The People’s Bank of China（PBOC）recently issued the regulations on QR code payment service（Trial）and two other relevant technical specifications to regulate payments by scanning two-dimensional barcode,which are ...The People’s Bank of China（PBOC）recently issued the regulations on QR code payment service（Trial）and two other relevant technical specifications to regulate payments by scanning two-dimensional barcode,which are to take effect on April 1,2018.Payment institutions must obtain proper permits to offer barcode-based payment services by then.Payments with QR codes are increasingly common in China for purchases in large or small shops,展开更多
An application programming interface (API) usage specifcation, which includes the conditions, calling sequences, and semantic relationships of the API, is important for verifying its correct usage, which is in turn cr...An application programming interface (API) usage specifcation, which includes the conditions, calling sequences, and semantic relationships of the API, is important for verifying its correct usage, which is in turn critical for ensur-ingthe security and availability of the target program. However, existing techniques either mine the co-occurring relationships of multiple APIs without considering their semantic relationships, or they use data fow and control fow information to extract semantic beliefs on API pairs but difcult to incorporate when mining specifcations for mul-tipleAPIs. Hence, we propose an API specifcation mining approach that efciently extracts a relatively complete list of the API combinations and semantic relationships between APIs. This approach analyzes a target program in two stages. The frst stage uses frequent API set mining based on frequent common API identifcation and fltra-tionto extract the maximal set of frequent context-sensitive API sequences. In the second stage, the API relationship graph is constructed using three semantic relationships extracted from the symbolic path information, and the speci-fcationscontaining semantic relationships for multiple APIs are mined. The experimental results on six popular open-source code bases of diferent scales show that the proposed two-stage approach not only yields better results than existing typical approaches, but also can efectively discover the specifcations along with the semantic rela-tionshipsfor multiple APIs. Instance analysis shows that the analysis of security-related API call violations can assist in the cause analysis and patch of software vulnerabilities.展开更多
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of mineral spontaneous combustion in an open pit. On the study of coal and mineral mixture in open pit mines, as well as through the specifc surface area and Search Engine...This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of mineral spontaneous combustion in an open pit. On the study of coal and mineral mixture in open pit mines, as well as through the specifc surface area and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) experiments, the specifc surface area and aperture characteristics of distribution of open pit coal sample and pit mineral mixture samples were analyzed. Thermal analysis experiments were used to divide the oxidation process was divided into three stages, and the thermal behavior characteristics of experimental samples were characterized. On the basis of the stage division, we explored the transfer law of the key active functional groups of the experimental samples. The apparent activation energy calculation of the key active groups, performed by combining the Achar diferential method with the Coats–Redfern integral method, microstructural and oxidation kinetic properties were revealed. The resulted showed that the mixed sample had high ash, the fxed carbon content was reduced, the specifc surface area was far lower than the raw coal, the large aperture distribution was slightly higher than the medium hole, the micropore was exceptionally low, the gas adsorption capacity was weaker than the raw coal, the pit coal sample had the exceedingly more active functional groups, easy to react with oxygen, more likely to occur naturally, and its harm was relatively large. The mixed sample contained the highest C–O–C functional group absorbance. The functional groups were mainly infuenced by the self-OH content, alkyl side chain, and fatty hydrocarbon in the sample. The main functional groups of the four-like mixture had the highest apparent activation energy, and the two reactions were higher in the low-temperature oxidation phase.展开更多
Screening is not universally beneficial due to over-and under-diagnosis,and false positives that beget additionaltesting and associated adverse events and expense.We examined data from all men who participated in a ma...Screening is not universally beneficial due to over-and under-diagnosis,and false positives that beget additionaltesting and associated adverse events and expense.We examined data from all men who participated in a mass community prostate cancer screening between May 2009 and September 2010.The data contained information regarding patient demographics,family history of prostate cancer,lower urinary tract symptoms,prior history of prostate cancer,most recent digital rectal examination,and the presence of an established relationship with a physician.Current American Urological Association screening recommendations were then applied to determine the appropriateness of our outreach effort.A total of 438 men(mean age 66.5 years) underwent screening.A total of 106(24.2%) patients in our study met contemporary criteria for screening.Of these men,the vast majority was well educated,well insured,and well informed about the need for prostate cancer screening.Based on these data,mass community-based prostate cancer screening does not appear to identify and screen at-risk men.Future efforts at mass screening should more carefully target men most likely to benefit.展开更多
Objectives:This study is designed to investigate the microbial populations,sensory,and volatile compounds profling of locally cooked rice stored at room temperature(30°C)on days 0,1,2,and 3(D0,D1,D2,and D3)for th...Objectives:This study is designed to investigate the microbial populations,sensory,and volatile compounds profling of locally cooked rice stored at room temperature(30°C)on days 0,1,2,and 3(D0,D1,D2,and D3)for the determination of specifc spoilage organisms(SSOs).Materials and Methods:Microbiological,physicochemical,sensory evaluation,and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)analyses were conducted for samples of cooked rice stored at room temperature on days 0,1,2,and 3.SSO of cooked rice was then identifed by linking present organisms with the changes occurring throughout the storage period.Results:Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of spore-forming bacteria,yeast,and moulds,which survived the cooking process.While total viable count exceeded the microbiological limit at 6.90 log CFU/g on D3,panellists deemed cooked rice unacceptable for consumption on D2 at a total sensory score of 11.00,which indicates that D2 was the day cooked rice spoiled.Through culture-dependent and cultureindependent methods,Bacillus cereus was identifed as the sole bacteria observed throughout the storage period,confrming that the bacteria were SSOs.The VOC analysis proposed several metabolites,3-eicosene,1-heptadecene,hexacosane,phenol,4,4ʹ-(1-methylethylidene)bis-,n-nonadecanol-1,and cyclohexanone,as potential spoilage markers of cooked rice.Conclusions:B.cereus is confrmed to be the SSO of cooked rice,in which spoilage occured after 48 h of storage at room temperature.The organoleptic rejection in cooked rice was shown to be linked to the production of various compounds by B.cereus which could be proposed as potential spoilage markers for cooked rice.展开更多
To compare current methods of pretreatment/determination for plant foliar pH,we proposed a method for longperiod sample preservation with little interference with the stability of foliar pH.Four hundred leaf samples f...To compare current methods of pretreatment/determination for plant foliar pH,we proposed a method for longperiod sample preservation with little interference with the stability of foliar pH.Four hundred leaf samples from 20 species were collected and four methods of pH determination were used:refrigerated(stored at 4°C for 4 days),frozen(stored at−16°C for 4 days),oven-dried and fresh green-leaf pH(control).To explore the effects of different leaf:water mixing ratio on the pH determination results,we measured oven-dried green-leaf pH by leaf:water volume ratio of 1:8 and mass ratio of 1:10,and measured frozen senesced-leaf pH by mass ratio of 1:10 and 1:15.The standard major axis regression was used to analyze the relationship and the conversion equation between the measured pH with different methods.Foliar pH of refrigerated and frozen green leaves did not signifcantly differ from that of fresh green-leaf,but drying always overrated fresh green-leaf pH.During the feld sampling,cryopreservation with a portable refrigerator was an advisable choice to get a precise pH.For long-duration feld sampling,freezing was the optimal choice,and refrigeration is the best choice for the shorttime preservation.The different leaf:water mixing ratio signifcantly infuenced the measured foliar pH.High dilution reduced the proton concentration and increased the measured pH.Our fndings provide the conversion relationships between the existing pretreatment and measurement methods,and establish a connection among pH determined by different methods.Our study can facilitate foliar pH measurement,thus contributing to understanding of this interesting plant functional trait.展开更多
Background:A remarkable drop in tuberculosis(TB)incidence has been achieved in China,although in 2019 it was still considered the second most communicable disease.However,TB’s spatial features and risk factors in urb...Background:A remarkable drop in tuberculosis(TB)incidence has been achieved in China,although in 2019 it was still considered the second most communicable disease.However,TB’s spatial features and risk factors in urban areas remain poorly understood.This study aims to identify the spatial diferentiations and potential infuencing factors of TB in highly urbanized regions on a fne scale.Methods:This study included 18 socioeconomic and environmental variables in the four central districts of Guangzhou,China.TB case data obtained from the Guangzhou Institute of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention.Before using Pearson correlation and a geographical detector(GD)to identify potential infuencing factors,we conducted a global spatial autocorrelation analysis to select an appropriate spatial scales.Results:Owing to its strong spatial autocorrelation(Moran’s I=0.33,Z=4.71),the 2 km×2 km grid was selected as the spatial scale.At this level,TB incidence was closely associated with most socioeconomic variables(0.31<r<0.76,P<0.01).Of fve environmental factors,only the concentration of fne particulate matter displayed signifcant correlation(r=0.21,P<0.05).Similarly,in terms of q values derived from the GD,socioeconomic variables had stronger explanatory abilities(0.08<q<0.57)for the spatial diferentiation of the 2017 incidence of TB than environmental variables(0.06<q<0.27).Moreover,a much larger proportion(0.16<q<0.89)of the spatial diferentiation was interpreted by pairwise interactions,especially those(0.60<q<0.89)related to the 2016 incidence of TB,ofcially appointed medical institutions,bus stops,and road density.Conclusions:The spatial heterogeneity of the 2017 incidence of TB in the study area was considerably infuenced by several socioeconomic and environmental factors and their pairwise interactions on a fne scale.We suggest that more attention should be paid to the units with pairwise interacting factors in Guangzhou.Our study provides helpful clues for local authorities implementing more efective intervention measures to reduce TB incidence in China’s municipal areas,which are featured by both a high degree of urbanization and a high incidence of TB.展开更多
文摘The People’s Bank of China（PBOC）recently issued the regulations on QR code payment service（Trial）and two other relevant technical specifications to regulate payments by scanning two-dimensional barcode,which are to take effect on April 1,2018.Payment institutions must obtain proper permits to offer barcode-based payment services by then.Payments with QR codes are increasingly common in China for purchases in large or small shops,
文摘An application programming interface (API) usage specifcation, which includes the conditions, calling sequences, and semantic relationships of the API, is important for verifying its correct usage, which is in turn critical for ensur-ingthe security and availability of the target program. However, existing techniques either mine the co-occurring relationships of multiple APIs without considering their semantic relationships, or they use data fow and control fow information to extract semantic beliefs on API pairs but difcult to incorporate when mining specifcations for mul-tipleAPIs. Hence, we propose an API specifcation mining approach that efciently extracts a relatively complete list of the API combinations and semantic relationships between APIs. This approach analyzes a target program in two stages. The frst stage uses frequent API set mining based on frequent common API identifcation and fltra-tionto extract the maximal set of frequent context-sensitive API sequences. In the second stage, the API relationship graph is constructed using three semantic relationships extracted from the symbolic path information, and the speci-fcationscontaining semantic relationships for multiple APIs are mined. The experimental results on six popular open-source code bases of diferent scales show that the proposed two-stage approach not only yields better results than existing typical approaches, but also can efectively discover the specifcations along with the semantic rela-tionshipsfor multiple APIs. Instance analysis shows that the analysis of security-related API call violations can assist in the cause analysis and patch of software vulnerabilities.
基金Financial support for this study was kindly provided by the National Natural Science Foundation Project of China(5217-4202)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program of China Association for Science,and Technology(2021QNRC001).
文摘This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of mineral spontaneous combustion in an open pit. On the study of coal and mineral mixture in open pit mines, as well as through the specifc surface area and Search Engine Marketing (SEM) experiments, the specifc surface area and aperture characteristics of distribution of open pit coal sample and pit mineral mixture samples were analyzed. Thermal analysis experiments were used to divide the oxidation process was divided into three stages, and the thermal behavior characteristics of experimental samples were characterized. On the basis of the stage division, we explored the transfer law of the key active functional groups of the experimental samples. The apparent activation energy calculation of the key active groups, performed by combining the Achar diferential method with the Coats–Redfern integral method, microstructural and oxidation kinetic properties were revealed. The resulted showed that the mixed sample had high ash, the fxed carbon content was reduced, the specifc surface area was far lower than the raw coal, the large aperture distribution was slightly higher than the medium hole, the micropore was exceptionally low, the gas adsorption capacity was weaker than the raw coal, the pit coal sample had the exceedingly more active functional groups, easy to react with oxygen, more likely to occur naturally, and its harm was relatively large. The mixed sample contained the highest C–O–C functional group absorbance. The functional groups were mainly infuenced by the self-OH content, alkyl side chain, and fatty hydrocarbon in the sample. The main functional groups of the four-like mixture had the highest apparent activation energy, and the two reactions were higher in the low-temperature oxidation phase.
基金the men who participated in prostate cancer screening at the University of Tennessee Medical Center.No external financial support
文摘Screening is not universally beneficial due to over-and under-diagnosis,and false positives that beget additionaltesting and associated adverse events and expense.We examined data from all men who participated in a mass community prostate cancer screening between May 2009 and September 2010.The data contained information regarding patient demographics,family history of prostate cancer,lower urinary tract symptoms,prior history of prostate cancer,most recent digital rectal examination,and the presence of an established relationship with a physician.Current American Urological Association screening recommendations were then applied to determine the appropriateness of our outreach effort.A total of 438 men(mean age 66.5 years) underwent screening.A total of 106(24.2%) patients in our study met contemporary criteria for screening.Of these men,the vast majority was well educated,well insured,and well informed about the need for prostate cancer screening.Based on these data,mass community-based prostate cancer screening does not appear to identify and screen at-risk men.Future efforts at mass screening should more carefully target men most likely to benefit.
文摘Objectives:This study is designed to investigate the microbial populations,sensory,and volatile compounds profling of locally cooked rice stored at room temperature(30°C)on days 0,1,2,and 3(D0,D1,D2,and D3)for the determination of specifc spoilage organisms(SSOs).Materials and Methods:Microbiological,physicochemical,sensory evaluation,and volatile organic compounds(VOCs)analyses were conducted for samples of cooked rice stored at room temperature on days 0,1,2,and 3.SSO of cooked rice was then identifed by linking present organisms with the changes occurring throughout the storage period.Results:Microbiological analysis revealed the presence of spore-forming bacteria,yeast,and moulds,which survived the cooking process.While total viable count exceeded the microbiological limit at 6.90 log CFU/g on D3,panellists deemed cooked rice unacceptable for consumption on D2 at a total sensory score of 11.00,which indicates that D2 was the day cooked rice spoiled.Through culture-dependent and cultureindependent methods,Bacillus cereus was identifed as the sole bacteria observed throughout the storage period,confrming that the bacteria were SSOs.The VOC analysis proposed several metabolites,3-eicosene,1-heptadecene,hexacosane,phenol,4,4ʹ-(1-methylethylidene)bis-,n-nonadecanol-1,and cyclohexanone,as potential spoilage markers of cooked rice.Conclusions:B.cereus is confrmed to be the SSO of cooked rice,in which spoilage occured after 48 h of storage at room temperature.The organoleptic rejection in cooked rice was shown to be linked to the production of various compounds by B.cereus which could be proposed as potential spoilage markers for cooked rice.
基金supported by the‘Strategic Priority Research Program’of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA26040202)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32001165)supported by Chinese Universities Scientifc Fund(2021TC117).
文摘To compare current methods of pretreatment/determination for plant foliar pH,we proposed a method for longperiod sample preservation with little interference with the stability of foliar pH.Four hundred leaf samples from 20 species were collected and four methods of pH determination were used:refrigerated(stored at 4°C for 4 days),frozen(stored at−16°C for 4 days),oven-dried and fresh green-leaf pH(control).To explore the effects of different leaf:water mixing ratio on the pH determination results,we measured oven-dried green-leaf pH by leaf:water volume ratio of 1:8 and mass ratio of 1:10,and measured frozen senesced-leaf pH by mass ratio of 1:10 and 1:15.The standard major axis regression was used to analyze the relationship and the conversion equation between the measured pH with different methods.Foliar pH of refrigerated and frozen green leaves did not signifcantly differ from that of fresh green-leaf,but drying always overrated fresh green-leaf pH.During the feld sampling,cryopreservation with a portable refrigerator was an advisable choice to get a precise pH.For long-duration feld sampling,freezing was the optimal choice,and refrigeration is the best choice for the shorttime preservation.The different leaf:water mixing ratio signifcantly infuenced the measured foliar pH.High dilution reduced the proton concentration and increased the measured pH.Our fndings provide the conversion relationships between the existing pretreatment and measurement methods,and establish a connection among pH determined by different methods.Our study can facilitate foliar pH measurement,thus contributing to understanding of this interesting plant functional trait.
文摘Background:A remarkable drop in tuberculosis(TB)incidence has been achieved in China,although in 2019 it was still considered the second most communicable disease.However,TB’s spatial features and risk factors in urban areas remain poorly understood.This study aims to identify the spatial diferentiations and potential infuencing factors of TB in highly urbanized regions on a fne scale.Methods:This study included 18 socioeconomic and environmental variables in the four central districts of Guangzhou,China.TB case data obtained from the Guangzhou Institute of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention.Before using Pearson correlation and a geographical detector(GD)to identify potential infuencing factors,we conducted a global spatial autocorrelation analysis to select an appropriate spatial scales.Results:Owing to its strong spatial autocorrelation(Moran’s I=0.33,Z=4.71),the 2 km×2 km grid was selected as the spatial scale.At this level,TB incidence was closely associated with most socioeconomic variables(0.31<r<0.76,P<0.01).Of fve environmental factors,only the concentration of fne particulate matter displayed signifcant correlation(r=0.21,P<0.05).Similarly,in terms of q values derived from the GD,socioeconomic variables had stronger explanatory abilities(0.08<q<0.57)for the spatial diferentiation of the 2017 incidence of TB than environmental variables(0.06<q<0.27).Moreover,a much larger proportion(0.16<q<0.89)of the spatial diferentiation was interpreted by pairwise interactions,especially those(0.60<q<0.89)related to the 2016 incidence of TB,ofcially appointed medical institutions,bus stops,and road density.Conclusions:The spatial heterogeneity of the 2017 incidence of TB in the study area was considerably infuenced by several socioeconomic and environmental factors and their pairwise interactions on a fne scale.We suggest that more attention should be paid to the units with pairwise interacting factors in Guangzhou.Our study provides helpful clues for local authorities implementing more efective intervention measures to reduce TB incidence in China’s municipal areas,which are featured by both a high degree of urbanization and a high incidence of TB.
