Soil borne pathogens result in serious losses in yield of crops grown in the United States (US) and various parts of the world. One of the most effective chemicals used to control these pathogens was methyl bromide (C...Soil borne pathogens result in serious losses in yield of crops grown in the United States (US) and various parts of the world. One of the most effective chemicals used to control these pathogens was methyl bromide (CH3Br, MeBr), a pre-plant fumigant with a broad spectrum of activity. Sodium azide has been proposed in combination with solarization as a viable alternative to replace MeBr due to environmental concerns with respect to ozone depletion in the stratosphere and as a possible carcinogen. However, the possible impacts of sodium azide as a soil pollutant and its effect on soil biological processes have not been fully studied. In this study the effect of sodium azide used alone and in combination with solarization and mulching on selected soil enzyme activities (phosphomonoesterases, arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase) were assessed. Responses of arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase to solarization and mulching and azide treatment were found to be affected in the same way, suggesting a similar mode of action. Soil pH in control soils was significantly increased by azide application;however, in mulched soils, pH was decreased. The significant decrease in soil pH in mulched soils may be very important in explaining the increase in the acid phosphatase activity observed in mulched soils. Overall, solarization and sodium azide treatment significantly reduced both fungi and bacterial populations but the responses among the various treatments varied significantly.展开更多
Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen,convert CO_(2) to synthetic fuels,and decrease persistent pollutant.However,conventional photocatalysts have limitations,including p...Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen,convert CO_(2) to synthetic fuels,and decrease persistent pollutant.However,conventional photocatalysts have limitations,including poor spectral absorption,inefficient charge separation,and structural instability under operational stress,which demand innovative durable materials with tailored electronic properties.Nanodiamond(ND)has recently been recognized as a suitable material because of its exceptional chemical stability,superior charge carrier mobility,and possible surface functionalization.While its intrinsic wide bandgap limits its response to visible-light,different methods have been demonstrated to activate its catalytic potential.Here,several emerging strategies for improving the catalytic performance of ND-based photocatalytic systems are summarized,including surface functionalization,plasmonic hybridization,heteroatom doping,and heterostructure design.And the structure-activity relationship and design principle are proposed to improve the light harvesting,charge transport,and redox kinetics for constructing high efficiency ND-based photocatalysts used in the renewable energy and environmental industries.展开更多
Space-Based Solar Power(SBSP) presents a promising solution for achieving carbon neutrality and Renewable Electricity 100%(RE100) goals by offering a stable and continuous energy supply. However, its commercialization...Space-Based Solar Power(SBSP) presents a promising solution for achieving carbon neutrality and Renewable Electricity 100%(RE100) goals by offering a stable and continuous energy supply. However, its commercialization faces significant obstacles due to the technical challenges of long-distance microwave Wireless Power Transmission(WPT) from geostationary orbit. Even ground-based kilometer-scale WPT experiments remain difficult because of limited testing infrastructure, high costs, and strict electromagnetic wave regulations. Since the 1975 NASA-Raytheon experiment, which successfully recovered 30 kW of power over 1.55 km, there has been little progress in extending the transmission distance or increasing the retrieved power. This study proposes a cost-effective methodology for conducting long-range WPT experiments in constrained environments by utilizing existing infrastructure. A deep space antenna operating at 2.08 GHz with an output power of 2.3 kW and a gain of 55.3 dBi was used as the transmitter. Two test configurations were implemented: a 1.81 km ground-to-air test using an aerostat to elevate the receiver and a 1.82 km ground-to-ground test using a ladder truck positioned on a plateau. The rectenna consists of a lightweight 3×3 patch antenna array(0.9 m × 0.9 m), accompanied by a steering device and LED indicators to verify power reception. The aerostat-based test achieved a power density of 154.6 mW/m2, which corresponds to approximately 6.2% of the theoretical maximum. The performance gap is primarily attributed to near-field interference, detuning of the patch antenna, rectifier mismatch, and alignment issues. These limitations are expected to be mitigated through improved patch antenna fabrication, a transition from GaN to GaAs rectifiers optimized for lower input power, and the implementation of an automated alignment system. With these enhancements, the recovered power is expected to improve by approximately four to five times. The results demonstrate a practical and scalable framework for long-range WPT experiments under constrained conditions and provide key insights for advancing SBSP technology.展开更多
The aim of this study is to design,build,and evaluate an indirect forced convection solar dryer adapted to semi-arid climate,such as that of Bechar situated in the west south region of Algeria.The tested drying system...The aim of this study is to design,build,and evaluate an indirect forced convection solar dryer adapted to semi-arid climate,such as that of Bechar situated in the west south region of Algeria.The tested drying system consists of a flat-plate solar collector,an insulated two-chamber drying unit,and an Arduino-controlled device that ensures uniformtemperature distribution and real-timemonitoring using DHT22 sensors.Drying testswere conducted on locally grown beet slices at air temperatures of 45℃,60℃,and 80℃,with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m/s and a mass flow rate of 0.0027 kg/s.The collector reached a maximum temperature of 65℃,with thermal efficiencies ranging from 20%to 35%.In these conditions,the drying times were cut down to 200–300 min,and the beet’s moisture content dropped to 0.47,0.27,and 0.24 g/g dry matter,respectively.The experimental data were fitted to several empirical models,including the logarithmic model.The modelled results showed strong agreement with the experimental ones(correlation coefficients r=0.9919–0.9989;standard errors SE=0.017–0.043;root-mean-square errors RMSE=0.016–0.027).The results demonstrate that the system operates efficiently and consistently,making it suitable for the sustainable drying of agricultural and medicinal products in arid climates.展开更多
Bradysia cellarum Frey (Diptera: Sciaridae) is an important subterranean pestand is especially damaging to Chinese chive. An effective and moreenvironmentally safe method than pesticides is needed for its control. The...Bradysia cellarum Frey (Diptera: Sciaridae) is an important subterranean pestand is especially damaging to Chinese chive. An effective and moreenvironmentally safe method than pesticides is needed for its control. Theefficacy of B. cellarum control, growth of Chinese chive and soil microbialdiversity were investigated after uae of soil solarization to exterminate thisinsect pest. The results show that on the first day after soil solarization 100%control of B. cellarum was achieved. Growth of Chinese chive was lower insolarized plots than in control plots over the first 10 days after treatment. Chivegrowth in solarized plots increased subsequently to match that in the controlplots. Moreover, the soil microbial community diversity in the treatment groupdecreased initially before gradually recovering. In addition, the abundance ofbeneficial microorganisms in the genus Bacillus and the phyla Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi and Firmicutes increased significantly. Soil solarization is thereforepractical and worthy of promotion in Chinese chive-growing regions.展开更多
The self-assembled monolayer(SAM),functioning as a hole transport layer,holds the potential to substantially elevate the efficiency of perovskite and organic solar cells.Nevertheless,incomplete SAM coverage may result...The self-assembled monolayer(SAM),functioning as a hole transport layer,holds the potential to substantially elevate the efficiency of perovskite and organic solar cells.Nevertheless,incomplete SAM coverage may result in interface defects lurking between the photovoltaic layer and the electrode,thereby causing non-radiative recombination losses of interfacial charges.To tackle this issue,we introduced 4-bromobutyric acid to co-assemble with the SAM,yielding a more compact co-assembled monolayer(co-SAM)that effectively repairs these defective zones.Confocal laser scanning microscopy and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy show that co-SAMs successfully mitigate interface defects in the previously uncovered electrode regions.Furthermore,the work function of the electrodes is elevated to 5.6 eV,facilitating efficient hole extraction.Consequently,devices incorporating co-SAMs exhibit notably reduced non-radiative recombination losses.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the devices is enhanced to 20.0% in binary organic solar cells,and an even more remarkable breakthrough PCE of 25.8% is achieved in perovskite/organic tandem devices.This study introduces a straightforward strategy to improve the hole-selective contact of electrodes,ultimately boosting the overall efficiency of the devices.展开更多
Crystalline silicon(c-Si)solar cells,though dominating the photovoltaic market,are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies(PCE)limit of 29.4%,necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to ...Crystalline silicon(c-Si)solar cells,though dominating the photovoltaic market,are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies(PCE)limit of 29.4%,necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to achieve higher performance.Among these,perovskiteon-silicon-based multi-junction solar cells have emerged as a promising alternative,where the perovskite offering tunable bandgaps,superior optoelectronic properties,and cost-effective manufacturing.Recent announced double-junction solar cells(PSDJSCs)have achieved the PCE of 34.85%,surpassing all other double-junction technologies.Encouragingly,the rapid advancements in PSDJSCs have spurred increased research interest in perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction solar cells(PSTJSCs)in 2024.This triple-junction solar cell configuration demonstrates immense potential due to their optimum balance between achieving a high PCE limit and managing device complexity.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PSTJSCs,covering fundamental principles,and technological milestones.Current challenges,including current mismatch,open-circuit voltage deficits,phase segregation,and stability issues,and their corresponding strategies are also discussed,alongside future directions to achieve long-term stability and high PCE.This work aims to advance the understanding of the development in PSTJSCs,paving the way for their practical implementation.展开更多
Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells(i PSCs)highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite.Self-assembled monolayers(SAM)on transparent conductive...Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells(i PSCs)highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite.Self-assembled monolayers(SAM)on transparent conductive oxide electrodes serve effectively as hole transport layers,though challenges such as energy mismatches and surface inhomogeneities remain.Here,a blended self-assembled monolayer of(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid(2PACz)and(4-(3,6-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid(Me-4PACz)is developed,offering improved surface potential uniformity and interfacial energy alignment compared to individual SAMs.Interactions between the SAMs and ionic species are investigated with simulation analysis conducted,revealing the elimination of interfacial energy barriers through precise energy-level tuning.This strategy enables wide-bandgap(1.67 e V)perovskite solar cells with inverted structures with over 24%efficiency,an open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 1.268 V,and a certified fill factor(FF)of 86.8%,leading to a certified efficiency of 23.42%.The approach also enables high-efficiency semi-transparent devices and a mechanically stacked four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell reaching 30.97%efficiency.展开更多
The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is suscept...The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is susceptible to processing conditions,resulting in an uncontrollable variance in device performance.Here,we demonstrate a supramolecule confined approach to reproducibly fabricate perovskite films with an ultrasmooth,electronically homogeneous surface.The assembly of a calixarene capping layer on precursor surface can induce host-vip interactions with solvent molecules to tailor the desolvation kinetics,and initiate the perovskite crystallization from the sharp molecule-precursor interface.These combined effects significantly reduced the spatial variance and extended the processing window of perovskite films.As a result,the standard efficiency deviations of device-to-device and batch-to-batch devices were reduced from 0.64-0.26%to 0.67-0.23%,respectively.In addition,the perovskite films with ultrasmooth top surfaces exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield>10%and surface recombination velocities<100 cm s^(-1)for both interfaces that yielded p-i-n structured solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 25%.展开更多
Two-dimensional MXene Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)demonstrates great promise in perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Herein,sulfur-terminated Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(S-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))is developed by modifying Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)via a facile hydr...Two-dimensional MXene Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)demonstrates great promise in perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Herein,sulfur-terminated Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(S-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))is developed by modifying Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)via a facile hydrothermal method using thioacetamide.As a perovskite additive,S-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)outperforms pristine Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)by(1)significantly promoting grain growth,enhancing carrier mobility,and reducing defect density;(2)optimizing energy level alignment to lower interfacial energy barriers and minimize interface non-radiative recombination;(3)stabilizing uncoordinated Pb2+and[PbI6]4-octahedra via Pb-S bonds while alleviating bulk lattice strain,as this Pb-S interaction exerts a“tape-like”effect.Based on this synergistic mechanism,PSCs with S-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)achieve a champion efficiency of 25.51%—outperforming control(23.46%)and pristine Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-based devices(24.54%)—with enhanced stability.This work highlights terminal group engineering as a critical strategy for advancing high-performance PSCs and their potential for emerging photovoltaic technologies.展开更多
The solar cycle(SC),a phenomenon caused by the quasi-periodic regular activities in the Sun,occurs approximately every 11 years.Intense solar activity can disrupt the Earth’s ionosphere,affecting communication and na...The solar cycle(SC),a phenomenon caused by the quasi-periodic regular activities in the Sun,occurs approximately every 11 years.Intense solar activity can disrupt the Earth’s ionosphere,affecting communication and navigation systems.Consequently,accurately predicting the intensity of the SC holds great significance,but predicting the SC involves a long-term time series,and many existing time series forecasting methods have fallen short in terms of accuracy and efficiency.The Time-series Dense Encoder model is a deep learning solution tailored for long time series prediction.Based on a multi-layer perceptron structure,it outperforms the best previously existing models in accuracy,while being efficiently trainable on general datasets.We propose a method based on this model for SC forecasting.Using a trained model,we predict the test set from SC 19 to SC 25 with an average mean absolute percentage error of 32.02,root mean square error of 30.3,mean absolute error of 23.32,and R^(2)(coefficient of determination)of 0.76,outperforming other deep learning models in terms of accuracy and training efficiency on sunspot number datasets.Subsequently,we use it to predict the peaks of SC 25 and SC 26.For SC 25,the peak time has ended,but a stronger peak is predicted for SC 26,of 199.3,within a range of 170.8-221.9,projected to occur during April 2034.展开更多
This paper presents an experimental analysis of a solar-assisted powered underfloor heating system,designed primarily to boost energy efficiency and achieve reliable desired steady-state temperature in buildings.We th...This paper presents an experimental analysis of a solar-assisted powered underfloor heating system,designed primarily to boost energy efficiency and achieve reliable desired steady-state temperature in buildings.We thoroughly tested the system’s thermal and operational features by subjecting it to three distinct scenarios that mimicked diverse solar irradiance and environmental conditions.Our findings reveal a strong correlation between variations in solar input and overall system performance.The Solar Fraction(SF),our key energy efficiency metric,varied significantly across the cases,ranging from 63.1%up to 88.7%.This high reliance on renewables resulted in a substantial reduction in backup power;consequently,the auxiliary electric heater was only required to supply between 1.82 and 3.00 kWh over the test periods.The circulation pump operated on a precise control logic,engaging below 20℃ and disengaging at 21℃.Crucially,the experiments verified the system’s ability not only tomeet the air temperature setpoint but also to ensure the floor surface temperature stayed within required international comfort criteria.These robust results directly support the study’s main objective.For practical application,we advise increasing the total length of the embedded pipe network.This crucial adjustment would allow for a reduction in the required circulating water temperature,which in turn maximizes the utilization of low-grade solar heat and optimizes radiant heat delivery toward achieving the desired steady-state temperature.Ultimately,the study confirms that solar-assisted underfloor heating offers a technically viable,sustainable,and energy-efficient solution with the potential to significantly cut fossil fuel consumption.展开更多
Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remain...Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remains an urgent issue to be resolved for the commercialization.Defect passivation emerged as a viable approach to enhance the operational stability of the solar devices.Herein,phenylthiourea(PhTu)derivatives are selected as effective passivation agents to enhance the optoelectronic properties of printed methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3))films.It is demonstrated that incorporating a small amount of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea(PhTu-COOH)significantly reduces the trap-state density and leads to longer carrier lifetime of the perovskite films.As a result,the inverted solar device made of Ph Tu-COOH-modified MAPbI_(3) perovskite film shows remarkably improved efficiency(from 17.29%to 20.22%)and obviously increased open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))(from 1.043 to 1.143 V),as compared with the pristine device.Moreover,the Ph Tu-COOH-modified PSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability due to the significantly reduced trap-state density.Finally,the optimized solar module fabricated with an active area of 11.28 cm^(2) delivers a high PCE of 17.07%with negligible V_(OC)loss,demonstrating the feasibility of the blade-coating method for large-area perovskite film deposition.展开更多
All-inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells have emerged as environmentally benign candidates;however,their device performance is still constrained by pronounced carrier recombination losses in the bulk and at inte...All-inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells have emerged as environmentally benign candidates;however,their device performance is still constrained by pronounced carrier recombination losses in the bulk and at interfaces.By combining energy band alignment analysis with detailed modeling of recombination mechanisms,a systematic strategy for optimizing hole transport layers is developed.The results reveal that a negative valence band offset produces a cliff-like interface,which facilitates hole extraction while also accounting for the observed variations in open-circuit voltage.Furthermore,short-circuit current losses are quantitatively attributed to different recombination pathways,modeled by incorporating radiative,Shockley–Read–Hall,Auger,and interface recombination processes.This comprehensive approach not only clarifies the correlation between energy level alignment and recombination dynamics but also highlights the competing roles of band offset and interface defects in determining device performance.The optimized device architecture,based on Ge-based lead-free perovskites,achieves a power conversion efficiency of 25.1%,with an open-circuit voltage of 1.29 V,a short-circuit current density of 22.5 mA·cm^(-2),and a fill factor of 86.3%.These findings provide theoretical guidance for designing stable,high-performance,and environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells.展开更多
Fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules under ambient air conditions remains a critical challenge due to air sensitivity of perovskite intermediate phases during crystallization.Here,we introduce 2-iodoimid...Fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules under ambient air conditions remains a critical challenge due to air sensitivity of perovskite intermediate phases during crystallization.Here,we introduce 2-iodoimidazole(IIZ)into the perovskite precursor,enabling the formation of an air-stable pureδ-phase intermediate,which,upon annealing,fully transforms into a highly orientedα-phase perovskite film with reduced defects and variability.Leveraging this approach,we achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 20.9%for 927.5 cm^(2)perovskite solar modules with high reproducibility.The encapsulated modules meet stringent international photovoltaic testing standards(IEC61215:2021),demonstrating excellent stability under continuous operation,thermal cycling(-40 to 85℃)and damp heat(85℃ and 85%relative humidity).展开更多
The crystallization and aggregation characteristics of the active layer components in organic solar cells(OSCs)are one of the core factors determining photovoltaic performance,influencing the entire process from light...The crystallization and aggregation characteristics of the active layer components in organic solar cells(OSCs)are one of the core factors determining photovoltaic performance,influencing the entire process from light absorption to charge separation,transport,and ultimately charge collection.Dynamic changes in crystallization and aggregation states can also disrupt the microstructure of the active layer,thus shortening the lifetime of the cell.In this study,a morphology modulation strategy is proposed to regulate the crystallization kinetics of non-fullerene acceptors by employing the polymer molecule PYIT as a nucleating agent.An appropriate amount of PYIT was first completely dissolved with the non-fullerene acceptor Y6 and left to stand for 24 h,followed by the fabrication of layer-by-layer processed OSCs.Experiments demonstrated that high crystallinity of PYIT allows it to act as a crystallization nucleus,promoting the crystallization,orientation consistency,and ordered stacking of the acceptor.These nanoscale structural optimizations facilitate efficient charge transport,enhance exciton dissociation efficiency,and suppress unfavorable energetic disorder.Consequently,not only was the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of D18-Cl/Y6-based layer-by-layer processed OSC increased from 18.08%to 19.13%,but the atmospheric stability and long-term lifetime of the OSCs were also significantly improved.Notably,this strategy is also applicable to indoor OSCs,and the PYIT-optimized device can achieve a PCE of 27.0%under 1000 lux light-emitting diode(LED,3200K)irradiation,which is superior to that of the control device(24.2%).This work develops a crystal engineering strategy that is able to simultaneously optimize the microscopic morphology and charge dynamics properties in OSCs,thereby achieving simultaneous improvement in efficiency and stability.展开更多
Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light condi...Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light conditions are considerably smaller in intensity and possess greater components of non-normal incidence.Yet,indoor light-driven,stand-alone devices can offer sustainable advances in next-generation technologies such as the Internet of Things.Here,we present a non-invasive solution to aid in photovoltaic indoor light collection—radially distributed waveguide-encoded lattice(RDWEL)slim films(thickness 1.5 mm).Embedded with a monotonical radial array of cylindrical waveguides(±20°),the RDWEL demonstrates seamless light collection(FoV(fields of view)=74.5°)and imparts enhancements in JSC(short circuit current density)of 44%and 14%for indoor and outdoor lighting conditions,respectively,when coupled to a photovoltaic device and compared to an unstructured but otherwise identical slim film coating.展开更多
As an emerging thermal management strategy,dynamic radiative cooling(DRC)technology enables dynamic modulation of spectral radiation properties under varying environmental conditions through the directional design of ...As an emerging thermal management strategy,dynamic radiative cooling(DRC)technology enables dynamic modulation of spectral radiation properties under varying environmental conditions through the directional design of material spectral characteristics.However,a comprehensive review of the basic physical mechanisms of radiative heat transfer in DRC materials and various design principles involved in dynamic radiative thermal regulation is still lacking.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in this field,spanning from fundamental physical principles to intrinsic molecular and electronic mechanisms,and further to representative material systems and multi-band regulation strategies,highlighting the interdisciplinary research achievements and technological innovations.This work outlines the core mechanisms governing the regulation of different spectral bands during radiative heat transfer processes.Then,the main categories of DRC materials are systematically reviewed,including actively responsive structures,passively responsive structures,and multi-stimuli-responsive materials.Furthermore,the challenges faced by current DRC technology and future development trends are summarized and discussed,providing valuable reference and guidance for further research in this field.Although DRC technologies still face significant challenges in material stability,manufacturing processes,and system integration,the continuous advances in related areas and multifunctional materials are expected to broaden the application prospects of DRC in the future.展开更多
Although lead(Pb)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have garnered intense attention for their remarkable photovoltaic conversion efficiency,their commercial process is urgently in need of an effective damage-evaluatio...Although lead(Pb)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have garnered intense attention for their remarkable photovoltaic conversion efficiency,their commercial process is urgently in need of an effective damage-evaluation system for the early diagnosis of faulty PSCs.The main cause of microdamage in perovskite films is the outflow of Pb,which significantly impacts device performance.However,no reliable correlation has been established between classical damage detection techniques and Pb detection,resulting in limited detection sensitivity.Here,we report an in situ visual microdamage evaluation method of PSCs by coating the device surface with a silica gel encapsulation layer containing porphyrin molecules.This detection technology enables high selectivity and sensitivity based on the strong complexation between the porphyrin ring and trace Pb outflow from degraded PSCs.By establishing the linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and Pb concentration in PSCs,trace Pb outflow is pinpointed and quantified with a low detection limit of 0.65μg cm^(-2).An applet is developed for the insitu visual fluorescence detection method to facilitate the continuous real-time monitoring of series-type PSCs,thereby enabling the prompt identification and replacement of damaged PSCs and ensuring the swift restoration of high efficiency.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency.However,interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge,leading to charge reco...Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency.However,interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge,leading to charge recombination,ion migration,and iodine oxidation.To address this,we propose a novel all-in-one modification strategy employing ammonia borane(BNH6)as a multifunctional complex.By incorporating BNH6 at both buried and upper interfaces simultaneously,we achieve dualinterfacial defect passivation and iodide oxidation suppression through three key mechanisms:(1)hydrolysis-induced interaction with SnO_(2),(2)coordination with Pb^(2+),and(3)inhibition of I−oxidation.This approach significantly enhances device performance,yielding a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 26.43%(certified 25.98%).Furthermore,the unencapsulated device demonstrates prominent enhanced operation stability,maintaining 90%of its initial PCE after 500 h under continuous illumination.Notably,our strategy eliminates the need for separate interface treatments,streamlining fabrication and offering a scalable route toward high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
文摘Soil borne pathogens result in serious losses in yield of crops grown in the United States (US) and various parts of the world. One of the most effective chemicals used to control these pathogens was methyl bromide (CH3Br, MeBr), a pre-plant fumigant with a broad spectrum of activity. Sodium azide has been proposed in combination with solarization as a viable alternative to replace MeBr due to environmental concerns with respect to ozone depletion in the stratosphere and as a possible carcinogen. However, the possible impacts of sodium azide as a soil pollutant and its effect on soil biological processes have not been fully studied. In this study the effect of sodium azide used alone and in combination with solarization and mulching on selected soil enzyme activities (phosphomonoesterases, arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase) were assessed. Responses of arylsulfatase and phosphodiesterase to solarization and mulching and azide treatment were found to be affected in the same way, suggesting a similar mode of action. Soil pH in control soils was significantly increased by azide application;however, in mulched soils, pH was decreased. The significant decrease in soil pH in mulched soils may be very important in explaining the increase in the acid phosphatase activity observed in mulched soils. Overall, solarization and sodium azide treatment significantly reduced both fungi and bacterial populations but the responses among the various treatments varied significantly.
文摘Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen,convert CO_(2) to synthetic fuels,and decrease persistent pollutant.However,conventional photocatalysts have limitations,including poor spectral absorption,inefficient charge separation,and structural instability under operational stress,which demand innovative durable materials with tailored electronic properties.Nanodiamond(ND)has recently been recognized as a suitable material because of its exceptional chemical stability,superior charge carrier mobility,and possible surface functionalization.While its intrinsic wide bandgap limits its response to visible-light,different methods have been demonstrated to activate its catalytic potential.Here,several emerging strategies for improving the catalytic performance of ND-based photocatalytic systems are summarized,including surface functionalization,plasmonic hybridization,heteroatom doping,and heterostructure design.And the structure-activity relationship and design principle are proposed to improve the light harvesting,charge transport,and redox kinetics for constructing high efficiency ND-based photocatalysts used in the renewable energy and environmental industries.
文摘Space-Based Solar Power(SBSP) presents a promising solution for achieving carbon neutrality and Renewable Electricity 100%(RE100) goals by offering a stable and continuous energy supply. However, its commercialization faces significant obstacles due to the technical challenges of long-distance microwave Wireless Power Transmission(WPT) from geostationary orbit. Even ground-based kilometer-scale WPT experiments remain difficult because of limited testing infrastructure, high costs, and strict electromagnetic wave regulations. Since the 1975 NASA-Raytheon experiment, which successfully recovered 30 kW of power over 1.55 km, there has been little progress in extending the transmission distance or increasing the retrieved power. This study proposes a cost-effective methodology for conducting long-range WPT experiments in constrained environments by utilizing existing infrastructure. A deep space antenna operating at 2.08 GHz with an output power of 2.3 kW and a gain of 55.3 dBi was used as the transmitter. Two test configurations were implemented: a 1.81 km ground-to-air test using an aerostat to elevate the receiver and a 1.82 km ground-to-ground test using a ladder truck positioned on a plateau. The rectenna consists of a lightweight 3×3 patch antenna array(0.9 m × 0.9 m), accompanied by a steering device and LED indicators to verify power reception. The aerostat-based test achieved a power density of 154.6 mW/m2, which corresponds to approximately 6.2% of the theoretical maximum. The performance gap is primarily attributed to near-field interference, detuning of the patch antenna, rectifier mismatch, and alignment issues. These limitations are expected to be mitigated through improved patch antenna fabrication, a transition from GaN to GaAs rectifiers optimized for lower input power, and the implementation of an automated alignment system. With these enhancements, the recovered power is expected to improve by approximately four to five times. The results demonstrate a practical and scalable framework for long-range WPT experiments under constrained conditions and provide key insights for advancing SBSP technology.
文摘The aim of this study is to design,build,and evaluate an indirect forced convection solar dryer adapted to semi-arid climate,such as that of Bechar situated in the west south region of Algeria.The tested drying system consists of a flat-plate solar collector,an insulated two-chamber drying unit,and an Arduino-controlled device that ensures uniformtemperature distribution and real-timemonitoring using DHT22 sensors.Drying testswere conducted on locally grown beet slices at air temperatures of 45℃,60℃,and 80℃,with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m/s and a mass flow rate of 0.0027 kg/s.The collector reached a maximum temperature of 65℃,with thermal efficiencies ranging from 20%to 35%.In these conditions,the drying times were cut down to 200–300 min,and the beet’s moisture content dropped to 0.47,0.27,and 0.24 g/g dry matter,respectively.The experimental data were fitted to several empirical models,including the logarithmic model.The modelled results showed strong agreement with the experimental ones(correlation coefficients r=0.9919–0.9989;standard errors SE=0.017–0.043;root-mean-square errors RMSE=0.016–0.027).The results demonstrate that the system operates efficiently and consistently,making it suitable for the sustainable drying of agricultural and medicinal products in arid climates.
基金This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772170)the Project of the Education Department in Hubei Province(B2020038)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jingzhou City(2020CB21-30)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-24-C-02)the Beijing Key Laboratory for Pest Control and Sustainable Cultivation of Vegetablesthe Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(AAS-ASTIP-IVFCAAS).
文摘Bradysia cellarum Frey (Diptera: Sciaridae) is an important subterranean pestand is especially damaging to Chinese chive. An effective and moreenvironmentally safe method than pesticides is needed for its control. Theefficacy of B. cellarum control, growth of Chinese chive and soil microbialdiversity were investigated after uae of soil solarization to exterminate thisinsect pest. The results show that on the first day after soil solarization 100%control of B. cellarum was achieved. Growth of Chinese chive was lower insolarized plots than in control plots over the first 10 days after treatment. Chivegrowth in solarized plots increased subsequently to match that in the controlplots. Moreover, the soil microbial community diversity in the treatment groupdecreased initially before gradually recovering. In addition, the abundance ofbeneficial microorganisms in the genus Bacillus and the phyla Proteobacteria,Chloroflexi and Firmicutes increased significantly. Soil solarization is thereforepractical and worthy of promotion in Chinese chive-growing regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52303239,51933001,22475114)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022QB141,2023HWYQ-087)+1 种基金the Shanghai Pujiang Program(23PJ1409700)the Hubei Province Key Research Program(2023BAB109)。
文摘The self-assembled monolayer(SAM),functioning as a hole transport layer,holds the potential to substantially elevate the efficiency of perovskite and organic solar cells.Nevertheless,incomplete SAM coverage may result in interface defects lurking between the photovoltaic layer and the electrode,thereby causing non-radiative recombination losses of interfacial charges.To tackle this issue,we introduced 4-bromobutyric acid to co-assemble with the SAM,yielding a more compact co-assembled monolayer(co-SAM)that effectively repairs these defective zones.Confocal laser scanning microscopy and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy show that co-SAMs successfully mitigate interface defects in the previously uncovered electrode regions.Furthermore,the work function of the electrodes is elevated to 5.6 eV,facilitating efficient hole extraction.Consequently,devices incorporating co-SAMs exhibit notably reduced non-radiative recombination losses.The power conversion efficiency(PCE)of the devices is enhanced to 20.0% in binary organic solar cells,and an even more remarkable breakthrough PCE of 25.8% is achieved in perovskite/organic tandem devices.This study introduces a straightforward strategy to improve the hole-selective contact of electrodes,ultimately boosting the overall efficiency of the devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62404185the industry-academia joint laboratory collaboration between Hiking PV and Xiamen University(20243160C0010)J.Z.is supported by Nanqiang Outstanding Young Talents Program X2450215 of Xiamen University.
文摘Crystalline silicon(c-Si)solar cells,though dominating the photovoltaic market,are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies(PCE)limit of 29.4%,necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to achieve higher performance.Among these,perovskiteon-silicon-based multi-junction solar cells have emerged as a promising alternative,where the perovskite offering tunable bandgaps,superior optoelectronic properties,and cost-effective manufacturing.Recent announced double-junction solar cells(PSDJSCs)have achieved the PCE of 34.85%,surpassing all other double-junction technologies.Encouragingly,the rapid advancements in PSDJSCs have spurred increased research interest in perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction solar cells(PSTJSCs)in 2024.This triple-junction solar cell configuration demonstrates immense potential due to their optimum balance between achieving a high PCE limit and managing device complexity.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PSTJSCs,covering fundamental principles,and technological milestones.Current challenges,including current mismatch,open-circuit voltage deficits,phase segregation,and stability issues,and their corresponding strategies are also discussed,alongside future directions to achieve long-term stability and high PCE.This work aims to advance the understanding of the development in PSTJSCs,paving the way for their practical implementation.
文摘Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells(i PSCs)highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite.Self-assembled monolayers(SAM)on transparent conductive oxide electrodes serve effectively as hole transport layers,though challenges such as energy mismatches and surface inhomogeneities remain.Here,a blended self-assembled monolayer of(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid(2PACz)and(4-(3,6-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid(Me-4PACz)is developed,offering improved surface potential uniformity and interfacial energy alignment compared to individual SAMs.Interactions between the SAMs and ionic species are investigated with simulation analysis conducted,revealing the elimination of interfacial energy barriers through precise energy-level tuning.This strategy enables wide-bandgap(1.67 e V)perovskite solar cells with inverted structures with over 24%efficiency,an open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 1.268 V,and a certified fill factor(FF)of 86.8%,leading to a certified efficiency of 23.42%.The approach also enables high-efficiency semi-transparent devices and a mechanically stacked four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell reaching 30.97%efficiency.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22379044,22472053)the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(23520710700)+6 种基金the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22239001)the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research(22TQ1400100-5)the ShanghaiMunicipal Natural Science Foundation(25ZR1401081)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JKD01251505,JKVD1251041)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20250071)the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials(18DZ2252400)the Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism(Shanghai Municipal Education Commission)。
文摘The solution processibility of perovskites provides a costeffective and high-throughput route for fabricating state-of-the-art solar cells.However,the fast kinetics of precursor-to-perovskite transformation is susceptible to processing conditions,resulting in an uncontrollable variance in device performance.Here,we demonstrate a supramolecule confined approach to reproducibly fabricate perovskite films with an ultrasmooth,electronically homogeneous surface.The assembly of a calixarene capping layer on precursor surface can induce host-vip interactions with solvent molecules to tailor the desolvation kinetics,and initiate the perovskite crystallization from the sharp molecule-precursor interface.These combined effects significantly reduced the spatial variance and extended the processing window of perovskite films.As a result,the standard efficiency deviations of device-to-device and batch-to-batch devices were reduced from 0.64-0.26%to 0.67-0.23%,respectively.In addition,the perovskite films with ultrasmooth top surfaces exhibited photoluminescence quantum yield>10%and surface recombination velocities<100 cm s^(-1)for both interfaces that yielded p-i-n structured solar cells with power conversion efficiency over 25%.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51872145 and 12004192)Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(NY224170)。
文摘Two-dimensional MXene Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)demonstrates great promise in perovskite solar cells(PSCs).Herein,sulfur-terminated Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)(S-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x))is developed by modifying Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)via a facile hydrothermal method using thioacetamide.As a perovskite additive,S-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)outperforms pristine Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)by(1)significantly promoting grain growth,enhancing carrier mobility,and reducing defect density;(2)optimizing energy level alignment to lower interfacial energy barriers and minimize interface non-radiative recombination;(3)stabilizing uncoordinated Pb2+and[PbI6]4-octahedra via Pb-S bonds while alleviating bulk lattice strain,as this Pb-S interaction exerts a“tape-like”effect.Based on this synergistic mechanism,PSCs with S-Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)achieve a champion efficiency of 25.51%—outperforming control(23.46%)and pristine Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)-based devices(24.54%)—with enhanced stability.This work highlights terminal group engineering as a critical strategy for advancing high-performance PSCs and their potential for emerging photovoltaic technologies.
基金supported by the Academic Research Projects of Beijing Union University(ZK20202204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12250005,12073040,12273059,11973056,12003051,11573037,12073041,11427901,11572005,11611530679 and 12473052)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the China Academy of Sciences(XDB0560000,XDA15052200,XDB09040200,XDA15010700,XDB0560301,and XDA15320102)the Chinese Meridian Project(CMP).
文摘The solar cycle(SC),a phenomenon caused by the quasi-periodic regular activities in the Sun,occurs approximately every 11 years.Intense solar activity can disrupt the Earth’s ionosphere,affecting communication and navigation systems.Consequently,accurately predicting the intensity of the SC holds great significance,but predicting the SC involves a long-term time series,and many existing time series forecasting methods have fallen short in terms of accuracy and efficiency.The Time-series Dense Encoder model is a deep learning solution tailored for long time series prediction.Based on a multi-layer perceptron structure,it outperforms the best previously existing models in accuracy,while being efficiently trainable on general datasets.We propose a method based on this model for SC forecasting.Using a trained model,we predict the test set from SC 19 to SC 25 with an average mean absolute percentage error of 32.02,root mean square error of 30.3,mean absolute error of 23.32,and R^(2)(coefficient of determination)of 0.76,outperforming other deep learning models in terms of accuracy and training efficiency on sunspot number datasets.Subsequently,we use it to predict the peaks of SC 25 and SC 26.For SC 25,the peak time has ended,but a stronger peak is predicted for SC 26,of 199.3,within a range of 170.8-221.9,projected to occur during April 2034.
文摘This paper presents an experimental analysis of a solar-assisted powered underfloor heating system,designed primarily to boost energy efficiency and achieve reliable desired steady-state temperature in buildings.We thoroughly tested the system’s thermal and operational features by subjecting it to three distinct scenarios that mimicked diverse solar irradiance and environmental conditions.Our findings reveal a strong correlation between variations in solar input and overall system performance.The Solar Fraction(SF),our key energy efficiency metric,varied significantly across the cases,ranging from 63.1%up to 88.7%.This high reliance on renewables resulted in a substantial reduction in backup power;consequently,the auxiliary electric heater was only required to supply between 1.82 and 3.00 kWh over the test periods.The circulation pump operated on a precise control logic,engaging below 20℃ and disengaging at 21℃.Crucially,the experiments verified the system’s ability not only tomeet the air temperature setpoint but also to ensure the floor surface temperature stayed within required international comfort criteria.These robust results directly support the study’s main objective.For practical application,we advise increasing the total length of the embedded pipe network.This crucial adjustment would allow for a reduction in the required circulating water temperature,which in turn maximizes the utilization of low-grade solar heat and optimizes radiant heat delivery toward achieving the desired steady-state temperature.Ultimately,the study confirms that solar-assisted underfloor heating offers a technically viable,sustainable,and energy-efficient solution with the potential to significantly cut fossil fuel consumption.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62205103)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2023JJ40216)the Elite Youth Program by the Department of Education of Hunan Province(Grant No.24B0663)。
文摘Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remains an urgent issue to be resolved for the commercialization.Defect passivation emerged as a viable approach to enhance the operational stability of the solar devices.Herein,phenylthiourea(PhTu)derivatives are selected as effective passivation agents to enhance the optoelectronic properties of printed methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3))films.It is demonstrated that incorporating a small amount of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea(PhTu-COOH)significantly reduces the trap-state density and leads to longer carrier lifetime of the perovskite films.As a result,the inverted solar device made of Ph Tu-COOH-modified MAPbI_(3) perovskite film shows remarkably improved efficiency(from 17.29%to 20.22%)and obviously increased open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))(from 1.043 to 1.143 V),as compared with the pristine device.Moreover,the Ph Tu-COOH-modified PSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability due to the significantly reduced trap-state density.Finally,the optimized solar module fabricated with an active area of 11.28 cm^(2) delivers a high PCE of 17.07%with negligible V_(OC)loss,demonstrating the feasibility of the blade-coating method for large-area perovskite film deposition.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52102165 and 62474056)the Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Grant Nos.NY221029 and NY222165)。
文摘All-inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells have emerged as environmentally benign candidates;however,their device performance is still constrained by pronounced carrier recombination losses in the bulk and at interfaces.By combining energy band alignment analysis with detailed modeling of recombination mechanisms,a systematic strategy for optimizing hole transport layers is developed.The results reveal that a negative valence band offset produces a cliff-like interface,which facilitates hole extraction while also accounting for the observed variations in open-circuit voltage.Furthermore,short-circuit current losses are quantitatively attributed to different recombination pathways,modeled by incorporating radiative,Shockley–Read–Hall,Auger,and interface recombination processes.This comprehensive approach not only clarifies the correlation between energy level alignment and recombination dynamics but also highlights the competing roles of band offset and interface defects in determining device performance.The optimized device architecture,based on Ge-based lead-free perovskites,achieves a power conversion efficiency of 25.1%,with an open-circuit voltage of 1.29 V,a short-circuit current density of 22.5 mA·cm^(-2),and a fill factor of 86.3%.These findings provide theoretical guidance for designing stable,high-performance,and environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB4204504)National Science Fund for Dis-tinguished Young Scholars(T2325016)+7 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A2076)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20232022,BE2022021 and BE2022026)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(0213/14380206 and 0205/14380252)Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling Fund(DLTD2109 and 2024ZD06)Program for Innovative Talents and Entrepreneur in JiangsuChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731579)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2023ZB348)Postdoctoral Innovative Talents Support Project from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(BX20230157)。
文摘Fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules under ambient air conditions remains a critical challenge due to air sensitivity of perovskite intermediate phases during crystallization.Here,we introduce 2-iodoimidazole(IIZ)into the perovskite precursor,enabling the formation of an air-stable pureδ-phase intermediate,which,upon annealing,fully transforms into a highly orientedα-phase perovskite film with reduced defects and variability.Leveraging this approach,we achieve a stabilized power conversion efficiency of 20.9%for 927.5 cm^(2)perovskite solar modules with high reproducibility.The encapsulated modules meet stringent international photovoltaic testing standards(IEC61215:2021),demonstrating excellent stability under continuous operation,thermal cycling(-40 to 85℃)and damp heat(85℃ and 85%relative humidity).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grant no. 62474028, 52130304, and62222503)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2025ZNSFSC0037, 2025ZNSFSC1460, and 2024NSFSC1447)+1 种基金the National Key R and D Program of China (2023YFB2604101)sponsored by the Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Display Science and Technology
文摘The crystallization and aggregation characteristics of the active layer components in organic solar cells(OSCs)are one of the core factors determining photovoltaic performance,influencing the entire process from light absorption to charge separation,transport,and ultimately charge collection.Dynamic changes in crystallization and aggregation states can also disrupt the microstructure of the active layer,thus shortening the lifetime of the cell.In this study,a morphology modulation strategy is proposed to regulate the crystallization kinetics of non-fullerene acceptors by employing the polymer molecule PYIT as a nucleating agent.An appropriate amount of PYIT was first completely dissolved with the non-fullerene acceptor Y6 and left to stand for 24 h,followed by the fabrication of layer-by-layer processed OSCs.Experiments demonstrated that high crystallinity of PYIT allows it to act as a crystallization nucleus,promoting the crystallization,orientation consistency,and ordered stacking of the acceptor.These nanoscale structural optimizations facilitate efficient charge transport,enhance exciton dissociation efficiency,and suppress unfavorable energetic disorder.Consequently,not only was the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of D18-Cl/Y6-based layer-by-layer processed OSC increased from 18.08%to 19.13%,but the atmospheric stability and long-term lifetime of the OSCs were also significantly improved.Notably,this strategy is also applicable to indoor OSCs,and the PYIT-optimized device can achieve a PCE of 27.0%under 1000 lux light-emitting diode(LED,3200K)irradiation,which is superior to that of the control device(24.2%).This work develops a crystal engineering strategy that is able to simultaneously optimize the microscopic morphology and charge dynamics properties in OSCs,thereby achieving simultaneous improvement in efficiency and stability.
基金supported by the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme(Grant Agreement No.818762)the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council(Grant No.EP/V048953/1)and the Isaac Newton Trust(grant 22.39(m))。
文摘Although multicrystalline Si photovoltaics have been extensively studied and applied in the collection of solar energy,the same systems suffer significant efficiency losses in indoor settings,where ambient light conditions are considerably smaller in intensity and possess greater components of non-normal incidence.Yet,indoor light-driven,stand-alone devices can offer sustainable advances in next-generation technologies such as the Internet of Things.Here,we present a non-invasive solution to aid in photovoltaic indoor light collection—radially distributed waveguide-encoded lattice(RDWEL)slim films(thickness 1.5 mm).Embedded with a monotonical radial array of cylindrical waveguides(±20°),the RDWEL demonstrates seamless light collection(FoV(fields of view)=74.5°)and imparts enhancements in JSC(short circuit current density)of 44%and 14%for indoor and outdoor lighting conditions,respectively,when coupled to a photovoltaic device and compared to an unstructured but otherwise identical slim film coating.
基金supported by the Taishan Scholars of Shandong Province(tsqn202408151)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52476067,52306078,and 52576053).
文摘As an emerging thermal management strategy,dynamic radiative cooling(DRC)technology enables dynamic modulation of spectral radiation properties under varying environmental conditions through the directional design of material spectral characteristics.However,a comprehensive review of the basic physical mechanisms of radiative heat transfer in DRC materials and various design principles involved in dynamic radiative thermal regulation is still lacking.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in this field,spanning from fundamental physical principles to intrinsic molecular and electronic mechanisms,and further to representative material systems and multi-band regulation strategies,highlighting the interdisciplinary research achievements and technological innovations.This work outlines the core mechanisms governing the regulation of different spectral bands during radiative heat transfer processes.Then,the main categories of DRC materials are systematically reviewed,including actively responsive structures,passively responsive structures,and multi-stimuli-responsive materials.Furthermore,the challenges faced by current DRC technology and future development trends are summarized and discussed,providing valuable reference and guidance for further research in this field.Although DRC technologies still face significant challenges in material stability,manufacturing processes,and system integration,the continuous advances in related areas and multifunctional materials are expected to broaden the application prospects of DRC in the future.
基金financial support from the Shccig-Qinling Program(SMYJY202300294C)the Science,Technology,and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(GJHZ20220913143204008,JCYJ20220818103417036)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22261142666,52172237,52372225)the Shaanxi Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(2022JC-21)。
文摘Although lead(Pb)-based perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have garnered intense attention for their remarkable photovoltaic conversion efficiency,their commercial process is urgently in need of an effective damage-evaluation system for the early diagnosis of faulty PSCs.The main cause of microdamage in perovskite films is the outflow of Pb,which significantly impacts device performance.However,no reliable correlation has been established between classical damage detection techniques and Pb detection,resulting in limited detection sensitivity.Here,we report an in situ visual microdamage evaluation method of PSCs by coating the device surface with a silica gel encapsulation layer containing porphyrin molecules.This detection technology enables high selectivity and sensitivity based on the strong complexation between the porphyrin ring and trace Pb outflow from degraded PSCs.By establishing the linear relationship between the fluorescence intensity and Pb concentration in PSCs,trace Pb outflow is pinpointed and quantified with a low detection limit of 0.65μg cm^(-2).An applet is developed for the insitu visual fluorescence detection method to facilitate the continuous real-time monitoring of series-type PSCs,thereby enabling the prompt identification and replacement of damaged PSCs and ensuring the swift restoration of high efficiency.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22334007).
文摘Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency.However,interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge,leading to charge recombination,ion migration,and iodine oxidation.To address this,we propose a novel all-in-one modification strategy employing ammonia borane(BNH6)as a multifunctional complex.By incorporating BNH6 at both buried and upper interfaces simultaneously,we achieve dualinterfacial defect passivation and iodide oxidation suppression through three key mechanisms:(1)hydrolysis-induced interaction with SnO_(2),(2)coordination with Pb^(2+),and(3)inhibition of I−oxidation.This approach significantly enhances device performance,yielding a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 26.43%(certified 25.98%).Furthermore,the unencapsulated device demonstrates prominent enhanced operation stability,maintaining 90%of its initial PCE after 500 h under continuous illumination.Notably,our strategy eliminates the need for separate interface treatments,streamlining fabrication and offering a scalable route toward high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.
