Spatial equity in access to urban services is a significant element of sustainable urban planning.To date,a service-based index is used to measure service attractiveness,considering attractiveness as a static concept....Spatial equity in access to urban services is a significant element of sustainable urban planning.To date,a service-based index is used to measure service attractiveness,considering attractiveness as a static concept.While from the user side view,service attractiveness is a dynamic concept related to the variation of different opportunities of users to use the services and capacities.In this paper,a user-based method for measuring service attractiveness is proposed.In this approach,the attractiveness of service for a user is modeled as a function of the user's Travel Times(TT),Free Times(FTs),park size and relative positions of the user,local demanding population,and service.Then,the inequity of attractiveness of services for different users has been examined using three inequity indices including the Duration of Use(DU),Frequency of Visit(FV),and the Chance of Space Choice(CSC).The proposed method is applied to urban regional parks of Tehran municipality.Traffc Analysis Zones(TAZs)and regional parks are respectively regarded as the users and services.In addition to considering inequity of access to the first closest park,the additional cost of accessing to the other two closest parks is also considered.Results show that the proposed method leads to the exploration of the existing inequities of DU,FV,and CSC among residents in local scales,whereas in the service-based method,all users of a service are highlighted with a single value of attractiveness.Comparison of the user-based and service-based attractiveness indices show significant differences.As an example,user-based attractiveness values of about 14%and 20%of TAZs are respectively 5 and 3 square meters more than that of the service-based attractiveness index.However,the service-based method is suitable for regional-scale comparison of the inequities.Therefore,the proposed index can complement the service-based index for inequity mapping and management in varying scales.展开更多
Background:There are only limited studies on access to COVID-19 vaccines and identifying the most appropriate health centres for performing vaccination in metropolitan areas.This study aimed to measure potential spati...Background:There are only limited studies on access to COVID-19 vaccines and identifying the most appropriate health centres for performing vaccination in metropolitan areas.This study aimed to measure potential spatial access to COVID-19 vaccination centres in Mashhad,the second-most populous city in Iran.Methods:The 2021 age structure of the urban census tracts was integrated into the enhanced two-step foating catchment area model to improve accuracy.The model was developed based on three diferent access scenarios:only public hospitals,only public healthcare centres and both(either hospitals or healthcare centres)as potential vaccination facilities.The weighted decision-matrix and analytic hierarchy process,based on four criteria(i.e.service area,accessibility index,capacity of vaccination centres and distance to main roads),were used to choose potential vaccination centres looking for the highest suitability for residents.Global Moran’s index(GMI)was used to measure the spatial autocorrelation of the accessibility index in diferent scenarios and the proposed model.Results:There were 26 public hospitals and 271 public healthcare centres in the study area.Although the exclusive use of public healthcare centres for vaccination can provide the highest accessibility in the eastern and north-eastern parts of the study area,our fndings indicate that including both public hospitals and public healthcare centres provide high accessibility to vaccination in central urban part.Therefore,a combination of public hospitals and public healthcare centres is recommended for efcient vaccination coverage.The value of GMI for the proposed model(accessibility to selected vaccination centres)was calculated as 0.53(Z=162.42,P<0.01).Both GMI and Z-score values decreased in the proposed model,suggesting an enhancement in accessibility to COVID-19 vaccination services.Conclusions:The periphery and poor areas of the city had the least access to COVID-19 vaccination centres.Measuring spatial access to COVID-19 vaccination centres can provide valuable insights for urban public health decisionmakers.Our model,coupled with geographical information systems,provides more efcient vaccination coverage by identifying the most suitable healthcare centres,which is of special importance when only few centres are available.展开更多
文摘Spatial equity in access to urban services is a significant element of sustainable urban planning.To date,a service-based index is used to measure service attractiveness,considering attractiveness as a static concept.While from the user side view,service attractiveness is a dynamic concept related to the variation of different opportunities of users to use the services and capacities.In this paper,a user-based method for measuring service attractiveness is proposed.In this approach,the attractiveness of service for a user is modeled as a function of the user's Travel Times(TT),Free Times(FTs),park size and relative positions of the user,local demanding population,and service.Then,the inequity of attractiveness of services for different users has been examined using three inequity indices including the Duration of Use(DU),Frequency of Visit(FV),and the Chance of Space Choice(CSC).The proposed method is applied to urban regional parks of Tehran municipality.Traffc Analysis Zones(TAZs)and regional parks are respectively regarded as the users and services.In addition to considering inequity of access to the first closest park,the additional cost of accessing to the other two closest parks is also considered.Results show that the proposed method leads to the exploration of the existing inequities of DU,FV,and CSC among residents in local scales,whereas in the service-based method,all users of a service are highlighted with a single value of attractiveness.Comparison of the user-based and service-based attractiveness indices show significant differences.As an example,user-based attractiveness values of about 14%and 20%of TAZs are respectively 5 and 3 square meters more than that of the service-based attractiveness index.However,the service-based method is suitable for regional-scale comparison of the inequities.Therefore,the proposed index can complement the service-based index for inequity mapping and management in varying scales.
文摘Background:There are only limited studies on access to COVID-19 vaccines and identifying the most appropriate health centres for performing vaccination in metropolitan areas.This study aimed to measure potential spatial access to COVID-19 vaccination centres in Mashhad,the second-most populous city in Iran.Methods:The 2021 age structure of the urban census tracts was integrated into the enhanced two-step foating catchment area model to improve accuracy.The model was developed based on three diferent access scenarios:only public hospitals,only public healthcare centres and both(either hospitals or healthcare centres)as potential vaccination facilities.The weighted decision-matrix and analytic hierarchy process,based on four criteria(i.e.service area,accessibility index,capacity of vaccination centres and distance to main roads),were used to choose potential vaccination centres looking for the highest suitability for residents.Global Moran’s index(GMI)was used to measure the spatial autocorrelation of the accessibility index in diferent scenarios and the proposed model.Results:There were 26 public hospitals and 271 public healthcare centres in the study area.Although the exclusive use of public healthcare centres for vaccination can provide the highest accessibility in the eastern and north-eastern parts of the study area,our fndings indicate that including both public hospitals and public healthcare centres provide high accessibility to vaccination in central urban part.Therefore,a combination of public hospitals and public healthcare centres is recommended for efcient vaccination coverage.The value of GMI for the proposed model(accessibility to selected vaccination centres)was calculated as 0.53(Z=162.42,P<0.01).Both GMI and Z-score values decreased in the proposed model,suggesting an enhancement in accessibility to COVID-19 vaccination services.Conclusions:The periphery and poor areas of the city had the least access to COVID-19 vaccination centres.Measuring spatial access to COVID-19 vaccination centres can provide valuable insights for urban public health decisionmakers.Our model,coupled with geographical information systems,provides more efcient vaccination coverage by identifying the most suitable healthcare centres,which is of special importance when only few centres are available.
