This research demonstrated the feasibility of converting source-separated human urine into a solid fertilizer by means of continuous absorption and solar thermal evaporation using dried water hyacinth as adsorbent. In...This research demonstrated the feasibility of converting source-separated human urine into a solid fertilizer by means of continuous absorption and solar thermal evaporation using dried water hyacinth as adsorbent. In a preliminary experiment, the dried petioles of water hyacinth (DWH) absorbed urine in a mean rate of 18.78 ml·g-1 within 7 d, retrieving about 3.46% urine dissolved solids (UDS). In an advanced experiment, the DWH’s capacity of urine absorption declined from an initial 2.73 L·kg-1·d-1 to 0.68 L·kg-1·d-1, with a requirement of material change in about 25 effective days and an average ratio of 25 (L) to 1 (kg). Phosphorus (P2O5) concentration in the adsorbent increased from 0.46% (material baseline) to 3.14% (end product), suggesting a satisfactory recovery of the element. In field application, the urine was discharged, not in wet weather, onto the DWH via a tube connected to a waterless urinal. There are several ways to use the UDS-DWH as P(K)-rich fertilizer, e.g., making soluble fertilizer for foliage spraying to encourage prolific flowering and fruiting. Apparently, utilization of water hyacinth waste to recover dissolved plant nutrient elements from source-separated urine will benefit the environment in a wide range of perspectives. The herein innovative use of water hyacinth is also expected to be useful in the recycling of certain dissolved hazardous materials.展开更多
Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is an economically important seed legume that helps combat food and nutrition insecurity in the Sahel, particularly Niger. However, its yield remains low due to insect pest attacks...Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is an economically important seed legume that helps combat food and nutrition insecurity in the Sahel, particularly Niger. However, its yield remains low due to insect pest attacks. This study was conducted at a station and in seven villages in the Maradi and Tahoua regions. It aimed to test the effectiveness of neem seed biopesticides [Azadirachta indica A. Juss] and sanitized human urine for integrated insect pest management. The cowpea variety UAM09 1055-6 was used for the experiments. The experimental trial was a Fisher block design consisting of five treatments: neem oil, neem seed extract (NSE), hygienized human urine (HHU), chemical pesticide, and a control, replicated five times at the station and twice in farmers’ environments. The study shows that Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål and Maruca vitrata Fabricius are the main insect pests. Plots treated with synthetic pesticides were the least infested by C. tomentosicollis. They were followed by neem seed extract and HHU treatments, which recorded an infestation level of 2.44 and 20.5 times lower than controls at the station and in farming environments. The density of thrips was 1.06 to 32.6 times lower in treated plots compared to controls. The proportion of pods damaged by M. vitrata was 1.95, 2.55, and 2.77 times lower in plots treated with HHU, NSE, and synthetic pesticide, respectively, compared to controls. Grain yields were 1.80 and 2.62 times higher in UHH and NSE treatments compared to control plots, both at the station and in farmers’ environments. A yield increase of 44.58% and 61.92% was noted for these treatments at the station and in farmers’ environments, respectively. These results may promote the dissemination of NSE and HHU biopesticide technologies in rural areas as an alternative method for integrated pest management of cowpeas.展开更多
Most studies assessing urine biochemistry for acute kidney injury(AKI)monitoring rely on paradigms from the 1970s.It was proposed that a single measurement of urinary parameters in the presence of increased serum crea...Most studies assessing urine biochemistry for acute kidney injury(AKI)monitoring rely on paradigms from the 1970s.It was proposed that a single measurement of urinary parameters in the presence of increased serum creatinine(sCr)could help understand AKI pathophysiology and predict its duration.However,those studies produced variable and controversial results.Recently,an alternative“urine biochemical approach”has been proposed.In contrast with the traditional approach,it includes sequential urine electrolyte assessment,evaluation before AKI diagnosis,and interpretation of avid sodium retention as a marker of renal microcirculatory stress instead of low renal perfusion.This review highlights the rationale of this alternative approach,which is focused on early urinary biochemical changes that precede increases in sCr as well as signs of renal recovery before decreases in sCr.The relevance of urine composition in conjunction with urine volume for a proper evaluation of renal function is emphasized.This new approach aims to enhance the utility of urinary biochemical parameters in AKI monitoring,particularly in patients who are critically ill.展开更多
In Unani medicine,Bawl(urine)is recognized as a key diagnostic tool,with humoural imbalances assessed via parameters like color,consistency,sediment,clarity,froth,odor,and volume.This conceptual review explores how th...In Unani medicine,Bawl(urine)is recognized as a key diagnostic tool,with humoural imbalances assessed via parameters like color,consistency,sediment,clarity,froth,odor,and volume.This conceptual review explores how these classical diagnostic indicators may be contextualized alongside modern urinalysis markers(e.g.,bilirubin,protein,ketones,and sedimentation)and examined through emerging artificial intelligence(AI)frameworks.Potential applications include ResNet-18 for color classification,You Only Look Once version 8(YOLOv8)for sediment detection,long short-term memory(LSTM)for viscosity estimation,and EfficientDet for froth analysis,with standardized urine images/videos forming the basis of future datasets.Additionally,a comparative ontology is proposed to align Unani perspectives with diagnostic approaches in traditional Chinese medicine,encouraging cross-system integration.By synthesizing classical epistemology with computational intelligence,this review highlights pathways for developing AI-based decision support systems to promote personalized,accessible,and telemedicine-enabled healthcare.展开更多
The objectives of this study which included two experiments were to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of sorghum grain rich in condensed tannins(CT)(18.9 g kg^(–1)dry matter(DM))on nitrogen(N)metabolism an...The objectives of this study which included two experiments were to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of sorghum grain rich in condensed tannins(CT)(18.9 g kg^(–1)dry matter(DM))on nitrogen(N)metabolism and urine nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions of beef steers.In experiment 1,six Limousin×Luxi crossbreed steers with an initial liveweight of(245.0±18.7)kg were used as experimental animals.Three levels of sorghum grain,i.e.,0,167 and 338 g kg^(–1)DM were included in diets as experimental treatments.The animals and the treatments were randomly assigned to a replicated 3×3 Latin square design.In experiment 2,static incubation technique was used to determine the N_(2)O emissions of the urine samples collected in experiment 1.The results of experiment 1 showed that dietary inclusion of sorghum grain linearly increased the faecal N excretion(P=0.001),the total N excretion(P=0.010)and the faecal N to N intake ratio(P=0.021),but it did not affect the N retention and the N utilization efficiency(P>0.10).The plasma metabolomic data showed that dietary inclusion of sorghum grain increased the relative concentrations of phenolic acid(N1,N5,N10-tris-trans-p-coumaroylspermine and prenyl cis-caffeate)and carnitine(3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine and linoelaidyl carnitine).The results also showed that dietary inclusion of sorghum grain linearly increased the urinary urea excretion(P=0.010)and decreased the urinary excretion of purine derivatives(P=0.041)as well as the estimated rumen microbial N supply(P=0.012)based on urinary purine derivatives.The results of experiment 2 showed that including sorghum grain in the diet linearly increased the average concentrations of NH_(4)^(+)-N(P=0.012),NO_(2)^(–)-N(P=0.009),NO_(3)^(-)-N(P=0.001)and the total inorganic N(P<0.001)in the soil enriched with urine samples.The urine sample N_(2)O-N flux(P=0.001),the estimated steer urine N_(2)O-N flux(P=0.021)and the N_(2)O-N to urinary N ratio(P=0.038)linearly increased with increasing inclusion of sorghum grain in the diet.In conclusion,dietary inclusion of sorghum grain containing high CT at 167 and 338 g kg^(–1)DM did not affect the N utilization efficiency of steers but increased the urine N_(2)O-N emissions by 5.7 and 31.4%,respectively.For reducing the N_(2)O emissions to the environment,high levels of sorghum grain should not be included in the diet of steers.展开更多
BACKGROUND Due to low bacteria count and high likelihood of having extrapulmonary tuberculosis(TB)among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)disease,the World Health Organization(WHO)recommended the...BACKGROUND Due to low bacteria count and high likelihood of having extrapulmonary tuberculosis(TB)among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)disease,the World Health Organization(WHO)recommended the use of urine lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan(LF-LAM)or sputum-Xpert to screen for TB.AIM To estimate pooled prevalence of TB screening uptake,TB diagnosis,TB treatment initiation and mortality among patients with advanced HIV disease in Africa.METHODS PubMed,Cochrane Library and EMBASE were searched for articles published between January 2011 and December 2024.TB screening uptake was defined as percentage of patients with advanced HIV disease(CD4≤200 cells/mm3 or WHO stage III/IV)who tested for TB.Using random effects models,we computed the pooled estimate of TB screening uptake,TB prevalence,TB treatment initiation and mortality and their corresponding 95%CIs.Stratified analysis to compare uptake of TB testing and TB prevalence between children vs adults and multisite vs single site studies was performed.RESULTS A total of nineteen studies with 16065 people with advanced HIV disease were analyzed.The pooled prevalence of TB screening uptake was 64.6%(95%CI:49.2–80.1).The pooled prevalence of TB was 29.4%(95%CI:22.0–36.8),and TB treatment initiation was 77.9%(95%CI:63.9–91.8),and mortality was 19.5%(95%CI:8.9–30.0).The pooled prevalence of TB testing uptake was significantly lower among children compared to adults(28.2%vs 66.4%,P=0.003)and lower for multi-sites compared to single site studies(58.8%vs 82.9%,P=0.002).The pooled prevalence of TB was significantly lower among children compared to adults(24.2%vs 27.6%,P=0.012)and higher among studies that involved multi vs single sites(30.0%vs 21.9%,P=0.001).CONCLUSION Four in ten people with advanced HIV disease were not screened for TB as recommended by the WHO,indicating significant gaps in identifying patients with TB.Excluding patients with evidence of TB is critical to avoid exposing them to subtherapeutic levels of anti TB treatment.展开更多
BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage,including endoscopic ultrasoundguided choledochoduodenostomy and endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepatogastrostomy(EUS-HGS),is an efficacious alternative to endosc...BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage,including endoscopic ultrasoundguided choledochoduodenostomy and endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepatogastrostomy(EUS-HGS),is an efficacious alternative to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and its common complications are bile leak,infection,stent migration and bleeding.Here,we report an atypical case of a patient who developed unexplained dark green urine after receiving EUS-HGS,which we suspected to be caused by an abnormal biliary-vascular fistula.CASE SUMMARY A 76-year-old woman diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma received EUSHGS for relieving jaundice.The patient reported abdominal pain and chest tightness after the operation,with difficulty in urinating.X-ray suggested rightsided pleural effusion and dark green pleural effusion was drained out.However,the patient also developed dark green urine,which appeared everyday afternoon and disappeared automatically after intravenous treatment.The previous pleural effusion disappeared after one week,but later the patient showed an increase of ascites,and the lesions were compartmentalized and encapsulated internally.CONCLUSION Postoperative surveillance after EUS-HGS must be emphasized to check for in order to prevent severe and hidden complications.展开更多
Urinary phospholipids are shown to be sensitive biomarkers for kidney injury. Many works have been reported on qualitative analysis of phospholipids and relative components in human urine while quantitative analysis i...Urinary phospholipids are shown to be sensitive biomarkers for kidney injury. Many works have been reported on qualitative analysis of phospholipids and relative components in human urine while quantitative analysis is rare. We have therefore developed a reliable and convenient quantitative method to evaluate the accuracy and specificity of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine （DPPC） as a biomarker for kidney injury diagnosis. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a HILIC Silica Column （2.1 ram^50 mm, 5 p.m）. Gradient elution was performed with 5 mM ammonium formate （0.1% formic acid） and acetonitrile （0.1% formic acid）, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. This method was validated in a linear range of 2-200 ng/mL DPPC with inter-day precision of less than 6.5% and accuracy within 111.2% in human urine. Recovery rate, stability, dilution effect and matrix effect also met the requirements for drug evaluation and research issued by FDA. As the first HPLC-MS/MS method for quantitative determination of DPPC, it has been successfully applied to determine levels of DPPC in clinical urine samples and evaluated for potential use in the measurement of DPPC as a biomarker for kidney injury.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the value of ligase chainreaction(LCR) in the diagnosis of diplococcusgonorrhoeae in urine. Methods: LCR detection of the urine for Neisseriagonorrhoeae and bacteria culture of discharge was per...Objective: To evaluate the value of ligase chainreaction(LCR) in the diagnosis of diplococcusgonorrhoeae in urine. Methods: LCR detection of the urine for Neisseriagonorrhoeae and bacteria culture of discharge was per-formed simultaneously to 276 patients with urethritisor cervicitis seeking treatment in sex transmitted dis-eases (STDs) outpatient clinic. For specimens withdiscordant results, polymerase chain reaction wasconducted. The purpose was to detect the respectivesensitivity and specificity of bacteria culture and LCR. Results: 24 of 276(8.7%) patients had positive LCRresults and 21 of 276(7.6%) were positive for culture.5 specimens had discordant results from LCR andbacteria culture. The sensitivity and specificity of LCRin the diagnosis of gonorrhoeae were 92.3% and100% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that LCR had ahigher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis ofgonorrhoeae from urine.展开更多
The purpose of this study was to determine perfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） in human serum, urine, hair and nail from general populations, and to investigate the possibility for human urine, hair and nail used as th...The purpose of this study was to determine perfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） in human serum, urine, hair and nail from general populations, and to investigate the possibility for human urine, hair and nail used as the biomonitoring sample for PFASs exposure. We detected the concentrations of PFHx A, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUn DA, PFDo A, PFHx S and PFOS in 39 matched human serum, urine, hair and nail samples from Shenzhen in China. The detection frequency and the median level of PFOS were all higher than that of the other PFASs in four matrices. The median concentration of PFOS in serum, urine, hair, and nail were 9.24 ng/mL, 13.96 ng/L, 0.58 ng/g and 0.63 ng/g, respectively. The results of spearman correlation test indicated that nail was an ideal matrix for biomonitoring PFOS rather than human urine and hair in general populations for the non-invasive sampling.展开更多
The measurement of urine catecholamine and metanephrine concentrations is important for biochemical screening and diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.The goal of this work was to develop a simple liquid chromatography-tande...The measurement of urine catecholamine and metanephrine concentrations is important for biochemical screening and diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.The goal of this work was to develop a simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)method for determining catecholamines and metanephrines in urine to replace an existing liquid chromatographic method using electrochemical detection.Urine samples were prepared using Oasis weak-cation-exchange cartridges.The eluate was analyzed on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus Phenyl-Hexyl column in 3 min.Adrenaline,noradrenaline,dopamine,metanephrine,normetanephrine,and their deuterated internal standards were monitored in positive electrospray ionization mode by multiple reaction monitoring(MRM).No evidence of ion suppression was observed.The assay was linear up to 5μmol/L for adrenaline,5μmol/L for noradrenaline,6.1μmol/L for dopamine,5.6μmol/L for metanephrine,and 34.6μmol/L for normetanephrine,with lower limits of quantification of 5,5,12,6 and 7nmol/L,respectively.The intra-day and inter-day precisions for all analytes ranged from 0.59%to 4.64%and1.98%to 4.80%,respectively.External quality assurance samples were assayed and showed excellent agreement with the target values.This simple method provides an improved assay for determining urine catecholamines and metanephrines.展开更多
Objective To establish a comprehensive analytical method based on SPE‐UPLC‐MS for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A （BPA）, nonylphenol （NP）, and octylphenol （OP） in urine samples. Methods Sixty uri...Objective To establish a comprehensive analytical method based on SPE‐UPLC‐MS for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A （BPA）, nonylphenol （NP）, and octylphenol （OP） in urine samples. Methods Sixty urine samples collected from healthy subjects were analyzed for BPA, NP, and OP concentrations. The samples were de‐conjugated by adding β‐glucuronidase and sulfatase. After the enzymatic treatment, the samples were subjected to the OASIS HLB column solid phase extraction cartridges so as to be cleaned and concentrated. The UPLC separation was performed on a Acquity UPLCTM BEH C18 column （2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm） with a gradient elution system of methanol‐water as the mobile phase. Triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry analyzer was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of UPLC‐MS/MS system. Results The limit of detection of BPA, NP, and OP was 0.10, 0.10, and 0.15 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of BPA, NP and OP were 80.1%‐108%, 81.3%‐109%, and 81.5%‐98.7%, respectively. Among the 60 urine samples, BPA was detected in 8 samples at the level of 0.297‐32.7ng/mL, NP was detected in 29 samples at the level of 1.69‐27.8 ng/mL, and OP was detected in 17 samples at the level of 0.407‐11.1 ng/mL. Conclusion The method is simple with high sensitivity and selectivity, and is suitable for the determination of BPA, NP, and OP in urine. As shown by our analysis , BPA, NP, and OP appear to be prevalent in human urine. This is particularly true for NP. The results from our study is therefore valuable for future studies to assess the exposure to BPA, NP, and OP in the general population.展开更多
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between esophageal cancer(EC)and perturbed urinary metabolomic profiles,but none has described the correlation between urine metabolite profiles and those of ...BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between esophageal cancer(EC)and perturbed urinary metabolomic profiles,but none has described the correlation between urine metabolite profiles and those of the tumor and adjacent esophageal mucosa in the same patient.AIM To investigate how urinary metabolic phenotypes were linked to the changes in the biochemical landscape of esophageal tumors.METHODS Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics were applied to esophageal tumor tissues and adjacent normal mucosal tissues alongside patient-matched urine samples.RESULTS Analysis revealed that specific metabolite changes overlapped across both metrics,including glucose,glutamate,citrate,glycine,creatinine and taurine,indicating that the networks for metabolic pathway perturbations in EC,potentially involved in but not limited to disruption of fatty acid metabolism,glucose and glycolytic metabolism,tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutaminolysis.Additionally,changes in most urinary biomarkers correlated with changes in biomarker candidates in EC tissues,implying enhanced energy production for rapid cell proliferation.CONCLUSION Overall,these associations provide evidence for distinct metabolic signatures and pathway disturbances between the tumor tissues and urine of EC patients,and changes in urinary metabolic signature could reflect reprogramming of the aforementioned metabolic pathways in EC tissues.Further investigation is needed to validate these initial findings using larger samples and to establish the underlying mechanism of EC progression.展开更多
A new method for the simultaneous determination of fluorine and iodine in urine by ion chromatography （IC） with electrochemical pretreatment has been developed. The pretreatment was performed in a novel electrochemi...A new method for the simultaneous determination of fluorine and iodine in urine by ion chromatography （IC） with electrochemical pretreatment has been developed. The pretreatment was performed in a novel electrochemical oxidationneutralization device （EOND）, in which iodide of the sample was oxidized to iodate and the alkaline digestion sample solution was neutralized. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection （LOD, S/N = 3） were 2.5 μg/L for fluoride and 20 μg/L for iodate, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 93-102% for fluoride and 86-98% for iodate.展开更多
Laboratory-scale tests for magnesium ammonium phosphate（MAP）precipitation following urea hydrolysis of human urine were conducted using orthogonal experiment design.The effects of initial pH,temperature and the volu...Laboratory-scale tests for magnesium ammonium phosphate（MAP）precipitation following urea hydrolysis of human urine were conducted using orthogonal experiment design.The effects of initial pH,temperature and the volumetric ratios of stale urine to fresh urine,on urea hydrolysis in urine were studied to determine the final hydrolysis time to recover most nitrogen from separated human urine by MAP.With a volumetric ratio of stale to fresh urine>10% and at temperature≥20℃,urea hydrolysis could be completed in two days.Alkaline pH inhibited urea hydrolysis progress.The final pH values were all around 9.0 following urine hydrolysis,while the suspension pH might act as an indicator to detect the start and extent of urea hydrolysis.Over 95% of ammonium nitrogen and over 85% of phosphorus from hydrolyzed urine as MAP precipitate were obtained using MgCl;·6H;O and Na;HPO;·12H;O as precipitation agents at pH 8.5,molar ratio of Mg;:NH;-N:PO;-P at（1.2-1.3）:1:1,mixing speed of 120 r/min,and precipitation time and reaction time of 3 h and 15 min,respectively.The precipitate has a structure resembling pure MAP crystal.展开更多
In the present study, we developed and validated a rapid analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q-TOF/MS) to investigate the metabo...In the present study, we developed and validated a rapid analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q-TOF/MS) to investigate the metabolic profile of Guge Fengtong tablet(GGFTT), a traditional Chinese medicine. The urine and bile samples were collected with 24 h after oral administration of GGFTT. A total of 34 compounds, including 11 parent compounds and 23 metabolites were unambiguously or tentatively identified. Our results indicated that glucuronidation, oxidation and methylation were the major metabolic pathways of the constituents in GGFTT. In addition, the results of this work also demonstrated the feasibility of HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS for reliable characterization of the in vivo metabolites from herbal preparations.展开更多
A simple,fast,precise and eco-friendly analytical method for the determination of uric acid（UA） in human urine by ion chromatography（IC） was established.The sample pretreatment was not required,only needed centrif...A simple,fast,precise and eco-friendly analytical method for the determination of uric acid（UA） in human urine by ion chromatography（IC） was established.The sample pretreatment was not required,only needed centrifugation and filtration.The separation was carried out on a cation exchange column with 2.0 mmol/L nitric acid as mobile phase at the flow-rate 1.0 mL/min.A non-suppressed conductivity detector was used.The IC analysis time for one run was within 10 min under the optimized IC condition.The detection limits were 0.5μg/L（S/N = 3） for uric acid.The recovery was 100.1%while the relative standard deviation （RSD） was 1.8%from 10 measurements.展开更多
Aim： To investigate whether urine is a good medium for screening and whether there is a correlation between the amount of extracted DNA and human papillomavirus （HPV）-positivity. Methods： In the present study, 30 ...Aim： To investigate whether urine is a good medium for screening and whether there is a correlation between the amount of extracted DNA and human papillomavirus （HPV）-positivity. Methods： In the present study, 30 first-voided urine （FVU） specimens and 20 urethroglandular swabs using cervex-brushes from male partners of HPV-positive patients, and 31 FVU specimens and 100 liquid-based cervix cytology leftovers sampled with cervix-brushes from HPV-positive women were examined for the presence of β-globin. Oncogenic HPV were detected using type-specific PCR. Results： β-globin was found in all the brushed samples, whereas it was found in only 68.9% of the FVU specimens. HPV-PCR was positive in 60.0% of the male brushes, in 29% of the female brushes and in 0% of the male FVU specimens. DNA concentration was, respectively, 0.9998 ng/μL, 37.0598 ng/μL and 0.0207 ng/μL. Conclusion： Urine is not a good tool for HPV detection, probably because the low DNA concentration reflects a low amount of collected cells. β-globin is measurable in FVU by real time quantitative PCR, but the DNA concentration is lower compared to brush sampling for both genders. β-globin-positivity of urethral and cervical swabs is 100%, showing a higher mean concentration of DNA, leading to a higher detection rate of HPV. This is the first article linking DNA- concentration to the presence of HPV.展开更多
By modifying the salicylic-acid moiety with electron-withdrawing or –donating groups, three new terbium complexes（LⅠ·Tb, LⅡ·Tb, L·（Ⅲ）Tb） based on tripodal carboxylate ligands were synthesized. D...By modifying the salicylic-acid moiety with electron-withdrawing or –donating groups, three new terbium complexes（LⅠ·Tb, LⅡ·Tb, L·（Ⅲ）Tb） based on tripodal carboxylate ligands were synthesized. Due to different pull-push electronic effects of ligands, the fluorescence intensities of these terbium complexes significantly varied, that is： LⅡ·Tb 〉L（Ⅲ）·Tb〉 LⅠ·Tb. Meanwhile, the characteristic peaks at 492 nm（5D4→7F6） and 547 nm（5 D4→7F5） showed ＂Off–On–Off＂ fluorescence response to various p H conditions,which indicated that all of them can be used as the highly sensitive pH fluorescent probes. Notably, using LⅡ·Tb with the best fluorescence performance as a probe, some patients＇ urine samples can be easily monitored through the response triggered by pH value. Therefore, LⅡ·Tb has the potential to auxiliarily diagnose some diseases in clinical practice through p H detection of routine urine test.展开更多
文摘This research demonstrated the feasibility of converting source-separated human urine into a solid fertilizer by means of continuous absorption and solar thermal evaporation using dried water hyacinth as adsorbent. In a preliminary experiment, the dried petioles of water hyacinth (DWH) absorbed urine in a mean rate of 18.78 ml·g-1 within 7 d, retrieving about 3.46% urine dissolved solids (UDS). In an advanced experiment, the DWH’s capacity of urine absorption declined from an initial 2.73 L·kg-1·d-1 to 0.68 L·kg-1·d-1, with a requirement of material change in about 25 effective days and an average ratio of 25 (L) to 1 (kg). Phosphorus (P2O5) concentration in the adsorbent increased from 0.46% (material baseline) to 3.14% (end product), suggesting a satisfactory recovery of the element. In field application, the urine was discharged, not in wet weather, onto the DWH via a tube connected to a waterless urinal. There are several ways to use the UDS-DWH as P(K)-rich fertilizer, e.g., making soluble fertilizer for foliage spraying to encourage prolific flowering and fruiting. Apparently, utilization of water hyacinth waste to recover dissolved plant nutrient elements from source-separated urine will benefit the environment in a wide range of perspectives. The herein innovative use of water hyacinth is also expected to be useful in the recycling of certain dissolved hazardous materials.
文摘Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. is an economically important seed legume that helps combat food and nutrition insecurity in the Sahel, particularly Niger. However, its yield remains low due to insect pest attacks. This study was conducted at a station and in seven villages in the Maradi and Tahoua regions. It aimed to test the effectiveness of neem seed biopesticides [Azadirachta indica A. Juss] and sanitized human urine for integrated insect pest management. The cowpea variety UAM09 1055-6 was used for the experiments. The experimental trial was a Fisher block design consisting of five treatments: neem oil, neem seed extract (NSE), hygienized human urine (HHU), chemical pesticide, and a control, replicated five times at the station and twice in farmers’ environments. The study shows that Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål and Maruca vitrata Fabricius are the main insect pests. Plots treated with synthetic pesticides were the least infested by C. tomentosicollis. They were followed by neem seed extract and HHU treatments, which recorded an infestation level of 2.44 and 20.5 times lower than controls at the station and in farming environments. The density of thrips was 1.06 to 32.6 times lower in treated plots compared to controls. The proportion of pods damaged by M. vitrata was 1.95, 2.55, and 2.77 times lower in plots treated with HHU, NSE, and synthetic pesticide, respectively, compared to controls. Grain yields were 1.80 and 2.62 times higher in UHH and NSE treatments compared to control plots, both at the station and in farmers’ environments. A yield increase of 44.58% and 61.92% was noted for these treatments at the station and in farmers’ environments, respectively. These results may promote the dissemination of NSE and HHU biopesticide technologies in rural areas as an alternative method for integrated pest management of cowpeas.
文摘Most studies assessing urine biochemistry for acute kidney injury(AKI)monitoring rely on paradigms from the 1970s.It was proposed that a single measurement of urinary parameters in the presence of increased serum creatinine(sCr)could help understand AKI pathophysiology and predict its duration.However,those studies produced variable and controversial results.Recently,an alternative“urine biochemical approach”has been proposed.In contrast with the traditional approach,it includes sequential urine electrolyte assessment,evaluation before AKI diagnosis,and interpretation of avid sodium retention as a marker of renal microcirculatory stress instead of low renal perfusion.This review highlights the rationale of this alternative approach,which is focused on early urinary biochemical changes that precede increases in sCr as well as signs of renal recovery before decreases in sCr.The relevance of urine composition in conjunction with urine volume for a proper evaluation of renal function is emphasized.This new approach aims to enhance the utility of urinary biochemical parameters in AKI monitoring,particularly in patients who are critically ill.
文摘In Unani medicine,Bawl(urine)is recognized as a key diagnostic tool,with humoural imbalances assessed via parameters like color,consistency,sediment,clarity,froth,odor,and volume.This conceptual review explores how these classical diagnostic indicators may be contextualized alongside modern urinalysis markers(e.g.,bilirubin,protein,ketones,and sedimentation)and examined through emerging artificial intelligence(AI)frameworks.Potential applications include ResNet-18 for color classification,You Only Look Once version 8(YOLOv8)for sediment detection,long short-term memory(LSTM)for viscosity estimation,and EfficientDet for froth analysis,with standardized urine images/videos forming the basis of future datasets.Additionally,a comparative ontology is proposed to align Unani perspectives with diagnostic approaches in traditional Chinese medicine,encouraging cross-system integration.By synthesizing classical epistemology with computational intelligence,this review highlights pathways for developing AI-based decision support systems to promote personalized,accessible,and telemedicine-enabled healthcare.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31572428)。
文摘The objectives of this study which included two experiments were to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of sorghum grain rich in condensed tannins(CT)(18.9 g kg^(–1)dry matter(DM))on nitrogen(N)metabolism and urine nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions of beef steers.In experiment 1,six Limousin×Luxi crossbreed steers with an initial liveweight of(245.0±18.7)kg were used as experimental animals.Three levels of sorghum grain,i.e.,0,167 and 338 g kg^(–1)DM were included in diets as experimental treatments.The animals and the treatments were randomly assigned to a replicated 3×3 Latin square design.In experiment 2,static incubation technique was used to determine the N_(2)O emissions of the urine samples collected in experiment 1.The results of experiment 1 showed that dietary inclusion of sorghum grain linearly increased the faecal N excretion(P=0.001),the total N excretion(P=0.010)and the faecal N to N intake ratio(P=0.021),but it did not affect the N retention and the N utilization efficiency(P>0.10).The plasma metabolomic data showed that dietary inclusion of sorghum grain increased the relative concentrations of phenolic acid(N1,N5,N10-tris-trans-p-coumaroylspermine and prenyl cis-caffeate)and carnitine(3-hydroxyisovalerylcarnitine and linoelaidyl carnitine).The results also showed that dietary inclusion of sorghum grain linearly increased the urinary urea excretion(P=0.010)and decreased the urinary excretion of purine derivatives(P=0.041)as well as the estimated rumen microbial N supply(P=0.012)based on urinary purine derivatives.The results of experiment 2 showed that including sorghum grain in the diet linearly increased the average concentrations of NH_(4)^(+)-N(P=0.012),NO_(2)^(–)-N(P=0.009),NO_(3)^(-)-N(P=0.001)and the total inorganic N(P<0.001)in the soil enriched with urine samples.The urine sample N_(2)O-N flux(P=0.001),the estimated steer urine N_(2)O-N flux(P=0.021)and the N_(2)O-N to urinary N ratio(P=0.038)linearly increased with increasing inclusion of sorghum grain in the diet.In conclusion,dietary inclusion of sorghum grain containing high CT at 167 and 338 g kg^(–1)DM did not affect the N utilization efficiency of steers but increased the urine N_(2)O-N emissions by 5.7 and 31.4%,respectively.For reducing the N_(2)O emissions to the environment,high levels of sorghum grain should not be included in the diet of steers.
文摘BACKGROUND Due to low bacteria count and high likelihood of having extrapulmonary tuberculosis(TB)among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)disease,the World Health Organization(WHO)recommended the use of urine lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan(LF-LAM)or sputum-Xpert to screen for TB.AIM To estimate pooled prevalence of TB screening uptake,TB diagnosis,TB treatment initiation and mortality among patients with advanced HIV disease in Africa.METHODS PubMed,Cochrane Library and EMBASE were searched for articles published between January 2011 and December 2024.TB screening uptake was defined as percentage of patients with advanced HIV disease(CD4≤200 cells/mm3 or WHO stage III/IV)who tested for TB.Using random effects models,we computed the pooled estimate of TB screening uptake,TB prevalence,TB treatment initiation and mortality and their corresponding 95%CIs.Stratified analysis to compare uptake of TB testing and TB prevalence between children vs adults and multisite vs single site studies was performed.RESULTS A total of nineteen studies with 16065 people with advanced HIV disease were analyzed.The pooled prevalence of TB screening uptake was 64.6%(95%CI:49.2–80.1).The pooled prevalence of TB was 29.4%(95%CI:22.0–36.8),and TB treatment initiation was 77.9%(95%CI:63.9–91.8),and mortality was 19.5%(95%CI:8.9–30.0).The pooled prevalence of TB testing uptake was significantly lower among children compared to adults(28.2%vs 66.4%,P=0.003)and lower for multi-sites compared to single site studies(58.8%vs 82.9%,P=0.002).The pooled prevalence of TB was significantly lower among children compared to adults(24.2%vs 27.6%,P=0.012)and higher among studies that involved multi vs single sites(30.0%vs 21.9%,P=0.001).CONCLUSION Four in ten people with advanced HIV disease were not screened for TB as recommended by the WHO,indicating significant gaps in identifying patients with TB.Excluding patients with evidence of TB is critical to avoid exposing them to subtherapeutic levels of anti TB treatment.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program,No.2023YFC2307001the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82170570,No.82270698,and No.82470679.
文摘BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage,including endoscopic ultrasoundguided choledochoduodenostomy and endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepatogastrostomy(EUS-HGS),is an efficacious alternative to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and its common complications are bile leak,infection,stent migration and bleeding.Here,we report an atypical case of a patient who developed unexplained dark green urine after receiving EUS-HGS,which we suspected to be caused by an abnormal biliary-vascular fistula.CASE SUMMARY A 76-year-old woman diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma received EUSHGS for relieving jaundice.The patient reported abdominal pain and chest tightness after the operation,with difficulty in urinating.X-ray suggested rightsided pleural effusion and dark green pleural effusion was drained out.However,the patient also developed dark green urine,which appeared everyday afternoon and disappeared automatically after intravenous treatment.The previous pleural effusion disappeared after one week,but later the patient showed an increase of ascites,and the lesions were compartmentalized and encapsulated internally.CONCLUSION Postoperative surveillance after EUS-HGS must be emphasized to check for in order to prevent severe and hidden complications.
文摘Urinary phospholipids are shown to be sensitive biomarkers for kidney injury. Many works have been reported on qualitative analysis of phospholipids and relative components in human urine while quantitative analysis is rare. We have therefore developed a reliable and convenient quantitative method to evaluate the accuracy and specificity of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine （DPPC） as a biomarker for kidney injury diagnosis. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a HILIC Silica Column （2.1 ram^50 mm, 5 p.m）. Gradient elution was performed with 5 mM ammonium formate （0.1% formic acid） and acetonitrile （0.1% formic acid）, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. This method was validated in a linear range of 2-200 ng/mL DPPC with inter-day precision of less than 6.5% and accuracy within 111.2% in human urine. Recovery rate, stability, dilution effect and matrix effect also met the requirements for drug evaluation and research issued by FDA. As the first HPLC-MS/MS method for quantitative determination of DPPC, it has been successfully applied to determine levels of DPPC in clinical urine samples and evaluated for potential use in the measurement of DPPC as a biomarker for kidney injury.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the value of ligase chainreaction(LCR) in the diagnosis of diplococcusgonorrhoeae in urine. Methods: LCR detection of the urine for Neisseriagonorrhoeae and bacteria culture of discharge was per-formed simultaneously to 276 patients with urethritisor cervicitis seeking treatment in sex transmitted dis-eases (STDs) outpatient clinic. For specimens withdiscordant results, polymerase chain reaction wasconducted. The purpose was to detect the respectivesensitivity and specificity of bacteria culture and LCR. Results: 24 of 276(8.7%) patients had positive LCRresults and 21 of 276(7.6%) were positive for culture.5 specimens had discordant results from LCR andbacteria culture. The sensitivity and specificity of LCRin the diagnosis of gonorrhoeae were 92.3% and100% respectively. Conclusion: This study showed that LCR had ahigher sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis ofgonorrhoeae from urine.
基金funded by the National Natural Science of Foundation of China(Nos.21537001 and 21407033)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB14010100)
文摘The purpose of this study was to determine perfluoroalkyl substances（PFASs） in human serum, urine, hair and nail from general populations, and to investigate the possibility for human urine, hair and nail used as the biomonitoring sample for PFASs exposure. We detected the concentrations of PFHx A, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUn DA, PFDo A, PFHx S and PFOS in 39 matched human serum, urine, hair and nail samples from Shenzhen in China. The detection frequency and the median level of PFOS were all higher than that of the other PFASs in four matrices. The median concentration of PFOS in serum, urine, hair, and nail were 9.24 ng/mL, 13.96 ng/L, 0.58 ng/g and 0.63 ng/g, respectively. The results of spearman correlation test indicated that nail was an ideal matrix for biomonitoring PFOS rather than human urine and hair in general populations for the non-invasive sampling.
文摘The measurement of urine catecholamine and metanephrine concentrations is important for biochemical screening and diagnosis of pheochromocytoma.The goal of this work was to develop a simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)method for determining catecholamines and metanephrines in urine to replace an existing liquid chromatographic method using electrochemical detection.Urine samples were prepared using Oasis weak-cation-exchange cartridges.The eluate was analyzed on an Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus Phenyl-Hexyl column in 3 min.Adrenaline,noradrenaline,dopamine,metanephrine,normetanephrine,and their deuterated internal standards were monitored in positive electrospray ionization mode by multiple reaction monitoring(MRM).No evidence of ion suppression was observed.The assay was linear up to 5μmol/L for adrenaline,5μmol/L for noradrenaline,6.1μmol/L for dopamine,5.6μmol/L for metanephrine,and 34.6μmol/L for normetanephrine,with lower limits of quantification of 5,5,12,6 and 7nmol/L,respectively.The intra-day and inter-day precisions for all analytes ranged from 0.59%to 4.64%and1.98%to 4.80%,respectively.External quality assurance samples were assayed and showed excellent agreement with the target values.This simple method provides an improved assay for determining urine catecholamines and metanephrines.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Fundation as par of the Key Technologies of Food Safety Project. Chemical pollutants exposure assessment technology research(2006BAK02A01)
文摘Objective To establish a comprehensive analytical method based on SPE‐UPLC‐MS for the simultaneous determination of bisphenol A （BPA）, nonylphenol （NP）, and octylphenol （OP） in urine samples. Methods Sixty urine samples collected from healthy subjects were analyzed for BPA, NP, and OP concentrations. The samples were de‐conjugated by adding β‐glucuronidase and sulfatase. After the enzymatic treatment, the samples were subjected to the OASIS HLB column solid phase extraction cartridges so as to be cleaned and concentrated. The UPLC separation was performed on a Acquity UPLCTM BEH C18 column （2.1×100 mm, 1.7 μm） with a gradient elution system of methanol‐water as the mobile phase. Triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometry analyzer was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of UPLC‐MS/MS system. Results The limit of detection of BPA, NP, and OP was 0.10, 0.10, and 0.15 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of BPA, NP and OP were 80.1%‐108%, 81.3%‐109%, and 81.5%‐98.7%, respectively. Among the 60 urine samples, BPA was detected in 8 samples at the level of 0.297‐32.7ng/mL, NP was detected in 29 samples at the level of 1.69‐27.8 ng/mL, and OP was detected in 17 samples at the level of 0.407‐11.1 ng/mL. Conclusion The method is simple with high sensitivity and selectivity, and is suitable for the determination of BPA, NP, and OP in urine. As shown by our analysis , BPA, NP, and OP appear to be prevalent in human urine. This is particularly true for NP. The results from our study is therefore valuable for future studies to assess the exposure to BPA, NP, and OP in the general population.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81471729 and No.81101102the Science and Technology and Planning Project of Guangdong Province,No.2016A020216025+2 种基金the Research Award Fund for Outstanding Young Teachers in Higher Education Institutions,Guangdong Province,No.YQ2015245the National Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,No.S2011010004973the Department of Education of Guangdong Province,No.2017KTSCX071
文摘BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between esophageal cancer(EC)and perturbed urinary metabolomic profiles,but none has described the correlation between urine metabolite profiles and those of the tumor and adjacent esophageal mucosa in the same patient.AIM To investigate how urinary metabolic phenotypes were linked to the changes in the biochemical landscape of esophageal tumors.METHODS Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics were applied to esophageal tumor tissues and adjacent normal mucosal tissues alongside patient-matched urine samples.RESULTS Analysis revealed that specific metabolite changes overlapped across both metrics,including glucose,glutamate,citrate,glycine,creatinine and taurine,indicating that the networks for metabolic pathway perturbations in EC,potentially involved in but not limited to disruption of fatty acid metabolism,glucose and glycolytic metabolism,tricarboxylic acid cycle and glutaminolysis.Additionally,changes in most urinary biomarkers correlated with changes in biomarker candidates in EC tissues,implying enhanced energy production for rapid cell proliferation.CONCLUSION Overall,these associations provide evidence for distinct metabolic signatures and pathway disturbances between the tumor tissues and urine of EC patients,and changes in urinary metabolic signature could reflect reprogramming of the aforementioned metabolic pathways in EC tissues.Further investigation is needed to validate these initial findings using larger samples and to establish the underlying mechanism of EC progression.
文摘A new method for the simultaneous determination of fluorine and iodine in urine by ion chromatography （IC） with electrochemical pretreatment has been developed. The pretreatment was performed in a novel electrochemical oxidationneutralization device （EOND）, in which iodide of the sample was oxidized to iodate and the alkaline digestion sample solution was neutralized. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection （LOD, S/N = 3） were 2.5 μg/L for fluoride and 20 μg/L for iodate, respectively. The recoveries were in the range of 93-102% for fluoride and 86-98% for iodate.
文摘Laboratory-scale tests for magnesium ammonium phosphate（MAP）precipitation following urea hydrolysis of human urine were conducted using orthogonal experiment design.The effects of initial pH,temperature and the volumetric ratios of stale urine to fresh urine,on urea hydrolysis in urine were studied to determine the final hydrolysis time to recover most nitrogen from separated human urine by MAP.With a volumetric ratio of stale to fresh urine>10% and at temperature≥20℃,urea hydrolysis could be completed in two days.Alkaline pH inhibited urea hydrolysis progress.The final pH values were all around 9.0 following urine hydrolysis,while the suspension pH might act as an indicator to detect the start and extent of urea hydrolysis.Over 95% of ammonium nitrogen and over 85% of phosphorus from hydrolyzed urine as MAP precipitate were obtained using MgCl;·6H;O and Na;HPO;·12H;O as precipitation agents at pH 8.5,molar ratio of Mg;:NH;-N:PO;-P at（1.2-1.3）:1:1,mixing speed of 120 r/min,and precipitation time and reaction time of 3 h and 15 min,respectively.The precipitate has a structure resembling pure MAP crystal.
基金supported by National Science&Technology Pillar Program During the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period(2012BAI29B07)National Natural Science Foundation of China(81202898)
文摘In the present study, we developed and validated a rapid analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry(HPLC-Q-TOF/MS) to investigate the metabolic profile of Guge Fengtong tablet(GGFTT), a traditional Chinese medicine. The urine and bile samples were collected with 24 h after oral administration of GGFTT. A total of 34 compounds, including 11 parent compounds and 23 metabolites were unambiguously or tentatively identified. Our results indicated that glucuronidation, oxidation and methylation were the major metabolic pathways of the constituents in GGFTT. In addition, the results of this work also demonstrated the feasibility of HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS for reliable characterization of the in vivo metabolites from herbal preparations.
文摘A simple,fast,precise and eco-friendly analytical method for the determination of uric acid（UA） in human urine by ion chromatography（IC） was established.The sample pretreatment was not required,only needed centrifugation and filtration.The separation was carried out on a cation exchange column with 2.0 mmol/L nitric acid as mobile phase at the flow-rate 1.0 mL/min.A non-suppressed conductivity detector was used.The IC analysis time for one run was within 10 min under the optimized IC condition.The detection limits were 0.5μg/L（S/N = 3） for uric acid.The recovery was 100.1%while the relative standard deviation （RSD） was 1.8%from 10 measurements.
文摘Aim： To investigate whether urine is a good medium for screening and whether there is a correlation between the amount of extracted DNA and human papillomavirus （HPV）-positivity. Methods： In the present study, 30 first-voided urine （FVU） specimens and 20 urethroglandular swabs using cervex-brushes from male partners of HPV-positive patients, and 31 FVU specimens and 100 liquid-based cervix cytology leftovers sampled with cervix-brushes from HPV-positive women were examined for the presence of β-globin. Oncogenic HPV were detected using type-specific PCR. Results： β-globin was found in all the brushed samples, whereas it was found in only 68.9% of the FVU specimens. HPV-PCR was positive in 60.0% of the male brushes, in 29% of the female brushes and in 0% of the male FVU specimens. DNA concentration was, respectively, 0.9998 ng/μL, 37.0598 ng/μL and 0.0207 ng/μL. Conclusion： Urine is not a good tool for HPV detection, probably because the low DNA concentration reflects a low amount of collected cells. β-globin is measurable in FVU by real time quantitative PCR, but the DNA concentration is lower compared to brush sampling for both genders. β-globin-positivity of urethral and cervical swabs is 100%, showing a higher mean concentration of DNA, leading to a higher detection rate of HPV. This is the first article linking DNA- concentration to the presence of HPV.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21572091 and 21472075)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. lzujbky-2016-51) by Ministry of Education of China
文摘By modifying the salicylic-acid moiety with electron-withdrawing or –donating groups, three new terbium complexes（LⅠ·Tb, LⅡ·Tb, L·（Ⅲ）Tb） based on tripodal carboxylate ligands were synthesized. Due to different pull-push electronic effects of ligands, the fluorescence intensities of these terbium complexes significantly varied, that is： LⅡ·Tb 〉L（Ⅲ）·Tb〉 LⅠ·Tb. Meanwhile, the characteristic peaks at 492 nm（5D4→7F6） and 547 nm（5 D4→7F5） showed ＂Off–On–Off＂ fluorescence response to various p H conditions,which indicated that all of them can be used as the highly sensitive pH fluorescent probes. Notably, using LⅡ·Tb with the best fluorescence performance as a probe, some patients＇ urine samples can be easily monitored through the response triggered by pH value. Therefore, LⅡ·Tb has the potential to auxiliarily diagnose some diseases in clinical practice through p H detection of routine urine test.
