AIM:To evaluate the effects of microlens design of peripheral defocus modifying spectacle lenses(PDMSLs)and non-microlens design of PDMSLs on controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents.METHODS:A system...AIM:To evaluate the effects of microlens design of peripheral defocus modifying spectacle lenses(PDMSLs)and non-microlens design of PDMSLs on controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents.METHODS:A systematic search was carried out in the PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase,CNKI,and Web of Science databases.The search targeted randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and cohort studies(CTs)that explored the effects of PDMSLs on myopia control among children and adolescents.The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were employed to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies.The published biases of the included studies were evaluated using Egger’s test.RESULTS:Nine studies(7 RCTs,2 CTs)were included,involving 4332 participants in the PDMSLs group and 7317 participants in the single vision lenses(SVLs)group.Metaanalysis showed that PDMSLs with microlens design had lower change in spherical equivalent refraction(SER)than SVLs at 6,12,18,and 24mo after wearing glasses,with reductions of 0.19 D(95%CI:0.14 to 0.24,P<0.00001),0.36 D(95%CI:0.25 to 0.46,P<0.00001),0.43 D(95%CI:0.32 to 0.55,P<0.00001),and 0.51 D(95%CI:0.33 to 0.69,P<0.00001),respectively.The changes in axial length(AL)were also lower in PDMSLs compared to SVLs,with reductions of-0.09 mm(95%CI:-0.13 to-0.04,P=0.0002),-0.15 mm(95%CI:-0.21 to-0.08,P<0.00001),-0.27 mm(95%CI:-0.34 to-0.20,P<0.00001),and-0.29 mm(95%CI:-0.38 to-0.20,P<0.00001),respectively.There was no significant difference between the non-microlens group and SVLs in controlling the changes of SER and AL in myopia(both P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The synthesized evidence indicates superior myopia management outcomes with microlens design of PDMSLs compared to both SVLs and nonmicrolens design of PDMSLs in children and adolescents.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the influence of ocular biometric parameters on the performance of actual near-add power in the spectacle plane of multifocal intraocular lenses(MIOLs).METHODS:This retrospective study defined predicti...AIM:To evaluate the influence of ocular biometric parameters on the performance of actual near-add power in the spectacle plane of multifocal intraocular lenses(MIOLs).METHODS:This retrospective study defined prediction error(PE)as the difference between actual postoperative near-add power and manufacturer-predicted values.Linear regression assessed PE correlations with axial length(AL),mean keratometry(K),pupil size,anterior chamber depth(ACD),lens thickness(LT),ACD+0.5×LT,and back-calculated IOL power.Differences in PE across MIOLs types,AL,K,pupil size,ACD,LT,ACD+0.5×LT,and back-calculated IOL power groups were compared.RESULTS:Totally 250 eyes of 250 patients(116 males and 134 females,mean age 56.22±12.31y)who underwent phacoemulsification with MIOL implantation were reviewed.PE showed no significant correlation with most parameters but had a weak positive correlation with LT.The mean predicted error(MPE)in the AL≤22,26–27,and 27–28 mm groups were 0.83(0.51,1.01)D,0.78(0.51,1.07)D,and 0.72(0.57,0.94)D respectively(P<0.001).The MPE in the K between the 45–46 D groups was 0.78(0.37,1.07)D(P=0.0004).The MPE in the LT between the 4.5–5.0 mm groups and≥5 mm was 0.72(0.50,1.01)D and 0.72(0.51,1.01)D respectively(P<0.001).The MPE in the back-calculated IOL power≥25 D was 0.86(0.60,1.01)D(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:Although there is no significant linear relationship between near-add power and most ocular biometry parameters,and specific segments of AL,K,LT,and IOL power have a significant impact on the near-add power of MIOLs.These factors should be taken into account in preoperative evaluations.展开更多
Introduction: exotropia is a deviation outside the visual axes. In children, an association with ametropia is often observed, however, that with hyperopia is rare. The objective of this study was to highlight the part...Introduction: exotropia is a deviation outside the visual axes. In children, an association with ametropia is often observed, however, that with hyperopia is rare. The objective of this study was to highlight the particularities of the management of exotropia associated with hyperopia in children. Subjects and Methods: this was a retrospective study over 78 months including all children aged 0 to 15 years, treated for exotropia associated with hyperopia. Results: we found 20 cases of exotropia with hyperopia, or 57.15% of exotropia. The mean age was 4.3 years and the sex ratio was 0.82. Hyperopia was mild in 30 eyes (75%), moderate in 9 eyes (22.5%) and high in 2.5% of eyes. Over a one-year follow-up, 10 children (50%) had regular follow-up, including 6 with full hyperopic correction and 4 with partial hyperopic correction. After full hyperopic correction, one child had a resolution of his exotropia;2 had a decrease in the angle of deviation and 3 had no improvement of their exotropia. Among the 4 with partial hyperopic correction children, 2 had a resolution of their exotropia. Strabismus surgery was planned in 3 children after iso-acuity. Conclusion: the association of exotropia and hyperopia poses a management problem. The total correction or not of hyperopia is discussed according to several authors.展开更多
The surge in popularity of rustic videos has spawned a great number of Internet memes, such as Internet trendy words growing from dialects and strange pronunciations, picture memes made from video screenshots, and mes...The surge in popularity of rustic videos has spawned a great number of Internet memes, such as Internet trendy words growing from dialects and strange pronunciations, picture memes made from video screenshots, and mesmerizing music with a vernacular flavor. Due to their reproducibility, social interaction, and involvement, these rustic videos adhere to the fundamental logic of the propagation of online memes. Rustic videos are widely disseminated as online memes on TikTok (the Chinese version), are often reproduced and used by young people in social contact, and have become a unique linguistic symbol in modern internet culture. As a symbolic carrier that transports the consciousness of the video creator and viewer, it is widely employed in the communication and engagement of young people on a regular basis, progressively altering their linguistic expression. This specific semiotic interaction has deconstructed and recreated the conventional media culture spectacle. This research examines the influence of rustic videos on TikTok on the linguistic expressions of modern youth from the perspectives of meme theory and semiotics, as well as the impact of rustic videos on the media spectacle from the standpoint of media spectacle theory. It also examines in depth the effects of the popularity of rustic videos on China’s economy and culture.展开更多
·AIM: To review existing data for the prevalence of corrected, uncorrected, and inadequately corrected refractive errors and spectacle wear in Hungary.·METHODS: Data from two nationwide cross-sectional studi...·AIM: To review existing data for the prevalence of corrected, uncorrected, and inadequately corrected refractive errors and spectacle wear in Hungary.·METHODS: Data from two nationwide cross-sectional studies were analysed. The Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness study collected population-based representative national data on the prevalence of visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive errors and spectacle coverage in 3523 people aged ≥50y(Group I). The Comprehensive Health Test Program of Hungary provided data on the use of spectacles in 80 290 people aged ≥18y(Group Ⅱ).·RESULTS: In Group I, almost half of the survey population showed refractive errors for distant vision, about 10% of which were uncorrected(3.2% of all male participants and 5.0% of females). The distance spectacle coverage was 90.7%(91.9% in males;90.2% in females). The proportion of inadequate distance spectacles was found to be 33.1%. Uncorrected presbyopia was found in 15.7% of participants. In all age groups(Group Ⅱ), 65.4% of females and 56.0% of males used distance spectacles,and approximately 28.9% of these spectacles were found to be inappropriate for dioptric power(with 0.5 dioptres or more). The prevalence of inaccurate distance spectacles was significantly higher in older age groups(71y and above) in both sexes.·CONCLUSION: According to this population-based data, uncorrected refractive errors are not rare in Hungary. Despite recent national initiatives, fur ther steps are required to reduce uncorrected refractive errors and associated negative effects on vision, such as avoidable visual impairment.展开更多
Objective: To test the effects of corrective spectacles in hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. Methods: Visual acuity, refraction and the amount of heterophoria on near (33 cm) fixation were measured befor...Objective: To test the effects of corrective spectacles in hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. Methods: Visual acuity, refraction and the amount of heterophoria on near (33 cm) fixation were measured before and after 3 weeks of spectacle-wearing in 30 hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. The control group consisted of 20 emmetropic children age-matched to the patients. Results: Uncorrected eyes displayed hyperopic amblyopia accompanied by heterophoria. Corrective spectacles not only attenuated the hyperopia and amblyopia, but also changed the heterophoria to orthophoria. The amount of heterophoria before wearing spectacles was significantly different from that in emmetropic children; but after correction with spectacles, it was the same as that in the emmetropic controls. Conclusion: Correction with spectacles is effective for the treatment of heterophoria in hyperopic children with amblyopia.展开更多
As an important optical constant of optical properties for spectacle lens,the refractive index measurement is studied using V prism refractometer. In the experiment,according to various factors inducing measurement er...As an important optical constant of optical properties for spectacle lens,the refractive index measurement is studied using V prism refractometer. In the experiment,according to various factors inducing measurement error,the experimental results are analyzed,which include right angle deviation,contact liquid,curvature,and focusing accuracy. The study results show that focusing accuracy is the most important factor of influence for measurement,consists of contact liquid wettability,sample shape,and effective width of light transmission. In addition,the refractive index measurement is less affected by angle deviation of sample and the refractive index deviation of contact liquid. On the basis of the experimental data analysis,it is possible to relax the deviation of right angle of the sample to 1' or 2'.展开更多
Myopia in children remains a major public health problem worldwide,especially in some Asian countries such as China,Singapore and Japan.Although many interventions have been attempted,few has been proven to be effecti...Myopia in children remains a major public health problem worldwide,especially in some Asian countries such as China,Singapore and Japan.Although many interventions have been attempted,few has been proven to be effective in controlling onset and progression of myopia in children.Environmental factors,genetic susceptibility or ethnic differences can affect the efficacy of these interventions.However,many questions remain unclear and even controversial for controlling myopia.China has the biggest population with myopia,especially for children myopia.Thus,it is of importance to present what achievements Chinese scientists have made in the field of myopia control in children.We summarize the current findings on myopia control in children from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study,including epidemiological data,clinical trials,systematic reviews and meta-analyses,and compare them with studies in other countries to find potential clues for controlling myopia in children.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of peripheral defocus spectacle lenses(PDLs) in myopia control. METHODS: Literature retrieval on Pub Med, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases, and the search time ...AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of peripheral defocus spectacle lenses(PDLs) in myopia control. METHODS: Literature retrieval on Pub Med, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases, and the search time limit was from the establishment of each database to December 29, 2021 were conducted. Change of spherical equivalent refraction(SER) and axial change(AL) were extracted from the literatures that met the inclusion criteria, and Rev Man5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 4 randomized controlled trials(RCTs) were included in this Meta-analysis, involving 770 myopic children. The results showed that PDLs could delay the progression of myopia in children with myopia compared with single vision spectacle lenses(SVLs;WMD=0.21 D, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.41, P=0.04). However, there was no significant difference in controlling the growth of axial length(AL) in myopic children(WMD=-0.10 mm, 95%CI:-0.21, 0.01, P=0.07). The results of the effectiveness of myopia control between the two spectacle lenses showed that PDLs were more effective in controlling the progression of myopia(OR=5.73, 95%CI: 2.58, 12.70, P<0.001) and delaying the growth of AL(OR=44.25, 95%CI: 8.84, 221.58, P<0.001) than SVLs, and the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: PDLs can control the progression of myopia compared with SVLs, but cannot delay the growth of AL, and the effectiveness of PDLs in myopia control better than SVLs.展开更多
AIM： To compare the lifetime and annual economic burden of spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery in correction of refractive errors.METHODS： This is a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling whi...AIM： To compare the lifetime and annual economic burden of spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery in correction of refractive errors.METHODS： This is a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling which 120 patients were interviewed in a tertiary referral hospital in the Iranian health care system. The bottom-up based cost of illness approach was estimated using a face-to-face interview to assess the direct and indirect cost of different refractive errors correction of any correction technologies. RESULTS： Correction with spectacle imposes a total direct cost of US dollar （US$） 342.5 （±8.41） per year and US$9373.5 （±230.1） per lifetime to each patient. These figures for the contact lenses were obtained US$198.3 （±0.12） and US$5203.1 （±256.3） and for refractive surgery were obtained US$19.1 （±1.2） and US$568.1 （±64.6）, respectively. Overall, based on age-adjusted prevalence rates, astigmatism had the highest share of refractive errors economic burden with a lifetime direct cost of slightly less than US$5.49 billion, while hyperopia and myopia imposed less than US$5.24 and 4.2 billion on patients, respectively. The annually imposed cost on each individual Iranian patient with refractive errors is US$308.5. CONCLUSION： Based on 18mo post refractive surgery course observation, which is generalized to whole life, refractive surgery significantly imposed much less cost compared with spectacles and contact lenses. Refractive errors among Iranians result in considerable economic burden. Using the refractive surgery instead of other two correction methods has the ability to reduce this economic loss in the future.展开更多
AIM： To determine the main visual symptoms in a Brazilian population sample, associated to refractive errors（REs） and spectacle need to suggest priorities in preventive programs.METHODS： A cross-sectional study wa...AIM： To determine the main visual symptoms in a Brazilian population sample, associated to refractive errors（REs） and spectacle need to suggest priorities in preventive programs.METHODS： A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine counties of the southeast region of Brazil, using a systematic sampling of households, between March 2004 and July 2005. The population was defined as individuals aged between 1 and 96 y, inhabitants of 3600 residences to be evaluated and 3012 households were included,corresponding to 8010 subjects considered for participation in the survey, of whom 7654 underwent ophthalmic examinations. The individuals were evaluated according their demographic data, eye complaints and eye examination including the RE and the need to prescribe spectacles according to age. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software package and descriptive analysis using 95% confidence intervals（P〈0.05）. RESULTS： The main symptom detected was asthenopia, most frequent in the 2ndand 3rddecades of life, with a significant decline after the 4thdecade.Astigmatism was the RE most associated with asthenopia. Reduced near vision sight was more frequent in those ≥40y with a progressive decline thereafter.Spectacles were most frequently required in subjects of≥40 years of age.CONCLUSION： The main symptom related to the vision was asthenopia and was associated to astigmatism. The greatest need for spectacles prescription occurred after40＇s, mainly to correct near vision. Subjects of ≥40years old were determined to be at high risk of uncorrected REs. These observations can guide intervention programs for the Brazilian population.展开更多
To investigate the effects of rigid-gas-permeable contact lens(RGP-CL)wear on Zernike astigmatism and visual performance in myopic eyes.Methods:A wavefront sensor was used to evaluate Zernike astigmatism for 21 eyes w...To investigate the effects of rigid-gas-permeable contact lens(RGP-CL)wear on Zernike astigmatism and visual performance in myopic eyes.Methods:A wavefront sensor was used to evaluate Zernike astigmatism for 21 eyes with minimum astigmatism and 18 eyes with moderate astigmatism under three different modes of refractive correction:the RGP-CL,spectacle lens correcting spherical equivalent(SL)and spectacle lens fully correcting spherical error and astigmatism(fSL).Contrast visual acuity was assessed with a VA tester at four contrast levels and two luminance backgrounds.Results:Compared to the SL wear,RGP-CL wear changed the main axis astigmatism(Z_(2)^(2))from0:09-0:34 to 0.34-0.22 for the minimum astigmatism group,while the contrast VA was improved about 0.05 LogMAR(F=8:06,p<0:01).For the group with moderate astigmatism,significant reduction in Z_(2)^(2)was found for both fSL wear(t=4:78,p<0:001)and RGP-CL wear(t=6:29,p<0:0001).The changes in astigmatism were significantly correlated between the fSL and RGP-CL wears(r=0:897,p<0:0001 for Z_(2)^(-2);and r=0:643,p=0:004 for Z_(2)^(2)).Contrast VA was significantly improved for both fSL and RGP-CL wears and the improvements were significantly correlated between each other for all four contrast levels and two backgrounds.Conclusion:RGP-CL wear induces astigmatism for the eyes with minor astigmatism probably due to a correction of corneal astigmatism and thus a manifesting of the lens astigmatism.For the astigmatic eyes,RGP-CL wear has similar effect on correcting astigmatism as the spectacle lens wear with spherical-cylinder correction and also produces similar visual improvement.展开更多
Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Man of the Crowd” delineates metropolitan visual experiences that relate to urban scenery and people. The anonymous first-person narrator, preoccupied with the social and psycholo...Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Man of the Crowd” delineates metropolitan visual experiences that relate to urban scenery and people. The anonymous first-person narrator, preoccupied with the social and psychological correlations between the city and wandering crowd, interprets his perception of the crowd as an inexhaustible spectacle. As the narrator experiences different phases of spectatorship, he ultimately realizes the inscrutability and impenetrability of the city through his observation of the old man of the crowd. This paper suggests that the narrator’s failure in seeing and reading the old man of the crowd renders an uncanny effect of urban spectatorship.展开更多
This paper argues that Nietzsche＇s view of tragedy as involving the Apollinian and the Dionysian may explain the appeal of the popular film Black Swan. The basis for this argument rests on Nietzsche＇s innovation in ...This paper argues that Nietzsche＇s view of tragedy as involving the Apollinian and the Dionysian may explain the appeal of the popular film Black Swan. The basis for this argument rests on Nietzsche＇s innovation in The Birth of Tragedy, namely, his emphasis on spectacle. Nietzsche argues for a collective experience, where the ego is abandoned in a renewed and shared sense of life. Black Swan provides a spectacle outside the confines of high culture and philosophical categories, where destructive and bestial nature is presented in an illusory and safe way for the audience. From a Nietzschean perspective, tragedy and Black Swan achieve this effacement of the ego through the aesthetic marriage of clarity and confusion, ugliness and beauty, music and image, inducing an experience in the audience that goes beyond moral judgment. This Nietzschean prism provides a case for the film＇s artistic merits where traditional conceptions of aesthetics and morality arguably fail to provide insight.展开更多
This paper draws many parallels between Guy Debord‟s Society of the Spectacle and the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche particularly Beyond Good and Evil and Thus Spake Zarathustra in anticipating and predicting the r...This paper draws many parallels between Guy Debord‟s Society of the Spectacle and the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche particularly Beyond Good and Evil and Thus Spake Zarathustra in anticipating and predicting the rise of the Superman,the 45th President of the United States Donald J.Trump.Debord identified the spectacle as“The moment when the commodity has achieved the total occupation of life”.What Debord didn‟t foresee is the rise of Donald J.Trump which Nietzsche would describe as the“noontide”or transcendence of the society of the spectacle,and indeed the eternal recurrence of the society of the spectacle.The spectacle is capable of regenerating itself in perpetuity through the essential slogan in Trumpism-make America great again!Nietzsche prophesizes that nihilism will be turned into the new religion where he predicts the rise of the Superman.Here it will be argued that Donald J.Trump is the nominal head of this new religion and may therefore be identified as the Anti-Christ.展开更多
The National Day Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of the People’s Republic of China showed the moment of“the most powerful China in history”and inspired the patriotic sentiment of the people.In accordance with t...The National Day Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of the People’s Republic of China showed the moment of“the most powerful China in history”and inspired the patriotic sentiment of the people.In accordance with the emotional path of“spectacle-situation”,the celebration takes the huge spectacles of advanced weapons,sophisticated troops,life scenes,and literary and artistic expressions as the entrance.Through specific narrative strategies as“emotional map”,the joint construction constitutes the“state-nation-government”identity.The National Day Celebration is the process of zoning,and all kinds of visual and auditory means of communication have been comprehensively applied,but the new national narrative method has become the key to the situation-the natural integration of individualistic narrative and nationalist narrative,which has promoted the concept of patriotism.Deepening and softening,the process of emotional mobilization was completed.This paper attempts to analyze how the country achieves the construction of patriotic situations and achieves the emotional identity of the people through large-scale spectacles(ceremonies)and innovative national narratives.展开更多
The intent of this article is to analyse the interconnectedness between urban transformation and eco-heritage value over time in Tianjin from a river-city perspective.The focus is on the Hai River’s(海河)contribution...The intent of this article is to analyse the interconnectedness between urban transformation and eco-heritage value over time in Tianjin from a river-city perspective.The focus is on the Hai River’s(海河)contribution to the mechanisms of space and power in imperial,hyper-colonial,and globalising Tianjin.After an analytical excursus of the Haihe’s historical-political-economic roles,attention is given to the Haihe as the fulcrum of Tianjin’s creation as a spectacle city in present times.The objectives are to elucidate the Tianjin Municipal Government-led urban‘beautification’strategy and analyse the aims and objectives of the 2002‘Comprehensive Reconstruction and Redevelopment Plan of the Haihe’s Riversides’while also considering the actual experience of this transformation.The premise of this article is that the Haihe River has helped determine Tianjin’s politics of design via heritagisation:the historical processes through which cultural heritage is adapted to strategically promote favourable imagery of the river-city for political management purposes.展开更多
基金Supported by Sichuan Province Science and Technology Plan(No.2023YFS0506)Medical Research Project of Jinniu District,Chengdu,Sichuan Province(No.JNKY2024-94)Xinglin Scholar Program at Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.ZYTS2023028).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the effects of microlens design of peripheral defocus modifying spectacle lenses(PDMSLs)and non-microlens design of PDMSLs on controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents.METHODS:A systematic search was carried out in the PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase,CNKI,and Web of Science databases.The search targeted randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and cohort studies(CTs)that explored the effects of PDMSLs on myopia control among children and adolescents.The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were employed to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies.The published biases of the included studies were evaluated using Egger’s test.RESULTS:Nine studies(7 RCTs,2 CTs)were included,involving 4332 participants in the PDMSLs group and 7317 participants in the single vision lenses(SVLs)group.Metaanalysis showed that PDMSLs with microlens design had lower change in spherical equivalent refraction(SER)than SVLs at 6,12,18,and 24mo after wearing glasses,with reductions of 0.19 D(95%CI:0.14 to 0.24,P<0.00001),0.36 D(95%CI:0.25 to 0.46,P<0.00001),0.43 D(95%CI:0.32 to 0.55,P<0.00001),and 0.51 D(95%CI:0.33 to 0.69,P<0.00001),respectively.The changes in axial length(AL)were also lower in PDMSLs compared to SVLs,with reductions of-0.09 mm(95%CI:-0.13 to-0.04,P=0.0002),-0.15 mm(95%CI:-0.21 to-0.08,P<0.00001),-0.27 mm(95%CI:-0.34 to-0.20,P<0.00001),and-0.29 mm(95%CI:-0.38 to-0.20,P<0.00001),respectively.There was no significant difference between the non-microlens group and SVLs in controlling the changes of SER and AL in myopia(both P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The synthesized evidence indicates superior myopia management outcomes with microlens design of PDMSLs compared to both SVLs and nonmicrolens design of PDMSLs in children and adolescents.
基金Supported by the Fuzhou Science and Technology Program(No.2023-S-005).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the influence of ocular biometric parameters on the performance of actual near-add power in the spectacle plane of multifocal intraocular lenses(MIOLs).METHODS:This retrospective study defined prediction error(PE)as the difference between actual postoperative near-add power and manufacturer-predicted values.Linear regression assessed PE correlations with axial length(AL),mean keratometry(K),pupil size,anterior chamber depth(ACD),lens thickness(LT),ACD+0.5×LT,and back-calculated IOL power.Differences in PE across MIOLs types,AL,K,pupil size,ACD,LT,ACD+0.5×LT,and back-calculated IOL power groups were compared.RESULTS:Totally 250 eyes of 250 patients(116 males and 134 females,mean age 56.22±12.31y)who underwent phacoemulsification with MIOL implantation were reviewed.PE showed no significant correlation with most parameters but had a weak positive correlation with LT.The mean predicted error(MPE)in the AL≤22,26–27,and 27–28 mm groups were 0.83(0.51,1.01)D,0.78(0.51,1.07)D,and 0.72(0.57,0.94)D respectively(P<0.001).The MPE in the K between the 45–46 D groups was 0.78(0.37,1.07)D(P=0.0004).The MPE in the LT between the 4.5–5.0 mm groups and≥5 mm was 0.72(0.50,1.01)D and 0.72(0.51,1.01)D respectively(P<0.001).The MPE in the back-calculated IOL power≥25 D was 0.86(0.60,1.01)D(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:Although there is no significant linear relationship between near-add power and most ocular biometry parameters,and specific segments of AL,K,LT,and IOL power have a significant impact on the near-add power of MIOLs.These factors should be taken into account in preoperative evaluations.
文摘Introduction: exotropia is a deviation outside the visual axes. In children, an association with ametropia is often observed, however, that with hyperopia is rare. The objective of this study was to highlight the particularities of the management of exotropia associated with hyperopia in children. Subjects and Methods: this was a retrospective study over 78 months including all children aged 0 to 15 years, treated for exotropia associated with hyperopia. Results: we found 20 cases of exotropia with hyperopia, or 57.15% of exotropia. The mean age was 4.3 years and the sex ratio was 0.82. Hyperopia was mild in 30 eyes (75%), moderate in 9 eyes (22.5%) and high in 2.5% of eyes. Over a one-year follow-up, 10 children (50%) had regular follow-up, including 6 with full hyperopic correction and 4 with partial hyperopic correction. After full hyperopic correction, one child had a resolution of his exotropia;2 had a decrease in the angle of deviation and 3 had no improvement of their exotropia. Among the 4 with partial hyperopic correction children, 2 had a resolution of their exotropia. Strabismus surgery was planned in 3 children after iso-acuity. Conclusion: the association of exotropia and hyperopia poses a management problem. The total correction or not of hyperopia is discussed according to several authors.
文摘The surge in popularity of rustic videos has spawned a great number of Internet memes, such as Internet trendy words growing from dialects and strange pronunciations, picture memes made from video screenshots, and mesmerizing music with a vernacular flavor. Due to their reproducibility, social interaction, and involvement, these rustic videos adhere to the fundamental logic of the propagation of online memes. Rustic videos are widely disseminated as online memes on TikTok (the Chinese version), are often reproduced and used by young people in social contact, and have become a unique linguistic symbol in modern internet culture. As a symbolic carrier that transports the consciousness of the video creator and viewer, it is widely employed in the communication and engagement of young people on a regular basis, progressively altering their linguistic expression. This specific semiotic interaction has deconstructed and recreated the conventional media culture spectacle. This research examines the influence of rustic videos on TikTok on the linguistic expressions of modern youth from the perspectives of meme theory and semiotics, as well as the impact of rustic videos on the media spectacle from the standpoint of media spectacle theory. It also examines in depth the effects of the popularity of rustic videos on China’s economy and culture.
基金The RAAB survey was supported by the Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF) Sight First Research Grant Program (No.SF 1825/UND)。
文摘·AIM: To review existing data for the prevalence of corrected, uncorrected, and inadequately corrected refractive errors and spectacle wear in Hungary.·METHODS: Data from two nationwide cross-sectional studies were analysed. The Rapid Assessment of Avoidable Blindness study collected population-based representative national data on the prevalence of visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive errors and spectacle coverage in 3523 people aged ≥50y(Group I). The Comprehensive Health Test Program of Hungary provided data on the use of spectacles in 80 290 people aged ≥18y(Group Ⅱ).·RESULTS: In Group I, almost half of the survey population showed refractive errors for distant vision, about 10% of which were uncorrected(3.2% of all male participants and 5.0% of females). The distance spectacle coverage was 90.7%(91.9% in males;90.2% in females). The proportion of inadequate distance spectacles was found to be 33.1%. Uncorrected presbyopia was found in 15.7% of participants. In all age groups(Group Ⅱ), 65.4% of females and 56.0% of males used distance spectacles,and approximately 28.9% of these spectacles were found to be inappropriate for dioptric power(with 0.5 dioptres or more). The prevalence of inaccurate distance spectacles was significantly higher in older age groups(71y and above) in both sexes.·CONCLUSION: According to this population-based data, uncorrected refractive errors are not rare in Hungary. Despite recent national initiatives, fur ther steps are required to reduce uncorrected refractive errors and associated negative effects on vision, such as avoidable visual impairment.
文摘Objective: To test the effects of corrective spectacles in hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. Methods: Visual acuity, refraction and the amount of heterophoria on near (33 cm) fixation were measured before and after 3 weeks of spectacle-wearing in 30 hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. The control group consisted of 20 emmetropic children age-matched to the patients. Results: Uncorrected eyes displayed hyperopic amblyopia accompanied by heterophoria. Corrective spectacles not only attenuated the hyperopia and amblyopia, but also changed the heterophoria to orthophoria. The amount of heterophoria before wearing spectacles was significantly different from that in emmetropic children; but after correction with spectacles, it was the same as that in the emmetropic controls. Conclusion: Correction with spectacles is effective for the treatment of heterophoria in hyperopic children with amblyopia.
文摘As an important optical constant of optical properties for spectacle lens,the refractive index measurement is studied using V prism refractometer. In the experiment,according to various factors inducing measurement error,the experimental results are analyzed,which include right angle deviation,contact liquid,curvature,and focusing accuracy. The study results show that focusing accuracy is the most important factor of influence for measurement,consists of contact liquid wettability,sample shape,and effective width of light transmission. In addition,the refractive index measurement is less affected by angle deviation of sample and the refractive index deviation of contact liquid. On the basis of the experimental data analysis,it is possible to relax the deviation of right angle of the sample to 1' or 2'.
基金This work was supported by the capital health research and development of special(2016-4-2056)the Ministry of Science and Technology,the Major International(Regional)Joint Research Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81120108007)+3 种基金the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(’973’Program,2011CB504601)a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)Discovery Grant(#RGPIN/131-2013)Beijing Nova Program(Z121107002512055)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81300797).
文摘Myopia in children remains a major public health problem worldwide,especially in some Asian countries such as China,Singapore and Japan.Although many interventions have been attempted,few has been proven to be effective in controlling onset and progression of myopia in children.Environmental factors,genetic susceptibility or ethnic differences can affect the efficacy of these interventions.However,many questions remain unclear and even controversial for controlling myopia.China has the biggest population with myopia,especially for children myopia.Thus,it is of importance to present what achievements Chinese scientists have made in the field of myopia control in children.We summarize the current findings on myopia control in children from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study,including epidemiological data,clinical trials,systematic reviews and meta-analyses,and compare them with studies in other countries to find potential clues for controlling myopia in children.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81960177)Jiangxi Provincial Science and Technology Grant(No.20192BAB205049)+2 种基金A research grant from Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission(No.202210723)Postgraduate Innovation Special Fund Project of Jiangxi Province(No.YC2021-S077)。
文摘AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of peripheral defocus spectacle lenses(PDLs) in myopia control. METHODS: Literature retrieval on Pub Med, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases, and the search time limit was from the establishment of each database to December 29, 2021 were conducted. Change of spherical equivalent refraction(SER) and axial change(AL) were extracted from the literatures that met the inclusion criteria, and Rev Man5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 4 randomized controlled trials(RCTs) were included in this Meta-analysis, involving 770 myopic children. The results showed that PDLs could delay the progression of myopia in children with myopia compared with single vision spectacle lenses(SVLs;WMD=0.21 D, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.41, P=0.04). However, there was no significant difference in controlling the growth of axial length(AL) in myopic children(WMD=-0.10 mm, 95%CI:-0.21, 0.01, P=0.07). The results of the effectiveness of myopia control between the two spectacle lenses showed that PDLs were more effective in controlling the progression of myopia(OR=5.73, 95%CI: 2.58, 12.70, P<0.001) and delaying the growth of AL(OR=44.25, 95%CI: 8.84, 221.58, P<0.001) than SVLs, and the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: PDLs can control the progression of myopia compared with SVLs, but cannot delay the growth of AL, and the effectiveness of PDLs in myopia control better than SVLs.
基金Supported partially by Hormoz Chams Research Chair in Public Health Ophthalmology,Allama Tabatabaei Award,National Elite Foundation(http://bmn.ir/)
文摘AIM： To compare the lifetime and annual economic burden of spectacles, contact lenses, and refractive surgery in correction of refractive errors.METHODS： This is a cross-sectional study with convenience sampling which 120 patients were interviewed in a tertiary referral hospital in the Iranian health care system. The bottom-up based cost of illness approach was estimated using a face-to-face interview to assess the direct and indirect cost of different refractive errors correction of any correction technologies. RESULTS： Correction with spectacle imposes a total direct cost of US dollar （US$） 342.5 （±8.41） per year and US$9373.5 （±230.1） per lifetime to each patient. These figures for the contact lenses were obtained US$198.3 （±0.12） and US$5203.1 （±256.3） and for refractive surgery were obtained US$19.1 （±1.2） and US$568.1 （±64.6）, respectively. Overall, based on age-adjusted prevalence rates, astigmatism had the highest share of refractive errors economic burden with a lifetime direct cost of slightly less than US$5.49 billion, while hyperopia and myopia imposed less than US$5.24 and 4.2 billion on patients, respectively. The annually imposed cost on each individual Iranian patient with refractive errors is US$308.5. CONCLUSION： Based on 18mo post refractive surgery course observation, which is generalized to whole life, refractive surgery significantly imposed much less cost compared with spectacles and contact lenses. Refractive errors among Iranians result in considerable economic burden. Using the refractive surgery instead of other two correction methods has the ability to reduce this economic loss in the future.
文摘AIM： To determine the main visual symptoms in a Brazilian population sample, associated to refractive errors（REs） and spectacle need to suggest priorities in preventive programs.METHODS： A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine counties of the southeast region of Brazil, using a systematic sampling of households, between March 2004 and July 2005. The population was defined as individuals aged between 1 and 96 y, inhabitants of 3600 residences to be evaluated and 3012 households were included,corresponding to 8010 subjects considered for participation in the survey, of whom 7654 underwent ophthalmic examinations. The individuals were evaluated according their demographic data, eye complaints and eye examination including the RE and the need to prescribe spectacles according to age. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software package and descriptive analysis using 95% confidence intervals（P〈0.05）. RESULTS： The main symptom detected was asthenopia, most frequent in the 2ndand 3rddecades of life, with a significant decline after the 4thdecade.Astigmatism was the RE most associated with asthenopia. Reduced near vision sight was more frequent in those ≥40y with a progressive decline thereafter.Spectacles were most frequently required in subjects of≥40 years of age.CONCLUSION： The main symptom related to the vision was asthenopia and was associated to astigmatism. The greatest need for spectacles prescription occurred after40＇s, mainly to correct near vision. Subjects of ≥40years old were determined to be at high risk of uncorrected REs. These observations can guide intervention programs for the Brazilian population.
基金This study was supported by funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.81170869)Grant for Ophthalmology Innovative Research Team of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.2011R09039-08).The authors declare that they have no competing commercial interests.
文摘To investigate the effects of rigid-gas-permeable contact lens(RGP-CL)wear on Zernike astigmatism and visual performance in myopic eyes.Methods:A wavefront sensor was used to evaluate Zernike astigmatism for 21 eyes with minimum astigmatism and 18 eyes with moderate astigmatism under three different modes of refractive correction:the RGP-CL,spectacle lens correcting spherical equivalent(SL)and spectacle lens fully correcting spherical error and astigmatism(fSL).Contrast visual acuity was assessed with a VA tester at four contrast levels and two luminance backgrounds.Results:Compared to the SL wear,RGP-CL wear changed the main axis astigmatism(Z_(2)^(2))from0:09-0:34 to 0.34-0.22 for the minimum astigmatism group,while the contrast VA was improved about 0.05 LogMAR(F=8:06,p<0:01).For the group with moderate astigmatism,significant reduction in Z_(2)^(2)was found for both fSL wear(t=4:78,p<0:001)and RGP-CL wear(t=6:29,p<0:0001).The changes in astigmatism were significantly correlated between the fSL and RGP-CL wears(r=0:897,p<0:0001 for Z_(2)^(-2);and r=0:643,p=0:004 for Z_(2)^(2)).Contrast VA was significantly improved for both fSL and RGP-CL wears and the improvements were significantly correlated between each other for all four contrast levels and two backgrounds.Conclusion:RGP-CL wear induces astigmatism for the eyes with minor astigmatism probably due to a correction of corneal astigmatism and thus a manifesting of the lens astigmatism.For the astigmatic eyes,RGP-CL wear has similar effect on correcting astigmatism as the spectacle lens wear with spherical-cylinder correction and also produces similar visual improvement.
文摘Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Man of the Crowd” delineates metropolitan visual experiences that relate to urban scenery and people. The anonymous first-person narrator, preoccupied with the social and psychological correlations between the city and wandering crowd, interprets his perception of the crowd as an inexhaustible spectacle. As the narrator experiences different phases of spectatorship, he ultimately realizes the inscrutability and impenetrability of the city through his observation of the old man of the crowd. This paper suggests that the narrator’s failure in seeing and reading the old man of the crowd renders an uncanny effect of urban spectatorship.
文摘This paper argues that Nietzsche＇s view of tragedy as involving the Apollinian and the Dionysian may explain the appeal of the popular film Black Swan. The basis for this argument rests on Nietzsche＇s innovation in The Birth of Tragedy, namely, his emphasis on spectacle. Nietzsche argues for a collective experience, where the ego is abandoned in a renewed and shared sense of life. Black Swan provides a spectacle outside the confines of high culture and philosophical categories, where destructive and bestial nature is presented in an illusory and safe way for the audience. From a Nietzschean perspective, tragedy and Black Swan achieve this effacement of the ego through the aesthetic marriage of clarity and confusion, ugliness and beauty, music and image, inducing an experience in the audience that goes beyond moral judgment. This Nietzschean prism provides a case for the film＇s artistic merits where traditional conceptions of aesthetics and morality arguably fail to provide insight.
文摘This paper draws many parallels between Guy Debord‟s Society of the Spectacle and the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche particularly Beyond Good and Evil and Thus Spake Zarathustra in anticipating and predicting the rise of the Superman,the 45th President of the United States Donald J.Trump.Debord identified the spectacle as“The moment when the commodity has achieved the total occupation of life”.What Debord didn‟t foresee is the rise of Donald J.Trump which Nietzsche would describe as the“noontide”or transcendence of the society of the spectacle,and indeed the eternal recurrence of the society of the spectacle.The spectacle is capable of regenerating itself in perpetuity through the essential slogan in Trumpism-make America great again!Nietzsche prophesizes that nihilism will be turned into the new religion where he predicts the rise of the Superman.Here it will be argued that Donald J.Trump is the nominal head of this new religion and may therefore be identified as the Anti-Christ.
文摘The National Day Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of the People’s Republic of China showed the moment of“the most powerful China in history”and inspired the patriotic sentiment of the people.In accordance with the emotional path of“spectacle-situation”,the celebration takes the huge spectacles of advanced weapons,sophisticated troops,life scenes,and literary and artistic expressions as the entrance.Through specific narrative strategies as“emotional map”,the joint construction constitutes the“state-nation-government”identity.The National Day Celebration is the process of zoning,and all kinds of visual and auditory means of communication have been comprehensively applied,but the new national narrative method has become the key to the situation-the natural integration of individualistic narrative and nationalist narrative,which has promoted the concept of patriotism.Deepening and softening,the process of emotional mobilization was completed.This paper attempts to analyze how the country achieves the construction of patriotic situations and achieves the emotional identity of the people through large-scale spectacles(ceremonies)and innovative national narratives.
文摘The intent of this article is to analyse the interconnectedness between urban transformation and eco-heritage value over time in Tianjin from a river-city perspective.The focus is on the Hai River’s(海河)contribution to the mechanisms of space and power in imperial,hyper-colonial,and globalising Tianjin.After an analytical excursus of the Haihe’s historical-political-economic roles,attention is given to the Haihe as the fulcrum of Tianjin’s creation as a spectacle city in present times.The objectives are to elucidate the Tianjin Municipal Government-led urban‘beautification’strategy and analyse the aims and objectives of the 2002‘Comprehensive Reconstruction and Redevelopment Plan of the Haihe’s Riversides’while also considering the actual experience of this transformation.The premise of this article is that the Haihe River has helped determine Tianjin’s politics of design via heritagisation:the historical processes through which cultural heritage is adapted to strategically promote favourable imagery of the river-city for political management purposes.
