Background:This paper examines the frequently neglected healthcare relations between China and the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s.It analyzes how Soviet influence impacted healthcare in Northeast China,the st...Background:This paper examines the frequently neglected healthcare relations between China and the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s.It analyzes how Soviet influence impacted healthcare in Northeast China,the strategies employed by Soviet authorities to promote their medical principles,and the factors that contributed to the eventual failure of socialized medicine in China during the interwar period.Methods:The study employs a historical approach and literature review to analyze the Soviet influence on public health in Manchuria.It utilizes materials from Russian archives in Moscow and Khabarovsk,Russian periodicals in Harbin in the 1920s–1930s,and published materials from this period.Results:It is mainly reflected in four aspects:The Russian Labor Red Cross in Harbin,the Soviet Red Cross organization in Harbin,Soviet medicine in the Chinese Eastern Railway(1924–1929),and Soviet medicine in the CER and Harbin in 1929–1939.Conclusion:Despite various efforts,Soviet medicine struggled to gain prominence in the region due to unfavorable political and sociocultural conditions.The healthcare system established by the Soviets in the CER did not fully embody the ideal of free general medical care and faced opposition due to issues such as the lowered social status of doctors and restrictions on patient rights.Additionally,the rise of nationalism in China posed a significant challenge,requiring Soviet doctors to adapt their practices to align with Chinese interests after 1929.Overall,the difficulty in effectively integrating and promoting Soviet healthcare ideals in the region limited their influence and success.展开更多
Red tourism is a derivative product of organized patriotic education and revolutionary education activities.Memorial Park of Soviet Republic of China in Ruijin City,Jiangxi Province,as a representative of red tourism ...Red tourism is a derivative product of organized patriotic education and revolutionary education activities.Memorial Park of Soviet Republic of China in Ruijin City,Jiangxi Province,as a representative of red tourism destination,is designed with red and patriotic education as the principal line to carry forward revolutionary traditions and spirits of Red Army,as well as create "red" garden landscapes with strong patriotism,time spirits and leisure elements.展开更多
The transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to People’s Republic of China in the mid-twentieth century is an important research area of contemporary history of science and technology.This paper t...The transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to People’s Republic of China in the mid-twentieth century is an important research area of contemporary history of science and technology.This paper takes the construction of the cyclotron in Lanzhou,China as the case to discuss the characteristics of technology transfer from the Soviet Union to China.The review of extensive archives reveals that the construction of cyclotron took place in the framework of China’s nuclear weapons development.Although the transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to China fit into the one-way transmission-reception model in general,both the Chinese demand and the Soviet response had key influences on the transmission.In the early cyclotron construction,the Chinese side relied on the Soviets,and the mode of the cooperation between Soviet and Chinese engineers can be described as one of expertstudent.In the early 1960 s,the relationship between China and the Soviet Union broke down.The Soviet engineers were required to withdraw with the technical data,which created conflicts in the roles played by the Soviet engineers,most of whom chose to set the sense of professional responsibility as their highest priority.After the departure of the Soviet experts,Chinese physicists played the leading role in the project,using scientific knowledge they had,relying on the technical materials left by Soviet experts,and cooperating fully with local engineers,thus completing the cyclotron.This case can provide us with valuable clues for the understanding of transnational history of science and technology.The seemingly one-way transmission-reception model is actually influenced by the needs of both sides.While the transnational flow of knowledge is inevitably affected by political factors from both sides,the process is far more complex than it appears.展开更多
During the period of the Central Soviet Area,the women's liberation movement flourished,greatly improving the living environment and space for women in the Soviet Area,and providing important implication for resol...During the period of the Central Soviet Area,the women's liberation movement flourished,greatly improving the living environment and space for women in the Soviet Area,and providing important implication for resolving issues concerning the development of women left behind in the current rural areas. Based on the useful exploration in the women's liberation movement during the period of the Central Soviet Area, and the field research data concerning the Gannan area,we conduct research on the women's liberation movement during the period of the Central Soviet Area from two dimensions ( family and society) . At the same time,we conduct analysis on current issues concerning the women left behind: in terms of family dimension,the patriarchal tendency of family interests is the core issue shackling the development of women left behind,extension of the family division of labor further restricts the space for the development of women left behind,and the weakening of family function is the key factor influencing the development of women left behind; in terms of social dimension,system isolation is the direct reason for restricted development of women left behind,weak economic foundation is the root cause of restricted development of women left behind, and the existence of discriminatory attitudes is the deep-seated reason for restricted development of women left behind. From the level of human development,we point out that the first step for the development of women left behind lies in the transformation of ideas. In order to solve issues concerning the women left behind,it is necessary to eliminate the property of individual family as the economic unit of society,and make all the women back to the common cause again.展开更多
Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic R...Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model(GeRS-DeMo).Low,Best Guess and High scenarios were created.FSU fossil fuels are projected to peak between 2027 and 2087 with the range due to spread of Ultimately Recoverable Resources(URR)values used.The Best Guess(BG)scenario anticipates FSU will peak in 2087 with production over 170 EJ per year.The FSU projections were combined with rest of the world projections(Mohr et al.2015b),the emissions from the High scenario for the world are similar to the IPCC A1 AIM scenario.展开更多
In this study, former Soviet Union’s secret service, Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) has been investigated by limited aspects. As the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)’s intelligence agency, KGB ...In this study, former Soviet Union’s secret service, Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) has been investigated by limited aspects. As the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)’s intelligence agency, KGB was the ordinary primary secret service in the world. This paper has been investigated USSR’s secret service, KGB’s secret activities in all over the world. It is popularity was extra ordinary before the Cold War 1990.展开更多
The study of Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind in Russia began around 1918.The Chapter“Tracing the origin of the Dao”translated by B.M.Alexeyev,the founder of modern Russian Sinology,is the earliest Russian trans...The study of Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind in Russia began around 1918.The Chapter“Tracing the origin of the Dao”translated by B.M.Alexeyev,the founder of modern Russian Sinology,is the earliest Russian translation of this book.He proposed a lot of problems inspiring future generations to think about,standardizing the direction for the future researchers of“Dragon Study”in Soviet Russia.L.D.Bozdneeva’s textbook Medieval Eastern Literature(1970),K.I.Grekina’s Monograph Chinese Literary Theory in the Early19-20th century(1971),V.A.K'ri'vzo'v’s paper Discussion on Liu Xie’s Aesthetic Views(1978),I.S.Lisevich’s Monograph Ideology of Chinese Literature at the Turn of the Ancient and the Middle Ages(1979),and Li Fuqing’s paper published after the dissolution of the Soviet Union,Genre of Chinese Medieval Literature(1994),have made a useful discussion of the concept and terminology,literary theory and aesthetic ideology of the Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind.In the monograph Tai Chi:the Global Model in Chinese Literature and Culture in the 1-13th Century,published by K.I.Gorekina in 1995,Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind was interpreted by universe ontology,which reflects the rising of new academic trend in the research of“Dragon Study”in Russia.In recent years,young talents begin to join in Russian Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind research,and doctoral thesis focused on it have been published,showing a good situation that this research has qualified successors.展开更多
The purpose of the article is to present several topics in Russian music of the Soviet era(roughly 1920-1990).The time that has passed since the fall of the Iron Curtain allows us to rethink and revise the cultural tr...The purpose of the article is to present several topics in Russian music of the Soviet era(roughly 1920-1990).The time that has passed since the fall of the Iron Curtain allows us to rethink and revise the cultural treasures of seven decades and reassess new research of the last decade,carried out both by people who previously gained a reputation as an authority in Soviet culture,and by scientists who came from this environment and began sharing their vision of the subject after acquiring the skills of a Western scholar.The article is based mainly on the latter research and tries to see its subject as a complete picture,albeit with missing details,so to speak,a postmodern picture that requires the reader to participate in its refinement.The methodological basis of this study is working with published sources through the critical lens of cultural anthropology as it has developed and presently looks.展开更多
The scientific work on collecting and studying life stories started in Latvia in late 1980s, and mainly was devoted to creation of a multi-voiced counteraction to Soviet-era history. In this article, a life story and ...The scientific work on collecting and studying life stories started in Latvia in late 1980s, and mainly was devoted to creation of a multi-voiced counteraction to Soviet-era history. In this article, a life story and associated discourse units illustrate not only a point about the speaker, but also about the facts and notions that are common to the post-war Latvia. Post-Soviet society still use to give different accounts of the same facts and of the reasons why they happened. Studying multiform social memories that are forming Latvian collective memory is a way to perceive the processes by which these common-sense notions are constructed. The article demonstrates how to use the life story as a source for local history research and at the same time for people self-awareness research. This article is devoted to the analysis of eye-witnesses＇ （materials gathered from 12 neighboring farmer families） narratives about the post-war reality, comparing the main presumptions of Soviet ideology, existing in Latvia and all other Baltic states, to real life. Provided those presumptions being myths--the term being understood in political science as deceit as a falsifying construct, the author analyses true life stories to show the real danger of intention to exist in some irrational, mythical sphere.展开更多
All of the existing emergency notes of pharmacy in Hungary between 1914 and 1919 were collected, presented and studied. The concept of emergency money, the causes and circumstances leading to its development were defi...All of the existing emergency notes of pharmacy in Hungary between 1914 and 1919 were collected, presented and studied. The concept of emergency money, the causes and circumstances leading to its development were defined. The historical backgrounds of these reasons were studied and presented in chronology order. The various issued emergency money of pharmacy was classified and demonstrated in pictures. When an economic crisis turns up in the life of mankind, special solutions will occur. World War I breaking out a hundred years ago and the Hungarian Soviet Republic created such a situation in Hungary. The official currency was replaced with a new one, the amount of which could not cover the daily purchase of people. The lack of change led to print numerous emergency notes in different fields of life. In this study, all of the so-far discovered pharmaceutical emergency money was collected and presented systematically. The paper is considered to be unique since in the field of the history of pharmacy similar ones have not been born recently. The released notes provide an instantaneous picture of the industry （art, typography, chemical industry etc.） of the given country as well. These pieces of paper are regarded to be valuable treasure among numismatics.展开更多
Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the So...Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the Soviet rule on Central Asia,the region’s republics had no independent position in international community as foreign relations were formed and managed by central government in Moscow.The collapse of the Union of Soviet in 1991 made salient the geopolitical,economic,and cultural importance of the five former Soviet Central Asian republics.Accordingly,the republics reemerged as independent actors in the global interstate system and could play a role in international affairs during the last three decades.This paper aims to compare Central Asia’s foreign relations in the Soviet and Post-Soviet era.展开更多
In this paper, through an analysis on the contents and present development of the red culture in South Jiangxi, the strategy of developing red culture tourism is proposed for promoting the economic development and enh...In this paper, through an analysis on the contents and present development of the red culture in South Jiangxi, the strategy of developing red culture tourism is proposed for promoting the economic development and enhancing the protection of the red cultural inheritance in the Soviet area.展开更多
There are many reasons for the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance, and different opinions about the reasons why the rupture of the two allies occurs have been discussed in academia. In this thesis, analysis of the in...There are many reasons for the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance, and different opinions about the reasons why the rupture of the two allies occurs have been discussed in academia. In this thesis, analysis of the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is presented from the ideological perspective. On the basis of the 20 th CPSU Congress, major ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the Communist Party are elicited. In terms of analyzing these differences, the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is expounded. Besides, the effects of this rupture are summarized.展开更多
文摘Background:This paper examines the frequently neglected healthcare relations between China and the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s.It analyzes how Soviet influence impacted healthcare in Northeast China,the strategies employed by Soviet authorities to promote their medical principles,and the factors that contributed to the eventual failure of socialized medicine in China during the interwar period.Methods:The study employs a historical approach and literature review to analyze the Soviet influence on public health in Manchuria.It utilizes materials from Russian archives in Moscow and Khabarovsk,Russian periodicals in Harbin in the 1920s–1930s,and published materials from this period.Results:It is mainly reflected in four aspects:The Russian Labor Red Cross in Harbin,the Soviet Red Cross organization in Harbin,Soviet medicine in the Chinese Eastern Railway(1924–1929),and Soviet medicine in the CER and Harbin in 1929–1939.Conclusion:Despite various efforts,Soviet medicine struggled to gain prominence in the region due to unfavorable political and sociocultural conditions.The healthcare system established by the Soviets in the CER did not fully embody the ideal of free general medical care and faced opposition due to issues such as the lowered social status of doctors and restrictions on patient rights.Additionally,the rise of nationalism in China posed a significant challenge,requiring Soviet doctors to adapt their practices to align with Chinese interests after 1929.Overall,the difficulty in effectively integrating and promoting Soviet healthcare ideals in the region limited their influence and success.
基金Supported by National Social Science Foundation(09BJY024)2008 Open Task of National Key Laboratory of Subtropical Architectural Science,South China University of Technology(2008KB15)~~
文摘Red tourism is a derivative product of organized patriotic education and revolutionary education activities.Memorial Park of Soviet Republic of China in Ruijin City,Jiangxi Province,as a representative of red tourism destination,is designed with red and patriotic education as the principal line to carry forward revolutionary traditions and spirits of Red Army,as well as create "red" garden landscapes with strong patriotism,time spirits and leisure elements.
基金supported by one of the projects of the National 14th Five-Year Plan:“Compilation of the Volume on History of Science and Technology of the New General History of China”(《(新编)中国通史》科学技术史卷)。
文摘The transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to People’s Republic of China in the mid-twentieth century is an important research area of contemporary history of science and technology.This paper takes the construction of the cyclotron in Lanzhou,China as the case to discuss the characteristics of technology transfer from the Soviet Union to China.The review of extensive archives reveals that the construction of cyclotron took place in the framework of China’s nuclear weapons development.Although the transmission of science and technology from the Soviet Union to China fit into the one-way transmission-reception model in general,both the Chinese demand and the Soviet response had key influences on the transmission.In the early cyclotron construction,the Chinese side relied on the Soviets,and the mode of the cooperation between Soviet and Chinese engineers can be described as one of expertstudent.In the early 1960 s,the relationship between China and the Soviet Union broke down.The Soviet engineers were required to withdraw with the technical data,which created conflicts in the roles played by the Soviet engineers,most of whom chose to set the sense of professional responsibility as their highest priority.After the departure of the Soviet experts,Chinese physicists played the leading role in the project,using scientific knowledge they had,relying on the technical materials left by Soviet experts,and cooperating fully with local engineers,thus completing the cyclotron.This case can provide us with valuable clues for the understanding of transnational history of science and technology.The seemingly one-way transmission-reception model is actually influenced by the needs of both sides.While the transnational flow of knowledge is inevitably affected by political factors from both sides,the process is far more complex than it appears.
文摘During the period of the Central Soviet Area,the women's liberation movement flourished,greatly improving the living environment and space for women in the Soviet Area,and providing important implication for resolving issues concerning the development of women left behind in the current rural areas. Based on the useful exploration in the women's liberation movement during the period of the Central Soviet Area, and the field research data concerning the Gannan area,we conduct research on the women's liberation movement during the period of the Central Soviet Area from two dimensions ( family and society) . At the same time,we conduct analysis on current issues concerning the women left behind: in terms of family dimension,the patriarchal tendency of family interests is the core issue shackling the development of women left behind,extension of the family division of labor further restricts the space for the development of women left behind,and the weakening of family function is the key factor influencing the development of women left behind; in terms of social dimension,system isolation is the direct reason for restricted development of women left behind,weak economic foundation is the root cause of restricted development of women left behind, and the existence of discriminatory attitudes is the deep-seated reason for restricted development of women left behind. From the level of human development,we point out that the first step for the development of women left behind lies in the transformation of ideas. In order to solve issues concerning the women left behind,it is necessary to eliminate the property of individual family as the economic unit of society,and make all the women back to the common cause again.
基金The authors wish to thank:Igor Kharitonov,Director,Department for Foreign Statistics and International Projects,Federal State Statistics Service,Rosstat.State Statistics Service,Main Department of Statistics in Donetsk Oblast.The Ukrainian Statistical agency UkrStat.gov.ua.
文摘Detailed projections of the Former Soviet Union(FSU)fossil fuel production has been created.Russian production has been modelled at the region(oblast)level where possible.The projections were made using the Geologic Resource Supply-Demand Model(GeRS-DeMo).Low,Best Guess and High scenarios were created.FSU fossil fuels are projected to peak between 2027 and 2087 with the range due to spread of Ultimately Recoverable Resources(URR)values used.The Best Guess(BG)scenario anticipates FSU will peak in 2087 with production over 170 EJ per year.The FSU projections were combined with rest of the world projections(Mohr et al.2015b),the emissions from the High scenario for the world are similar to the IPCC A1 AIM scenario.
文摘In this study, former Soviet Union’s secret service, Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti (KGB) has been investigated by limited aspects. As the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)’s intelligence agency, KGB was the ordinary primary secret service in the world. This paper has been investigated USSR’s secret service, KGB’s secret activities in all over the world. It is popularity was extra ordinary before the Cold War 1990.
文摘The study of Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind in Russia began around 1918.The Chapter“Tracing the origin of the Dao”translated by B.M.Alexeyev,the founder of modern Russian Sinology,is the earliest Russian translation of this book.He proposed a lot of problems inspiring future generations to think about,standardizing the direction for the future researchers of“Dragon Study”in Soviet Russia.L.D.Bozdneeva’s textbook Medieval Eastern Literature(1970),K.I.Grekina’s Monograph Chinese Literary Theory in the Early19-20th century(1971),V.A.K'ri'vzo'v’s paper Discussion on Liu Xie’s Aesthetic Views(1978),I.S.Lisevich’s Monograph Ideology of Chinese Literature at the Turn of the Ancient and the Middle Ages(1979),and Li Fuqing’s paper published after the dissolution of the Soviet Union,Genre of Chinese Medieval Literature(1994),have made a useful discussion of the concept and terminology,literary theory and aesthetic ideology of the Dragon-Carving and the Literary Mind.In the monograph Tai Chi:the Global Model in Chinese Literature and Culture in the 1-13th Century,published by K.I.Gorekina in 1995,Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind was interpreted by universe ontology,which reflects the rising of new academic trend in the research of“Dragon Study”in Russia.In recent years,young talents begin to join in Russian Dragon-Carving and Literary Mind research,and doctoral thesis focused on it have been published,showing a good situation that this research has qualified successors.
文摘The purpose of the article is to present several topics in Russian music of the Soviet era(roughly 1920-1990).The time that has passed since the fall of the Iron Curtain allows us to rethink and revise the cultural treasures of seven decades and reassess new research of the last decade,carried out both by people who previously gained a reputation as an authority in Soviet culture,and by scientists who came from this environment and began sharing their vision of the subject after acquiring the skills of a Western scholar.The article is based mainly on the latter research and tries to see its subject as a complete picture,albeit with missing details,so to speak,a postmodern picture that requires the reader to participate in its refinement.The methodological basis of this study is working with published sources through the critical lens of cultural anthropology as it has developed and presently looks.
文摘The scientific work on collecting and studying life stories started in Latvia in late 1980s, and mainly was devoted to creation of a multi-voiced counteraction to Soviet-era history. In this article, a life story and associated discourse units illustrate not only a point about the speaker, but also about the facts and notions that are common to the post-war Latvia. Post-Soviet society still use to give different accounts of the same facts and of the reasons why they happened. Studying multiform social memories that are forming Latvian collective memory is a way to perceive the processes by which these common-sense notions are constructed. The article demonstrates how to use the life story as a source for local history research and at the same time for people self-awareness research. This article is devoted to the analysis of eye-witnesses＇ （materials gathered from 12 neighboring farmer families） narratives about the post-war reality, comparing the main presumptions of Soviet ideology, existing in Latvia and all other Baltic states, to real life. Provided those presumptions being myths--the term being understood in political science as deceit as a falsifying construct, the author analyses true life stories to show the real danger of intention to exist in some irrational, mythical sphere.
文摘All of the existing emergency notes of pharmacy in Hungary between 1914 and 1919 were collected, presented and studied. The concept of emergency money, the causes and circumstances leading to its development were defined. The historical backgrounds of these reasons were studied and presented in chronology order. The various issued emergency money of pharmacy was classified and demonstrated in pictures. When an economic crisis turns up in the life of mankind, special solutions will occur. World War I breaking out a hundred years ago and the Hungarian Soviet Republic created such a situation in Hungary. The official currency was replaced with a new one, the amount of which could not cover the daily purchase of people. The lack of change led to print numerous emergency notes in different fields of life. In this study, all of the so-far discovered pharmaceutical emergency money was collected and presented systematically. The paper is considered to be unique since in the field of the history of pharmacy similar ones have not been born recently. The released notes provide an instantaneous picture of the industry （art, typography, chemical industry etc.） of the given country as well. These pieces of paper are regarded to be valuable treasure among numismatics.
文摘Central Asia’s pivotal geographical position allowed it to play an essential role in relations among nations of Eurasia in the Middle Ages,as the bridge between China and Europe.Yet,during the Russian and then the Soviet rule on Central Asia,the region’s republics had no independent position in international community as foreign relations were formed and managed by central government in Moscow.The collapse of the Union of Soviet in 1991 made salient the geopolitical,economic,and cultural importance of the five former Soviet Central Asian republics.Accordingly,the republics reemerged as independent actors in the global interstate system and could play a role in international affairs during the last three decades.This paper aims to compare Central Asia’s foreign relations in the Soviet and Post-Soviet era.
文摘In this paper, through an analysis on the contents and present development of the red culture in South Jiangxi, the strategy of developing red culture tourism is proposed for promoting the economic development and enhancing the protection of the red cultural inheritance in the Soviet area.
文摘There are many reasons for the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance, and different opinions about the reasons why the rupture of the two allies occurs have been discussed in academia. In this thesis, analysis of the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is presented from the ideological perspective. On the basis of the 20 th CPSU Congress, major ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the Communist Party are elicited. In terms of analyzing these differences, the internal logic of the rupture of the Sino-Soviet alliance is expounded. Besides, the effects of this rupture are summarized.
