With the development of the social economy, Chinese tourism will surely change from medium scale to massive scale. As people are more and more focusing on the inner values of life style, new types of tourist demands w...With the development of the social economy, Chinese tourism will surely change from medium scale to massive scale. As people are more and more focusing on the inner values of life style, new types of tourist demands will emerge at anytime, and the spatial structure of tourist demands will show new characteristics as well Until now there is few study on tourist demand, especially on its spatial pattern. Study on spatial characteristics of tourist demand will contribute to spatial optimization and adjustments of tourist flow and supply. So this article has put forward the spatial pattern of tourist demand in China and measures of spatial adjustments and grade system of the spatial adjustment of tourists demand.展开更多
MDSA （macro demand spatial approach） is an approach introduced in long time electricity demand forecasting considering location. It will be used at transmission planning and policy decision on electricity infrastruc...MDSA （macro demand spatial approach） is an approach introduced in long time electricity demand forecasting considering location. It will be used at transmission planning and policy decision on electricity infrastructure development in a region. In the model, MDSA combined with PCA （principal component analysis） and QA （qualitative analysis） to determine main development area in region and the variables that affecting electricity demand in there. Main development area is an area with industrial domination as a driver of economic growth. The electricity demand driver variables are different for type of electricity consumer. However, they will be equal for main development areas. The variables which have no significant effect can be reduced by using PCA. The generated models tested to assess whether it still at the range of confidence level of electricity demand forecasting. At the case study, generated model for main development areas at South Sumatra Subsystem as a part of Sumatra Interconnection System is still in the range of confidence level. Thus, MDSA can be proposed as alternative approach in transmission planning that considering location.展开更多
The growing penetration of electric vehicles(EVs)and the popularity of fast charging stations(FCSs)have greatly strengthened the coupling of the urban power network(PN)and traffic network(TN).In this paper,a potential...The growing penetration of electric vehicles(EVs)and the popularity of fast charging stations(FCSs)have greatly strengthened the coupling of the urban power network(PN)and traffic network(TN).In this paper,a potential security threat of the PN-TN coupling is revealed.Different from traditional loads,a regional FCS outage can lead to both the spatial and temporal redistribution of EV charging loads due to EV mobility,which further leads to a power flow redistribution.To assess the resulting potential threats,an integrated PN-TN modeling framework is developed,where the PN is described by a direct current optimal power flow model,and the TN is depicted by an energy-constraint traffic assignment problem.To protect the privacy of the two networks,an FCS outage distribution factor is proposed to describe the spatial-temporal redistribution ratio of the charging load among the remaining I FCSs.Moreover,to protect the security of the coupled networks,a price-based preventive regulation method,based on the spatial demand elasticity of the EV charging load,is developed to reallocate the charging load as a solution for insecure situations.Numerical simulation results validate the existence of the PN-TN coupling threat and demonstrate the effectiveness of the regulation method to exploit the spatial flexibility of EV loads.展开更多
文摘With the development of the social economy, Chinese tourism will surely change from medium scale to massive scale. As people are more and more focusing on the inner values of life style, new types of tourist demands will emerge at anytime, and the spatial structure of tourist demands will show new characteristics as well Until now there is few study on tourist demand, especially on its spatial pattern. Study on spatial characteristics of tourist demand will contribute to spatial optimization and adjustments of tourist flow and supply. So this article has put forward the spatial pattern of tourist demand in China and measures of spatial adjustments and grade system of the spatial adjustment of tourists demand.
文摘MDSA （macro demand spatial approach） is an approach introduced in long time electricity demand forecasting considering location. It will be used at transmission planning and policy decision on electricity infrastructure development in a region. In the model, MDSA combined with PCA （principal component analysis） and QA （qualitative analysis） to determine main development area in region and the variables that affecting electricity demand in there. Main development area is an area with industrial domination as a driver of economic growth. The electricity demand driver variables are different for type of electricity consumer. However, they will be equal for main development areas. The variables which have no significant effect can be reduced by using PCA. The generated models tested to assess whether it still at the range of confidence level of electricity demand forecasting. At the case study, generated model for main development areas at South Sumatra Subsystem as a part of Sumatra Interconnection System is still in the range of confidence level. Thus, MDSA can be proposed as alternative approach in transmission planning that considering location.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.JQ18008).
文摘The growing penetration of electric vehicles(EVs)and the popularity of fast charging stations(FCSs)have greatly strengthened the coupling of the urban power network(PN)and traffic network(TN).In this paper,a potential security threat of the PN-TN coupling is revealed.Different from traditional loads,a regional FCS outage can lead to both the spatial and temporal redistribution of EV charging loads due to EV mobility,which further leads to a power flow redistribution.To assess the resulting potential threats,an integrated PN-TN modeling framework is developed,where the PN is described by a direct current optimal power flow model,and the TN is depicted by an energy-constraint traffic assignment problem.To protect the privacy of the two networks,an FCS outage distribution factor is proposed to describe the spatial-temporal redistribution ratio of the charging load among the remaining I FCSs.Moreover,to protect the security of the coupled networks,a price-based preventive regulation method,based on the spatial demand elasticity of the EV charging load,is developed to reallocate the charging load as a solution for insecure situations.Numerical simulation results validate the existence of the PN-TN coupling threat and demonstrate the effectiveness of the regulation method to exploit the spatial flexibility of EV loads.
