Fine particulatematter(PM_(2.5))samples were collected in two neighboring cities,Beijing and Baoding,China.High-concentration events of PM_(2.5) in which the average mass concentration exceeded 75μg/m^(3) were freque...Fine particulatematter(PM_(2.5))samples were collected in two neighboring cities,Beijing and Baoding,China.High-concentration events of PM_(2.5) in which the average mass concentration exceeded 75μg/m^(3) were frequently observed during the heating season.Dispersion Normalized Positive Matrix Factorization was applied for the source apportionment of PM_(2.5) as minimize the dilution effects of meteorology and better reflect the source strengths in these two cities.Secondary nitrate had the highest contribution for Beijing(37.3%),and residential heating/biomass burning was the largest for Baoding(27.1%).Secondary nitrate,mobile,biomass burning,district heating,oil combustion,aged sea salt sources showed significant differences between the heating and non-heating seasons in Beijing for same period(2019.01.10–2019.08.22)(Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test P<0.05).In case of Baoding,soil,residential heating/biomass burning,incinerator,coal combustion,oil combustion sources showed significant differences.The results of Pearson correlation analysis for the common sources between the two cities showed that long-range transported sources and some sources with seasonal patterns such as oil combustion and soil had high correlation coefficients.Conditional Bivariate Probability Function(CBPF)was used to identify the inflow directions for the sources,and joint-PSCF(Potential Source Contribution Function)was performed to determine the common potential source areas for sources affecting both cities.These models facilitated a more precise verification of city-specific influences on PM_(2.5) sources.The results of this study will aid in prioritizing air pollution mitigation strategies during the heating season and strengthening air quality management to reduce the impact of downwind neighboring cities.展开更多
Oxidative potential(OP)can be used as an indicator of the health risks of particulate matter in the air.To study the variation and sources of OP,we conducted an observation of PM_(2.5) in a megacity in southern China ...Oxidative potential(OP)can be used as an indicator of the health risks of particulate matter in the air.To study the variation and sources of OP,we conducted an observation of PM_(2.5) in a megacity in southern China in winter and spring of 2021.The results show that the average concentration of PM_(2.5) decreased by 47%from winter to spring,while volume-normalized and mass-normalized OP(i.e.,OP_(v) and OP_(m))increased by 6%and 69%,respectively.It suggests that the decline of PM_(2.5) may not necessarily decrease the health risks and the intrinsic toxicity of PM_(2.5).Variations of OP_(v) and OP_(m) among different periods were related to the different source contributions and environmental conditions.The positive matrix factorization model was used to identify the major sources of OP_(v).OP_(v) was mainly contributed by biomass burning/industrial emissions(29%),soil/road dust(20%),secondary sulfate(14%),and coal combustion(13%)in winter.Different major sources were resolved to be secondary sulfate(36%),biological sources(21%),and marine vessels(20%)in spring,presenting the substantial contribution of biological sources.The analysis shows strong associations between OP_(v) and both live and dead bacteria,further confirming the important contribution of bioaerosols to the enhancement of OP.This study highlights the importance of understanding OP in ambient PM_(2.5) in terms of public health impact and provides a new insight into the biological contribution to OP.展开更多
Annual haze in Northern Thailand has become increasingly severe,impacting health and the environment.How-ever,the sources of the haze remain poorly quantified due to limited observational data on aerosol molecular tra...Annual haze in Northern Thailand has become increasingly severe,impacting health and the environment.How-ever,the sources of the haze remain poorly quantified due to limited observational data on aerosol molecular tracers.This study comprehensively investigates chemical composition of PM_(2.5),including both inorganic and organic compounds throughout haze and post-haze periods in 2019 at a rural site of Northern Thailand.Average PM_(2.5) concentrations during haze and post-haze period were 87±36 and 21±11μg/m^(3),respectively.Organic matter was the dominant contributor in PM_(2.5) mass,followed by water soluble inorganic ions and mineral dust.Molecular markers,including levoglucosan,dehydroabietic acid,and 4-nitrocatechol,and ions(Cl^(-),and K^(+)),were used to characterize low haze(PM_(2.5)<100μg/m^(3))and episodic haze(PM_(2.5)>100μg/m^(3)).Low haze is associated with local aerosols from agricultural waste burning,while episodic haze is linked to aged aerosols from mixed agricultural waste,softwood,and hardwood burning.Source apportionment incorporating these molecular markers in receptor modelling(Positive matrix factorization),identified three distinct biomass burning sources:mixed,local,and aged biomass burnings,contributing 31,19 and 13%of PM_(2.5) during haze period.During post-haze period,contributions shifted,with local biomass burning(32%)comparable to secondary sulfate(34%)and mixed dust and traffic sources(26%).These findings demonstrate that both regional and local sources con-tribute to severe haze,highlighting the need for integrated policies for cross-border cooperation as well as stricter regulations to reduce biomass burning in Northern Thailand and Southeast Asia.展开更多
The constrained weighted-non-negative matrix factorization(CW-NMF)hybrid receptor model was applied to study the influence of steelmaking activities on PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with equivalent aerodynamic diameter ...The constrained weighted-non-negative matrix factorization(CW-NMF)hybrid receptor model was applied to study the influence of steelmaking activities on PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with equivalent aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5μm)composition in Dunkerque,Northern France.Semi-diurnal PM_(2.5)samples were collected using a high volume sampler in winter 2010 and spring 2011 and were analyzed for trace metals,water-soluble ions,and total carbon using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),ICP-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),ionic chromatography and micro elemental carbon analyzer.The elemental composition shows that NO_(3)^(-),SO_(4)^(2-),NH_4~+and total carbon are the main PM_(2.5)constituents.Trace metals data were interpreted using concentration roses and both influences of integrated steelworks and electric steel plant were evidenced.The distinction between the two sources is made possible by the use Zn/Fe and Zn/Mn diagnostic ratios.Moreover Rb/Cr,Pb/Cr and Cu/Cd combination ratio are proposed to distinguish the ISW-sintering stack from the ISW-fugitive emissions.The a priori knowledge on the influencing source was introduced in the CW-NMF to guide the calculation.Eleven source profiles with various contributions were identified:8 are characteristics of coastal urban background site profiles and 3 are related to the steelmaking activities.Between them,secondary nitrates,secondary sulfates and combustion profiles give the highest contributions and account for 93%of the PM_(2.5)concentration.The steelwork facilities contribute in about 2%of the total PM_(2.5)concentration and appear to be the main source of Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn.展开更多
Initial success has been achieved in Hong Kong in controlling primary air pollutants,but ambient ozone levels kept increasing during the past three decades.Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are important for mitigating ...Initial success has been achieved in Hong Kong in controlling primary air pollutants,but ambient ozone levels kept increasing during the past three decades.Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are important for mitigating ozone pollution as its major precursors.This study analyzed VOC characteristics of roadside,suburban,and rural sites in Hong Kong to investigate their compositions,concentrations,and source contributions.Herewe showthat the TVOC concentrations were 23.05±13.24,12.68±15.36,and 5.16±5.48 ppbv for roadside,suburban,and rural sites between May 2015 to June 2019,respectively.By using Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)model,six sources were identified at the roadside site over five years:Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)usage(33%–46%),gasoline evaporation(8%–31%),aged air mass(11%–28%),gasoline exhaust(5%–16%),diesel exhaust(2%–16%)and fuel filling(75–9%).Similarly,six sources were distinguished at the suburban site,including LPG usage(30%–33%),solvent usage(20%–26%),diesel exhaust(14%–26%),gasoline evaporation(8%–16%),aged air mass(4%–11%),and biogenic emissions(2%–5%).At the rural site,four sources were identified,including aged airmass(33%–51%),solvent usage(25%–30%),vehicular emissions(11%–28%),and biogenic emissions(6%–12%).The analysis further revealed that fuel filling and LPG usage were the primary contributors to OFP and OH reactivity at the roadside site,while solvent usage and biogenic emissions accounted for almost half of OFP and OH reactivity at the suburban and rural sites,respectively.These findings highlight the importance of identifying and characterizing VOC sources at different sites to help policymakers develop targeted measures for pollution mitigation in specific areas.展开更多
The abandoned smelters present a substantial pollution threat to the nearby soil and groundwater.In this study,63 surface soil samples were collected from a zinc smelter to quantitatively describe the pollution charac...The abandoned smelters present a substantial pollution threat to the nearby soil and groundwater.In this study,63 surface soil samples were collected from a zinc smelter to quantitatively describe the pollution characteristics,ecological risks,and source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s(HMs).The results revealed that the average contents of Zn,Cd,Pb,As,and Hg were 0.4,12.2,3.3,5.3,and 12.7 times higher than the risk screening values of the construction sites,respectively.Notably,the smelter was accumulated heavily with Cd and Hg,and the contribution of Cd(0.38)and Hg(0.53)to ecological risk was 91.58%.ZZ3 and ZZ7 were the most polluted workshops,accounting for 25.7%and 35.0%of the pollution load and ecological risk,respectively.The influence of soil parent materials on pollution was minor compared to various workshops within the smelter.Combined with PMF,APCS-MLR and GIS analysis,four sources of HMs were identified:P1(25.5%)and A3(18.4%)were atmospheric deposition from the electric defogging workshop and surface runoff from the smelter;P2(32.7%)and A2(20.9%)were surface runoff of As-Pb foul acid;P3(14.5%)and A4(49.8%)were atmospheric deposition from the leach slag drying workshop;P4(27.3%)and A1(10.8%)were the smelting process of zinc products.This paper described the distribution characteristics and specific sources of HMs in different process workshops,providing a new perspective for the precise remediation of the smelter by determining the priority control factors.展开更多
Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds （VOCs...Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds （VOCs）,which are ozone precursors,to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the HaChi （Haze in China） summer campaign in 2009.A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv,respectively.Of those,51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization.The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities,which specifically contributed 60％ to urban and 42％ to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin.Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas,although the contribution of industry in the suburban area （36％） was much higher than that at the urban area （16％）.We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction,and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life,especially in suburban areas.展开更多
Shijiazhuang,the city with the worst air quality in China,is suffering from severe ozone pollution in summer.As the key precursors of ozone generation,it is necessary to control the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)pol...Shijiazhuang,the city with the worst air quality in China,is suffering from severe ozone pollution in summer.As the key precursors of ozone generation,it is necessary to control the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)pollution.To have a better understanding of the pollution status and source contribution,the concentrations of 117 ambient VOCs were analyzed from April to August 2018 in an urban site in Shijiazhuang.Results showed that the monthly average concentration of total VOCs was 66.27 ppbv,in which,the oxygenated VOCs(37.89%),alkanes(33.89%),and halogenated hydrocarbons(13.31%)were the main composite on.Eight major sources were identified using Positive Matrix Factorization modeling with an accurate VOCs emission inventory as inter-complementary methods revealed that the petrochemical industry(26.24%),other industrial sources(15.19%),and traffic source(12.24%)were the major sources for ambient VOCs in Shijiazhuang.The spatial distributions of major industrial activities emissions were identified by using geographic information statistics system,which illustrated the VOCs was mainly from the north and southeast of Shijiazhuang.The inverse trajectory analysis using Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)and Potential Source Contribution Function(PSCF)clearly demonstrated the features of pollutant transport to Shijiazhuang.These findings can provide references for local governments regarding control strategies to reduce VOCs emissions.展开更多
Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs(volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/smallsized cities in North China Plain(NCP).A com...Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs(volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/smallsized cities in North China Plain(NCP).A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019.A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected.The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m3, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m3 and 32.1 ± 27.8 μg/m^(3), in the morning and afternoon, respectively.Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential(OFP).Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP).VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction.PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion(33.1%), LPG usage(19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation(15.8%), solvent usage(15.2%), industrial(9.11%) and biogenic(7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively.Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources;and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry,suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.展开更多
To study the pollution features and underlying mechanism of PM_(2.5) in Luoyang, a typical developing urban site in the central plain of China, 303 PM_(2.5) samples were collected from April 16 to December 29, 2015 to...To study the pollution features and underlying mechanism of PM_(2.5) in Luoyang, a typical developing urban site in the central plain of China, 303 PM_(2.5) samples were collected from April 16 to December 29, 2015 to analyze the elements, water soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon and elemental carbon. The annual mean concentration of PM_(2.5) was 142.3 μg/m^(3), and 75% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations exceeded the 75 μg/m^(3). The secondary inorganic ions, organic matter and mineral dust were the most abundant species, accounting for 39.6%, 19.2% and 9.3% of the total mass concentration, respectively. But the major chemical components showed clear seasonal dependence. SO_(4)^(2-) was most abundant specie in spring and summer, which related to intensive photochemical reaction under high O_3 concentration. In contrast, the secondary organic carbon and ammonium while primary organic carbon and ammonium significantly contributed to haze formation in autumn and winter, respectively. This indicated that the collaboration effect of secondary inorganic aerosols and carbonaceous matters result in heavy haze in autumn and winter. Six main sources were identified by positive matrix factorization model: industrial emission, combustion sources, traffic emission, mineral dust, oil combustion and secondary sulfate, with the annual contribution of 24%, 20%, 24%, 4%, 5% and 23%, respectively. The potential source contribution function analysis pointed that the contribution of the local and short-range regional transportation had significant impact. This result highlighted that local primary carbonaceous and precursor of secondary carbonaceous mitigation would be key to reduce PM_(2.5) and O_3 during heavy haze episodes in winter and autumn.展开更多
Based on one-year observation,the concentration,sources,and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haiko...Based on one-year observation,the concentration,sources,and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou,China.The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs(TVOCs)was 11.4 ppb V,and the composition was dominated by alkanes(8.2 ppb V,71.4%)and alkenes(1.3 ppb V,20.5%).The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening.The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential(OFP)was made by alkenes(51.6%),followed by alkanes(27.2%).The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))in spring and summer were low,and it was difficult to generate high ozone(O_(3))concentrations through photochemical reactions.The significant increase in O_(3)concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast.Traffic sources(40.1%),industrial sources(19.4%),combustion sources(18.6%),solvent usage sources(15.5%)and plant sources(6.4%)were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization(PMF)model.The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function(PSCF)and concentration-weighted trajectory(CWT)models.Overall,the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport,and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou,thereby reducing the generation of O_(3).展开更多
There is a large surface-groundwater exchange downstream ofwastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),and antibiotics upstream may influence sites downstream of rivers.Thus,samples from 9 effluent-receiving urban rivers(ERURs...There is a large surface-groundwater exchange downstream ofwastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),and antibiotics upstream may influence sites downstream of rivers.Thus,samples from 9 effluent-receiving urban rivers(ERURs)and 12 groundwater sites were collected in Shijiazhuang City in December 2020 and April 2021.For ERURs,8 out of 13 target quinolone antibiotics(QNs)were detected,and the total concentration of QNs in December and April were 100.6-4,398 ng/L and 8.02–2,476 ng/L,respectively.For groundwater,all target QNs were detected,and the total QNs concentration was 1.09–23.03 ng/L for December and 4.54–170.3 ng/L for April.The distribution of QNs was dissimilar between ERURs and groundwater.Most QN concentrations were weakly correlated with land use types in the system.The results of a positive matrix factorization model(PMF)indicated four potential sources of QNs in both ERURs and groundwater,and WWTP effluents were the main source of QNs.From December to April,the contribution of WWTP effluents and agricultural emissions increased,while livestock activities decreased.Singular value decomposition(SVD)results showed that the spatial variation of most QNs was mainly contributed by sites downstream(7.09%-88.86%)of ERURs.Then,a new method that combined the results of SVD and PMF was developed for a specific-source-site risk quotient(SRQ),and the SRQ for QNs was at high level,especially for the sites downstream of WWTPs.Regarding temporal variation,the SRQ for WWTP effluents,aquaculture,and agricultural emissions increased.Therefore,in order to control the antibiotic pollution,more attention should be paid to WWTP effluents,aquaculture,and agricultural emission sources for the benefit of sites downstream of WWTPs.展开更多
The Bohai Sea is one of the most polluted sea areas in China.In this study,we used 2184 integrated concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)and dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP)in the Bohai Sea of China du...The Bohai Sea is one of the most polluted sea areas in China.In this study,we used 2184 integrated concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)and dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP)in the Bohai Sea of China during spring(March,April,and May),summer(June,July,and August),and autumn(October and November)from 2015 to 2022 to explore the trends and sources of nutrients variations.From 2015 to 2022,DIN showed a downward trend until 2020 and then an upward trend,whereas DIP exhibited a stable trend with a slight decrease.The concentrations of DIN and DIP had similar seasonal pattern which was the highest in autumn(0.292±0.247 mg/L for DIN and 0.013±0.016 mg/L for DIP)but lower in spring(0.267±0.238 mg/L for DIN and 0.006±0.010 mg/L for DIP)and summer(0.263±0.324 mg/L for DIN and 0.008±0.010 mg/L for DIP).Sources of DIN and DIP apportioned by the positive matrix factorization(PMF)model were riverine input,sediment resuspension,sewage discharge,atmospheric deposition,and underground input.During 2015-2022,the largest contributor to DIN was sewage discharge(28.7%)and the largest contributor to DIP was sediment resuspension(44.6%).Seasonally,DIN in spring and autumn was dominated by sewage discharge(45.4%and 27.8%,re-spectively).Whereas in summer,it was dominated by riverine input(32.4%)and atmospheric deposition(29.7%).DIP was dominated by sediment resuspension during all three seasons(35.8%-52.5%).In addition,the increase in DIN concentrations in 2021 and 2022 were mainly due to the incremental input of river discharge and atmospheric deposition caused by increased precipitation during sum-mer and autumn.展开更多
Accurate source apportionment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in soil nearby petrochemical industries prevailing globally,is critical for preventing pollution.However,in the process,seasonal effect on contamination...Accurate source apportionment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in soil nearby petrochemical industries prevailing globally,is critical for preventing pollution.However,in the process,seasonal effect on contamination pathways and accumulation of soil VOCs is often neglected.Herein,Yanshan Refining-Chemical Integration Park,including a carpet,refining,synthetic rubber,and two synthetic resin zones,was selected for traceability.Season variations resulted in a gradual decrease of 31 VOCs in soil from winter to summer.A method of dry deposition resistance model coupling partitioning coefficient model was created,revealing that dry deposition by gas phase was the primary pathway for VOCs to enter soil in winter and spring,with 100 times higher fux than by particle phase.Source profiles for five zones were built by gas sampling with distinct substance indicators screened,which were used for positive matrix factorization factors determination.Contributions of the five zones were 14.9%,20.8%,13.6%,22.1%,and 28.6%in winter and 33.4%,12.5%,10.7%,24.9%,and 18.5%in spring,respectively.The variation in the soil sorption capacity of VOCs causes inter-seasonal differences in contribution.The better correlation between dry deposition capacity and soil storage of VOCs made root mean square and mean absolute errors decrease averagely by 8.8%and 5.5%in winter compared to spring.This study provides new perspectives and methods for the source apportionment of soil VOCs contamination in industrial sites.展开更多
Environmental problems from heavy metals(HMs)attract global attention.Accurately identifying sources and quantitatively evaluating ecological risks are keys for HMs pollution prevention.Dongting Lake in China was inve...Environmental problems from heavy metals(HMs)attract global attention.Accurately identifying sources and quantitatively evaluating ecological risks are keys for HMs pollution prevention.Dongting Lake in China was investigated through integrated methods like positive matrix factorization and Nemerow integrated risk index to examine spatial distribution,contamination characteristics,pollution sources,and the contribution of each source and pollutant to the ecological risk of 14 HMs in its surface sediments.Results showed that the mean concentrations of HMs were 0.82-9.44 times greater than the corresponding background values.The spatial distribution of HMs varied significantly,with high values of As,Cd,Mn,Pb,Sn,Tl and Zn concentrated in the sediments from Xiangjiang inlet and Yangtze outlet;Co,Cr,Cu,Ni and V in the Lishui sediments;Hg and Sb in the sediments from Yuanjiang and Zishui inlets,respectively.The accumulation of HMs was affected by five sources:mercury mining and atmospheric deposition(F1)(17.99%),urban domestic sewage and industrial sewage discharge(F2)(24.44%),antimony ore mining and smelting(F3)(6.50%),non-ferrous metal mining and extended processing industrial sources(F4)(15.72%),and mixed sources mainly from natural sources and agricultural sources(F5)(35.35%).F1 and F2 were identified as priority pollution sources;Cd,Hg,Tl,Sb and As,especially Cd and Hg,posed relatively high ecological risks and were prioritized HMs for control.展开更多
基金supported by the National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER)funded by the Ministry of Environment(No.NIER-2019-04-02-039)supported by Particulate Matter Management Specialized Graduate Program through the Korea Environmental Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI)funded by the Ministry of Environment(MOE).
文摘Fine particulatematter(PM_(2.5))samples were collected in two neighboring cities,Beijing and Baoding,China.High-concentration events of PM_(2.5) in which the average mass concentration exceeded 75μg/m^(3) were frequently observed during the heating season.Dispersion Normalized Positive Matrix Factorization was applied for the source apportionment of PM_(2.5) as minimize the dilution effects of meteorology and better reflect the source strengths in these two cities.Secondary nitrate had the highest contribution for Beijing(37.3%),and residential heating/biomass burning was the largest for Baoding(27.1%).Secondary nitrate,mobile,biomass burning,district heating,oil combustion,aged sea salt sources showed significant differences between the heating and non-heating seasons in Beijing for same period(2019.01.10–2019.08.22)(Mann-Whitney Rank Sum Test P<0.05).In case of Baoding,soil,residential heating/biomass burning,incinerator,coal combustion,oil combustion sources showed significant differences.The results of Pearson correlation analysis for the common sources between the two cities showed that long-range transported sources and some sources with seasonal patterns such as oil combustion and soil had high correlation coefficients.Conditional Bivariate Probability Function(CBPF)was used to identify the inflow directions for the sources,and joint-PSCF(Potential Source Contribution Function)was performed to determine the common potential source areas for sources affecting both cities.These models facilitated a more precise verification of city-specific influences on PM_(2.5) sources.The results of this study will aid in prioritizing air pollution mitigation strategies during the heating season and strengthening air quality management to reduce the impact of downwind neighboring cities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41975156)and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Oxidative potential(OP)can be used as an indicator of the health risks of particulate matter in the air.To study the variation and sources of OP,we conducted an observation of PM_(2.5) in a megacity in southern China in winter and spring of 2021.The results show that the average concentration of PM_(2.5) decreased by 47%from winter to spring,while volume-normalized and mass-normalized OP(i.e.,OP_(v) and OP_(m))increased by 6%and 69%,respectively.It suggests that the decline of PM_(2.5) may not necessarily decrease the health risks and the intrinsic toxicity of PM_(2.5).Variations of OP_(v) and OP_(m) among different periods were related to the different source contributions and environmental conditions.The positive matrix factorization model was used to identify the major sources of OP_(v).OP_(v) was mainly contributed by biomass burning/industrial emissions(29%),soil/road dust(20%),secondary sulfate(14%),and coal combustion(13%)in winter.Different major sources were resolved to be secondary sulfate(36%),biological sources(21%),and marine vessels(20%)in spring,presenting the substantial contribution of biological sources.The analysis shows strong associations between OP_(v) and both live and dead bacteria,further confirming the important contribution of bioaerosols to the enhancement of OP.This study highlights the importance of understanding OP in ambient PM_(2.5) in terms of public health impact and provides a new insight into the biological contribution to OP.
文摘Annual haze in Northern Thailand has become increasingly severe,impacting health and the environment.How-ever,the sources of the haze remain poorly quantified due to limited observational data on aerosol molecular tracers.This study comprehensively investigates chemical composition of PM_(2.5),including both inorganic and organic compounds throughout haze and post-haze periods in 2019 at a rural site of Northern Thailand.Average PM_(2.5) concentrations during haze and post-haze period were 87±36 and 21±11μg/m^(3),respectively.Organic matter was the dominant contributor in PM_(2.5) mass,followed by water soluble inorganic ions and mineral dust.Molecular markers,including levoglucosan,dehydroabietic acid,and 4-nitrocatechol,and ions(Cl^(-),and K^(+)),were used to characterize low haze(PM_(2.5)<100μg/m^(3))and episodic haze(PM_(2.5)>100μg/m^(3)).Low haze is associated with local aerosols from agricultural waste burning,while episodic haze is linked to aged aerosols from mixed agricultural waste,softwood,and hardwood burning.Source apportionment incorporating these molecular markers in receptor modelling(Positive matrix factorization),identified three distinct biomass burning sources:mixed,local,and aged biomass burnings,contributing 31,19 and 13%of PM_(2.5) during haze period.During post-haze period,contributions shifted,with local biomass burning(32%)comparable to secondary sulfate(34%)and mixed dust and traffic sources(26%).These findings demonstrate that both regional and local sources con-tribute to severe haze,highlighting the need for integrated policies for cross-border cooperation as well as stricter regulations to reduce biomass burning in Northern Thailand and Southeast Asia.
基金financially supported by the Nord-Pas-de-Calais Region Councilthe Ministry of Higher Education and Research+1 种基金the European Regional Development FundsAdib Kfoury acknowledges the“Pole Metropolitain Cote d'Opale”(PMCO)for its PhD financial support
文摘The constrained weighted-non-negative matrix factorization(CW-NMF)hybrid receptor model was applied to study the influence of steelmaking activities on PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with equivalent aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5μm)composition in Dunkerque,Northern France.Semi-diurnal PM_(2.5)samples were collected using a high volume sampler in winter 2010 and spring 2011 and were analyzed for trace metals,water-soluble ions,and total carbon using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-AES),ICP-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS),ionic chromatography and micro elemental carbon analyzer.The elemental composition shows that NO_(3)^(-),SO_(4)^(2-),NH_4~+and total carbon are the main PM_(2.5)constituents.Trace metals data were interpreted using concentration roses and both influences of integrated steelworks and electric steel plant were evidenced.The distinction between the two sources is made possible by the use Zn/Fe and Zn/Mn diagnostic ratios.Moreover Rb/Cr,Pb/Cr and Cu/Cd combination ratio are proposed to distinguish the ISW-sintering stack from the ISW-fugitive emissions.The a priori knowledge on the influencing source was introduced in the CW-NMF to guide the calculation.Eleven source profiles with various contributions were identified:8 are characteristics of coastal urban background site profiles and 3 are related to the steelmaking activities.Between them,secondary nitrates,secondary sulfates and combustion profiles give the highest contributions and account for 93%of the PM_(2.5)concentration.The steelwork facilities contribute in about 2%of the total PM_(2.5)concentration and appear to be the main source of Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn.
基金supported by Hong Kong Environment Protection Department(Quotation Ref.18-06532)Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Fund(ITS/193/20FP)Hong Kong Research Grants Council(No.26304921).
文摘Initial success has been achieved in Hong Kong in controlling primary air pollutants,but ambient ozone levels kept increasing during the past three decades.Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are important for mitigating ozone pollution as its major precursors.This study analyzed VOC characteristics of roadside,suburban,and rural sites in Hong Kong to investigate their compositions,concentrations,and source contributions.Herewe showthat the TVOC concentrations were 23.05±13.24,12.68±15.36,and 5.16±5.48 ppbv for roadside,suburban,and rural sites between May 2015 to June 2019,respectively.By using Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)model,six sources were identified at the roadside site over five years:Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)usage(33%–46%),gasoline evaporation(8%–31%),aged air mass(11%–28%),gasoline exhaust(5%–16%),diesel exhaust(2%–16%)and fuel filling(75–9%).Similarly,six sources were distinguished at the suburban site,including LPG usage(30%–33%),solvent usage(20%–26%),diesel exhaust(14%–26%),gasoline evaporation(8%–16%),aged air mass(4%–11%),and biogenic emissions(2%–5%).At the rural site,four sources were identified,including aged airmass(33%–51%),solvent usage(25%–30%),vehicular emissions(11%–28%),and biogenic emissions(6%–12%).The analysis further revealed that fuel filling and LPG usage were the primary contributors to OFP and OH reactivity at the roadside site,while solvent usage and biogenic emissions accounted for almost half of OFP and OH reactivity at the suburban and rural sites,respectively.These findings highlight the importance of identifying and characterizing VOC sources at different sites to help policymakers develop targeted measures for pollution mitigation in specific areas.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFC1803603).
文摘The abandoned smelters present a substantial pollution threat to the nearby soil and groundwater.In this study,63 surface soil samples were collected from a zinc smelter to quantitatively describe the pollution characteristics,ecological risks,and source apportionment of heavy metal(loid)s(HMs).The results revealed that the average contents of Zn,Cd,Pb,As,and Hg were 0.4,12.2,3.3,5.3,and 12.7 times higher than the risk screening values of the construction sites,respectively.Notably,the smelter was accumulated heavily with Cd and Hg,and the contribution of Cd(0.38)and Hg(0.53)to ecological risk was 91.58%.ZZ3 and ZZ7 were the most polluted workshops,accounting for 25.7%and 35.0%of the pollution load and ecological risk,respectively.The influence of soil parent materials on pollution was minor compared to various workshops within the smelter.Combined with PMF,APCS-MLR and GIS analysis,four sources of HMs were identified:P1(25.5%)and A3(18.4%)were atmospheric deposition from the electric defogging workshop and surface runoff from the smelter;P2(32.7%)and A2(20.9%)were surface runoff of As-Pb foul acid;P3(14.5%)and A4(49.8%)were atmospheric deposition from the leach slag drying workshop;P4(27.3%)and A1(10.8%)were the smelting process of zinc products.This paper described the distribution characteristics and specific sources of HMs in different process workshops,providing a new perspective for the precise remediation of the smelter by determining the priority control factors.
基金supported by the Tianjin Fundamental Research Program of the Tianjin Committee of Science and Technology (Grant No. 10JCYBJC050800)the National Special Science and Technology Program for Non-Profit Industry of the Ministry of Environmental Protection (Grant No. 200909022)+2 种基金the 973 Program (Grant No. 2011CB403402)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 40875001)the Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (Grant No. 2008Z011)
文摘Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China,and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes.This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds （VOCs）,which are ozone precursors,to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the HaChi （Haze in China） summer campaign in 2009.A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv,respectively.Of those,51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization.The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities,which specifically contributed 60％ to urban and 42％ to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin.Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas,although the contribution of industry in the suburban area （36％） was much higher than that at the urban area （16％）.We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction,and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life,especially in suburban areas.
基金supported by the Hebei Provincial Depart-ment of Science and Technology(No.19273711D)the Min-istry of Education of the People’s Republic of China(No.CXZJHZ201717)+2 种基金the Shijiazhuang Science and Technology Bu-reau(No.191240273A,201240363A)the five fund platform projects of Hebei University of Science and Technology(No.1182210)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21776059)。
文摘Shijiazhuang,the city with the worst air quality in China,is suffering from severe ozone pollution in summer.As the key precursors of ozone generation,it is necessary to control the Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs)pollution.To have a better understanding of the pollution status and source contribution,the concentrations of 117 ambient VOCs were analyzed from April to August 2018 in an urban site in Shijiazhuang.Results showed that the monthly average concentration of total VOCs was 66.27 ppbv,in which,the oxygenated VOCs(37.89%),alkanes(33.89%),and halogenated hydrocarbons(13.31%)were the main composite on.Eight major sources were identified using Positive Matrix Factorization modeling with an accurate VOCs emission inventory as inter-complementary methods revealed that the petrochemical industry(26.24%),other industrial sources(15.19%),and traffic source(12.24%)were the major sources for ambient VOCs in Shijiazhuang.The spatial distributions of major industrial activities emissions were identified by using geographic information statistics system,which illustrated the VOCs was mainly from the north and southeast of Shijiazhuang.The inverse trajectory analysis using Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)and Potential Source Contribution Function(PSCF)clearly demonstrated the features of pollutant transport to Shijiazhuang.These findings can provide references for local governments regarding control strategies to reduce VOCs emissions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41675127, 41475116)。
文摘Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs(volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/smallsized cities in North China Plain(NCP).A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019.A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected.The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m3, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m3 and 32.1 ± 27.8 μg/m^(3), in the morning and afternoon, respectively.Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential(OFP).Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential(SOAP).VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction.PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion(33.1%), LPG usage(19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation(15.8%), solvent usage(15.2%), industrial(9.11%) and biogenic(7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively.Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources;and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry,suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2017YFC0210000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41807327)the Program for Innovative Research Team in Science and Technology in University of Henan Province(No.20 IRTSTHN011)。
文摘To study the pollution features and underlying mechanism of PM_(2.5) in Luoyang, a typical developing urban site in the central plain of China, 303 PM_(2.5) samples were collected from April 16 to December 29, 2015 to analyze the elements, water soluble inorganic ions, organic carbon and elemental carbon. The annual mean concentration of PM_(2.5) was 142.3 μg/m^(3), and 75% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations exceeded the 75 μg/m^(3). The secondary inorganic ions, organic matter and mineral dust were the most abundant species, accounting for 39.6%, 19.2% and 9.3% of the total mass concentration, respectively. But the major chemical components showed clear seasonal dependence. SO_(4)^(2-) was most abundant specie in spring and summer, which related to intensive photochemical reaction under high O_3 concentration. In contrast, the secondary organic carbon and ammonium while primary organic carbon and ammonium significantly contributed to haze formation in autumn and winter, respectively. This indicated that the collaboration effect of secondary inorganic aerosols and carbonaceous matters result in heavy haze in autumn and winter. Six main sources were identified by positive matrix factorization model: industrial emission, combustion sources, traffic emission, mineral dust, oil combustion and secondary sulfate, with the annual contribution of 24%, 20%, 24%, 4%, 5% and 23%, respectively. The potential source contribution function analysis pointed that the contribution of the local and short-range regional transportation had significant impact. This result highlighted that local primary carbonaceous and precursor of secondary carbonaceous mitigation would be key to reduce PM_(2.5) and O_3 during heavy haze episodes in winter and autumn.
基金supported by the Major Program of Science and Technology of Hainan Province,China(No.ZDKJ202007)the Special Foundation of Government Financial of Hainan Province,China(No.ZC2018-196)the Youth Innovation Foundation of Hainan Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,China(No.QNCX2021002)。
文摘Based on one-year observation,the concentration,sources,and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou,China.The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs(TVOCs)was 11.4 ppb V,and the composition was dominated by alkanes(8.2 ppb V,71.4%)and alkenes(1.3 ppb V,20.5%).The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening.The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential(OFP)was made by alkenes(51.6%),followed by alkanes(27.2%).The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide(NO_(2))in spring and summer were low,and it was difficult to generate high ozone(O_(3))concentrations through photochemical reactions.The significant increase in O_(3)concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast.Traffic sources(40.1%),industrial sources(19.4%),combustion sources(18.6%),solvent usage sources(15.5%)and plant sources(6.4%)were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization(PMF)model.The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function(PSCF)and concentration-weighted trajectory(CWT)models.Overall,the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport,and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou,thereby reducing the generation of O_(3).
基金This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.D2019208152)the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education Institutions of Hebei Province(No.ZD2021046).
文摘There is a large surface-groundwater exchange downstream ofwastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),and antibiotics upstream may influence sites downstream of rivers.Thus,samples from 9 effluent-receiving urban rivers(ERURs)and 12 groundwater sites were collected in Shijiazhuang City in December 2020 and April 2021.For ERURs,8 out of 13 target quinolone antibiotics(QNs)were detected,and the total concentration of QNs in December and April were 100.6-4,398 ng/L and 8.02–2,476 ng/L,respectively.For groundwater,all target QNs were detected,and the total QNs concentration was 1.09–23.03 ng/L for December and 4.54–170.3 ng/L for April.The distribution of QNs was dissimilar between ERURs and groundwater.Most QN concentrations were weakly correlated with land use types in the system.The results of a positive matrix factorization model(PMF)indicated four potential sources of QNs in both ERURs and groundwater,and WWTP effluents were the main source of QNs.From December to April,the contribution of WWTP effluents and agricultural emissions increased,while livestock activities decreased.Singular value decomposition(SVD)results showed that the spatial variation of most QNs was mainly contributed by sites downstream(7.09%-88.86%)of ERURs.Then,a new method that combined the results of SVD and PMF was developed for a specific-source-site risk quotient(SRQ),and the SRQ for QNs was at high level,especially for the sites downstream of WWTPs.Regarding temporal variation,the SRQ for WWTP effluents,aquaculture,and agricultural emissions increased.Therefore,in order to control the antibiotic pollution,more attention should be paid to WWTP effluents,aquaculture,and agricultural emission sources for the benefit of sites downstream of WWTPs.
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42177089,U1906215,41977190)。
文摘The Bohai Sea is one of the most polluted sea areas in China.In this study,we used 2184 integrated concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen(DIN)and dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP)in the Bohai Sea of China during spring(March,April,and May),summer(June,July,and August),and autumn(October and November)from 2015 to 2022 to explore the trends and sources of nutrients variations.From 2015 to 2022,DIN showed a downward trend until 2020 and then an upward trend,whereas DIP exhibited a stable trend with a slight decrease.The concentrations of DIN and DIP had similar seasonal pattern which was the highest in autumn(0.292±0.247 mg/L for DIN and 0.013±0.016 mg/L for DIP)but lower in spring(0.267±0.238 mg/L for DIN and 0.006±0.010 mg/L for DIP)and summer(0.263±0.324 mg/L for DIN and 0.008±0.010 mg/L for DIP).Sources of DIN and DIP apportioned by the positive matrix factorization(PMF)model were riverine input,sediment resuspension,sewage discharge,atmospheric deposition,and underground input.During 2015-2022,the largest contributor to DIN was sewage discharge(28.7%)and the largest contributor to DIP was sediment resuspension(44.6%).Seasonally,DIN in spring and autumn was dominated by sewage discharge(45.4%and 27.8%,re-spectively).Whereas in summer,it was dominated by riverine input(32.4%)and atmospheric deposition(29.7%).DIP was dominated by sediment resuspension during all three seasons(35.8%-52.5%).In addition,the increase in DIN concentrations in 2021 and 2022 were mainly due to the incremental input of river discharge and atmospheric deposition caused by increased precipitation during sum-mer and autumn.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2018YFC1800300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41807493,22006156 and 21876193)。
文摘Accurate source apportionment of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in soil nearby petrochemical industries prevailing globally,is critical for preventing pollution.However,in the process,seasonal effect on contamination pathways and accumulation of soil VOCs is often neglected.Herein,Yanshan Refining-Chemical Integration Park,including a carpet,refining,synthetic rubber,and two synthetic resin zones,was selected for traceability.Season variations resulted in a gradual decrease of 31 VOCs in soil from winter to summer.A method of dry deposition resistance model coupling partitioning coefficient model was created,revealing that dry deposition by gas phase was the primary pathway for VOCs to enter soil in winter and spring,with 100 times higher fux than by particle phase.Source profiles for five zones were built by gas sampling with distinct substance indicators screened,which were used for positive matrix factorization factors determination.Contributions of the five zones were 14.9%,20.8%,13.6%,22.1%,and 28.6%in winter and 33.4%,12.5%,10.7%,24.9%,and 18.5%in spring,respectively.The variation in the soil sorption capacity of VOCs causes inter-seasonal differences in contribution.The better correlation between dry deposition capacity and soil storage of VOCs made root mean square and mean absolute errors decrease averagely by 8.8%and 5.5%in winter compared to spring.This study provides new perspectives and methods for the source apportionment of soil VOCs contamination in industrial sites.
基金financially supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province,China(No.2023SK2006)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(No.2023JJ50057)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Plan Project of Geological Bureau of Hunan Province,China(No.HNGSTP202411)the Open Project of Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Natural Resources,China(No.BL202105)the Natural Science Foundation of Changsha City,China(No.kq2202090)。
文摘Environmental problems from heavy metals(HMs)attract global attention.Accurately identifying sources and quantitatively evaluating ecological risks are keys for HMs pollution prevention.Dongting Lake in China was investigated through integrated methods like positive matrix factorization and Nemerow integrated risk index to examine spatial distribution,contamination characteristics,pollution sources,and the contribution of each source and pollutant to the ecological risk of 14 HMs in its surface sediments.Results showed that the mean concentrations of HMs were 0.82-9.44 times greater than the corresponding background values.The spatial distribution of HMs varied significantly,with high values of As,Cd,Mn,Pb,Sn,Tl and Zn concentrated in the sediments from Xiangjiang inlet and Yangtze outlet;Co,Cr,Cu,Ni and V in the Lishui sediments;Hg and Sb in the sediments from Yuanjiang and Zishui inlets,respectively.The accumulation of HMs was affected by five sources:mercury mining and atmospheric deposition(F1)(17.99%),urban domestic sewage and industrial sewage discharge(F2)(24.44%),antimony ore mining and smelting(F3)(6.50%),non-ferrous metal mining and extended processing industrial sources(F4)(15.72%),and mixed sources mainly from natural sources and agricultural sources(F5)(35.35%).F1 and F2 were identified as priority pollution sources;Cd,Hg,Tl,Sb and As,especially Cd and Hg,posed relatively high ecological risks and were prioritized HMs for control.
