Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen,convert CO_(2) to synthetic fuels,and decrease persistent pollutant.However,conventional photocatalysts have limitations,including p...Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen,convert CO_(2) to synthetic fuels,and decrease persistent pollutant.However,conventional photocatalysts have limitations,including poor spectral absorption,inefficient charge separation,and structural instability under operational stress,which demand innovative durable materials with tailored electronic properties.Nanodiamond(ND)has recently been recognized as a suitable material because of its exceptional chemical stability,superior charge carrier mobility,and possible surface functionalization.While its intrinsic wide bandgap limits its response to visible-light,different methods have been demonstrated to activate its catalytic potential.Here,several emerging strategies for improving the catalytic performance of ND-based photocatalytic systems are summarized,including surface functionalization,plasmonic hybridization,heteroatom doping,and heterostructure design.And the structure-activity relationship and design principle are proposed to improve the light harvesting,charge transport,and redox kinetics for constructing high efficiency ND-based photocatalysts used in the renewable energy and environmental industries.展开更多
The aim of this study is to design,build,and evaluate an indirect forced convection solar dryer adapted to semi-arid climate,such as that of Bechar situated in the west south region of Algeria.The tested drying system...The aim of this study is to design,build,and evaluate an indirect forced convection solar dryer adapted to semi-arid climate,such as that of Bechar situated in the west south region of Algeria.The tested drying system consists of a flat-plate solar collector,an insulated two-chamber drying unit,and an Arduino-controlled device that ensures uniformtemperature distribution and real-timemonitoring using DHT22 sensors.Drying testswere conducted on locally grown beet slices at air temperatures of 45℃,60℃,and 80℃,with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m/s and a mass flow rate of 0.0027 kg/s.The collector reached a maximum temperature of 65℃,with thermal efficiencies ranging from 20%to 35%.In these conditions,the drying times were cut down to 200–300 min,and the beet’s moisture content dropped to 0.47,0.27,and 0.24 g/g dry matter,respectively.The experimental data were fitted to several empirical models,including the logarithmic model.The modelled results showed strong agreement with the experimental ones(correlation coefficients r=0.9919–0.9989;standard errors SE=0.017–0.043;root-mean-square errors RMSE=0.016–0.027).The results demonstrate that the system operates efficiently and consistently,making it suitable for the sustainable drying of agricultural and medicinal products in arid climates.展开更多
Crystalline silicon(c-Si)solar cells,though dominating the photovoltaic market,are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies(PCE)limit of 29.4%,necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to ...Crystalline silicon(c-Si)solar cells,though dominating the photovoltaic market,are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies(PCE)limit of 29.4%,necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to achieve higher performance.Among these,perovskiteon-silicon-based multi-junction solar cells have emerged as a promising alternative,where the perovskite offering tunable bandgaps,superior optoelectronic properties,and cost-effective manufacturing.Recent announced double-junction solar cells(PSDJSCs)have achieved the PCE of 34.85%,surpassing all other double-junction technologies.Encouragingly,the rapid advancements in PSDJSCs have spurred increased research interest in perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction solar cells(PSTJSCs)in 2024.This triple-junction solar cell configuration demonstrates immense potential due to their optimum balance between achieving a high PCE limit and managing device complexity.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PSTJSCs,covering fundamental principles,and technological milestones.Current challenges,including current mismatch,open-circuit voltage deficits,phase segregation,and stability issues,and their corresponding strategies are also discussed,alongside future directions to achieve long-term stability and high PCE.This work aims to advance the understanding of the development in PSTJSCs,paving the way for their practical implementation.展开更多
Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells(i PSCs)highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite.Self-assembled monolayers(SAM)on transparent conductive...Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells(i PSCs)highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite.Self-assembled monolayers(SAM)on transparent conductive oxide electrodes serve effectively as hole transport layers,though challenges such as energy mismatches and surface inhomogeneities remain.Here,a blended self-assembled monolayer of(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid(2PACz)and(4-(3,6-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid(Me-4PACz)is developed,offering improved surface potential uniformity and interfacial energy alignment compared to individual SAMs.Interactions between the SAMs and ionic species are investigated with simulation analysis conducted,revealing the elimination of interfacial energy barriers through precise energy-level tuning.This strategy enables wide-bandgap(1.67 e V)perovskite solar cells with inverted structures with over 24%efficiency,an open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 1.268 V,and a certified fill factor(FF)of 86.8%,leading to a certified efficiency of 23.42%.The approach also enables high-efficiency semi-transparent devices and a mechanically stacked four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell reaching 30.97%efficiency.展开更多
The calculation of viewing and solar geometry angles is a critical first step in retrieving atmospheric and surface variables from geostationary satellite observations.Whereas the viewing angles for geostationary sate...The calculation of viewing and solar geometry angles is a critical first step in retrieving atmospheric and surface variables from geostationary satellite observations.Whereas the viewing angles for geostationary satellites are not timevarying,a primary source of inaccuracy in solar positioning is the use of a single timestamp.Since pixel scanning times can differ significantly across the field-of-view disk(e.g.,by approximately 13 min for Fengyun-4B),this practice leads to errors of up to±2°in solar zenith angle,which translates to±50 W m^(−2) in extraterrestrial irradiance;the errors in solar azimuth angle can exceed±100°.Beyond scanning time,this work also quantifies the impact of other inputs—including altitude,surface pressure,air temperature,difference between Terrestrial Time and Universal Time,and atmospheric refraction—on the resulting angles.A comparison of our precise calculations with the official National Satellite Meteorological Center L1_GEO product shows an accuracy within 0.1°,confirming its utility for most retrieval tasks.To facilitate higher precision when required,this work releases the corresponding satellite and solar positioning codes in both R and Python.展开更多
The solar cycle(SC),a phenomenon caused by the quasi-periodic regular activities in the Sun,occurs approximately every 11 years.Intense solar activity can disrupt the Earth’s ionosphere,affecting communication and na...The solar cycle(SC),a phenomenon caused by the quasi-periodic regular activities in the Sun,occurs approximately every 11 years.Intense solar activity can disrupt the Earth’s ionosphere,affecting communication and navigation systems.Consequently,accurately predicting the intensity of the SC holds great significance,but predicting the SC involves a long-term time series,and many existing time series forecasting methods have fallen short in terms of accuracy and efficiency.The Time-series Dense Encoder model is a deep learning solution tailored for long time series prediction.Based on a multi-layer perceptron structure,it outperforms the best previously existing models in accuracy,while being efficiently trainable on general datasets.We propose a method based on this model for SC forecasting.Using a trained model,we predict the test set from SC 19 to SC 25 with an average mean absolute percentage error of 32.02,root mean square error of 30.3,mean absolute error of 23.32,and R^(2)(coefficient of determination)of 0.76,outperforming other deep learning models in terms of accuracy and training efficiency on sunspot number datasets.Subsequently,we use it to predict the peaks of SC 25 and SC 26.For SC 25,the peak time has ended,but a stronger peak is predicted for SC 26,of 199.3,within a range of 170.8-221.9,projected to occur during April 2034.展开更多
Controlling film morphology remains an inherent challenge limiting the performance of all-smallmolecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs),primarily due to excessive donor-acceptor compatibility restricting further improve...Controlling film morphology remains an inherent challenge limiting the performance of all-smallmolecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs),primarily due to excessive donor-acceptor compatibility restricting further improvements.Here,we introduce a novel strategy employing rhodanine-based film-forming kinetic modulators-specifically tailored for the high-performance donor BTR-Clincluding 3-methylrhodanine(C1),3-ethylrhodanine(C2),3-buty lr hod a nine(C4),and 3-hexylrhodanine(C6).We demonstrate that the C2 modulator uniquely optimizes morphology by extending film-formation time and fine-tuning donor-acceptor miscibility,leading to enhanced molecular ordering,uniform vertical distributio n,and optimal phase sepa ration.This synergistic morphological control significantly boosts BTR-Cl crystallinity and facilitates efficient three-dimensional charge transport networks.Consequently,C2-treated BTR-Cl:N3 ASM-OSCs achieve an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 17.12%,ranking among the highest reported for this system.Crucially,this work introduces a novel"donor-modulator structural matching"strategy,providing a powerful new avenue for controlling film-forming kinetics to realize high-performance ASM-OSCs.展开更多
All-inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells have emerged as environmentally benign candidates;however,their device performance is still constrained by pronounced carrier recombination losses in the bulk and at inte...All-inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells have emerged as environmentally benign candidates;however,their device performance is still constrained by pronounced carrier recombination losses in the bulk and at interfaces.By combining energy band alignment analysis with detailed modeling of recombination mechanisms,a systematic strategy for optimizing hole transport layers is developed.The results reveal that a negative valence band offset produces a cliff-like interface,which facilitates hole extraction while also accounting for the observed variations in open-circuit voltage.Furthermore,short-circuit current losses are quantitatively attributed to different recombination pathways,modeled by incorporating radiative,Shockley–Read–Hall,Auger,and interface recombination processes.This comprehensive approach not only clarifies the correlation between energy level alignment and recombination dynamics but also highlights the competing roles of band offset and interface defects in determining device performance.The optimized device architecture,based on Ge-based lead-free perovskites,achieves a power conversion efficiency of 25.1%,with an open-circuit voltage of 1.29 V,a short-circuit current density of 22.5 mA·cm^(-2),and a fill factor of 86.3%.These findings provide theoretical guidance for designing stable,high-performance,and environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells.展开更多
This study presents the design,construction,and thermal evaluation of a solar-powered cocoa roaster based on a Parabolic Cylinder Collector(PCC)with dual-axis solar tracking.The system integrates three functional subs...This study presents the design,construction,and thermal evaluation of a solar-powered cocoa roaster based on a Parabolic Cylinder Collector(PCC)with dual-axis solar tracking.The system integrates three functional subsystems:the cylindrical-parabolic reflecting surface,the stainless-steel absorber tube,and a microcontrollerbased tracking mechanism.The prototype enables continuous acquisition of key thermal variables(solar irradiance,ambient temperature,absorber surface temperature,and bean temperature),allowing a detailed characterization of heat transfer processes during roasting.Roasting experiments were conducted at controlled durations of 40,55,and 70 min between 10:00 and 14:00 h.Maximum roasting temperatures of 125℃–137℃ were reached under average irradiance levels of 685.7–930.5 W m−2.The lowest final moisture content was 2.19%,within the recommended range for high-quality cocoa.Longer roasting durations promoted thermal energy accumulation within the absorber tube,enhancing convective and radiative heat transfer to the bean mass even under fluctuating irradiance.The experimental trends reveal a strong coupling between irradiance variability,absorber temperature,and internal air-beam heat transfer.Comparison with reference parabolic trough collector studies indicate that,although the process-level roasting efficiency(3.83%–7.45%)is lower than conventional collector-level thermal efficiencies,the operating temperatures and moisture-reduction rates align with the thermal requirements of food-processing systems rather than high-enthalpy solar applications.These results also demonstrate the potential of coupling PCC-based solar concentration with lowtemperature convective–radiative roasting processes.Overall,the findings confirm the feasibility of implementing PCC-based roasting technologies in rural or off-grid regions,where solar-driven heat transfer offers a sustainable,low-cost alternative to fossil-fuel-based roasting systems,enabling a controlled thermophysical environment for cocoa transformation.展开更多
This paper presents an experimental analysis of a solar-assisted powered underfloor heating system,designed primarily to boost energy efficiency and achieve reliable desired steady-state temperature in buildings.We th...This paper presents an experimental analysis of a solar-assisted powered underfloor heating system,designed primarily to boost energy efficiency and achieve reliable desired steady-state temperature in buildings.We thoroughly tested the system’s thermal and operational features by subjecting it to three distinct scenarios that mimicked diverse solar irradiance and environmental conditions.Our findings reveal a strong correlation between variations in solar input and overall system performance.The Solar Fraction(SF),our key energy efficiency metric,varied significantly across the cases,ranging from 63.1%up to 88.7%.This high reliance on renewables resulted in a substantial reduction in backup power;consequently,the auxiliary electric heater was only required to supply between 1.82 and 3.00 kWh over the test periods.The circulation pump operated on a precise control logic,engaging below 20℃ and disengaging at 21℃.Crucially,the experiments verified the system’s ability not only tomeet the air temperature setpoint but also to ensure the floor surface temperature stayed within required international comfort criteria.These robust results directly support the study’s main objective.For practical application,we advise increasing the total length of the embedded pipe network.This crucial adjustment would allow for a reduction in the required circulating water temperature,which in turn maximizes the utilization of low-grade solar heat and optimizes radiant heat delivery toward achieving the desired steady-state temperature.Ultimately,the study confirms that solar-assisted underfloor heating offers a technically viable,sustainable,and energy-efficient solution with the potential to significantly cut fossil fuel consumption.展开更多
Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remain...Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remains an urgent issue to be resolved for the commercialization.Defect passivation emerged as a viable approach to enhance the operational stability of the solar devices.Herein,phenylthiourea(PhTu)derivatives are selected as effective passivation agents to enhance the optoelectronic properties of printed methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3))films.It is demonstrated that incorporating a small amount of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea(PhTu-COOH)significantly reduces the trap-state density and leads to longer carrier lifetime of the perovskite films.As a result,the inverted solar device made of Ph Tu-COOH-modified MAPbI_(3) perovskite film shows remarkably improved efficiency(from 17.29%to 20.22%)and obviously increased open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))(from 1.043 to 1.143 V),as compared with the pristine device.Moreover,the Ph Tu-COOH-modified PSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability due to the significantly reduced trap-state density.Finally,the optimized solar module fabricated with an active area of 11.28 cm^(2) delivers a high PCE of 17.07%with negligible V_(OC)loss,demonstrating the feasibility of the blade-coating method for large-area perovskite film deposition.展开更多
Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency.However,interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge,leading to charge reco...Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency.However,interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge,leading to charge recombination,ion migration,and iodine oxidation.To address this,we propose a novel all-in-one modification strategy employing ammonia borane(BNH6)as a multifunctional complex.By incorporating BNH6 at both buried and upper interfaces simultaneously,we achieve dualinterfacial defect passivation and iodide oxidation suppression through three key mechanisms:(1)hydrolysis-induced interaction with SnO_(2),(2)coordination with Pb^(2+),and(3)inhibition of I−oxidation.This approach significantly enhances device performance,yielding a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 26.43%(certified 25.98%).Furthermore,the unencapsulated device demonstrates prominent enhanced operation stability,maintaining 90%of its initial PCE after 500 h under continuous illumination.Notably,our strategy eliminates the need for separate interface treatments,streamlining fabrication and offering a scalable route toward high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.展开更多
The hygroscopic nature and severe ions diffusion of conventional dopant Li-TFSI,along with interfacial ionic defects,limiting the efficiency and stability of n-i-p perovskite solar cells(PSCs).To address this,we propo...The hygroscopic nature and severe ions diffusion of conventional dopant Li-TFSI,along with interfacial ionic defects,limiting the efficiency and stability of n-i-p perovskite solar cells(PSCs).To address this,we propose a single-dopant strategy employing a multifunctional,star-shaped dopant 2,4,6-tris(3,4,5-tri fluorophenyl)boroxine(TBRX)with a Lewis acidic boroxine core and highly electronegative fluorinated aryl groups,incorporated into Spiro-OMeTAD.Theoretical and experimental results indicate that TBRX significantly enhances hole mobility,conductivity and the flatness of hole-transporting layer(HTL)while passivating interfacial defects(Pb^(2+),V_(I)),leading to a reinforced perovskite/HTL interface.Additionally,the corresponding p-dopant effectively reduces the energy barrier between the perovskite and the HTL,promoting efficient hole extraction.Consequently,Spiro-OMeTAD:TBRX-based devices deliver a high PCE of25.57%(certified at 25.01%)with excellent long-term operational stability obtained for over 1000 h,retaining~94%of its initial efficiency after 1000 h according to ISOS-L-2 protocols,highlighting the significance of utilizing multifunctional single-dopant framework.展开更多
Surface passivation via two-dimensional(2D)perovskite has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to the effective compensation of interfacial states.However,the i...Surface passivation via two-dimensional(2D)perovskite has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to the effective compensation of interfacial states.However,the in situ grown 2D perovskite passivation layers typically comprise a mixture of multiple dimensionalities at the interface,where band alignment has only been portrayed qualitatively and empirically.Herein,the interface states for precisely phase-tailored 2D perovskite passivated PSCs are quantitatively investigated.In comparison to traditional passivation molecules,2D perovskite layers based on 4-trifluoromethyl-phenylethylammonium iodide(CF3PEAI)exhibit an increased work function,introducing desirable downward band bending to eliminate the Schottky Barrier.Furthermore,precisely phase-tailored 2D layers could modulate the interface trap density and energetics.The n=1 film delivers optimal performance with a hole extraction efficiency of 95.1%.The optimized n-i-p PSCs in the two-step method significantly improve PCE to 25.40%,along with enhanced photostability and negligible hysteresis.It highlights that tailoring in the composition and phase distribution of the 2D perovskite layer could modulate the interface states at the 2D/3D interface.展开更多
FAPbI3 has been extensively employed in high-performance perovskite solar cells(PSCs)owing to its optimal bandgap and outstanding optoelectronic properties.Nevertheless,it readily undergoes the formation of a photo-in...FAPbI3 has been extensively employed in high-performance perovskite solar cells(PSCs)owing to its optimal bandgap and outstanding optoelectronic properties.Nevertheless,it readily undergoes the formation of a photo-inactiveδ-phase during crystallization,and achieving high-qualityα-phase films becomes even more challenging in antisolvent-free fabrication processes.This study introduces a crystallization control strategy based on 2-dimethylaminopyridine(2-DMAP)ligand engineering to establish a“fast nucleation-slow growth”dual-time-domain crystallization mechanism.2-DMAP facilitates the formation of a functional intermediate phase(2-DMAP·PbI_(2)·DMSO)that enables a direct transformation to theα-FAPbI3 phase and effectively suppresses theδ-phase pathway.Theoretical calculations and systematic experimental characterizations demonstrate that 2-DMAP exhibits stronger binding affinity and a greater charge polarization effect than dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).This promotes the formation of high-density nuclei during spin coating and delays excessive grain growth during annealing,leading to perovskite films with improved crystallinity,fewer defects,and longer carrier lifetimes.As a result,an antisolvent-free PSC device was successfully fabricated,achieving a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 25.10%,one of the highest reported for antisolvent-free spin-coating systems.Under ISOS-L-1 standard conditions,the device retained 84.78%of its initial efficiency after 1500 h of continuous illumination,demonstrating excellent operational stability.Moreover,it exhibited remarkable long-term stability under harsh humid and thermal conditions.This work offers a valuable strategy for the large-scale fabrication of high-performance and antisolvent-free PSCs.展开更多
The crystallization and aggregation characteristics of the active layer components in organic solar cells(OSCs)are one of the core factors determining photovoltaic performance,influencing the entire process from light...The crystallization and aggregation characteristics of the active layer components in organic solar cells(OSCs)are one of the core factors determining photovoltaic performance,influencing the entire process from light absorption to charge separation,transport,and ultimately charge collection.Dynamic changes in crystallization and aggregation states can also disrupt the microstructure of the active layer,thus shortening the lifetime of the cell.In this study,a morphology modulation strategy is proposed to regulate the crystallization kinetics of non-fullerene acceptors by employing the polymer molecule PYIT as a nucleating agent.An appropriate amount of PYIT was first completely dissolved with the non-fullerene acceptor Y6 and left to stand for 24 h,followed by the fabrication of layer-by-layer processed OSCs.Experiments demonstrated that high crystallinity of PYIT allows it to act as a crystallization nucleus,promoting the crystallization,orientation consistency,and ordered stacking of the acceptor.These nanoscale structural optimizations facilitate efficient charge transport,enhance exciton dissociation efficiency,and suppress unfavorable energetic disorder.Consequently,not only was the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of D18-Cl/Y6-based layer-by-layer processed OSC increased from 18.08%to 19.13%,but the atmospheric stability and long-term lifetime of the OSCs were also significantly improved.Notably,this strategy is also applicable to indoor OSCs,and the PYIT-optimized device can achieve a PCE of 27.0%under 1000 lux light-emitting diode(LED,3200K)irradiation,which is superior to that of the control device(24.2%).This work develops a crystal engineering strategy that is able to simultaneously optimize the microscopic morphology and charge dynamics properties in OSCs,thereby achieving simultaneous improvement in efficiency and stability.展开更多
Wide-bandgap(WBG)perovskites hold promising applicability in constructing high-efficiency tandem solar cells.However,WBG perovskites face serious light-induced phase segregation due to the presence of mixed halides,an...Wide-bandgap(WBG)perovskites hold promising applicability in constructing high-efficiency tandem solar cells.However,WBG perovskites face serious light-induced phase segregation due to the presence of mixed halides,and the segregation tendency becomes notably exacerbated with increasing bromine content.In addition,the mixed halide anions bring discrepant crystallization rates and thereby induce an inhomogeneous halide distribution within the WBG perovskite film.Here,we strategically propose a multidentate-ligand additive,N,N'-methylene-bis(2-amino-5-sulfhydryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole)(BL),into1.77 eV WBG perovskites to assist homogenized crystallization.The electron-donating groups in the BL molecule strongly coordinate with lead halides via Lewis acid-base complexation,while N-H groups anchor formamidinium(FA^(+))cations via hydrogen bonding,which delays crystallization and reduces the internal residual stress within the WBG perovskite films.Eventually,the optimized 1.77 eV WBG perovskite solar cells(PSCs)achieve a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 19.24%.Most importantly,these WBG PSCs exhibit robust photostability,which maintain 88% of the initial PCE after 300 h of the maximum power point(MPP)tracking under one solar light illumination.This study demonstrates an effective route to solve the long-term stability of WBG perovskite and is of significance for the practical application of tandem solar cells in the future photovoltaic market.展开更多
The infrared channels of the FY-4B advanced geosynchronous radiation imagers(AGRI) play a crucial role in temperature and humidity analyses for mesoscale numerical weather prediction, particularly in enhancing the ini...The infrared channels of the FY-4B advanced geosynchronous radiation imagers(AGRI) play a crucial role in temperature and humidity analyses for mesoscale numerical weather prediction, particularly in enhancing the initial field quality and the forecasting accuracy of the model. This study assimilated FY-4B AGRI data into the CMA-MESO model and analyzed the bias characteristics and correction methods. Analysis of the AGRI data revealed a clear diurnal variation in the bias, which was positively correlated with the solar elevation angle. However, the diurnal variation in the bias lagged behind the solar elevation angle, likely owing to temperature changes and delayed instrument responses resulting from solar radiation. To address this issue, we propose a correction method that utilizes the solar elevation angle after an optimal time shift. Using the time-shifted solar elevation angle as a predictor effectively reduces the diurnal variation in bias and significantly improves the correction effect. This approach provides theoretical support for the assimilation of FY-4B AGRI data into mesoscale numerical weather predictions, thereby enhancing the reliability of the assimilation results.展开更多
This study explores the thin-layer convective solar drying of Marrubium vulgare L.leaves under conditions typical of sun-rich semi-arid climates.Drying experiments were conducted at three inlet-air temperatures(40℃,5...This study explores the thin-layer convective solar drying of Marrubium vulgare L.leaves under conditions typical of sun-rich semi-arid climates.Drying experiments were conducted at three inlet-air temperatures(40℃,50℃,60℃)and two air velocities(1.5 and 2.5 m·s^(-1))using an indirect solar dryer with auxiliary temperature control.Moisture-ratio data were fitted with eight widely used thin-layer models and evaluated using correlation coefficient(r),root-mean-square error(RMSE),and Akaike information criterion(AIC).A complementary heattransfer analysis based on Reynolds and Prandtl numbers with appropriate Nusselt correlations was used to relate flow regime to drying performance,and an energy balance quantified the relative contributions of solar and auxiliary heat.The logarithmic model consistently achieved the lowest RMSE/AIC with r>0.99 across all conditions.Higher temperature and air velocity significantly reduced drying time during the decreasing-rate period,with no constantrate stage observed.On average,solar input supplied the large majority of the thermal demand,while the auxiliary heater compensated short irradiance drops to maintain setpoints.These findings provide a reproducible dataset and a modelling benchmark for M.vulgare leaves,and they support energy-aware design of hybrid solar dryers formedicinal plants in sun-rich regions.展开更多
The Triple Ionosphere Photometer(TRIPM)is a scientific payload aboard the Fengyun-3E(FY-3E)satellite,which operates in a dawn−dusk orbit.It is primarily designed for nadir observations of airglow emissions at OI 135.6...The Triple Ionosphere Photometer(TRIPM)is a scientific payload aboard the Fengyun-3E(FY-3E)satellite,which operates in a dawn−dusk orbit.It is primarily designed for nadir observations of airglow emissions at OI 135.6 nm and N_(2)Lyman-Birge-Hopfield(LBH)bands.Due to the satellite’s dawn−dusk orbital characteristics,most of TRIPM’s field of view remains in a semi-illuminated condition.Therefore,compared with airglow data of the same bands acquired under purely daytime or nighttime conditions,applying TRIPM data poses greater challenges.This study presents the first attempt to use TRIPM data for retrieving solar extreme ultraviolet(EUV)flux.Our results demonstrate that by utilizing TRIPM data in regions where photoelectron excitation dominates as the primary radiation source,the solar EUV flux(denoted as Q_(EUV))can be retrieved.Comparisons with data from the SOHO/SEM instrument reveal excellent consistency,with a seasonal correlation coefficient(R)of at least 0.95.This work thus offers a new avenue for solar EUV flux acquisition and expands the application range of TRIPM data.展开更多
文摘Photocatalysis is an important technology for using solar energy to produce hydrogen,convert CO_(2) to synthetic fuels,and decrease persistent pollutant.However,conventional photocatalysts have limitations,including poor spectral absorption,inefficient charge separation,and structural instability under operational stress,which demand innovative durable materials with tailored electronic properties.Nanodiamond(ND)has recently been recognized as a suitable material because of its exceptional chemical stability,superior charge carrier mobility,and possible surface functionalization.While its intrinsic wide bandgap limits its response to visible-light,different methods have been demonstrated to activate its catalytic potential.Here,several emerging strategies for improving the catalytic performance of ND-based photocatalytic systems are summarized,including surface functionalization,plasmonic hybridization,heteroatom doping,and heterostructure design.And the structure-activity relationship and design principle are proposed to improve the light harvesting,charge transport,and redox kinetics for constructing high efficiency ND-based photocatalysts used in the renewable energy and environmental industries.
文摘The aim of this study is to design,build,and evaluate an indirect forced convection solar dryer adapted to semi-arid climate,such as that of Bechar situated in the west south region of Algeria.The tested drying system consists of a flat-plate solar collector,an insulated two-chamber drying unit,and an Arduino-controlled device that ensures uniformtemperature distribution and real-timemonitoring using DHT22 sensors.Drying testswere conducted on locally grown beet slices at air temperatures of 45℃,60℃,and 80℃,with a constant air velocity of 1.2 m/s and a mass flow rate of 0.0027 kg/s.The collector reached a maximum temperature of 65℃,with thermal efficiencies ranging from 20%to 35%.In these conditions,the drying times were cut down to 200–300 min,and the beet’s moisture content dropped to 0.47,0.27,and 0.24 g/g dry matter,respectively.The experimental data were fitted to several empirical models,including the logarithmic model.The modelled results showed strong agreement with the experimental ones(correlation coefficients r=0.9919–0.9989;standard errors SE=0.017–0.043;root-mean-square errors RMSE=0.016–0.027).The results demonstrate that the system operates efficiently and consistently,making it suitable for the sustainable drying of agricultural and medicinal products in arid climates.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 62404185the industry-academia joint laboratory collaboration between Hiking PV and Xiamen University(20243160C0010)J.Z.is supported by Nanqiang Outstanding Young Talents Program X2450215 of Xiamen University.
文摘Crystalline silicon(c-Si)solar cells,though dominating the photovoltaic market,are nearing their theoretical power conversion efficiencies(PCE)limit of 29.4%,necessitating the adoption of multi-junction technology to achieve higher performance.Among these,perovskiteon-silicon-based multi-junction solar cells have emerged as a promising alternative,where the perovskite offering tunable bandgaps,superior optoelectronic properties,and cost-effective manufacturing.Recent announced double-junction solar cells(PSDJSCs)have achieved the PCE of 34.85%,surpassing all other double-junction technologies.Encouragingly,the rapid advancements in PSDJSCs have spurred increased research interest in perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction solar cells(PSTJSCs)in 2024.This triple-junction solar cell configuration demonstrates immense potential due to their optimum balance between achieving a high PCE limit and managing device complexity.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of PSTJSCs,covering fundamental principles,and technological milestones.Current challenges,including current mismatch,open-circuit voltage deficits,phase segregation,and stability issues,and their corresponding strategies are also discussed,alongside future directions to achieve long-term stability and high PCE.This work aims to advance the understanding of the development in PSTJSCs,paving the way for their practical implementation.
文摘Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells(i PSCs)highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite.Self-assembled monolayers(SAM)on transparent conductive oxide electrodes serve effectively as hole transport layers,though challenges such as energy mismatches and surface inhomogeneities remain.Here,a blended self-assembled monolayer of(2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid(2PACz)and(4-(3,6-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid(Me-4PACz)is developed,offering improved surface potential uniformity and interfacial energy alignment compared to individual SAMs.Interactions between the SAMs and ionic species are investigated with simulation analysis conducted,revealing the elimination of interfacial energy barriers through precise energy-level tuning.This strategy enables wide-bandgap(1.67 e V)perovskite solar cells with inverted structures with over 24%efficiency,an open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))of 1.268 V,and a certified fill factor(FF)of 86.8%,leading to a certified efficiency of 23.42%.The approach also enables high-efficiency semi-transparent devices and a mechanically stacked four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell reaching 30.97%efficiency.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42375192).
文摘The calculation of viewing and solar geometry angles is a critical first step in retrieving atmospheric and surface variables from geostationary satellite observations.Whereas the viewing angles for geostationary satellites are not timevarying,a primary source of inaccuracy in solar positioning is the use of a single timestamp.Since pixel scanning times can differ significantly across the field-of-view disk(e.g.,by approximately 13 min for Fengyun-4B),this practice leads to errors of up to±2°in solar zenith angle,which translates to±50 W m^(−2) in extraterrestrial irradiance;the errors in solar azimuth angle can exceed±100°.Beyond scanning time,this work also quantifies the impact of other inputs—including altitude,surface pressure,air temperature,difference between Terrestrial Time and Universal Time,and atmospheric refraction—on the resulting angles.A comparison of our precise calculations with the official National Satellite Meteorological Center L1_GEO product shows an accuracy within 0.1°,confirming its utility for most retrieval tasks.To facilitate higher precision when required,this work releases the corresponding satellite and solar positioning codes in both R and Python.
基金supported by the Academic Research Projects of Beijing Union University(ZK20202204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12250005,12073040,12273059,11973056,12003051,11573037,12073041,11427901,11572005,11611530679 and 12473052)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program of the China Academy of Sciences(XDB0560000,XDA15052200,XDB09040200,XDA15010700,XDB0560301,and XDA15320102)the Chinese Meridian Project(CMP).
文摘The solar cycle(SC),a phenomenon caused by the quasi-periodic regular activities in the Sun,occurs approximately every 11 years.Intense solar activity can disrupt the Earth’s ionosphere,affecting communication and navigation systems.Consequently,accurately predicting the intensity of the SC holds great significance,but predicting the SC involves a long-term time series,and many existing time series forecasting methods have fallen short in terms of accuracy and efficiency.The Time-series Dense Encoder model is a deep learning solution tailored for long time series prediction.Based on a multi-layer perceptron structure,it outperforms the best previously existing models in accuracy,while being efficiently trainable on general datasets.We propose a method based on this model for SC forecasting.Using a trained model,we predict the test set from SC 19 to SC 25 with an average mean absolute percentage error of 32.02,root mean square error of 30.3,mean absolute error of 23.32,and R^(2)(coefficient of determination)of 0.76,outperforming other deep learning models in terms of accuracy and training efficiency on sunspot number datasets.Subsequently,we use it to predict the peaks of SC 25 and SC 26.For SC 25,the peak time has ended,but a stronger peak is predicted for SC 26,of 199.3,within a range of 170.8-221.9,projected to occur during April 2034.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.62304149 and no.52473318)the Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China(no.LY24E030008)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(E4226101)supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP)(2021R1A2C3004202)。
文摘Controlling film morphology remains an inherent challenge limiting the performance of all-smallmolecule organic solar cells(ASM-OSCs),primarily due to excessive donor-acceptor compatibility restricting further improvements.Here,we introduce a novel strategy employing rhodanine-based film-forming kinetic modulators-specifically tailored for the high-performance donor BTR-Clincluding 3-methylrhodanine(C1),3-ethylrhodanine(C2),3-buty lr hod a nine(C4),and 3-hexylrhodanine(C6).We demonstrate that the C2 modulator uniquely optimizes morphology by extending film-formation time and fine-tuning donor-acceptor miscibility,leading to enhanced molecular ordering,uniform vertical distributio n,and optimal phase sepa ration.This synergistic morphological control significantly boosts BTR-Cl crystallinity and facilitates efficient three-dimensional charge transport networks.Consequently,C2-treated BTR-Cl:N3 ASM-OSCs achieve an outstanding power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 17.12%,ranking among the highest reported for this system.Crucially,this work introduces a novel"donor-modulator structural matching"strategy,providing a powerful new avenue for controlling film-forming kinetics to realize high-performance ASM-OSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52102165 and 62474056)the Natural Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(Grant Nos.NY221029 and NY222165)。
文摘All-inorganic lead-free perovskite solar cells have emerged as environmentally benign candidates;however,their device performance is still constrained by pronounced carrier recombination losses in the bulk and at interfaces.By combining energy band alignment analysis with detailed modeling of recombination mechanisms,a systematic strategy for optimizing hole transport layers is developed.The results reveal that a negative valence band offset produces a cliff-like interface,which facilitates hole extraction while also accounting for the observed variations in open-circuit voltage.Furthermore,short-circuit current losses are quantitatively attributed to different recombination pathways,modeled by incorporating radiative,Shockley–Read–Hall,Auger,and interface recombination processes.This comprehensive approach not only clarifies the correlation between energy level alignment and recombination dynamics but also highlights the competing roles of band offset and interface defects in determining device performance.The optimized device architecture,based on Ge-based lead-free perovskites,achieves a power conversion efficiency of 25.1%,with an open-circuit voltage of 1.29 V,a short-circuit current density of 22.5 mA·cm^(-2),and a fill factor of 86.3%.These findings provide theoretical guidance for designing stable,high-performance,and environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells.
基金the Program for Teaching Development(PRODEP)for funding the project UJAT-PTC-251(Development and Evaluation of a Cocoa Roaster in the Tabasco Region).
文摘This study presents the design,construction,and thermal evaluation of a solar-powered cocoa roaster based on a Parabolic Cylinder Collector(PCC)with dual-axis solar tracking.The system integrates three functional subsystems:the cylindrical-parabolic reflecting surface,the stainless-steel absorber tube,and a microcontrollerbased tracking mechanism.The prototype enables continuous acquisition of key thermal variables(solar irradiance,ambient temperature,absorber surface temperature,and bean temperature),allowing a detailed characterization of heat transfer processes during roasting.Roasting experiments were conducted at controlled durations of 40,55,and 70 min between 10:00 and 14:00 h.Maximum roasting temperatures of 125℃–137℃ were reached under average irradiance levels of 685.7–930.5 W m−2.The lowest final moisture content was 2.19%,within the recommended range for high-quality cocoa.Longer roasting durations promoted thermal energy accumulation within the absorber tube,enhancing convective and radiative heat transfer to the bean mass even under fluctuating irradiance.The experimental trends reveal a strong coupling between irradiance variability,absorber temperature,and internal air-beam heat transfer.Comparison with reference parabolic trough collector studies indicate that,although the process-level roasting efficiency(3.83%–7.45%)is lower than conventional collector-level thermal efficiencies,the operating temperatures and moisture-reduction rates align with the thermal requirements of food-processing systems rather than high-enthalpy solar applications.These results also demonstrate the potential of coupling PCC-based solar concentration with lowtemperature convective–radiative roasting processes.Overall,the findings confirm the feasibility of implementing PCC-based roasting technologies in rural or off-grid regions,where solar-driven heat transfer offers a sustainable,low-cost alternative to fossil-fuel-based roasting systems,enabling a controlled thermophysical environment for cocoa transformation.
文摘This paper presents an experimental analysis of a solar-assisted powered underfloor heating system,designed primarily to boost energy efficiency and achieve reliable desired steady-state temperature in buildings.We thoroughly tested the system’s thermal and operational features by subjecting it to three distinct scenarios that mimicked diverse solar irradiance and environmental conditions.Our findings reveal a strong correlation between variations in solar input and overall system performance.The Solar Fraction(SF),our key energy efficiency metric,varied significantly across the cases,ranging from 63.1%up to 88.7%.This high reliance on renewables resulted in a substantial reduction in backup power;consequently,the auxiliary electric heater was only required to supply between 1.82 and 3.00 kWh over the test periods.The circulation pump operated on a precise control logic,engaging below 20℃ and disengaging at 21℃.Crucially,the experiments verified the system’s ability not only tomeet the air temperature setpoint but also to ensure the floor surface temperature stayed within required international comfort criteria.These robust results directly support the study’s main objective.For practical application,we advise increasing the total length of the embedded pipe network.This crucial adjustment would allow for a reduction in the required circulating water temperature,which in turn maximizes the utilization of low-grade solar heat and optimizes radiant heat delivery toward achieving the desired steady-state temperature.Ultimately,the study confirms that solar-assisted underfloor heating offers a technically viable,sustainable,and energy-efficient solution with the potential to significantly cut fossil fuel consumption.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62205103)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(Grant No.2023JJ40216)the Elite Youth Program by the Department of Education of Hunan Province(Grant No.24B0663)。
文摘Although the certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of single-junction perovskite solar cells(PSCs)has achieved a high level of 27%,approaching the single-crystalline silicon solar cells,the device stability remains an urgent issue to be resolved for the commercialization.Defect passivation emerged as a viable approach to enhance the operational stability of the solar devices.Herein,phenylthiourea(PhTu)derivatives are selected as effective passivation agents to enhance the optoelectronic properties of printed methylammonium lead iodide(MAPbI_(3))films.It is demonstrated that incorporating a small amount of 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-2-thiourea(PhTu-COOH)significantly reduces the trap-state density and leads to longer carrier lifetime of the perovskite films.As a result,the inverted solar device made of Ph Tu-COOH-modified MAPbI_(3) perovskite film shows remarkably improved efficiency(from 17.29%to 20.22%)and obviously increased open-circuit voltage(V_(OC))(from 1.043 to 1.143 V),as compared with the pristine device.Moreover,the Ph Tu-COOH-modified PSCs exhibit enhanced operational stability due to the significantly reduced trap-state density.Finally,the optimized solar module fabricated with an active area of 11.28 cm^(2) delivers a high PCE of 17.07%with negligible V_(OC)loss,demonstrating the feasibility of the blade-coating method for large-area perovskite film deposition.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22334007).
文摘Perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable progress in photovoltaic efficiency.However,interfacial defects at the buried and upper interfaces of perovskite layer remain a critical challenge,leading to charge recombination,ion migration,and iodine oxidation.To address this,we propose a novel all-in-one modification strategy employing ammonia borane(BNH6)as a multifunctional complex.By incorporating BNH6 at both buried and upper interfaces simultaneously,we achieve dualinterfacial defect passivation and iodide oxidation suppression through three key mechanisms:(1)hydrolysis-induced interaction with SnO_(2),(2)coordination with Pb^(2+),and(3)inhibition of I−oxidation.This approach significantly enhances device performance,yielding a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 26.43%(certified 25.98%).Furthermore,the unencapsulated device demonstrates prominent enhanced operation stability,maintaining 90%of its initial PCE after 500 h under continuous illumination.Notably,our strategy eliminates the need for separate interface treatments,streamlining fabrication and offering a scalable route toward high-performance perovskite photovoltaics.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22175029,62474033,62374029 and W2433038)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2024NSFSC0250)+2 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2025A1515010313)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.ZYGX2022J032)the Foundation of China Petroleum&Chemical Corporation(Nos.30000000-23ZC0607-0127 and 36850000-23-ZC0607-0045)for financial support。
文摘The hygroscopic nature and severe ions diffusion of conventional dopant Li-TFSI,along with interfacial ionic defects,limiting the efficiency and stability of n-i-p perovskite solar cells(PSCs).To address this,we propose a single-dopant strategy employing a multifunctional,star-shaped dopant 2,4,6-tris(3,4,5-tri fluorophenyl)boroxine(TBRX)with a Lewis acidic boroxine core and highly electronegative fluorinated aryl groups,incorporated into Spiro-OMeTAD.Theoretical and experimental results indicate that TBRX significantly enhances hole mobility,conductivity and the flatness of hole-transporting layer(HTL)while passivating interfacial defects(Pb^(2+),V_(I)),leading to a reinforced perovskite/HTL interface.Additionally,the corresponding p-dopant effectively reduces the energy barrier between the perovskite and the HTL,promoting efficient hole extraction.Consequently,Spiro-OMeTAD:TBRX-based devices deliver a high PCE of25.57%(certified at 25.01%)with excellent long-term operational stability obtained for over 1000 h,retaining~94%of its initial efficiency after 1000 h according to ISOS-L-2 protocols,highlighting the significance of utilizing multifunctional single-dopant framework.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62304111,62304110,22579136)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFE0201800)+6 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M761492)the Project of State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays(Nos.GDX2022010009,GZR2023010046)the Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(No.NY223053)the Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu(Science and Technology Cooperation Project of HongKong,Macao and Taiwan,No.BZ2023059)Shaanxi Fundamental Science Research Project for Mathematics and Physics(No.22jSY015)Young Talent Fund of Xi'an Association for Science and Technology(No.959202313020)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems(No.2023B1212010003).
文摘Surface passivation via two-dimensional(2D)perovskite has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the performance of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)due to the effective compensation of interfacial states.However,the in situ grown 2D perovskite passivation layers typically comprise a mixture of multiple dimensionalities at the interface,where band alignment has only been portrayed qualitatively and empirically.Herein,the interface states for precisely phase-tailored 2D perovskite passivated PSCs are quantitatively investigated.In comparison to traditional passivation molecules,2D perovskite layers based on 4-trifluoromethyl-phenylethylammonium iodide(CF3PEAI)exhibit an increased work function,introducing desirable downward band bending to eliminate the Schottky Barrier.Furthermore,precisely phase-tailored 2D layers could modulate the interface trap density and energetics.The n=1 film delivers optimal performance with a hole extraction efficiency of 95.1%.The optimized n-i-p PSCs in the two-step method significantly improve PCE to 25.40%,along with enhanced photostability and negligible hysteresis.It highlights that tailoring in the composition and phase distribution of the 2D perovskite layer could modulate the interface states at the 2D/3D interface.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (62374104, 62374103)the Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province (tsqn2023120051105)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2023QE321)the Shandong University-Muerhls Joint Laboratory
文摘FAPbI3 has been extensively employed in high-performance perovskite solar cells(PSCs)owing to its optimal bandgap and outstanding optoelectronic properties.Nevertheless,it readily undergoes the formation of a photo-inactiveδ-phase during crystallization,and achieving high-qualityα-phase films becomes even more challenging in antisolvent-free fabrication processes.This study introduces a crystallization control strategy based on 2-dimethylaminopyridine(2-DMAP)ligand engineering to establish a“fast nucleation-slow growth”dual-time-domain crystallization mechanism.2-DMAP facilitates the formation of a functional intermediate phase(2-DMAP·PbI_(2)·DMSO)that enables a direct transformation to theα-FAPbI3 phase and effectively suppresses theδ-phase pathway.Theoretical calculations and systematic experimental characterizations demonstrate that 2-DMAP exhibits stronger binding affinity and a greater charge polarization effect than dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).This promotes the formation of high-density nuclei during spin coating and delays excessive grain growth during annealing,leading to perovskite films with improved crystallinity,fewer defects,and longer carrier lifetimes.As a result,an antisolvent-free PSC device was successfully fabricated,achieving a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 25.10%,one of the highest reported for antisolvent-free spin-coating systems.Under ISOS-L-1 standard conditions,the device retained 84.78%of its initial efficiency after 1500 h of continuous illumination,demonstrating excellent operational stability.Moreover,it exhibited remarkable long-term stability under harsh humid and thermal conditions.This work offers a valuable strategy for the large-scale fabrication of high-performance and antisolvent-free PSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grant no. 62474028, 52130304, and62222503)the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2025ZNSFSC0037, 2025ZNSFSC1460, and 2024NSFSC1447)+1 种基金the National Key R and D Program of China (2023YFB2604101)sponsored by the Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Display Science and Technology
文摘The crystallization and aggregation characteristics of the active layer components in organic solar cells(OSCs)are one of the core factors determining photovoltaic performance,influencing the entire process from light absorption to charge separation,transport,and ultimately charge collection.Dynamic changes in crystallization and aggregation states can also disrupt the microstructure of the active layer,thus shortening the lifetime of the cell.In this study,a morphology modulation strategy is proposed to regulate the crystallization kinetics of non-fullerene acceptors by employing the polymer molecule PYIT as a nucleating agent.An appropriate amount of PYIT was first completely dissolved with the non-fullerene acceptor Y6 and left to stand for 24 h,followed by the fabrication of layer-by-layer processed OSCs.Experiments demonstrated that high crystallinity of PYIT allows it to act as a crystallization nucleus,promoting the crystallization,orientation consistency,and ordered stacking of the acceptor.These nanoscale structural optimizations facilitate efficient charge transport,enhance exciton dissociation efficiency,and suppress unfavorable energetic disorder.Consequently,not only was the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of D18-Cl/Y6-based layer-by-layer processed OSC increased from 18.08%to 19.13%,but the atmospheric stability and long-term lifetime of the OSCs were also significantly improved.Notably,this strategy is also applicable to indoor OSCs,and the PYIT-optimized device can achieve a PCE of 27.0%under 1000 lux light-emitting diode(LED,3200K)irradiation,which is superior to that of the control device(24.2%).This work develops a crystal engineering strategy that is able to simultaneously optimize the microscopic morphology and charge dynamics properties in OSCs,thereby achieving simultaneous improvement in efficiency and stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52202178)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(22ZR1426300)。
文摘Wide-bandgap(WBG)perovskites hold promising applicability in constructing high-efficiency tandem solar cells.However,WBG perovskites face serious light-induced phase segregation due to the presence of mixed halides,and the segregation tendency becomes notably exacerbated with increasing bromine content.In addition,the mixed halide anions bring discrepant crystallization rates and thereby induce an inhomogeneous halide distribution within the WBG perovskite film.Here,we strategically propose a multidentate-ligand additive,N,N'-methylene-bis(2-amino-5-sulfhydryl-1,3,4-thiadiazole)(BL),into1.77 eV WBG perovskites to assist homogenized crystallization.The electron-donating groups in the BL molecule strongly coordinate with lead halides via Lewis acid-base complexation,while N-H groups anchor formamidinium(FA^(+))cations via hydrogen bonding,which delays crystallization and reduces the internal residual stress within the WBG perovskite films.Eventually,the optimized 1.77 eV WBG perovskite solar cells(PSCs)achieve a champion power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 19.24%.Most importantly,these WBG PSCs exhibit robust photostability,which maintain 88% of the initial PCE after 300 h of the maximum power point(MPP)tracking under one solar light illumination.This study demonstrates an effective route to solve the long-term stability of WBG perovskite and is of significance for the practical application of tandem solar cells in the future photovoltaic market.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFC3004004)National Natural Science Foundation of China (42075155,12241104)National Natural Science Foundation of China Joint Fund (U2342213)。
文摘The infrared channels of the FY-4B advanced geosynchronous radiation imagers(AGRI) play a crucial role in temperature and humidity analyses for mesoscale numerical weather prediction, particularly in enhancing the initial field quality and the forecasting accuracy of the model. This study assimilated FY-4B AGRI data into the CMA-MESO model and analyzed the bias characteristics and correction methods. Analysis of the AGRI data revealed a clear diurnal variation in the bias, which was positively correlated with the solar elevation angle. However, the diurnal variation in the bias lagged behind the solar elevation angle, likely owing to temperature changes and delayed instrument responses resulting from solar radiation. To address this issue, we propose a correction method that utilizes the solar elevation angle after an optimal time shift. Using the time-shifted solar elevation angle as a predictor effectively reduces the diurnal variation in bias and significantly improves the correction effect. This approach provides theoretical support for the assimilation of FY-4B AGRI data into mesoscale numerical weather predictions, thereby enhancing the reliability of the assimilation results.
文摘This study explores the thin-layer convective solar drying of Marrubium vulgare L.leaves under conditions typical of sun-rich semi-arid climates.Drying experiments were conducted at three inlet-air temperatures(40℃,50℃,60℃)and two air velocities(1.5 and 2.5 m·s^(-1))using an indirect solar dryer with auxiliary temperature control.Moisture-ratio data were fitted with eight widely used thin-layer models and evaluated using correlation coefficient(r),root-mean-square error(RMSE),and Akaike information criterion(AIC).A complementary heattransfer analysis based on Reynolds and Prandtl numbers with appropriate Nusselt correlations was used to relate flow regime to drying performance,and an energy balance quantified the relative contributions of solar and auxiliary heat.The logarithmic model consistently achieved the lowest RMSE/AIC with r>0.99 across all conditions.Higher temperature and air velocity significantly reduced drying time during the decreasing-rate period,with no constantrate stage observed.On average,solar input supplied the large majority of the thermal demand,while the auxiliary heater compensated short irradiance drops to maintain setpoints.These findings provide a reproducible dataset and a modelling benchmark for M.vulgare leaves,and they support energy-aware design of hybrid solar dryers formedicinal plants in sun-rich regions.
基金supported financially by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42174226,42474239)National Key Research and Development Program(2022YFF0503901)China Meteorological Administration‘Ionospheric Forecast and Alerting’Youth Innovation Team(CMA2024QN09).
文摘The Triple Ionosphere Photometer(TRIPM)is a scientific payload aboard the Fengyun-3E(FY-3E)satellite,which operates in a dawn−dusk orbit.It is primarily designed for nadir observations of airglow emissions at OI 135.6 nm and N_(2)Lyman-Birge-Hopfield(LBH)bands.Due to the satellite’s dawn−dusk orbital characteristics,most of TRIPM’s field of view remains in a semi-illuminated condition.Therefore,compared with airglow data of the same bands acquired under purely daytime or nighttime conditions,applying TRIPM data poses greater challenges.This study presents the first attempt to use TRIPM data for retrieving solar extreme ultraviolet(EUV)flux.Our results demonstrate that by utilizing TRIPM data in regions where photoelectron excitation dominates as the primary radiation source,the solar EUV flux(denoted as Q_(EUV))can be retrieved.Comparisons with data from the SOHO/SEM instrument reveal excellent consistency,with a seasonal correlation coefficient(R)of at least 0.95.This work thus offers a new avenue for solar EUV flux acquisition and expands the application range of TRIPM data.
