Cone penetration testing(CPT)and its variant with pore pressure measurements(CPTu)are versatile tools that have been traditionally used for in situ geotechnical site investigations.These investigations are among the m...Cone penetration testing(CPT)and its variant with pore pressure measurements(CPTu)are versatile tools that have been traditionally used for in situ geotechnical site investigations.These investigations are among the most challenging yet indispensable tasks,providing a crucial reference for infrastructure planning,design and construction.However,data obtained through the CPT/CPTu testing often exhibit significant variability,even at closely spaced test points.This variability is primarily attributed to the complex mineral compositions and sedimentary process of the Quaternary sediments.Problems induced by the scattering data include the difficulties in estimating the shear strength of the sediments and determining the appropriate bearing stratum for pile foundations.In this paper,the conventional interpretation methods of the CPT/CPTu data are enhanced with sedimentary facies knowledge.The geotechnical investigation mainly involves 42 CPTu tests(39 essential data sets available)and 4 boring samples.Sediment types are interpreted from the CPTu data and calibrated by the nearby boring samples.Sedimentary facies are derived from the interpreted sequence stratigraphy,for which the interpretation skills are summarized in the form of characteristic curves of the CPTu data.Scattering distribution of the sediment types and their mechanical parameters are well explained by the sedimentary facies.The sediments are then categorized into a few groups by their sedimentary facies,resulting in reduced uncertainties and scattering in terms of shear strength.Bearing stratum of pile foundations is also suggested based on the sedimentary regulations.展开更多
Working memory is a core cognitive function that supports goal-directed behavior and complex thought.We developed a spatial working memory and attention test on paired symbols(SWAPS)which has been proved to be a usefu...Working memory is a core cognitive function that supports goal-directed behavior and complex thought.We developed a spatial working memory and attention test on paired symbols(SWAPS)which has been proved to be a useful and valid tool for spatial working memory and attention studies in the fields of cognitive psychology,education,and psychiatry.The repeated administration of working memory capacity tests is common in clinical and research settings.Studies suggest that repeated cognitive tests may improve the performance scores also known as retest effects.The systematic investigation of retest effects in SWAPS is critical for interpreting scientific results,but it is still not fully developed.To address this,we recruited 77 college students aged 18–21 years and used SWAPS comprising 72 trials with different memory loads,learning time,and delay span.We repeated the test once a week for five weeks to investigate the retest effects of SWAPS.There were significant retest effects in the first two tests:the accuracy of the SWAPS tests significantly increased,and then stabilized.These findings provide useful information for researchers to appropriately use or interpret the repeated working memory tests.Further experiments are still needed to clarify the factors that mediate the retest effects,and find out the cognitive mechanism that influences the retest effects.展开更多
We used spatial, global trend and post-blocking analysis to examine the effectiveness of a progeny trial in a tree breeding program for Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） on a hilly site with an en...We used spatial, global trend and post-blocking analysis to examine the effectiveness of a progeny trial in a tree breeding program for Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） on a hilly site with an environmental gradient from hill top to bottom. Diameter at breast height （DBH） and tree height data had significant spatial auto-correlations among rows and columns. Adding a firstorder separable autoregressive term more effectively modelled the spatial variation than did the incomplete block （IB） model used for the experimental design. The spatial model also accounted for effects of experimental design factors and greatly reduced residual variances. The spatial analysis rel- ative to the IB analysis improved estimation of genetic parameters with the residual variance reduced 13 and 19% for DBH and tree height, respectively; heritability increased 35 and 51% for DBH and tree height, respectively; and genetic gain improved 3-5%. Fitting global trend and postblocking did not improve the analyses under IB model. The use of a spatial model or combined with a design model is recommended for forest genetic trials, particularly with global trend and local spatial variation of hilly sites.展开更多
Inferences of subtle cerebral injury and dysfunction have been historically dependent upon psychometric tests from which clinical neuropsychological profiles are generated. In addition to being secondary, over-inclusi...Inferences of subtle cerebral injury and dysfunction have been historically dependent upon psychometric tests from which clinical neuropsychological profiles are generated. In addition to being secondary, over-inclusive and crude indicators of cerebral activity, psychometric tests are subject to economic incentives to “re-norm” traditional methods under the pretense of “ensuring” contemporary representations that are sanctioned by regulating organizations dominated by agendas of control over the interpretations of clinicians. The validity of neuropsychological tests is essential for their perspicacious application and interpretations. We measured the quantitative electroen-cephalographic profiles and calculated s-LORETA (standardized Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography) profiles in real time for normal men and women while they engaged in both traditional and novel neuropsychological tests that were employed to infer localized brain injury. Conspicuous alterations in source current density within specific frequency bands occurred within various regions of the right prefrontal region during performance of the Category, Design Fluency and Conditioned Spatial Association Test, the prefrontal medial surface during Toe Graphaesthesia, the caudal medial surface during Toe Gnosis, the left temporal region during Speech-Sounds, and within the right retrosplenial-parahippocampal region for Seashore Rhythms. Results supported the well established regional associations with the classic neuropsychological tests, verified the cerebral localization with more recent procedures, and emphasized the utility of modern real-time, direct cerebral imaging procedures.展开更多
Rapid and timely testing is essential to minimize the COVID-19 spread. Decision makers and policy planners need to determine the equal distribution and accessibility of testing sites. This study mainly examines the sp...Rapid and timely testing is essential to minimize the COVID-19 spread. Decision makers and policy planners need to determine the equal distribution and accessibility of testing sites. This study mainly examines the spatial equality of COVID-19 testing sites that maintain a zero COVID policy in Guangzhou City. The study has identified the spatial disparities of COVID testing sites, characteristics of testing locations, and accessibility. The study has obtained information on COVID testing sites in Guangzhou City and population data. Point pattern analyses, Euclidian distance and allocation, and network analyses are the main methods used to achieve the research objectives, and 1183 total COVID testing sites can be recognized in Guangzhou City. Results revealed that spatial disparities could be noticed over the study area. Testing locations of Guangzhou City are highly clustered. The most significant testing sites are located in Haizhu District, which has the third largest population. The highest population density can be identified in Yuexiu District. However, only 94 testing sites are located there. According to all the results, higher disparities can be identified, and a lack of testing sites is located in the north part of the study area. Some people in the northern part have to travel more than 10 km to reach a testing site. Finally, this paper suggests increasing the number of testing sites in the north and south parts of the study area and keeping the same distribution, considering the area, total population, and population density. This kind of research will be helpful to decision-makers in making proper decisions to maintain a zero COVID policy.展开更多
To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current status of water environment quality in Yilong Lake,a systematic study was undertaken to characterize the evolution of water quality.This study utilized monthly data o...To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current status of water environment quality in Yilong Lake,a systematic study was undertaken to characterize the evolution of water quality.This study utilized monthly data on water quality indicators collected from three monitoring sections of Yilong Lake between 2016 and 2023,employing the Mann-Kendall trend test and ArcGIS spatial interpolation technique.The results indicated that the five-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5),total nitrogen(TN),and chlorophyll a(Chla)exhibited an overall increasing trend,whereas other indicators demonstrated a decreasing trend.The permanganate index(PI),chemical oxygen demand(COD),TN,and Chla were observed in the following order:east of the lake>middle of the lake>west of the lake.In contrast,the BOD5 and total phosphorus(TP)were ranked as west of the lake>east of the lake>middle of the lake.Additionally,ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N)was found to be in the order of east of the lake>west of the lake>middle of the lake,while transparency was ranked as west of the lake>middle of the lake>east of the lake.Urban domestic sewage,effluent from industrial parks,domestic waste generated by rural residents’production and daily activities,agricultural waste,wastewater from decentralized farming,domestic sewage,and point source discharges from the soybean processing industry are the primary contributors to the exceedance of water quality standards.The enhancement of a precise pollution control system,along with the regulation of pollution sources and the interception of pollutants,can significantly diminish the pollution load entering the lake.This approach is essential for the protection and restoration of river and lake ecosystems,thereby facilitating the gradual recovery of their ecological functions.Additionally,the implementation of ecological water replenishment and the recycling of water resources can improve the capacity of the water environment.Furthermore,bolstering scientific and technological support,as well as comprehensive supervision and assurance measures,is crucial to ensuring that water quality remains stable and adheres to established standards.展开更多
Increasing concerns regarding aquatic ecological health and eutrophication driven by urbanization and human activities have highlighted the need to understand primary productivity(PP)dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Th...Increasing concerns regarding aquatic ecological health and eutrophication driven by urbanization and human activities have highlighted the need to understand primary productivity(PP)dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the spatial distribution of PP across the Weihe River Basin, China using inverse distance weighting and analyzed the influence of different land uses and water physical-chemical parameters on PP using Mantel test and Spearman analysis. Significantly spatial heterogeneity in PP concentrations, ranging from 0.458 to 3262.807 mg C/(m^(2)·d), was observed with high-PP sites clustered in the middle-lower reaches dominated by farmland-construction land mosaics.Core drivers included light availability(Secchi depth and sunlight duration) and phytoplankton biomass(chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)), while water temperature exhibited threshold-dependent effects. Total organic carbon played dual roles, promoting PP concentrations in low-Chl-a regions, but suppressing it under high-Chl-a regions. Dual-scale buffer analysis(500 and 1000 m buffer zones) revealed PP heterogeneity stemed from interactive land use configurations, rather than isolated types. Balanced construction land-to-farmland ratio(0.467–2.890) elevated PP concentrations in human-dominated basins(the main stem of the Weihe River and Jinghe River), whereas excessive agricultural homogenization reduced PP likely due to fertilizer saturation and algal self-shading. Ecologically sensitive basins(the Beiluohe River Basin) demonstrated distinct patterns, in which PP concentration was regulated through natural-agricultural synergies. These results deepened the understanding of land use effects on aquatic PP,providing a theoretical basis for optimizing land use strategies to reconcile eutrophication control with ecological productivity in human-stressed basins.展开更多
The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid mo...The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention. However, in China, the precipitation data are measured by weather stations （WS） of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges （RG） of national and local hydrology bureau. The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations, while the RG data usually have short record with more stations. The consistency and correlation of these two data sets have not been well understood. In this paper, the precipitation data from 30 weather stations for 1958-2007 and 248 rain gauges for 1995-2004 in the Haihe River basin are examined and compared using linear regression, 5-year moving average, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Z test and F test methods. The results show that the annual precipitation from both WS and RG records are normally distributed with minor difference in the mean value and variance. It is statistically feasible to extend the precipitation of RG by WS data sets. Using the extended precipitation data, the detailed spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as their temporal trends are calculated and mapped. The various distribution maps produced in the study show that for the whole basin the precipitation of 1958-2007 has been decreasing except for spring season. The decline trend is significant in summer, and this trend is stronger after the 1980s. The annual and seasonal precipitation amounts and changing trends are different in different regions and seasons. The precipitation is decreasing from south to north, from coastal zone to inland area.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42272328 and 52108356).
文摘Cone penetration testing(CPT)and its variant with pore pressure measurements(CPTu)are versatile tools that have been traditionally used for in situ geotechnical site investigations.These investigations are among the most challenging yet indispensable tasks,providing a crucial reference for infrastructure planning,design and construction.However,data obtained through the CPT/CPTu testing often exhibit significant variability,even at closely spaced test points.This variability is primarily attributed to the complex mineral compositions and sedimentary process of the Quaternary sediments.Problems induced by the scattering data include the difficulties in estimating the shear strength of the sediments and determining the appropriate bearing stratum for pile foundations.In this paper,the conventional interpretation methods of the CPT/CPTu data are enhanced with sedimentary facies knowledge.The geotechnical investigation mainly involves 42 CPTu tests(39 essential data sets available)and 4 boring samples.Sediment types are interpreted from the CPTu data and calibrated by the nearby boring samples.Sedimentary facies are derived from the interpreted sequence stratigraphy,for which the interpretation skills are summarized in the form of characteristic curves of the CPTu data.Scattering distribution of the sediment types and their mechanical parameters are well explained by the sedimentary facies.The sediments are then categorized into a few groups by their sedimentary facies,resulting in reduced uncertainties and scattering in terms of shear strength.Bearing stratum of pile foundations is also suggested based on the sedimentary regulations.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91632103)the Shanghai Education Commission Research and Innovation Program(No.2019-01-07-00-02-E00037)+2 种基金the Program of Shanghai Subject Chief Scientist(No.17XD1401700)the Higher Education Disciplinary Innovation Programthe“Eastern Scholar”Project。
文摘Working memory is a core cognitive function that supports goal-directed behavior and complex thought.We developed a spatial working memory and attention test on paired symbols(SWAPS)which has been proved to be a useful and valid tool for spatial working memory and attention studies in the fields of cognitive psychology,education,and psychiatry.The repeated administration of working memory capacity tests is common in clinical and research settings.Studies suggest that repeated cognitive tests may improve the performance scores also known as retest effects.The systematic investigation of retest effects in SWAPS is critical for interpreting scientific results,but it is still not fully developed.To address this,we recruited 77 college students aged 18–21 years and used SWAPS comprising 72 trials with different memory loads,learning time,and delay span.We repeated the test once a week for five weeks to investigate the retest effects of SWAPS.There were significant retest effects in the first two tests:the accuracy of the SWAPS tests significantly increased,and then stabilized.These findings provide useful information for researchers to appropriately use or interpret the repeated working memory tests.Further experiments are still needed to clarify the factors that mediate the retest effects,and find out the cognitive mechanism that influences the retest effects.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(Grant No.15KJA220002)Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)Fujian Province Science and Technology Research funding on the fourth Tree Breeding Cycle Program of Chinese fir(Grant No.Min Lin 2016-1)
文摘We used spatial, global trend and post-blocking analysis to examine the effectiveness of a progeny trial in a tree breeding program for Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） on a hilly site with an environmental gradient from hill top to bottom. Diameter at breast height （DBH） and tree height data had significant spatial auto-correlations among rows and columns. Adding a firstorder separable autoregressive term more effectively modelled the spatial variation than did the incomplete block （IB） model used for the experimental design. The spatial model also accounted for effects of experimental design factors and greatly reduced residual variances. The spatial analysis rel- ative to the IB analysis improved estimation of genetic parameters with the residual variance reduced 13 and 19% for DBH and tree height, respectively; heritability increased 35 and 51% for DBH and tree height, respectively; and genetic gain improved 3-5%. Fitting global trend and postblocking did not improve the analyses under IB model. The use of a spatial model or combined with a design model is recommended for forest genetic trials, particularly with global trend and local spatial variation of hilly sites.
文摘Inferences of subtle cerebral injury and dysfunction have been historically dependent upon psychometric tests from which clinical neuropsychological profiles are generated. In addition to being secondary, over-inclusive and crude indicators of cerebral activity, psychometric tests are subject to economic incentives to “re-norm” traditional methods under the pretense of “ensuring” contemporary representations that are sanctioned by regulating organizations dominated by agendas of control over the interpretations of clinicians. The validity of neuropsychological tests is essential for their perspicacious application and interpretations. We measured the quantitative electroen-cephalographic profiles and calculated s-LORETA (standardized Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography) profiles in real time for normal men and women while they engaged in both traditional and novel neuropsychological tests that were employed to infer localized brain injury. Conspicuous alterations in source current density within specific frequency bands occurred within various regions of the right prefrontal region during performance of the Category, Design Fluency and Conditioned Spatial Association Test, the prefrontal medial surface during Toe Graphaesthesia, the caudal medial surface during Toe Gnosis, the left temporal region during Speech-Sounds, and within the right retrosplenial-parahippocampal region for Seashore Rhythms. Results supported the well established regional associations with the classic neuropsychological tests, verified the cerebral localization with more recent procedures, and emphasized the utility of modern real-time, direct cerebral imaging procedures.
文摘Rapid and timely testing is essential to minimize the COVID-19 spread. Decision makers and policy planners need to determine the equal distribution and accessibility of testing sites. This study mainly examines the spatial equality of COVID-19 testing sites that maintain a zero COVID policy in Guangzhou City. The study has identified the spatial disparities of COVID testing sites, characteristics of testing locations, and accessibility. The study has obtained information on COVID testing sites in Guangzhou City and population data. Point pattern analyses, Euclidian distance and allocation, and network analyses are the main methods used to achieve the research objectives, and 1183 total COVID testing sites can be recognized in Guangzhou City. Results revealed that spatial disparities could be noticed over the study area. Testing locations of Guangzhou City are highly clustered. The most significant testing sites are located in Haizhu District, which has the third largest population. The highest population density can be identified in Yuexiu District. However, only 94 testing sites are located there. According to all the results, higher disparities can be identified, and a lack of testing sites is located in the north part of the study area. Some people in the northern part have to travel more than 10 km to reach a testing site. Finally, this paper suggests increasing the number of testing sites in the north and south parts of the study area and keeping the same distribution, considering the area, total population, and population density. This kind of research will be helpful to decision-makers in making proper decisions to maintain a zero COVID policy.
文摘To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the current status of water environment quality in Yilong Lake,a systematic study was undertaken to characterize the evolution of water quality.This study utilized monthly data on water quality indicators collected from three monitoring sections of Yilong Lake between 2016 and 2023,employing the Mann-Kendall trend test and ArcGIS spatial interpolation technique.The results indicated that the five-day biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5),total nitrogen(TN),and chlorophyll a(Chla)exhibited an overall increasing trend,whereas other indicators demonstrated a decreasing trend.The permanganate index(PI),chemical oxygen demand(COD),TN,and Chla were observed in the following order:east of the lake>middle of the lake>west of the lake.In contrast,the BOD5 and total phosphorus(TP)were ranked as west of the lake>east of the lake>middle of the lake.Additionally,ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N)was found to be in the order of east of the lake>west of the lake>middle of the lake,while transparency was ranked as west of the lake>middle of the lake>east of the lake.Urban domestic sewage,effluent from industrial parks,domestic waste generated by rural residents’production and daily activities,agricultural waste,wastewater from decentralized farming,domestic sewage,and point source discharges from the soybean processing industry are the primary contributors to the exceedance of water quality standards.The enhancement of a precise pollution control system,along with the regulation of pollution sources and the interception of pollutants,can significantly diminish the pollution load entering the lake.This approach is essential for the protection and restoration of river and lake ecosystems,thereby facilitating the gradual recovery of their ecological functions.Additionally,the implementation of ecological water replenishment and the recycling of water resources can improve the capacity of the water environment.Furthermore,bolstering scientific and technological support,as well as comprehensive supervision and assurance measures,is crucial to ensuring that water quality remains stable and adheres to established standards.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42230513)Key Program of the Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning of Trace Pollutants (SHJKFJJ 202307)Research Project on Ecological Protection and High-Quality Development in the Yellow River Basin,China (2022-YRUC-01-0101)。
文摘Increasing concerns regarding aquatic ecological health and eutrophication driven by urbanization and human activities have highlighted the need to understand primary productivity(PP)dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the spatial distribution of PP across the Weihe River Basin, China using inverse distance weighting and analyzed the influence of different land uses and water physical-chemical parameters on PP using Mantel test and Spearman analysis. Significantly spatial heterogeneity in PP concentrations, ranging from 0.458 to 3262.807 mg C/(m^(2)·d), was observed with high-PP sites clustered in the middle-lower reaches dominated by farmland-construction land mosaics.Core drivers included light availability(Secchi depth and sunlight duration) and phytoplankton biomass(chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)), while water temperature exhibited threshold-dependent effects. Total organic carbon played dual roles, promoting PP concentrations in low-Chl-a regions, but suppressing it under high-Chl-a regions. Dual-scale buffer analysis(500 and 1000 m buffer zones) revealed PP heterogeneity stemed from interactive land use configurations, rather than isolated types. Balanced construction land-to-farmland ratio(0.467–2.890) elevated PP concentrations in human-dominated basins(the main stem of the Weihe River and Jinghe River), whereas excessive agricultural homogenization reduced PP likely due to fertilizer saturation and algal self-shading. Ecologically sensitive basins(the Beiluohe River Basin) demonstrated distinct patterns, in which PP concentration was regulated through natural-agricultural synergies. These results deepened the understanding of land use effects on aquatic PP,providing a theoretical basis for optimizing land use strategies to reconcile eutrophication control with ecological productivity in human-stressed basins.
基金National Basic Research Program of China, No.2010CB428406 The Key Knowledge Innovation Project of the CAS, No.KZCX2-YW-126 Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40730632
文摘The seasonal variability and spatial distribution of precipitation are the main cause of flood and drought events. The study of spatial distribution and temporal trend of precipitation in river basins has been paid more and more attention. However, in China, the precipitation data are measured by weather stations （WS） of China Meteorological Administration and hydrological rain gauges （RG） of national and local hydrology bureau. The WS data usually have long record with fewer stations, while the RG data usually have short record with more stations. The consistency and correlation of these two data sets have not been well understood. In this paper, the precipitation data from 30 weather stations for 1958-2007 and 248 rain gauges for 1995-2004 in the Haihe River basin are examined and compared using linear regression, 5-year moving average, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Z test and F test methods. The results show that the annual precipitation from both WS and RG records are normally distributed with minor difference in the mean value and variance. It is statistically feasible to extend the precipitation of RG by WS data sets. Using the extended precipitation data, the detailed spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal precipitation amounts as well as their temporal trends are calculated and mapped. The various distribution maps produced in the study show that for the whole basin the precipitation of 1958-2007 has been decreasing except for spring season. The decline trend is significant in summer, and this trend is stronger after the 1980s. The annual and seasonal precipitation amounts and changing trends are different in different regions and seasons. The precipitation is decreasing from south to north, from coastal zone to inland area.
