形态学滤波进行去噪,并在修正的时频图上完成了跳频信号每一跳的提取。通过理论论证和实验仿真表明,本文算法相比于MUSIC算法,在保证均方根误差相当和估计成功率有所提高的情况下,计算复杂度降低了一半。展开更多
基金Supported by Research grants from the Japanese Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare,No.H22-seishin-ippan-001the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS) through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research,No.22390225,No.25293250 and No.24591680+3 种基金Challenging Exploratory Research,No.23659565the Japanese Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT) through a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas(Comprehensive Brain Science Network),No.25129704Priority Areas-Research on the Pathomechanisms of Brain Disorders,No.18023045the Japan Foundation for Neuroscience and Mental Health
文摘AIM: To investigate executive function in Japanese adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders(ASD) compared to Japanese controls.METHODS: Thirty-three individuals with ASD and 33 controls participated. The ASD and control groups' demographic variables were matched for gender(male/female: 20/13 vs 20/13), age(26.1 ± 11.5 vs 26.8 ± 9.6), years of education(13.2 ± 2.9 vs 14.2 ± 1.9), full-scale intelligence quotient(IQ)(103.0 ± 16.7 vs 103.7 ± 14.7), performance IQ(96.2 ± 16.1 vs 97.8 ± 15.0), and verbal IQ(107.9 ± 16.3 vs 107.7 ± 14.4). Participants performed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test(WCST), which assesses the executive processes involved in problem solving and cognitive flexibility, and the Continuous Performance Test(CPT), which assesses attention and impulsivity. Symptoms were assessed by the Autism-Spectrum Quotient Japanese version(AQ-J). First, we compared the scores of the WCST between the groups using a Mann-Whitney U-test and conducted an analysis of covariance for the variables with the scores of category archives and CPT scores as covariates. Second, we analyzed the correlation between the scores of the WCST and the AQ-J in the ASD group using Pearson's r.RESULTS: The total errors(TE) and the percentages of perseverative errors of the Milner type(%PEM) and Nelson type(%PEN) among the TE in the ASD group were significantly worse compared with the control group(ASD vs Control, respectively: TE: 16.0 ± 6.2 vs 12.6 ± 3.5, P = 0.012; %PEM: 11.7 ± 10.7 vs 6.6 ± 8.9, P = 0.037; %PEN: 20.1 ± 14.5 vs 8.7 ± 10.4, P = 0.0011). In contrast, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the scores of categories achieved on the WCST or the CPT. An analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the groups in the %PEN scores(P = 0.0062) but not in the TE or the %PEM scores. These results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD have cognitive inflexibility. Furthermore, our results suggest that Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD may have difficulties using negative feedback because perseverative errors of the Nelson type indicate persistence in choosing the incorrect reaction. By contrast, there was no significant correlation between the WCST and AQ-J scores.CONCLUSION: We confirmed the presence of cognitive inflexibility in Japanese adolescents and adults with ASD. Our results also indicated that subjects with ASD may not use negative feedback effectively.
文摘为了利用跳频信号的空域特征参数辅助多跳频信号的网台分选,在空时频分析的基础上,提出一种基于多重信号分类(multiple signal classification,MUSIC)对称压缩谱(MUSIC symmetrical compressed spectrum,MSCS)的多跳频信号二维波达方向(two dimensional direction of arrival,2D-DOA)高效估计算法。首先根据跳频信号的时频域特征,构建每一跳的空时频矩阵(spatial time-frequency distribution,STFD),获取时频域的协方差矩阵;然后将共轭子空间的思想引入到MUSIC算法中,通过对噪声子空间及其共轭的交集进行奇异值分解,实现噪声子空间的降维;最终通过半谱搜索实现2D-DOA的高效估计。同时为了提高低信噪比条件下算法的性能,在时频图处理过程中采用形态学滤波进行去噪,并在修正的时频图上完成了跳频信号每一跳的提取。通过理论论证和实验仿真表明,本文算法相比于MUSIC算法,在保证均方根误差相当和估计成功率有所提高的情况下,计算复杂度降低了一半。
