Herbaceous plants are widely distributed on islands and where they exhibit spatial heterogeneity.Accurately identifying the impact factors that drive spatial heterogeneity can reveal typical island biodiversity patter...Herbaceous plants are widely distributed on islands and where they exhibit spatial heterogeneity.Accurately identifying the impact factors that drive spatial heterogeneity can reveal typical island biodiversity patterns.Five southern islands in the Miaodao Archipelago,North China were studied herein.The spatial distribution of herbaceous plant diversity on these islands was analyzed,and the impact factors and their degree of impact on spatial heterogeneity were identified using CCA ordination and ANOVA.The results reveal 114 herbaceous plant species,belonging to 94 genera from 34 families in the50 plots sampled.The total species numbers on different islands were significantly positively correlated with island area,and the average a diversity was correlated with human activities,while the(3 diversity among islands was more affected by island area than mutual distances.Spatial heterogeneity within islands indicated that the diversities were generally high in areas with higher altitude,slope,total nitrogen,total carbon,and canopy density,and lower moisture content,pH,total phosphorus,total potassium,and aspect.Among the environmental factors,pH,canopy density,total K,total P,moisture content,altitude,and slope had significant gross effects,but only canopy density exhibited a significant net effect.Terrain affected diversity by restricting plantation,plantation in turn influenced soil properties and the two together affected diversity.Therefore,plantation was ultimately the fundamental driving factor for spatial heterogeneity in herbaceous plant diversity on the five islands.展开更多
Droughts have serious and widespread impacts on crop production with substantial economic losses. The frequency and severity of drought events may increase in the future due to climate change. We have developed three ...Droughts have serious and widespread impacts on crop production with substantial economic losses. The frequency and severity of drought events may increase in the future due to climate change. We have developed three meteorological drought scenarios for Austria in the period 2008-2040. The scenarios are defined based on a dry day index which is combined with bootstrapping from an observed daily weather dataset of the period 1975-2007. The severity of long-term drought scenarios is characterized by lower annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as more significant temperature increases compared to the observations. The long-term impacts of the drought scenarios on Austrian crop production have been analyzed with the biophysical process model EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate). Our simulation outputs show that—for areas with historical mean annual precipitation sums below 850 mm— already slight increases in dryness result in significantly lower crop yields i.e. depending on the drought severity, between 0.6% and 0.9% decreases in mean annual dry matter crop yields per 1.0% decrease in mean annual precipitation sums. The EPIC results of more severe droughts show that spring and summer precipitation may become a limiting factor in crop production even in regions with historical abundant precipitation.展开更多
Baseline Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of mining projects in Sierra Leone creates a challenging environment for data collection and impact prediction. Application of geographic information systems provides sui...Baseline Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of mining projects in Sierra Leone creates a challenging environment for data collection and impact prediction. Application of geographic information systems provides suitable spatial analysis data collection methods to reduce the challenges created by mining environments. This research develops a baseline spatial geodatabase template for evaluating potential and predicted environmental impacts assessment of mining projects in Sierra Leone. It is observed that spatial analysis of impacts of mining projects on the environmental attributes, especially air, noise, water, land, and socio-economy in mining areas is largely unexplored in Sierra Leone. The literature review revealed that no complete GIS spatial data geodatabase collection template appears to have been developed to date to provide an integrated sustainable spatial analysis and modelling tool for EIA and environmental management of mining in Sierra Leone. Therefore developing a Geographic Information Systems baseline geodatabase template for the evaluation of potential and predicted environmental impact for sustainable environmental impact assessment of mining in Sierra Leone will: 1) provide support to the data acquisition process of environmental impact assessment, 2) offer a concept for developing analysis methods for environmental management of mining, 3) minimize the undesired environmental impacts of mining, and 4) give an optimal proposal for data collection and analysis of mining industry in attaining sustainable development in Sierra Leone. Due to the limited available data, a conceptual GIS database template has been developed rather than a database case study of a mining site. No site investigation and data collection were undertaken. The geospatial database template was designed using ArcCatalog, ArcGIS 10.7.1. software, through the following steps: exploration of the general data requirement of environmental impact assessment studies of mining, the definition of the general baseline datasets requirement of environmental impact assessment in mining, structuring of the environmental impact assessment baseline spatial geodatabase, creating the geographic geodatabase dictionary, selecting, matching geographic data with geodatabase structure, designing the feature class and attributes, creating the baseline GIS geodatabase template. The GIS spatial geodatabase template has several advantages for environmental impact assessment of mining including avoiding data redundancy, integrating data into a single database, creating uniformity in data collection, easy to find and track data, integrated spatial and non-spatial data, and reducing the volume of data.展开更多
气候变化背景下,灾害风险的不确定性与复杂性也随之增加。青岛是我国北方典型的海岸带丘陵城市,相较于南方沿海城市,风暴潮发生的频率及强度相对较低。但在未来气候变化背景下,风暴潮发生的频率和破坏程度均会增加,同时产生的损失也会...气候变化背景下,灾害风险的不确定性与复杂性也随之增加。青岛是我国北方典型的海岸带丘陵城市,相较于南方沿海城市,风暴潮发生的频率及强度相对较低。但在未来气候变化背景下,风暴潮发生的频率和破坏程度均会增加,同时产生的损失也会增大。以风暴潮淹没风险的空间影响为基本切入点,将风暴潮淹没的空间影响范围细化为风暴潮直接淹没区、海浪越坝淹没区、受潮水顶托直接影响的积水区和受潮水顶托间接影响的积水区四类。在此基础上,依托ArcGIS(Arc Geographic Information System)平台,对风暴潮空间影响范围及其变化进行有效量化,并提出重点防控岸段及重点防控期。结果表明:相较于2025年现状情景,在未来气候变化背景下,随着时间尺度增长,风暴潮对青岛市4类淹没风险影响的范围及需重点防控岸段不断扩大,影响范围和部分重点工业区分布有明显的重合趋势,同时影响范围和需重点防控的岸段及时段也随着不同台风类型而不同。因此明晰未来风暴潮可能影响的淹没范围及时段,既可以为青岛市在短时间尺度内规避风暴潮引发的淹没风险,也可以在中长时间尺度内为灾害预防管理和区域规划开发提供理论依据,同时为北方海岸带城市适应气候变化和韧性发展提供理论支撑。展开更多
基金Supported by the National Special Fund for Basic Science and Technology of China(No.2012FY112500)the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean in China(Nos.201305009,201505012)the Special Fund of Chinese Central Government for Basic Scientific Research Operations in Commonweal Research Institutes(No.FIO2015G13)
文摘Herbaceous plants are widely distributed on islands and where they exhibit spatial heterogeneity.Accurately identifying the impact factors that drive spatial heterogeneity can reveal typical island biodiversity patterns.Five southern islands in the Miaodao Archipelago,North China were studied herein.The spatial distribution of herbaceous plant diversity on these islands was analyzed,and the impact factors and their degree of impact on spatial heterogeneity were identified using CCA ordination and ANOVA.The results reveal 114 herbaceous plant species,belonging to 94 genera from 34 families in the50 plots sampled.The total species numbers on different islands were significantly positively correlated with island area,and the average a diversity was correlated with human activities,while the(3 diversity among islands was more affected by island area than mutual distances.Spatial heterogeneity within islands indicated that the diversities were generally high in areas with higher altitude,slope,total nitrogen,total carbon,and canopy density,and lower moisture content,pH,total phosphorus,total potassium,and aspect.Among the environmental factors,pH,canopy density,total K,total P,moisture content,altitude,and slope had significant gross effects,but only canopy density exhibited a significant net effect.Terrain affected diversity by restricting plantation,plantation in turn influenced soil properties and the two together affected diversity.Therefore,plantation was ultimately the fundamental driving factor for spatial heterogeneity in herbaceous plant diversity on the five islands.
文摘Droughts have serious and widespread impacts on crop production with substantial economic losses. The frequency and severity of drought events may increase in the future due to climate change. We have developed three meteorological drought scenarios for Austria in the period 2008-2040. The scenarios are defined based on a dry day index which is combined with bootstrapping from an observed daily weather dataset of the period 1975-2007. The severity of long-term drought scenarios is characterized by lower annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as more significant temperature increases compared to the observations. The long-term impacts of the drought scenarios on Austrian crop production have been analyzed with the biophysical process model EPIC (Environmental Policy Integrated Climate). Our simulation outputs show that—for areas with historical mean annual precipitation sums below 850 mm— already slight increases in dryness result in significantly lower crop yields i.e. depending on the drought severity, between 0.6% and 0.9% decreases in mean annual dry matter crop yields per 1.0% decrease in mean annual precipitation sums. The EPIC results of more severe droughts show that spring and summer precipitation may become a limiting factor in crop production even in regions with historical abundant precipitation.
文摘Baseline Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of mining projects in Sierra Leone creates a challenging environment for data collection and impact prediction. Application of geographic information systems provides suitable spatial analysis data collection methods to reduce the challenges created by mining environments. This research develops a baseline spatial geodatabase template for evaluating potential and predicted environmental impacts assessment of mining projects in Sierra Leone. It is observed that spatial analysis of impacts of mining projects on the environmental attributes, especially air, noise, water, land, and socio-economy in mining areas is largely unexplored in Sierra Leone. The literature review revealed that no complete GIS spatial data geodatabase collection template appears to have been developed to date to provide an integrated sustainable spatial analysis and modelling tool for EIA and environmental management of mining in Sierra Leone. Therefore developing a Geographic Information Systems baseline geodatabase template for the evaluation of potential and predicted environmental impact for sustainable environmental impact assessment of mining in Sierra Leone will: 1) provide support to the data acquisition process of environmental impact assessment, 2) offer a concept for developing analysis methods for environmental management of mining, 3) minimize the undesired environmental impacts of mining, and 4) give an optimal proposal for data collection and analysis of mining industry in attaining sustainable development in Sierra Leone. Due to the limited available data, a conceptual GIS database template has been developed rather than a database case study of a mining site. No site investigation and data collection were undertaken. The geospatial database template was designed using ArcCatalog, ArcGIS 10.7.1. software, through the following steps: exploration of the general data requirement of environmental impact assessment studies of mining, the definition of the general baseline datasets requirement of environmental impact assessment in mining, structuring of the environmental impact assessment baseline spatial geodatabase, creating the geographic geodatabase dictionary, selecting, matching geographic data with geodatabase structure, designing the feature class and attributes, creating the baseline GIS geodatabase template. The GIS spatial geodatabase template has several advantages for environmental impact assessment of mining including avoiding data redundancy, integrating data into a single database, creating uniformity in data collection, easy to find and track data, integrated spatial and non-spatial data, and reducing the volume of data.
文摘气候变化背景下,灾害风险的不确定性与复杂性也随之增加。青岛是我国北方典型的海岸带丘陵城市,相较于南方沿海城市,风暴潮发生的频率及强度相对较低。但在未来气候变化背景下,风暴潮发生的频率和破坏程度均会增加,同时产生的损失也会增大。以风暴潮淹没风险的空间影响为基本切入点,将风暴潮淹没的空间影响范围细化为风暴潮直接淹没区、海浪越坝淹没区、受潮水顶托直接影响的积水区和受潮水顶托间接影响的积水区四类。在此基础上,依托ArcGIS(Arc Geographic Information System)平台,对风暴潮空间影响范围及其变化进行有效量化,并提出重点防控岸段及重点防控期。结果表明:相较于2025年现状情景,在未来气候变化背景下,随着时间尺度增长,风暴潮对青岛市4类淹没风险影响的范围及需重点防控岸段不断扩大,影响范围和部分重点工业区分布有明显的重合趋势,同时影响范围和需重点防控的岸段及时段也随着不同台风类型而不同。因此明晰未来风暴潮可能影响的淹没范围及时段,既可以为青岛市在短时间尺度内规避风暴潮引发的淹没风险,也可以在中长时间尺度内为灾害预防管理和区域规划开发提供理论依据,同时为北方海岸带城市适应气候变化和韧性发展提供理论支撑。
