The reader might rightly ask for a word on the origin of this special issue of Cultures of Science. The topic of ‘common sense’(CS) arose from an international workshop organized in September 2017 in Beijing by the ...The reader might rightly ask for a word on the origin of this special issue of Cultures of Science. The topic of ‘common sense’(CS) arose from an international workshop organized in September 2017 in Beijing by the then newly founded NAIS(National Academy of Innovation Strategy). As part of the developments, this very journal, Cultures of Science, was about to be launched, and the aim of the workshop was to explore future topics and issues that the journal seeks to address.展开更多
It is with profound respect and gratitude that we dedicate this special issue of the Journal of Environmental Sciences to the memory of Professor Chuanyong Jing,whose outstanding contributions to environmental science...It is with profound respect and gratitude that we dedicate this special issue of the Journal of Environmental Sciences to the memory of Professor Chuanyong Jing,whose outstanding contributions to environmental sciences have advanced the field and continue to resonate with both academia and the broader environmental community.展开更多
China is a country that is frequently affected by severe convective weather. Here, severe convective weather mainly refers to intense local heavy precipitation, thunderstorm-induced gale-force winds including those fr...China is a country that is frequently affected by severe convective weather. Here, severe convective weather mainly refers to intense local heavy precipitation, thunderstorm-induced gale-force winds including those from tornadoes and downbursts, and hail and lightning. These types of severe weather are usually small in spatial scale and rapid in their development, and are therefore difficult to capture by observational networks and are poorly resolved in typical operational numerical weather prediction （NWP） models. Furthermore, many of the important dynamic and physical processes involved are not well understood. Within China, the impacts of severe convective weather rank only after those of landfalling typhoons and widespread heavy precipitation and flooding. Studies （e.g., Zhang and Zhai, 2011） have shown tendencies for an increased frequency in short-duration extreme precipitation during the past several decades over most of eastern China, where the population is most dense. An in-depth understanding of severe convective weather in China, as well as being able to accurately predict it, is clearly of great importance.展开更多
Industry 4.0 as referred to the fourth industrial revolution has endorsed in several national manufacturing initiatives or development plans such as in Germany, the UK, USA and China. A set of important pervasive and ...Industry 4.0 as referred to the fourth industrial revolution has endorsed in several national manufacturing initiatives or development plans such as in Germany, the UK, USA and China. A set of important pervasive and secondary technologies for future manufacturing activities have been identified such as additive manufacturing, sensor technology,展开更多
Machine components and systems, such as gears, bearings, pipes, cutting tools and turbines, may experience various types of faults, such as breakage, crack, pitting, wear, corrosion. If not being properly monitored an...Machine components and systems, such as gears, bearings, pipes, cutting tools and turbines, may experience various types of faults, such as breakage, crack, pitting, wear, corrosion. If not being properly monitored and treated, such faults can propagate and lead to machinery perfor- mance degradation, malfunction, or even severe compo- nent/system failure. It is significant to reliably detect machinery defects, evaluate their severity, predict the fault propagation trends, and schedule optimized maintenance and inspection activities to prevent unexpected failures. Advances in these areas will support ensuring equipment and production reliability, safety, quality and productivity.展开更多
Today the high quality power supply is of essential in the economic development in a country. With the development of modem power systems and increasing demand for power supply, the electric power industry is facing a...Today the high quality power supply is of essential in the economic development in a country. With the development of modem power systems and increasing demand for power supply, the electric power industry is facing a great challenge in meeting the increased load demand with highest reliability and security with minimum transmission expenditure. Power system stability analysis and control is one of the most important issues in power systems. The problem becomes more and more serious in power systems with the development of modem power systems. The ability of a power system展开更多
In 2012, we published the first special issue on mechanisms of pain and itch in Neuroscience Bulletin, which covered the peripheral, central, and glial mechanisms of pain and itch [1-5]. In the last 5 years, the field...In 2012, we published the first special issue on mechanisms of pain and itch in Neuroscience Bulletin, which covered the peripheral, central, and glial mechanisms of pain and itch [1-5]. In the last 5 years, the field has seen tremendous progress in the molecular and functional characterization of primary sensory neurons [6, 7], neurocircuits of pain and itch [8-10], immune and glial modulation of pain and itch [11-15], molecular mechanisms of pain [16, 17], and identification of brain signatures of pain [18]. Thus, it is timely to highlight the recent progress in a second special issue. I invited the previous authors and new authors from China, the USA, and Japan, and they have contributed 20 mini-reviews and original articles to this special issue.展开更多
Coal is the most important energy in China, accounting for about 60% of energy consumption, which is about half of the total coal output in the world. With the excavation of coal resources, a lot of land was damaged a...Coal is the most important energy in China, accounting for about 60% of energy consumption, which is about half of the total coal output in the world. With the excavation of coal resources, a lot of land was damaged and serious environmental problems were produced.展开更多
As a clean energy technology to combat the global energy dilemma and the environmental problems, thermoelectrics that enable a direct conversion between heat and electricity have attracted increasing attention in rece...As a clean energy technology to combat the global energy dilemma and the environmental problems, thermoelectrics that enable a direct conversion between heat and electricity have attracted increasing attention in recent decades. This solid-state, vibrationless technology has long been used for powering the spacecrafts of several deep-space missions and has limited commercial use in niche market, but these are now actively considered for a variety of new applications, such as the conversion of automobile exhaust heat into electricity. Meanwhile, materials research flourishes with the knowledge that significantly improves the thermoelectric efficiency for even more applications. This motivates Rare Metals to have a special issue focusing on thermoelectrics.展开更多
The treatment of aerosols, clouds, radiation, and precipitation in climate models, in addition to their interactions and as- sociated feedbacks, has long been one of the largest sources of uncertainty in predicting an...The treatment of aerosols, clouds, radiation, and precipitation in climate models, in addition to their interactions and as- sociated feedbacks, has long been one of the largest sources of uncertainty in predicting any potential future climate changes. Although many improvements have been made in CMIP5, aerosols, clouds, radiation, and their feedbacks are still a problem in climate models, as concluded in IPCC AR5 and published papers. Many studies have shown that modeled aerosols, clouds, radiation, and precipitation agree with observations within a certain range on a global scale; however, large biases occur at the regional scale. Characterizing the effects of aerosols and clouds on energy and the hydrological cycle and understanding the interactions among aerosols, clouds, radiation, and precipitation, are critical for weather forecasting and climate models. Significant improvements are needed, which require advanced observations and modeling at a range of spatial and temporal scales.展开更多
With the development of electronic equipment to high accuracy, high density, high frequency, and atrocious ser- vice environment, the functional surface in this type of equipment has increasingly serious problems,
When the cost of renewable energy harvest from solar and wind is competitive with the prices of electricity from irreversible resources like coals,the electricity would be one of the most powerful and sustainable driv...When the cost of renewable energy harvest from solar and wind is competitive with the prices of electricity from irreversible resources like coals,the electricity would be one of the most powerful and sustainable driving force for the future chemical reactions.Therefore,much effort has been devoted into the development of advanced energy chemistry on the basis of the motivated electrocatalysis.展开更多
The dramatic changes in the Arctic climate system during recent decades are one of the most prominent features of global climate change.Two most striking and fundamental characteristics are the amplified near-surface ...The dramatic changes in the Arctic climate system during recent decades are one of the most prominent features of global climate change.Two most striking and fundamental characteristics are the amplified near-surface warming at a rate twice the global average since the mid 20th century(e.g.,Blunden and Arndt,2012;Huang et al.,2017),and the rapid展开更多
Both earthquake seismology and structural seismology rely on observations, which in turn contribute critically to the development of seismology, especially in recent years.In order to understand specific geologic stru...Both earthquake seismology and structural seismology rely on observations, which in turn contribute critically to the development of seismology, especially in recent years.In order to understand specific geologic structures and interior processes of the Earth, seismic arrays are widely展开更多
Analyzing the information carriede by seismic waves is a major means for human beings to have an insight into the structure of the earth’s interior,and by using artificial seismic sources to excite seismic waves,we c...Analyzing the information carriede by seismic waves is a major means for human beings to have an insight into the structure of the earth’s interior,and by using artificial seismic sources to excite seismic waves,we can obtain high-resolution images for the crustal and smaller scale medium.Artificial seismic exploration methods have been widely applied to fields such as展开更多
With the development of science and technology as well as the diversification and individualization of market demand,modern products update more and more rapidly.e rapid development of new products to satisfy the incr...With the development of science and technology as well as the diversification and individualization of market demand,modern products update more and more rapidly.e rapid development of new products to satisfy the increasingly improved and personalized customer demands greatly depends on the progress in the innovative design theory and performance optimization展开更多
The global and regional redistribution of mercury within the environment is of primary importance to both natural ecosystems and human health.The ratification of the Minamata Convention on Mercury by 91 parties repres...The global and regional redistribution of mercury within the environment is of primary importance to both natural ecosystems and human health.The ratification of the Minamata Convention on Mercury by 91 parties represents a key step in protecting ecosystems and future societies from increasing mercury accumulation.展开更多
1. IntroductionThere have been a number of serious incidents of compro- mised food safety in China in recent years. To list a few, these include： a Salmonella outbreak, the use of horse- meat in burgers, the illegal ...1. IntroductionThere have been a number of serious incidents of compro- mised food safety in China in recent years. To list a few, these include： a Salmonella outbreak, the use of horse- meat in burgers, the illegal use of phthalates as a clouding agent, the contamination of formula milk by melamine, the meat scandal of Shanghai Husi Food Company which sold reprocessed stale meat to many fast food chains includ- ing McDonald＇s, Burger King, and KFC across theworld,展开更多
Mid-infrared （mid-IR） lasers, generally defined as having an operation wavelength in the spectral region of 2μm to 20μm, have attracted great scientific and technological interests owing to their widespread applic...Mid-infrared （mid-IR） lasers, generally defined as having an operation wavelength in the spectral region of 2μm to 20μm, have attracted great scientific and technological interests owing to their widespread applications. This wavelength range not only contains some strong vibration transitions of many important molecules, thus, exhibiting enormous potential in medical, spectroscopy.展开更多
In this special issue of Neuroscience Bulletin, the topics range over emerging techniques from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic level, new ways to obtain images at the individual protein le...In this special issue of Neuroscience Bulletin, the topics range over emerging techniques from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic level, new ways to obtain images at the individual protein level in synapses take the re- construction of synaptic architecture to a new level, while using chromophores to disable specific proteins at selected subcellular locations allows the assessment of their functional roles in such dynamic processes as growth-cone extension and cell division. The subtle influences of axonal chan- nels and receptors on neurotransmission are revealed by recording from the blebs induced by axotomy, while methods from cloning to chemical computation are being applied to dissecting the structural-functional rules by which ion channels operatet41.展开更多
文摘The reader might rightly ask for a word on the origin of this special issue of Cultures of Science. The topic of ‘common sense’(CS) arose from an international workshop organized in September 2017 in Beijing by the then newly founded NAIS(National Academy of Innovation Strategy). As part of the developments, this very journal, Cultures of Science, was about to be launched, and the aim of the workshop was to explore future topics and issues that the journal seeks to address.
文摘It is with profound respect and gratitude that we dedicate this special issue of the Journal of Environmental Sciences to the memory of Professor Chuanyong Jing,whose outstanding contributions to environmental sciences have advanced the field and continue to resonate with both academia and the broader environmental community.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China National "973" Fundamental Research Program(Grant No.2013CB430103)
文摘China is a country that is frequently affected by severe convective weather. Here, severe convective weather mainly refers to intense local heavy precipitation, thunderstorm-induced gale-force winds including those from tornadoes and downbursts, and hail and lightning. These types of severe weather are usually small in spatial scale and rapid in their development, and are therefore difficult to capture by observational networks and are poorly resolved in typical operational numerical weather prediction （NWP） models. Furthermore, many of the important dynamic and physical processes involved are not well understood. Within China, the impacts of severe convective weather rank only after those of landfalling typhoons and widespread heavy precipitation and flooding. Studies （e.g., Zhang and Zhai, 2011） have shown tendencies for an increased frequency in short-duration extreme precipitation during the past several decades over most of eastern China, where the population is most dense. An in-depth understanding of severe convective weather in China, as well as being able to accurately predict it, is clearly of great importance.
文摘Industry 4.0 as referred to the fourth industrial revolution has endorsed in several national manufacturing initiatives or development plans such as in Germany, the UK, USA and China. A set of important pervasive and secondary technologies for future manufacturing activities have been identified such as additive manufacturing, sensor technology,
文摘Machine components and systems, such as gears, bearings, pipes, cutting tools and turbines, may experience various types of faults, such as breakage, crack, pitting, wear, corrosion. If not being properly monitored and treated, such faults can propagate and lead to machinery perfor- mance degradation, malfunction, or even severe compo- nent/system failure. It is significant to reliably detect machinery defects, evaluate their severity, predict the fault propagation trends, and schedule optimized maintenance and inspection activities to prevent unexpected failures. Advances in these areas will support ensuring equipment and production reliability, safety, quality and productivity.
文摘Today the high quality power supply is of essential in the economic development in a country. With the development of modem power systems and increasing demand for power supply, the electric power industry is facing a great challenge in meeting the increased load demand with highest reliability and security with minimum transmission expenditure. Power system stability analysis and control is one of the most important issues in power systems. The problem becomes more and more serious in power systems with the development of modem power systems. The ability of a power system
文摘In 2012, we published the first special issue on mechanisms of pain and itch in Neuroscience Bulletin, which covered the peripheral, central, and glial mechanisms of pain and itch [1-5]. In the last 5 years, the field has seen tremendous progress in the molecular and functional characterization of primary sensory neurons [6, 7], neurocircuits of pain and itch [8-10], immune and glial modulation of pain and itch [11-15], molecular mechanisms of pain [16, 17], and identification of brain signatures of pain [18]. Thus, it is timely to highlight the recent progress in a second special issue. I invited the previous authors and new authors from China, the USA, and Japan, and they have contributed 20 mini-reviews and original articles to this special issue.
文摘Coal is the most important energy in China, accounting for about 60% of energy consumption, which is about half of the total coal output in the world. With the excavation of coal resources, a lot of land was damaged and serious environmental problems were produced.
文摘As a clean energy technology to combat the global energy dilemma and the environmental problems, thermoelectrics that enable a direct conversion between heat and electricity have attracted increasing attention in recent decades. This solid-state, vibrationless technology has long been used for powering the spacecrafts of several deep-space missions and has limited commercial use in niche market, but these are now actively considered for a variety of new applications, such as the conversion of automobile exhaust heat into electricity. Meanwhile, materials research flourishes with the knowledge that significantly improves the thermoelectric efficiency for even more applications. This motivates Rare Metals to have a special issue focusing on thermoelectrics.
基金primarily supported by the Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project of the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 41620104009) at the Institute of Heavy Rain
文摘The treatment of aerosols, clouds, radiation, and precipitation in climate models, in addition to their interactions and as- sociated feedbacks, has long been one of the largest sources of uncertainty in predicting any potential future climate changes. Although many improvements have been made in CMIP5, aerosols, clouds, radiation, and their feedbacks are still a problem in climate models, as concluded in IPCC AR5 and published papers. Many studies have shown that modeled aerosols, clouds, radiation, and precipitation agree with observations within a certain range on a global scale; however, large biases occur at the regional scale. Characterizing the effects of aerosols and clouds on energy and the hydrological cycle and understanding the interactions among aerosols, clouds, radiation, and precipitation, are critical for weather forecasting and climate models. Significant improvements are needed, which require advanced observations and modeling at a range of spatial and temporal scales.
文摘With the development of electronic equipment to high accuracy, high density, high frequency, and atrocious ser- vice environment, the functional surface in this type of equipment has increasingly serious problems,
文摘When the cost of renewable energy harvest from solar and wind is competitive with the prices of electricity from irreversible resources like coals,the electricity would be one of the most powerful and sustainable driving force for the future chemical reactions.Therefore,much effort has been devoted into the development of advanced energy chemistry on the basis of the motivated electrocatalysis.
文摘The dramatic changes in the Arctic climate system during recent decades are one of the most prominent features of global climate change.Two most striking and fundamental characteristics are the amplified near-surface warming at a rate twice the global average since the mid 20th century(e.g.,Blunden and Arndt,2012;Huang et al.,2017),and the rapid
文摘Both earthquake seismology and structural seismology rely on observations, which in turn contribute critically to the development of seismology, especially in recent years.In order to understand specific geologic structures and interior processes of the Earth, seismic arrays are widely
文摘Analyzing the information carriede by seismic waves is a major means for human beings to have an insight into the structure of the earth’s interior,and by using artificial seismic sources to excite seismic waves,we can obtain high-resolution images for the crustal and smaller scale medium.Artificial seismic exploration methods have been widely applied to fields such as
文摘With the development of science and technology as well as the diversification and individualization of market demand,modern products update more and more rapidly.e rapid development of new products to satisfy the increasingly improved and personalized customer demands greatly depends on the progress in the innovative design theory and performance optimization
文摘The global and regional redistribution of mercury within the environment is of primary importance to both natural ecosystems and human health.The ratification of the Minamata Convention on Mercury by 91 parties represents a key step in protecting ecosystems and future societies from increasing mercury accumulation.
文摘1. IntroductionThere have been a number of serious incidents of compro- mised food safety in China in recent years. To list a few, these include： a Salmonella outbreak, the use of horse- meat in burgers, the illegal use of phthalates as a clouding agent, the contamination of formula milk by melamine, the meat scandal of Shanghai Husi Food Company which sold reprocessed stale meat to many fast food chains includ- ing McDonald＇s, Burger King, and KFC across theworld,
文摘Mid-infrared （mid-IR） lasers, generally defined as having an operation wavelength in the spectral region of 2μm to 20μm, have attracted great scientific and technological interests owing to their widespread applications. This wavelength range not only contains some strong vibration transitions of many important molecules, thus, exhibiting enormous potential in medical, spectroscopy.
文摘In this special issue of Neuroscience Bulletin, the topics range over emerging techniques from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic level, new ways to obtain images at the individual protein level in synapses take the re- construction of synaptic architecture to a new level, while using chromophores to disable specific proteins at selected subcellular locations allows the assessment of their functional roles in such dynamic processes as growth-cone extension and cell division. The subtle influences of axonal chan- nels and receptors on neurotransmission are revealed by recording from the blebs induced by axotomy, while methods from cloning to chemical computation are being applied to dissecting the structural-functional rules by which ion channels operatet41.
