Sahel is an African area with high solar potential. However, this potential is not uniform across the region. This paper examines the spatial distribution of the available solar potential by using six stations across ...Sahel is an African area with high solar potential. However, this potential is not uniform across the region. This paper examines the spatial distribution of the available solar potential by using six stations across the Sahel area. This comparative study was based on the analysis of in situ measurements in Dakar in Senegal, Niamey in Niger, Ouagadougou, Gaoua, Dori in Burkina Faso and N’Djamena in Chad. The results showed the presence of a good global solar potential with an average value of about 5.43 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day. The maxima of global potential are noted in the northern part in Niamey with a value of 6.24 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day while the minima are recorded in the south-eastern part in N’Djamena with an irradiation close to 4.71 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day. Then, the monthly evolution of this potential shows similar trends for all stations. Indeed, two maximums are observed during the year in Spring (March) and Autumn (October). However, for most of these stations, the minima of global potential are recorded in Winter (November, February) and during the rainy season (July, October). Moreover, the direct normal potential also shows seasonal trends for the two stations (Dakar, Niamey) where it was measured. The maxima of direct normal irradiation (DNI) are observed between February and May with a value of 5.5 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day in Dakar and in Niamey with a value around 5.32 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day between February and November.展开更多
Renewable energy,especially solar power,is vital for mitigating global warming,while climate change also impacts solar photovoltaic potential(PVpot).This study analyzes historical(1985–2014)and future(2015–2100)clim...Renewable energy,especially solar power,is vital for mitigating global warming,while climate change also impacts solar photovoltaic potential(PVpot).This study analyzes historical(1985–2014)and future(2015–2100)climate effects on PVpot,and quantifies contributions from changed radiation,temperature,and wind speed.Historically,global PVpot increased by 0.42‰,with notable rises in eastern China(+7.1‰)and southern Europe(+3.5‰).By the end of the century,increased radiation-induced PVpot(+1.27‰)offsets temperatureinduced PVpot loss(−0.54‰)under SSP1-2.6,yielding a net PVpot increase(+0.74‰).Under SSP2-4.5,the temperature-induced PVpot decline(−1.50‰)drives the final PVpot reduction(−1.15‰).Under SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5,combined radiation-induced(−1.94‰and−1.99‰)and temperature-induced PVpot changes(−2.67‰and−3.41‰)result in significant PVpot declines(−4.57‰and−5.31‰).Regional analysis reveals that eastern China(+0.7‰to+8.6‰),southern Europe(+0.3‰to+2.5‰),and Northwest South America(+0.6‰to+2.1‰)retain positive changes in future PVpot across all climate scenarios,which may be due to reduced aerosols and cloud cover,suggesting these areas can remain suitable for photovoltaic installations despite climate changes.In contrast,temperature-driven PVpot declines over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(−9.1‰to−4.3‰)and northern Africa(−9.3‰to−4.9‰)under future high-emission scenarios indicate that these historically advantageous regions will become less suitable for solar energy deployment.The findings underscore that climate changes driven by sustainable development pathways will generate more PVpot in the future for better global warming mitigation.展开更多
The results of atmospheric effect characterization on the town of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso are presented and the link with the availability of the direct component of solar radiation is discussed.Experimental meteo...The results of atmospheric effect characterization on the town of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso are presented and the link with the availability of the direct component of solar radiation is discussed.Experimental meteorological data are treated to set a system of constant references which are used to extrapolate the likely atmospheric effect given by the other experimental meteorological data from 1976 to 2006.As results the periods of strong monthly attenuation of the solar potential are pointed out.展开更多
<div style="text-align:left;"> Rural households represent, by far, the greater percentage of dwellings globally without access to the electricity supply. For reasons of low loads, distance from the gri...<div style="text-align:left;"> Rural households represent, by far, the greater percentage of dwellings globally without access to the electricity supply. For reasons of low loads, distance from the grid and speed of deployment, distributed energy systems are now considered viable options for rural electrification. This paper presents the status of solar Photovoltaic (PV) in Nigeria and discusses the way forward for aggressive PV penetration in Nigeria’s energy mix, especially in rural communities. At present, distributed PV penetration in Nigeria is comparatively low based on the International Energy Association’s recommended PV market potential. This shows that there is a gap between the government’s <span>policy targets and reality. The solar resource potential across the six</span><span> geo-political zones in Nigeria is also presented, which ranges from 3.393 - 6.669 kWh/</span><span>m<sup></sup></span><span><sup>2</sup></span><span>/day, with the Northern zones exhibiting better potentials over the Southern zones. It is shown that the levelised cost of electricity from PV system ranges from 0.387 - 0.475 $/kWh, whereas it is 0.947 US$/kWh and 0.559 US$/kWh for the diesel generator and glass-covered kerosene lamp, respectively. While this study shows that PV for rural household lighting is more affordable as compared to glass-covered kerosene lamps and fossil-fuelled generators for lighting, fiscal and energy policies for market creation are critical if PV systems are to deliver on their promise for rural electrification and climate change mitigation.</span> </div>展开更多
This is an Expression of Concern regarding:Dilshod Kodirov,Obid Tursunov,Yuguang Zhou,Gang Li and Qiang Yu,Study on the assessment of solar energy potential for production of electricity:a case study of Uzbekistan,Cle...This is an Expression of Concern regarding:Dilshod Kodirov,Obid Tursunov,Yuguang Zhou,Gang Li and Qiang Yu,Study on the assessment of solar energy potential for production of electricity:a case study of Uzbekistan,Clean Energy,2025,zkae110,https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae110 In February 2025,the Journal was notified that this article may contain text without sufficient attribution,data inconsistencies.展开更多
The solar global radiation from 1957 to 2006 was calculated in Fushun region and its seasonal,geographical and inter-annual variation were analyzed.Moreover,relationship between yield and solar energy use efficiency o...The solar global radiation from 1957 to 2006 was calculated in Fushun region and its seasonal,geographical and inter-annual variation were analyzed.Moreover,relationship between yield and solar energy use efficiency of rice,corn and soybean were analyzed concretely.The results showed that Fushun County had the most solar global radiation in Fushun region,while Xinbin County had the least.The solar global radiation in warm season accounted for 72% of the total solar radiation in one year.The maximum solar global radiation occurred in May,while theminimum value in December,with a period of 19 years.In addition,crop yield was proportional to solar energy use efficiency.展开更多
To address the issues of energy crisis and global warming, novel renewable carbon-free or carbon-neutral energy sources must be identified and developed. A deeper understanding of photosynthesis is the key to provide ...To address the issues of energy crisis and global warming, novel renewable carbon-free or carbon-neutral energy sources must be identified and developed. A deeper understanding of photosynthesis is the key to provide a solid foundation to facilitate this transformation. To mimic the water oxidation of photosystem II oxygen evolving complex, Mn-oxo complexes and Co-phosphate catalytic material were discovered in solar energy storage. Building on these discoveries, recent advances in solar energy conversion showed a compelling working principle by combing the active Mn-oxo and Co-based catalysts in water splitting with semiconductor heteronanostructures for effective solar energy harnessing. In this review the appealing systems including Mn-oxo tetramer/Nafion, Mn-oxo dimer/TiO2, Mn-oxo oligomer/WO3, Co-Pi/Fe2O3, and Co-Pi/ZnO are summarized and discussed. These accomplishments offer a promising framework and have a profound impact in the field of solar fuel production.展开更多
Solar powered vehicles are currently being developed towards entirely self-sustaining vehicles that harness their energy directly from the sun.For such vehicles,it is important to optimise their solar exposure while d...Solar powered vehicles are currently being developed towards entirely self-sustaining vehicles that harness their energy directly from the sun.For such vehicles,it is important to optimise their solar exposure while driving,thereby reducing their energy consumption through fossil fuels.Research has emerged to estimate optimised routes for solar vehicles,and this paper builds on this work to expand on the parameters used to calculate the route,thereby improving the energy-harnessing quality of the route together with its overall utility for the driver.The ArcGIS tool and the open weather API are used to predict the solar potential of a vehicle by taking into account shade based on surrounding topography,vehicle type,weather,distance and time of day.The model was implemented as a user mobile application‘Drive Solar’that calculates the optimal route for the user based on their preferences for time and energy efficiency.The effectiveness of the prediction model was tested using a solar irradiance sensor in Dublin city.The results show that the model predicts the route with the most energy absorbed with a 51.65%accuracy and chooses the route with the most energy consumed with a 86.65%accuracy.We conclude that Drive Solar can aid in the transition to widespread use of self-sustaining solar vehicles.展开更多
Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is a promising technology to decarbonize urban energy systems viaharnessing solar energy available on building envelopes. While methods to assess solar irradiation, especiallyo...Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is a promising technology to decarbonize urban energy systems viaharnessing solar energy available on building envelopes. While methods to assess solar irradiation, especiallyon rooftops, are well established, the assessment on building facades usually involves a higher effort due tomore complex urban features and obstructions. The drawback of existing physics-based simulation programsare that they require significant manual modeling effort and computing time for generating time resolveddeterministic results. Yet, solar irradiation is highly intermittent and representing its inherent uncertainty maybe required for designing robust BIPV energy systems. Targeting on these drawbacks, this paper proposes adata-driven model based on Deep Generative Networks (DGN) to efficiently generate stochastic ensembles ofannual hourly solar irradiance time series on building facades with uncompromised spatiotemporal resolutionat the urban scale. The only input required are easily obtainable fisheye images as categorical shading maskscaptured from 3D models. In principle, even actual photographs of urban contexts can be utilized, given they are semantically segmented. The potential of our approach is that it may be applied as a surrogate for timeconsuming simulations, when facing lacking information (e.g., no 3D model exists), and to use the generatedstochastic time-series ensembles in robust energy systems planning. Our validations exemplify a good fidelityof the generated time series when compared to the physics-based simulator. Due to the nature of the usedDGNs, it remains an open challenge to precisely reconstruct the ground truth one-to-one for each hour of theyear. However, we consider the benefits of the approach to outweigh the shortcomings. To demonstrate themodel’s relevance for urban energy planning, we showcase its potential for generative design by parametricallyaltering characteristic features of the urban environment and producing corresponding time series on buildingfacades under different climatic contexts in real-time.展开更多
This paper presents design considerations for an integrated design of solar commu-nities highlighting the interactive nature of various design parameters to improve the energy performance of these neighborhoods.These ...This paper presents design considerations for an integrated design of solar commu-nities highlighting the interactive nature of various design parameters to improve the energy performance of these neighborhoods.These considerations are illus-trated through practical design examples of different neighborhood scenarios and individual buildings,based on extensive studies and analysis of energy performance of a wide spectrum of buildings and neighborhoods.The examples fall under two general categories-design at the neighborhood level,and design at the individ-ual building level.Neighborhood design is illustrated by examples of homogeneous residential neighborhoods consisting of 2-storied housing units and of a mixed-rise neighborhood.Design of individual buildings focuses primarily on design of the envelope-consisting of roof and façades-for maximizing energy generation poten-tial,as a function of height and relative position to adjacent buildings.In addition to examples of application of the design considerations,the paper outlines the process of design of solar communities and the role of simulations in the design process.展开更多
Solar envelope is a concept for regulating solar access in urban planning.It is a roof-like imaginary surface over a given piece of land that controls the maximum allowed building height in order to avoid casting shad...Solar envelope is a concept for regulating solar access in urban planning.It is a roof-like imaginary surface over a given piece of land that controls the maximum allowed building height in order to avoid casting shadows on the neighbours during a specific period.The volume of solar envelopes regulates building density,depending on geo-metric attributes and time(plot size and proportions,orientation,ground slope,latitude,duration of insolation).This work compares the effect of such factors on the size of solar envelopes on a variety of land parcels,individually or in groups.Repeated applications of solid modelling are used to calculate in each case the values of‘Solar Volume Coefficient’,i.e.the volume of a solar envelope per unit of its base as a measure for comparisons.Results show the influence of the various factors affecting the geometry of solar envelopes.Among other findings,it is also shown that solar envelopes gener-ate urban densities lower than conventional urban regulations.The total volume of solar envelopes over an area(‘Solar Building Potential’)can be increased by raising the reference level of solar envelopes(‘shadow fence’or‘solar fence’).Lower urban densities are compensated by facilitating solar applications,as well as by enhancing daylight,ventilation,and vistas in the urban context,thus creating new‘solar cityscapes’exem-plified here on existing street patterns.展开更多
This paper presents a novel integration of building energy simulation with The World Avatar(TWA),a dynamic knowledge graph and agent-based framework designed for comprehensive and interoperable digital representation ...This paper presents a novel integration of building energy simulation with The World Avatar(TWA),a dynamic knowledge graph and agent-based framework designed for comprehensive and interoperable digital representation of the world.The study addresses the imperative for accurate and granular building energy data in energy planning scenarios.By leveraging knowledge graph,agents within TWA replace default assumptions in simulation tools with real-time and location-specific input data,such as building geometry,usage,weather,and terrain elevation.This integrated approach automates the simulation process,enabling agents to retrieve input data,execute simulations,and update the knowledge graph with results in a consistent format.To demonstrate this approach,we developed a simulation agent using the City Energy Analyst.Validation against external datasets from Germany and Singapore shows that the agent significantly improves simulation accuracy.The study also highlights the challenges in data acquisition and processing for municipal heat planning,aligning with the requirements of the German Heat Planning Act.Using Pirmasens,a mid-sized city in Germany,as an example,we demonstrate the practical applicability of the agent in municipal heat planning by providing highly granular data on the heating demands and the solar potentials for heat generation.An accompanying economic analysis further evaluates the cost implications and energy storage requirements associated with the installation of solar collectors,and identifies zones in the city with high solar suitability.These insights enable data-driven decision-making,showcasing the potential of this integrated approach to support municipal heat planning.展开更多
China’s urban expansion,food security,and energy transition are in a critical situation.One solution is to tap into the green production potential of the built urban environment and explore new ways to save land spac...China’s urban expansion,food security,and energy transition are in a critical situation.One solution is to tap into the green production potential of the built urban environment and explore new ways to save land space and alleviate ecological pressure through food and solar energy production.This paper differs from previous ecological compensation studies,which mostly focus on key ecological functional areas or fiscal compensation mechanisms,in that it innovatively establishes an ecological compensation mechanism within the urban space.In this paper,we propose the"green productive area"of cities as a way to measure the ecological carrying capacity improvement potential of cities from the perspective of urban ecology,and it is based on converting the green resource income of cities into the ecological footprint area they could save under the same conditions.First,a typological approach was used to establish a compensation strategy for green production.Second,a spatial inventory was taken of all elements of the built environment and an analysis of their green production potential was carried out.Finally,it was necessary to establish a unified accounting standard for the ecological land saving benefits of different green production options,which could be converted into green productive land area indicators.In the case of Xuefu Street in Nankai District,Tianjin,the available rooftops and idle land were used for green production,which supplemented the ecological carrying capacity provided by the natural land occupied by 12%of the buildings in the district.展开更多
文摘Sahel is an African area with high solar potential. However, this potential is not uniform across the region. This paper examines the spatial distribution of the available solar potential by using six stations across the Sahel area. This comparative study was based on the analysis of in situ measurements in Dakar in Senegal, Niamey in Niger, Ouagadougou, Gaoua, Dori in Burkina Faso and N’Djamena in Chad. The results showed the presence of a good global solar potential with an average value of about 5.43 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day. The maxima of global potential are noted in the northern part in Niamey with a value of 6.24 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day while the minima are recorded in the south-eastern part in N’Djamena with an irradiation close to 4.71 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day. Then, the monthly evolution of this potential shows similar trends for all stations. Indeed, two maximums are observed during the year in Spring (March) and Autumn (October). However, for most of these stations, the minima of global potential are recorded in Winter (November, February) and during the rainy season (July, October). Moreover, the direct normal potential also shows seasonal trends for the two stations (Dakar, Niamey) where it was measured. The maxima of direct normal irradiation (DNI) are observed between February and May with a value of 5.5 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day in Dakar and in Niamey with a value around 5.32 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/day between February and November.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province[grant number BK20220031]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42007195].
文摘Renewable energy,especially solar power,is vital for mitigating global warming,while climate change also impacts solar photovoltaic potential(PVpot).This study analyzes historical(1985–2014)and future(2015–2100)climate effects on PVpot,and quantifies contributions from changed radiation,temperature,and wind speed.Historically,global PVpot increased by 0.42‰,with notable rises in eastern China(+7.1‰)and southern Europe(+3.5‰).By the end of the century,increased radiation-induced PVpot(+1.27‰)offsets temperatureinduced PVpot loss(−0.54‰)under SSP1-2.6,yielding a net PVpot increase(+0.74‰).Under SSP2-4.5,the temperature-induced PVpot decline(−1.50‰)drives the final PVpot reduction(−1.15‰).Under SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5,combined radiation-induced(−1.94‰and−1.99‰)and temperature-induced PVpot changes(−2.67‰and−3.41‰)result in significant PVpot declines(−4.57‰and−5.31‰).Regional analysis reveals that eastern China(+0.7‰to+8.6‰),southern Europe(+0.3‰to+2.5‰),and Northwest South America(+0.6‰to+2.1‰)retain positive changes in future PVpot across all climate scenarios,which may be due to reduced aerosols and cloud cover,suggesting these areas can remain suitable for photovoltaic installations despite climate changes.In contrast,temperature-driven PVpot declines over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(−9.1‰to−4.3‰)and northern Africa(−9.3‰to−4.9‰)under future high-emission scenarios indicate that these historically advantageous regions will become less suitable for solar energy deployment.The findings underscore that climate changes driven by sustainable development pathways will generate more PVpot in the future for better global warming mitigation.
文摘The results of atmospheric effect characterization on the town of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso are presented and the link with the availability of the direct component of solar radiation is discussed.Experimental meteorological data are treated to set a system of constant references which are used to extrapolate the likely atmospheric effect given by the other experimental meteorological data from 1976 to 2006.As results the periods of strong monthly attenuation of the solar potential are pointed out.
文摘<div style="text-align:left;"> Rural households represent, by far, the greater percentage of dwellings globally without access to the electricity supply. For reasons of low loads, distance from the grid and speed of deployment, distributed energy systems are now considered viable options for rural electrification. This paper presents the status of solar Photovoltaic (PV) in Nigeria and discusses the way forward for aggressive PV penetration in Nigeria’s energy mix, especially in rural communities. At present, distributed PV penetration in Nigeria is comparatively low based on the International Energy Association’s recommended PV market potential. This shows that there is a gap between the government’s <span>policy targets and reality. The solar resource potential across the six</span><span> geo-political zones in Nigeria is also presented, which ranges from 3.393 - 6.669 kWh/</span><span>m<sup></sup></span><span><sup>2</sup></span><span>/day, with the Northern zones exhibiting better potentials over the Southern zones. It is shown that the levelised cost of electricity from PV system ranges from 0.387 - 0.475 $/kWh, whereas it is 0.947 US$/kWh and 0.559 US$/kWh for the diesel generator and glass-covered kerosene lamp, respectively. While this study shows that PV for rural household lighting is more affordable as compared to glass-covered kerosene lamps and fossil-fuelled generators for lighting, fiscal and energy policies for market creation are critical if PV systems are to deliver on their promise for rural electrification and climate change mitigation.</span> </div>
文摘This is an Expression of Concern regarding:Dilshod Kodirov,Obid Tursunov,Yuguang Zhou,Gang Li and Qiang Yu,Study on the assessment of solar energy potential for production of electricity:a case study of Uzbekistan,Clean Energy,2025,zkae110,https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkae110 In February 2025,the Journal was notified that this article may contain text without sufficient attribution,data inconsistencies.
基金Supported by Government of Fushun City (20071209)
文摘The solar global radiation from 1957 to 2006 was calculated in Fushun region and its seasonal,geographical and inter-annual variation were analyzed.Moreover,relationship between yield and solar energy use efficiency of rice,corn and soybean were analyzed concretely.The results showed that Fushun County had the most solar global radiation in Fushun region,while Xinbin County had the least.The solar global radiation in warm season accounted for 72% of the total solar radiation in one year.The maximum solar global radiation occurred in May,while theminimum value in December,with a period of 19 years.In addition,crop yield was proportional to solar energy use efficiency.
基金supported by the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth and in part by a grant from the USDA CSREES
文摘To address the issues of energy crisis and global warming, novel renewable carbon-free or carbon-neutral energy sources must be identified and developed. A deeper understanding of photosynthesis is the key to provide a solid foundation to facilitate this transformation. To mimic the water oxidation of photosystem II oxygen evolving complex, Mn-oxo complexes and Co-phosphate catalytic material were discovered in solar energy storage. Building on these discoveries, recent advances in solar energy conversion showed a compelling working principle by combing the active Mn-oxo and Co-based catalysts in water splitting with semiconductor heteronanostructures for effective solar energy harnessing. In this review the appealing systems including Mn-oxo tetramer/Nafion, Mn-oxo dimer/TiO2, Mn-oxo oligomer/WO3, Co-Pi/Fe2O3, and Co-Pi/ZnO are summarized and discussed. These accomplishments offer a promising framework and have a profound impact in the field of solar fuel production.
文摘Solar powered vehicles are currently being developed towards entirely self-sustaining vehicles that harness their energy directly from the sun.For such vehicles,it is important to optimise their solar exposure while driving,thereby reducing their energy consumption through fossil fuels.Research has emerged to estimate optimised routes for solar vehicles,and this paper builds on this work to expand on the parameters used to calculate the route,thereby improving the energy-harnessing quality of the route together with its overall utility for the driver.The ArcGIS tool and the open weather API are used to predict the solar potential of a vehicle by taking into account shade based on surrounding topography,vehicle type,weather,distance and time of day.The model was implemented as a user mobile application‘Drive Solar’that calculates the optimal route for the user based on their preferences for time and energy efficiency.The effectiveness of the prediction model was tested using a solar irradiance sensor in Dublin city.The results show that the model predicts the route with the most energy absorbed with a 51.65%accuracy and chooses the route with the most energy consumed with a 86.65%accuracy.We conclude that Drive Solar can aid in the transition to widespread use of self-sustaining solar vehicles.
文摘Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) is a promising technology to decarbonize urban energy systems viaharnessing solar energy available on building envelopes. While methods to assess solar irradiation, especiallyon rooftops, are well established, the assessment on building facades usually involves a higher effort due tomore complex urban features and obstructions. The drawback of existing physics-based simulation programsare that they require significant manual modeling effort and computing time for generating time resolveddeterministic results. Yet, solar irradiation is highly intermittent and representing its inherent uncertainty maybe required for designing robust BIPV energy systems. Targeting on these drawbacks, this paper proposes adata-driven model based on Deep Generative Networks (DGN) to efficiently generate stochastic ensembles ofannual hourly solar irradiance time series on building facades with uncompromised spatiotemporal resolutionat the urban scale. The only input required are easily obtainable fisheye images as categorical shading maskscaptured from 3D models. In principle, even actual photographs of urban contexts can be utilized, given they are semantically segmented. The potential of our approach is that it may be applied as a surrogate for timeconsuming simulations, when facing lacking information (e.g., no 3D model exists), and to use the generatedstochastic time-series ensembles in robust energy systems planning. Our validations exemplify a good fidelityof the generated time series when compared to the physics-based simulator. Due to the nature of the usedDGNs, it remains an open challenge to precisely reconstruct the ground truth one-to-one for each hour of theyear. However, we consider the benefits of the approach to outweigh the shortcomings. To demonstrate themodel’s relevance for urban energy planning, we showcase its potential for generative design by parametricallyaltering characteristic features of the urban environment and producing corresponding time series on buildingfacades under different climatic contexts in real-time.
文摘This paper presents design considerations for an integrated design of solar commu-nities highlighting the interactive nature of various design parameters to improve the energy performance of these neighborhoods.These considerations are illus-trated through practical design examples of different neighborhood scenarios and individual buildings,based on extensive studies and analysis of energy performance of a wide spectrum of buildings and neighborhoods.The examples fall under two general categories-design at the neighborhood level,and design at the individ-ual building level.Neighborhood design is illustrated by examples of homogeneous residential neighborhoods consisting of 2-storied housing units and of a mixed-rise neighborhood.Design of individual buildings focuses primarily on design of the envelope-consisting of roof and façades-for maximizing energy generation poten-tial,as a function of height and relative position to adjacent buildings.In addition to examples of application of the design considerations,the paper outlines the process of design of solar communities and the role of simulations in the design process.
文摘Solar envelope is a concept for regulating solar access in urban planning.It is a roof-like imaginary surface over a given piece of land that controls the maximum allowed building height in order to avoid casting shadows on the neighbours during a specific period.The volume of solar envelopes regulates building density,depending on geo-metric attributes and time(plot size and proportions,orientation,ground slope,latitude,duration of insolation).This work compares the effect of such factors on the size of solar envelopes on a variety of land parcels,individually or in groups.Repeated applications of solid modelling are used to calculate in each case the values of‘Solar Volume Coefficient’,i.e.the volume of a solar envelope per unit of its base as a measure for comparisons.Results show the influence of the various factors affecting the geometry of solar envelopes.Among other findings,it is also shown that solar envelopes gener-ate urban densities lower than conventional urban regulations.The total volume of solar envelopes over an area(‘Solar Building Potential’)can be increased by raising the reference level of solar envelopes(‘shadow fence’or‘solar fence’).Lower urban densities are compensated by facilitating solar applications,as well as by enhancing daylight,ventilation,and vistas in the urban context,thus creating new‘solar cityscapes’exem-plified here on existing street patterns.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation,Prime Minister’s Office,Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise(CREATE)programmePart of this work was also supported by Towards Turing 2.0 under EPSRC,United Kingdom Grant EP/Y016076/1.
文摘This paper presents a novel integration of building energy simulation with The World Avatar(TWA),a dynamic knowledge graph and agent-based framework designed for comprehensive and interoperable digital representation of the world.The study addresses the imperative for accurate and granular building energy data in energy planning scenarios.By leveraging knowledge graph,agents within TWA replace default assumptions in simulation tools with real-time and location-specific input data,such as building geometry,usage,weather,and terrain elevation.This integrated approach automates the simulation process,enabling agents to retrieve input data,execute simulations,and update the knowledge graph with results in a consistent format.To demonstrate this approach,we developed a simulation agent using the City Energy Analyst.Validation against external datasets from Germany and Singapore shows that the agent significantly improves simulation accuracy.The study also highlights the challenges in data acquisition and processing for municipal heat planning,aligning with the requirements of the German Heat Planning Act.Using Pirmasens,a mid-sized city in Germany,as an example,we demonstrate the practical applicability of the agent in municipal heat planning by providing highly granular data on the heating demands and the solar potentials for heat generation.An accompanying economic analysis further evaluates the cost implications and energy storage requirements associated with the installation of solar collectors,and identifies zones in the city with high solar suitability.These insights enable data-driven decision-making,showcasing the potential of this integrated approach to support municipal heat planning.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(51978443,52078322)The Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation ofChina(51708395)The Tianjin Graduate Research and Innovation Project in 2009(2019YJSB175).
文摘China’s urban expansion,food security,and energy transition are in a critical situation.One solution is to tap into the green production potential of the built urban environment and explore new ways to save land space and alleviate ecological pressure through food and solar energy production.This paper differs from previous ecological compensation studies,which mostly focus on key ecological functional areas or fiscal compensation mechanisms,in that it innovatively establishes an ecological compensation mechanism within the urban space.In this paper,we propose the"green productive area"of cities as a way to measure the ecological carrying capacity improvement potential of cities from the perspective of urban ecology,and it is based on converting the green resource income of cities into the ecological footprint area they could save under the same conditions.First,a typological approach was used to establish a compensation strategy for green production.Second,a spatial inventory was taken of all elements of the built environment and an analysis of their green production potential was carried out.Finally,it was necessary to establish a unified accounting standard for the ecological land saving benefits of different green production options,which could be converted into green productive land area indicators.In the case of Xuefu Street in Nankai District,Tianjin,the available rooftops and idle land were used for green production,which supplemented the ecological carrying capacity provided by the natural land occupied by 12%of the buildings in the district.
