Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune ...Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune system,regulate the mucosal barrier function,and play an immune role by influencing the activity of intrinsic immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells and natural killer cells,as well as their differentiation and maturation;in terms of specific immune regulation,probiotics play a role in regulating the immunoglobulin level and the maturation of B cells.Probiotics can also regulate T-cell differentiation according to the condition of the body,thus regulating specific immunity.Many studies have focused on the role of probiotics in metabolism and nutrition,and the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory role of probiotics have only been partially described.This review summarises the role of common probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in immunomodulation as well as their mechanisms,describing the currently known mechanisms of immunomodulation by probiotics in improving the host immune system.A deeper understanding of probiotics and their specific mechanisms of action will facilitate the use of probiotics for immunomodulation in clinical medicine,functional foods,and other areas.This will also contribute to the development and research of engineered probiotics,next-generation probiotics,and other new functional probiotics with immunomodulatory effects.展开更多
We read with great interest the article by Wang et al,1 in which the authors used cytomegalovirus(CMV)-specific cell-mediated immunity(CMV-CMI)to guide the duration of letermovir prophylaxis.This individualized approa...We read with great interest the article by Wang et al,1 in which the authors used cytomegalovirus(CMV)-specific cell-mediated immunity(CMV-CMI)to guide the duration of letermovir prophylaxis.This individualized approach effectively optimized letermovir use,significantly reduced the incidence of late-onset CMV reactivation,and improved both overall survival(OS)and relapse-free survival(RFS),with a favorable safety profile.展开更多
The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia.These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival.The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play ...The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia.These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival.The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play in the digestion,absorption,and metabolism of nutrients have been clearly demonstrated.Additionally,commensals are indispensable in regulating host immunity.This is evidenced by the poorly developed gut immune system of germ-free mice,which can be corrected by transplantation of specific commensal bacteria.Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of host emicrobial interaction have provided the basis for this interaction.This paper reviews some of these key studies,with a specific focus on the effect of the microbiome on the immune organ development,nonspecific immunity,specific immunity,and inflammation.展开更多
Cellular immune responses,particularly those associated with CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL),are critical factors in controlling viral infection.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with persist...Cellular immune responses,particularly those associated with CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL),are critical factors in controlling viral infection.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with persistent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.NPC vaccine studies have focused on enhancing specific antiviral CTL responses.In this study,three vaccines capable of expressing the EBV-latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) (a DNA vector,an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector,and a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector) were respectively used to immunize female Balb/c mice (4-6 weeks old) at weeks 0,2 and 4,either alone or in combination.Our results suggest that combined immunization with DNA,AAV,and adenovirus vector vaccines induced specific cellular immunity more effectively than any of these vectors alone or a combination of two of the three,constituting a sound vaccine strategy for the prevention and treatment of NPC.展开更多
The immune system has the function of immune surveillance to resist the occurrence and development of tumors,and is essential for inhibition of tumor metastasis.Nevertheless,tumor cells can still suppress immune respo...The immune system has the function of immune surveillance to resist the occurrence and development of tumors,and is essential for inhibition of tumor metastasis.Nevertheless,tumor cells can still suppress immune responses through multiple mechanisms to escape recognition and elimination.Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy involve systemic or local use of sensitizers followed by light or ultrasound treatment of the affected area,leading to tumor cell death by various mechanisms.The capability of the immune system is essentially affected by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy.To understand the tumor therapeutic mechanisms of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy and to explore the use of these modalities for improvement of the antitumor immune effect,extensive preclinical and clinical studies have been carried out.Besides direct killing of tumors,photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy also cause inflammatory reactions,achieve antitumor immune responses,and potentially prevent tumor recurrence,thereby treating both primary and metastatic tumors.In this review,we summarize the antitumor immune responses induced by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy,describe the processes of the antitumor immune responses in detail,and discuss the clinical applications of the resulting antitumor immunity.展开更多
基金funded by Ausnutria-kabrita Research Fund(RS2022-14).
文摘Probiotics can regulate the body’s immune system through both non-specific and specific immunity,thereby regulating host health.In terms of non-specific immune regulation,probiotics can activate the intrinsic immune system,regulate the mucosal barrier function,and play an immune role by influencing the activity of intrinsic immune cells such as macrophages,dendritic cells and natural killer cells,as well as their differentiation and maturation;in terms of specific immune regulation,probiotics play a role in regulating the immunoglobulin level and the maturation of B cells.Probiotics can also regulate T-cell differentiation according to the condition of the body,thus regulating specific immunity.Many studies have focused on the role of probiotics in metabolism and nutrition,and the mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory role of probiotics have only been partially described.This review summarises the role of common probiotics such as Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus rhamnosus in immunomodulation as well as their mechanisms,describing the currently known mechanisms of immunomodulation by probiotics in improving the host immune system.A deeper understanding of probiotics and their specific mechanisms of action will facilitate the use of probiotics for immunomodulation in clinical medicine,functional foods,and other areas.This will also contribute to the development and research of engineered probiotics,next-generation probiotics,and other new functional probiotics with immunomodulatory effects.
文摘We read with great interest the article by Wang et al,1 in which the authors used cytomegalovirus(CMV)-specific cell-mediated immunity(CMV-CMI)to guide the duration of letermovir prophylaxis.This individualized approach effectively optimized letermovir use,significantly reduced the incidence of late-onset CMV reactivation,and improved both overall survival(OS)and relapse-free survival(RFS),with a favorable safety profile.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant number 2018YFD0501403-2.3 and 2018YFD0500605)
文摘The intestinal tract is a host to 100 trillion of microbes that have co-evolved with mammals over the millennia.These commensal organisms are critical to the host survival.The roles that symbiotic microorganisms play in the digestion,absorption,and metabolism of nutrients have been clearly demonstrated.Additionally,commensals are indispensable in regulating host immunity.This is evidenced by the poorly developed gut immune system of germ-free mice,which can be corrected by transplantation of specific commensal bacteria.Recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism of host emicrobial interaction have provided the basis for this interaction.This paper reviews some of these key studies,with a specific focus on the effect of the microbiome on the immune organ development,nonspecific immunity,specific immunity,and inflammation.
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No. 2006AA02A229)
文摘Cellular immune responses,particularly those associated with CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL),are critical factors in controlling viral infection.Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with persistent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection.NPC vaccine studies have focused on enhancing specific antiviral CTL responses.In this study,three vaccines capable of expressing the EBV-latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) (a DNA vector,an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector,and a replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) vector) were respectively used to immunize female Balb/c mice (4-6 weeks old) at weeks 0,2 and 4,either alone or in combination.Our results suggest that combined immunization with DNA,AAV,and adenovirus vector vaccines induced specific cellular immunity more effectively than any of these vectors alone or a combination of two of the three,constituting a sound vaccine strategy for the prevention and treatment of NPC.
基金the National Project for Research and Development of Major Scientific Instruments(No.81727803)State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(No.81930047)+3 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFA0201400)Projects of International Cooperation and Exchanges NSFC(National Natural Science Foundation of China)-PSF(Pakistan Science Foundation)(No.31961143003)Beijing Natural Science Foundation,Haidian,Original Innovation Joint Fund(No.17L20170)the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81421004).
文摘The immune system has the function of immune surveillance to resist the occurrence and development of tumors,and is essential for inhibition of tumor metastasis.Nevertheless,tumor cells can still suppress immune responses through multiple mechanisms to escape recognition and elimination.Photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy involve systemic or local use of sensitizers followed by light or ultrasound treatment of the affected area,leading to tumor cell death by various mechanisms.The capability of the immune system is essentially affected by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy.To understand the tumor therapeutic mechanisms of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy and to explore the use of these modalities for improvement of the antitumor immune effect,extensive preclinical and clinical studies have been carried out.Besides direct killing of tumors,photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy also cause inflammatory reactions,achieve antitumor immune responses,and potentially prevent tumor recurrence,thereby treating both primary and metastatic tumors.In this review,we summarize the antitumor immune responses induced by photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy,describe the processes of the antitumor immune responses in detail,and discuss the clinical applications of the resulting antitumor immunity.
