The Outer Space Treaty(OST)remains a cornerstone of international space law,enshrining the principle of peaceful use for celestial bodies.However,ambiguities in its provisions,particularly regarding military activitie...The Outer Space Treaty(OST)remains a cornerstone of international space law,enshrining the principle of peaceful use for celestial bodies.However,ambiguities in its provisions,particularly regarding military activities and dual-use technologies,pose significant challenges in the 21st century.This paper examines the treaty’s limitations in addressing modern space militarization,commercial-military convergence,and resource exploitation.It critiques the lack of robust verification mechanisms and proposes clarifications to ensure sustainable and cooperative space exploration.The analysis highlights the urgent need for updated legal frameworks to govern private actors and emerging technologies while preserving the OST’s foundational principles.The paper evaluates recent policy initiatives to enhance space weapons regulations,including the Russo-Chinese treaty proposal to ban space-based weapons and the EU’s International Code of Conduct for Space.It concludes existing provisions indicate a reluctance to limit nuclear weapons in space,but are a milestone in regulating the arms race’s expansion.However,ambiguities persist regarding prohibited activities.展开更多
The initiative to ban destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite(ASAT)missile testing,spearheaded by the U.S.and subsequently adopted by the UN General Assembly,represents a pivotal yet limited step in addressing the mi...The initiative to ban destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite(ASAT)missile testing,spearheaded by the U.S.and subsequently adopted by the UN General Assembly,represents a pivotal yet limited step in addressing the militarization of outer space.Tracing the historical evolution of ASAT technology since the Cold War,this paper examines the divergent state practices of major spacefaring nations-including the U.S.,Russia,and India-highlighting their technological advancements and geopolitical motivations.Through an analysis of existing treaties,recent resolutions,and the persistent divide between western states and the China-Russia bloc over the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space(PAROS),the study underscores the initiative’s inherent limitations in deterring comprehensive militarization.The paper concludes that sustainable space safety necessitates multilateral,legally binding agreements that transcend symbolic measures,should reconcile competing state interests.Achieving this requires global cooperation,compromise among major powers,and a reinvigorated commitment to the peaceful use of outer space enshrined in international law.展开更多
文摘The Outer Space Treaty(OST)remains a cornerstone of international space law,enshrining the principle of peaceful use for celestial bodies.However,ambiguities in its provisions,particularly regarding military activities and dual-use technologies,pose significant challenges in the 21st century.This paper examines the treaty’s limitations in addressing modern space militarization,commercial-military convergence,and resource exploitation.It critiques the lack of robust verification mechanisms and proposes clarifications to ensure sustainable and cooperative space exploration.The analysis highlights the urgent need for updated legal frameworks to govern private actors and emerging technologies while preserving the OST’s foundational principles.The paper evaluates recent policy initiatives to enhance space weapons regulations,including the Russo-Chinese treaty proposal to ban space-based weapons and the EU’s International Code of Conduct for Space.It concludes existing provisions indicate a reluctance to limit nuclear weapons in space,but are a milestone in regulating the arms race’s expansion.However,ambiguities persist regarding prohibited activities.
文摘The initiative to ban destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite(ASAT)missile testing,spearheaded by the U.S.and subsequently adopted by the UN General Assembly,represents a pivotal yet limited step in addressing the militarization of outer space.Tracing the historical evolution of ASAT technology since the Cold War,this paper examines the divergent state practices of major spacefaring nations-including the U.S.,Russia,and India-highlighting their technological advancements and geopolitical motivations.Through an analysis of existing treaties,recent resolutions,and the persistent divide between western states and the China-Russia bloc over the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space(PAROS),the study underscores the initiative’s inherent limitations in deterring comprehensive militarization.The paper concludes that sustainable space safety necessitates multilateral,legally binding agreements that transcend symbolic measures,should reconcile competing state interests.Achieving this requires global cooperation,compromise among major powers,and a reinvigorated commitment to the peaceful use of outer space enshrined in international law.
