Habanero pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)is a crop of economic relevance in the Peninsula of Yucatan.Its fruits have a high level of capsaicinoids compared to peppers grown in other regions of the world,which gives the...Habanero pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)is a crop of economic relevance in the Peninsula of Yucatan.Its fruits have a high level of capsaicinoids compared to peppers grown in other regions of the world,which gives them industrial importance.Soil is an important factor that affects pepper development,nutritional quality,and capsaicinoid content.However,the effect of soil type on fruit development and capsaicinoid metabolism has been little understood.This work aimed to compare the effect of soils with contrasting characteristics,black soil(BS)and red soil(RS),on the expression of genes related to the development of fruits,and capsaicinoid synthesis using a transcriptomic analysis of the habanero pepper fruits.Plants growing in RS had bigger fruits and higher expression of genes related to floral development,fruit abscission,and softening which suggests that RS stimulates fruit development from early stages until maturation stages.Fruits from plants growing in BS had enrichment in metabolic pathways related to growth,sugars,and photosynthesis.Besides,these fruits had higher capsaicinoid accumulation at 25 days post-anthesis,and higher expression of genes related to the branched-chain amino acids metabolism(ketol-acid reductisomerase KARI),pentose phosphate pathway and production of NADPH(glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase G6PDH),and proteasome and vesicular traffic in cells(26S proteasome regulatory subunit T4 RPT4),which suggest that BS is better in the early stimulation of pathways related to the nutritional quality and capsaicinoid metabolism in the fruits.展开更多
In the research, pot experiment and field testing were conducted to study the effect of different crops, soil types, and irrigation modes on biogas slurry diges- tions. The results showed that when silage maize, sweet...In the research, pot experiment and field testing were conducted to study the effect of different crops, soil types, and irrigation modes on biogas slurry diges- tions. The results showed that when silage maize, sweet sorghum and Chinese cabbage were planted in purple soils, the quantities of digested biogas slurry were of 57, 157.5, and 34.5 t/hm2, respectively, while the quantities of digested biogas slurry were 70.5, 157.5 and 40.5 t/hm2 in yellow soils. Besides, the digested biogas slurries reached 36 and 27 t/hm2 as per flood irrigation and sprinkling irrigation when Chinese cabbages were planted in yellow soils. The research indicated crop variety, soil type, and irrigation method all have effects on farmland digestion of biogas slurry.展开更多
This study was conducted to assess the current stock of soil organic carbon under different agricultural land uses, soil types and soil depths in the Noun plain in western Cameroon. Three sites were selected for the s...This study was conducted to assess the current stock of soil organic carbon under different agricultural land uses, soil types and soil depths in the Noun plain in western Cameroon. Three sites were selected for the study, namely Mangoum, Makeka and Fossang, representative of the three dominant soil types of the noun plain (Andosols, Acrisols and Ferralsols). Three land uses were selected per site including natural vegetation, agroforest and crop field. Soil was sampled at three depths;0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm, and 40 - 60 cm. Analysis of variance showed that soil type did not significantly influence carbon storage, but rather land uses and soil depth. SOCS decreased significantly with depth in all the sites, with an average stock of 66.3 ± 15.8 tC/ha at 0 - 20 cm, compared to an average stock of 33.3 ± 7.4 tC/ha at 40 - 60 cm. SOCS was significantly highest in the natural formation with 57.2 ± 19.7 tC/ha, and lowest in cultivated fields, at 37.7 ± 10.6 tC/ha. Andosols, with their high content of coarse fragments, stored less organic carbon than Ferralsols and Acrisols.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to explore the soil organic carbon（SOC）content from different types of soil and its influencing factors.[Method] Soil samples were collected from Wuyi Mountains,and the physical and chemical ...[Objective] The aim was to explore the soil organic carbon（SOC）content from different types of soil and its influencing factors.[Method] Soil samples were collected from Wuyi Mountains,and the physical and chemical properties were measured and the relationship between SOC content and soil physical and chemical properties,altitude,average annual temperature was analyzed.[Result] SOC content ranged from 14.91 to 112.34 g/kg,and SOC content was significant positive correlated with available nutrients（available N,P and K）and total nitrogen.[Conclusion] This study indicated that the physical and chemical properties of soil,altitude,average annual temperature had a significant influence on the SOC content of Wuyi Mountains.展开更多
Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profil...Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profiles of soils in China ranged within 2.49-18.10 μg kg--1 ) with a mean value of 10.01 μg kg--1，and was in the sequence of Ferralisols > Luvisols > Isohumisols > Aridisols. The correlation analysis between Av-Se and the soil physical-chemical properties revealed that the correlations between Av-Se and O.M., CEC, Fe2O3,Al2O3, ignition loss, Co and Zn were positive at a highly significant level, but those between Av-Se and pH,base saturation, CaO, Ba and Sr were all negative at a highly significant level. The reason of some diseases related to the Se deficiency might be the leaching loss of selenium in some soils.展开更多
Studies of critical concentration distribution features of polluted elements of Cd and As in main soil types of China, such as laterite, crimson soil, purplish soil, yellow brown soil, brunisolic soil, black soil, cin...Studies of critical concentration distribution features of polluted elements of Cd and As in main soil types of China, such as laterite, crimson soil, purplish soil, yellow brown soil, brunisolic soil, black soil, cinnamon soil and sierozem revealed that soil types vary in different zones, so do their critical concentrations.The critical concentration has a zonal differentiation with the distribution of soil types from south to north, and from east to west. The critical concentration of Cd increases from south to north (yellow brown soil,brunisolic soil and cinnamon soil),and from east to west (black soil and sierozem). This coincides With changes of climate zones and soil zones. On the contrary, the critical concentration of Asdecreases from south to north and from east to west.展开更多
ARB was investigated in different soil types following manure application.CTC-manure induced more resistance of soil indigenous microbes in fluvo-aquic soil.Lactobacillus,Dyella,Ralstonia,and Bacillus were the key dif...ARB was investigated in different soil types following manure application.CTC-manure induced more resistance of soil indigenous microbes in fluvo-aquic soil.Lactobacillus,Dyella,Ralstonia,and Bacillus were the key different genera.Manure control is an effective way to reduce the risk of soil ARB.展开更多
Subsoiling has been widely used all over the world as an important operation method of no-tillage farming.For energy-saving and life-extension,the tillage resistance and wear-corrosion of subsoilers have attracted wid...Subsoiling has been widely used all over the world as an important operation method of no-tillage farming.For energy-saving and life-extension,the tillage resistance and wear-corrosion of subsoilers have attracted wide attention.In this study,the tillage resistance,soil disturbance,wear and corrosion of subsoiler with S-T-SK-2#biomimetic structures(S means subsoiler;T means tine;SK means shank;2#,h/s=0.57,h=5 mm andα=45°.)and self-healing coating under two seasons,two locations with different soil properties(black loam and clay soil)and subsoiling speeds(2 km/h and 3.6 km/h)were investigated.The soil moisture content and compactness affected the tillage resistance and wear-corrosion.The tillage resistance and degree of corrosion on all subsoilers were much larger in clay soil than that in black loam soil.Compared with S-T-SK-2#,the tillage reduction rate of C-S-T-SK-2#(S-T-SK-2#with self-healing coating)was up to 14.32%in clay soil under the speed of 2 km/h.The significance tests of regression equation results showed that subsoiler type and soil properties had a significant impact on soil disturbance coefficient,swelling of total soil layer,bulkiness of the plough pan.It is of a guiding significance for the analysis of soil disturbance.Synergism mechanism of subsoiler coupling with biomimetic structures and self-healing coating was analyzed in following.It depicted the guiding effect of biomimetic structure and the shield function of self-healing coating,resulting in anticorrosion and wear resistance of subsoiler.展开更多
Cadmium(Cd)bioavailability in the rhizosphere makes an important difference in grain Cd accumulation in wheat.Here,pot experiments combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing were conducted to compare the Cd bioavailabilit...Cadmium(Cd)bioavailability in the rhizosphere makes an important difference in grain Cd accumulation in wheat.Here,pot experiments combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing were conducted to compare the Cd bioavailability and bacterial community in the rhizosphere of two wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes,a low-Cd-accumulating genotype in grains(LT)and a high-Cd-accumulating genotype in grains(HT),grown on four different soils with Cd contamination.Results showed that there was non-significant difference in total Cd concentration among four soils.However,except for black soil,DTPA-Cd concentrations in HT rhizospheres were higher than those of LT in fluvisol,paddy soil and purple soil.Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that soil type(52.7%)was the strongest determinant of root-associated community,while there were still some differences in rhizosphere bacterial community composition between twowheat genotypes.Taxa specifically colonized in HT rhizosphere(Acidobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Bacteroidetes and Deltaproteobacteria)could participate inmetal activation,whereas LT rhizosphere was highly enriched by plant growth-promoting taxa.In addition,PICRUSt2 analysis also predicted high relative abundances of imputed functional profiles related to membrane transport and amino acid metabolism in HT rhizosphere.These results revealed that the rhizosphere bacterial community may be an important factor regulating Cd uptake and accumulation in wheat and indicated that the high Cd-accumulating cultivar might improve Cd bioavailability in the rhizosphere by recruiting taxa related to Cd activation,thus promoting Cd uptake and accumulation.展开更多
Aims Although soil environments exist extensive heterogeneity for many plants with a wide range of distribution,researches about effects of soil conditions on plants’tolerance and adaptation are particularly inadequa...Aims Although soil environments exist extensive heterogeneity for many plants with a wide range of distribution,researches about effects of soil conditions on plants’tolerance and adaptation are particularly inadequate.In our study,the aims are to reveal physiological strategies of Populus deltoides against drought stress under different soil conditions and to select the most suitable soil type for P.deltoides plantation.Methods Under controlled conditions,we used P.deltoides as a model species to detect differences in gas exchange rate,antioxidative capacity,nitrogen metabolism and biomass accumulation and partitioning in response to drought stress under three mineral soil types with distinct physicochemical characters,i.e.red soil(RS),yellow soil(YS)and yellow-brown soil(BS).Important Findings Exposure to 25%of field water holding capacity in soil for 3 months had significantly decreased biomass of all organs,photosynthetic rate,enzyme activities related to N assimilation,but increased H2O2,malondialdehyde and content of both NO3−and NH4+,when P.deltoides was planted in both RS and YS.In contrast,under BS,there are slightly negative effects exerted by water deficit on total biomass,gas exchange rate,activities of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism and membrane damage caused by reactive oxygen species,which can be associated with a consistent increase in superoxide dismutase,peroxidase and catalase,and a higher ratio of root mass to shoot mass.It is concluded that,such higher capacity in tolerance and adaptation against drought stress under BS relative to both RS and YS could be accounted for more sufficient nutrient provision in soil parental materials and better soil aeration conditions which play a vital role in plant acclimation to water shortage.Our study also revealed that,distribution areas of BS might be preferable for cultivation of P.deltoides,when compared with those of RS and YS.展开更多
In order to compare the influence of different soil types and stratification on water infiltration capacity,two main types of soil in the desert steppe,sierozem(S)and aeolian sandy soil(A),were selected,and infiltrati...In order to compare the influence of different soil types and stratification on water infiltration capacity,two main types of soil in the desert steppe,sierozem(S)and aeolian sandy soil(A),were selected,and infiltration simulation tests were conducted on homogeneous soil and layered soil(layer thickness 5,10,and 20 cm),respectively.The results show that during the whole experiment,there was a small difference between S5A95(aeolian sandy soil 95 cm thick was covered with sierozem 5 cm thick)and S10A90(aeolian sandy soil 90 cm thick was covered with sierozem 10 cm thick)in the wetting front process,infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration,but there was a significant difference between S5A95 and S20A80(aeolian sandy soil 80 cm thick was covered with sierozem 20 cm thick).In the initial infiltration stage,there was no significant difference between A5S95(sierozem 95 cm thick was covered with aeolian sandy soil 5 cm thick)and A10S90(sierozem 90 cm thick was covered with aeolian sandy soil 10 cm thick).However,with the increase of infiltration time,the wetting front process,A5S95,A10S90 and A20S80 had significant differences in terms of wetting front process,infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration.The infiltration capacity of A was significantly higher than that of S.Combined with linear R 2 value and model parameters,the three infiltration models were comprehensively compared,and the fitting process and results of the general empirical model for the infiltration process of homogeneous soil and layered soil showed good results.Three models were used to simulate the water infiltration process of layered soil with different textures,and the order of the effect is as follows:general empirical model>Kostiakov model>Philip model.Soil type and layer thickness had a great influence on water infiltration process.When sierozem was covered with aeolian sandy soil 20 cm thick,the infiltration capacity was the best.As aeolian sandy soil was covered with sierozem 10 cm thick,the infiltration effect was the worst.Therefore,once coarse graying occurs on the surface of sierozem(the thickness of sand is more than 20 cm)or when the content of fine particles overlying aeolian sandy soil(the thickness of silt and clay soil is more than 10 cm)during ecological restoration is high,the soil hydrological characteristics will change significantly,which may lead to changes in vegetation types and even ecosystem structure.展开更多
This study aims to evaluate the development of soil reaction values in 15 key localities of soil Partial Monitoring System from 1994 to 2023, and to identify the most important regional drivers of pH value development...This study aims to evaluate the development of soil reaction values in 15 key localities of soil Partial Monitoring System from 1994 to 2023, and to identify the most important regional drivers of pH value development. Soil samples were collected from the depth 0 - 0.10 m yearly in the spring (5 samples from each locality). In the dry soil, samples were determined actively and exchanged soil reaction. The most significant negative changes (decreases of soil reaction) were determined in Haplic Stagnosols group and Cambisols group. The pH value in topsoil is primarily controlled by soil type and soil substrate, soil management and land use, and to a lesser extent by climatic region.展开更多
Soil productivity(SP) without external fertilization influence is an important indicator for the capacity of a soil to support crop yield.However,there have been difficulties in estimating values of SPs for soils afte...Soil productivity(SP) without external fertilization influence is an important indicator for the capacity of a soil to support crop yield.However,there have been difficulties in estimating values of SPs for soils after various long-term field treatments because the treatment without external fertilization is used but is depleted in soil nutrients,leading to erroneous estimation.The objectives of this study were to estimate the change of SP across different cropping seasons using pot experiments,and to evaluate the steady SP value(which is defined by the basal contribution of soil itself to crop yield) after various longterm fertilization treatments in soils at different geographical locations.The pot experiments were conducted in Jinxian of Jiangxi Province with paddy soil,Zhengzhou of Henan Province with fluvo-aquic soil,and Gongzhuling of Jilin Province with black soils,China.Soils were collected after long-term field fertilization treatments of no fertilizer(control;CK-F),chemical fertilizer(NPK-F),and combined chemical fertilizer with manure(NPKM-F).The soils received either no fertilizer(F0) or chemical fertilizer(F1) for 3-6 cropping seasons in pots,which include CK-P(control;no fertilizer from long-term field experiments for pot experiments),NPK-P(chemical fertilizer from long-term field experiments for pot experiments),and NPKM-P(combined chemical and organic fertilizers from long-term field experiments for pot experiments).The yield data were used to calculate SP values.The initial SP values were high,but decreased rapidly until a relatively steady SP was achieved at or after about three cropping seasons for paddy and fluvo-aquic soils.The steady SP values in the third cropping season from CK-P,NPK-P,and NPKM-P treatments were 37.7,44.1,and 50.0% in the paddy soil,34.2,38.1,and 50.0% in the fluvo-aquic soil,with the highest value observed in the NPKM-P treatment for all soils.However,further research is required in the black soils to incorporate more than three cropping seasons.The partial least squares path mode(PLS-PM) showed that total N(nitrogen) and C/N ratio(the ratio of soil organic carbon and total N) had positive effects on the steady SP for all three soils.These findings confirm the significance of the incorporation of manure for attaining high soil productivity.Regulation of the soil C/N ratio was the other main factor for steady SP through fertilization management.展开更多
The rice soil （last crop was rice） and arid red soil （last crop was corn） were used as a test material for the pot experiment. The variation of enzyme activi-ty in flue-cured tobacco-growing soil planted with diff...The rice soil （last crop was rice） and arid red soil （last crop was corn） were used as a test material for the pot experiment. The variation of enzyme activi-ty in flue-cured tobacco-growing soil planted with different last-season crops was in-vestigated at different growth stages in this study. The results showed the activity variation of the 3 enzymes differed in the 2 soils at different growth stages. The catalase activity in the arid red soil trended to decrease overal from the vigorous growing stage to harvesting stage; while it decreased gradual y in the rice soil until the harvesting stage. The phosphatase activity in the 2 soils al increased with the proceeding of growth period. The urease activity in the arid red soil decreased gradual y at different growth stages, but the variation of urease activity in rice soil was irregular. During the growth of flue-cured tobacco, the catalase and urease ac-tivity in the arid red soil increased first and then decreased, and the phosphatase activity increased gradual y. ln rice soil, the catalase activity increased first and then decreased; the phosphatase activity decreased first and then increased; the urease activity increased first, then decreased and increased last. The activity of al the en-zymes in the 2 soils showed significant differences compared to the control except some enzymes at the vigorous growing stage. lt was suggested the planting of flue-cured tobacco would affect greatly the soil enzyme activities.展开更多
A pot culture experiment was carried out to investigate the accumulation properties of mercury(Hg) in rice grain and cabbage grown in seven soil types(Udic Ferrisols, Mollisol, Periudic Argosols, Latosol, Ustic Cambos...A pot culture experiment was carried out to investigate the accumulation properties of mercury(Hg) in rice grain and cabbage grown in seven soil types(Udic Ferrisols, Mollisol, Periudic Argosols, Latosol, Ustic Cambosols, Calcaric Regosols, and Stagnic Anthrosols) spiked with different concentrations of Hg(CK, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 mg/kg). The results of this study showed that Hg accumulation of plants was significantly affected by soil types. Hg concentration in both rice grain and cabbage increased with soil Hg concentrations, but this increase differed among the seven soils. The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that pH, Mn(II), particle size distribution, and cation exchange capacity have a close relationship with Hg accumulation in plants, which suggested that physicochemical characteristics of soils can affect the Hg accumulation in rice grain and cabbage. Critical Hg concentrations in seven soils were identified for rice grain and cabbage based on the maximum safe level for daily intake of Hg, dietary habits of the population, and Hg accumulation in plants grown in different soil types. Soil Hg limits for rice grain in Udic Ferrisols, Mollisol, Periudic Argosols, Latosol, Ustic Cambosols, Calcaric Regosols, and Stagnic Anthrosols were 1.10, 2.00, 2.60, 2.78, 1.53, 0.63, and 2.17 mg/kg, respectively, and critical soil Hg levels for cabbage are 0.27, 1.35, 1.80, 1.70, 0.69, 1.68, and 2.60 mg/kg, respectively.展开更多
This research was conducted to study the influence of NaHCO3and fertilizer treatments on flooded soils tothe chemistry of soil and rice plant growth.The experiment was done in a greenhouse using a split-split plot des...This research was conducted to study the influence of NaHCO3and fertilizer treatments on flooded soils tothe chemistry of soil and rice plant growth.The experiment was done in a greenhouse using a split-split plot design ofthree factors: two types of soil,three doses of fertilizers and three levels of NaHCO3with three replications.The firstfactor was two kind of soils Fluvaquent and Calciquert,the factor was without nutrient(blank),macro nutrients,andcompletely nutrients(second macro and micro nutrients),and the third factor was 0 mg/kg,200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kgof NaHCO3or equivalent with 0 mg,1 200 mg and 2 400 mg NaHCO3per pot.Each experimental unit used a pot of 10L capacity and filled with soil mud equivalent with 6 kg of dried soil.After each of treatment combination mixed into themud soil,two plants of IR-32 variety were grown,and flooded at5 cm high accordingly with growth period.Parametersobserved were the growth of tillers,electrical conductivity(E.C.) and pH.The experiment results showed that the treatment of NaHCO3increased the soluble salt content(E.C.) and soilacidity(pH) during flooding on Calciquerts and Fluvaquents.The content of soluble salt decreased to 2.0 mmhos/cm,while pHon Calciquert decreased towards the neutral pH.Anyhowthe pHon Fluvaquents increased approach to neutral.The treatments of NaHCO3inhibited the tiller growth,either macro fertilizer and completely fertilizer increased thetillers,but did not improve the negative effect of alkalinity due to of NaHCOtreatment.展开更多
Effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM), anionic polyacrylamide(PHP), cationic polyacrylamide (PCA-M), non-ionic polyvinylalcohol(PVA), anionic hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile(HPAN) and polyethyleneoxide(PE-O) on the ph...Effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM), anionic polyacrylamide(PHP), cationic polyacrylamide (PCA-M), non-ionic polyvinylalcohol(PVA), anionic hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile(HPAN) and polyethyleneoxide(PE-O) on the physical properties of three different soil types were studied. Content of water-stable aggregateslarger than 0.25 mm increased to varying extents for different soils and soil conditioners. Among the sixkinds of conditioners, non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM) was the most effective for red soil while polyethyle-neoxide(PEO) the least effective for Chao soil, red soil and yellow-brown soil. Water-stable aggregatesincreased with the rates of PEO and PAM application (except for PEO treatment of yellow-brown soil) andwith the molecular weight of PEO within a certain range. Only evaporation rate of Chao soil decreased afterapplication of PAM and HPAN to Chao soil and red soil.展开更多
The southeast Qinghaicozang (Tibetan) Plateau is a physcal mpon ofvery complicated eco-envirorunent with optimum hydrothermal conditions. Thisregon conains not ouly vast expanse of alpine soils but also abounds in mos...The southeast Qinghaicozang (Tibetan) Plateau is a physcal mpon ofvery complicated eco-envirorunent with optimum hydrothermal conditions. Thisregon conains not ouly vast expanse of alpine soils but also abounds in mosttypes of Chinese forest soils. The distributon and tallization of soils presents avery evident horizontal-vertical zonality. At present, panial soil resources arebeing damaged and the mountain ecology also tends to be instable. So rationalcuttin and forest conservation, barren mountain afferestation, retuming thecultivated land on stop slopes to forest, controlled graking, and soil ameliorationconstitute importan means for rational use of soil resources and improvement andstabilization of mountain ecology in tyis region展开更多
Soil organic carbon (SOC) has great impacts on global warming, land degradation and food security. Classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC ...Soil organic carbon (SOC) has great impacts on global warming, land degradation and food security. Classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC and related factors, such as topography, soil type and land use, in the Liudaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau of North China. SOC concentrations followed a log-normal distribution with an arithmetic and geometric means of 23.4 and 21.3 g kg-1, respectively, were moderately variable (CV = 75.9%), and demonstrated a moderate spatial dependence according to the nugget ratio (34.7%). The experimental variogram of SOC was best-fitted by a spherical model, after the spatial outliers had been detected and subsequently eliminated. Lower SOC concentrations were associated with higher elevations. Warp soils and farmland had the highest SOC concentrations, while aeolian sand soil and shrublands had the lowest SOC values. The geostatistical characteristics of SOC for the different soil and land use types were different. These patterns were closely related to the spatial structure of topography, and soil and land use types.展开更多
文摘Habanero pepper(Capsicum chinense Jacq.)is a crop of economic relevance in the Peninsula of Yucatan.Its fruits have a high level of capsaicinoids compared to peppers grown in other regions of the world,which gives them industrial importance.Soil is an important factor that affects pepper development,nutritional quality,and capsaicinoid content.However,the effect of soil type on fruit development and capsaicinoid metabolism has been little understood.This work aimed to compare the effect of soils with contrasting characteristics,black soil(BS)and red soil(RS),on the expression of genes related to the development of fruits,and capsaicinoid synthesis using a transcriptomic analysis of the habanero pepper fruits.Plants growing in RS had bigger fruits and higher expression of genes related to floral development,fruit abscission,and softening which suggests that RS stimulates fruit development from early stages until maturation stages.Fruits from plants growing in BS had enrichment in metabolic pathways related to growth,sugars,and photosynthesis.Besides,these fruits had higher capsaicinoid accumulation at 25 days post-anthesis,and higher expression of genes related to the branched-chain amino acids metabolism(ketol-acid reductisomerase KARI),pentose phosphate pathway and production of NADPH(glucose-6-phosphate-1-dehydrogenase G6PDH),and proteasome and vesicular traffic in cells(26S proteasome regulatory subunit T4 RPT4),which suggest that BS is better in the early stimulation of pathways related to the nutritional quality and capsaicinoid metabolism in the fruits.
基金Supported by International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(2013DFA61260)Sub-project of National Science and Technology Planning in Rural Areas during the 12th Five-year Plan(2011BAD36B01)~~
文摘In the research, pot experiment and field testing were conducted to study the effect of different crops, soil types, and irrigation modes on biogas slurry diges- tions. The results showed that when silage maize, sweet sorghum and Chinese cabbage were planted in purple soils, the quantities of digested biogas slurry were of 57, 157.5, and 34.5 t/hm2, respectively, while the quantities of digested biogas slurry were 70.5, 157.5 and 40.5 t/hm2 in yellow soils. Besides, the digested biogas slurries reached 36 and 27 t/hm2 as per flood irrigation and sprinkling irrigation when Chinese cabbages were planted in yellow soils. The research indicated crop variety, soil type, and irrigation method all have effects on farmland digestion of biogas slurry.
文摘This study was conducted to assess the current stock of soil organic carbon under different agricultural land uses, soil types and soil depths in the Noun plain in western Cameroon. Three sites were selected for the study, namely Mangoum, Makeka and Fossang, representative of the three dominant soil types of the noun plain (Andosols, Acrisols and Ferralsols). Three land uses were selected per site including natural vegetation, agroforest and crop field. Soil was sampled at three depths;0 - 20 cm, 20 - 40 cm, and 40 - 60 cm. Analysis of variance showed that soil type did not significantly influence carbon storage, but rather land uses and soil depth. SOCS decreased significantly with depth in all the sites, with an average stock of 66.3 ± 15.8 tC/ha at 0 - 20 cm, compared to an average stock of 33.3 ± 7.4 tC/ha at 40 - 60 cm. SOCS was significantly highest in the natural formation with 57.2 ± 19.7 tC/ha, and lowest in cultivated fields, at 37.7 ± 10.6 tC/ha. Andosols, with their high content of coarse fragments, stored less organic carbon than Ferralsols and Acrisols.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(3070549)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to explore the soil organic carbon（SOC）content from different types of soil and its influencing factors.[Method] Soil samples were collected from Wuyi Mountains,and the physical and chemical properties were measured and the relationship between SOC content and soil physical and chemical properties,altitude,average annual temperature was analyzed.[Result] SOC content ranged from 14.91 to 112.34 g/kg,and SOC content was significant positive correlated with available nutrients（available N,P and K）and total nitrogen.[Conclusion] This study indicated that the physical and chemical properties of soil,altitude,average annual temperature had a significant influence on the SOC content of Wuyi Mountains.
文摘Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profiles of soils in China ranged within 2.49-18.10 μg kg--1 ) with a mean value of 10.01 μg kg--1，and was in the sequence of Ferralisols > Luvisols > Isohumisols > Aridisols. The correlation analysis between Av-Se and the soil physical-chemical properties revealed that the correlations between Av-Se and O.M., CEC, Fe2O3,Al2O3, ignition loss, Co and Zn were positive at a highly significant level, but those between Av-Se and pH,base saturation, CaO, Ba and Sr were all negative at a highly significant level. The reason of some diseases related to the Se deficiency might be the leaching loss of selenium in some soils.
文摘Studies of critical concentration distribution features of polluted elements of Cd and As in main soil types of China, such as laterite, crimson soil, purplish soil, yellow brown soil, brunisolic soil, black soil, cinnamon soil and sierozem revealed that soil types vary in different zones, so do their critical concentrations.The critical concentration has a zonal differentiation with the distribution of soil types from south to north, and from east to west. The critical concentration of Cd increases from south to north (yellow brown soil,brunisolic soil and cinnamon soil),and from east to west (black soil and sierozem). This coincides With changes of climate zones and soil zones. On the contrary, the critical concentration of Asdecreases from south to north and from east to west.
基金funded by the Yangtze River Ecological Protection Project(2022-LHYJ-02-0304)the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFC3201503)+2 种基金the Start-up Funds for Doctoral Research Projects of Jilin Normal University(0420221)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of China(CAAS-CFSGLCA-IEDA-202302)the Beijing Innovation Consortium of Livestock Research System(BAICO5-2022).
文摘ARB was investigated in different soil types following manure application.CTC-manure induced more resistance of soil indigenous microbes in fluvo-aquic soil.Lactobacillus,Dyella,Ralstonia,and Bacillus were the key different genera.Manure control is an effective way to reduce the risk of soil ARB.
基金This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.Q23E050025)Huzhou Key Research and Development Project(Grant No.2022ZD2068)+5 种基金Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department(Grant No.Y202145948)Huzhou University School-Level Scientific Research Projects(Grant No.2021XJKJ01)Cross Project of Zhejiang Fubai Material Technology Co.,Ltd(Grant No.HK33176)Cross Project of Zhejiang Aobo Quartz Technology Co.,Ltd(Grant No.HK33312),Zhejiang Province Basic Public Welfare Research Program(Grant No.LGG21E010002)Unveiling the Commander Special Plan for Scientific and Technological Research of Liaoning Province(Grant No.2021JH1/10400039)Science and Technology Research and Industrialization Project of Liaoning Province(Grant No.2020JH2/10200024).
文摘Subsoiling has been widely used all over the world as an important operation method of no-tillage farming.For energy-saving and life-extension,the tillage resistance and wear-corrosion of subsoilers have attracted wide attention.In this study,the tillage resistance,soil disturbance,wear and corrosion of subsoiler with S-T-SK-2#biomimetic structures(S means subsoiler;T means tine;SK means shank;2#,h/s=0.57,h=5 mm andα=45°.)and self-healing coating under two seasons,two locations with different soil properties(black loam and clay soil)and subsoiling speeds(2 km/h and 3.6 km/h)were investigated.The soil moisture content and compactness affected the tillage resistance and wear-corrosion.The tillage resistance and degree of corrosion on all subsoilers were much larger in clay soil than that in black loam soil.Compared with S-T-SK-2#,the tillage reduction rate of C-S-T-SK-2#(S-T-SK-2#with self-healing coating)was up to 14.32%in clay soil under the speed of 2 km/h.The significance tests of regression equation results showed that subsoiler type and soil properties had a significant impact on soil disturbance coefficient,swelling of total soil layer,bulkiness of the plough pan.It is of a guiding significance for the analysis of soil disturbance.Synergism mechanism of subsoiler coupling with biomimetic structures and self-healing coating was analyzed in following.It depicted the guiding effect of biomimetic structure and the shield function of self-healing coating,resulting in anticorrosion and wear resistance of subsoiler.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41721001-1)the General Programof National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31872956)+1 种基金the Ministry of Ecology and Environmental Protection demonstration project(Nos.WA2020001 and WA202138)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities.
文摘Cadmium(Cd)bioavailability in the rhizosphere makes an important difference in grain Cd accumulation in wheat.Here,pot experiments combined with 16S rRNA gene sequencing were conducted to compare the Cd bioavailability and bacterial community in the rhizosphere of two wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)genotypes,a low-Cd-accumulating genotype in grains(LT)and a high-Cd-accumulating genotype in grains(HT),grown on four different soils with Cd contamination.Results showed that there was non-significant difference in total Cd concentration among four soils.However,except for black soil,DTPA-Cd concentrations in HT rhizospheres were higher than those of LT in fluvisol,paddy soil and purple soil.Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that soil type(52.7%)was the strongest determinant of root-associated community,while there were still some differences in rhizosphere bacterial community composition between twowheat genotypes.Taxa specifically colonized in HT rhizosphere(Acidobacteria,Gemmatimonadetes,Bacteroidetes and Deltaproteobacteria)could participate inmetal activation,whereas LT rhizosphere was highly enriched by plant growth-promoting taxa.In addition,PICRUSt2 analysis also predicted high relative abundances of imputed functional profiles related to membrane transport and amino acid metabolism in HT rhizosphere.These results revealed that the rhizosphere bacterial community may be an important factor regulating Cd uptake and accumulation in wheat and indicated that the high Cd-accumulating cultivar might improve Cd bioavailability in the rhizosphere by recruiting taxa related to Cd activation,thus promoting Cd uptake and accumulation.
基金supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program(no.2016NYZ0035-07,2019YJ0416 and 2019YJ0427).
文摘Aims Although soil environments exist extensive heterogeneity for many plants with a wide range of distribution,researches about effects of soil conditions on plants’tolerance and adaptation are particularly inadequate.In our study,the aims are to reveal physiological strategies of Populus deltoides against drought stress under different soil conditions and to select the most suitable soil type for P.deltoides plantation.Methods Under controlled conditions,we used P.deltoides as a model species to detect differences in gas exchange rate,antioxidative capacity,nitrogen metabolism and biomass accumulation and partitioning in response to drought stress under three mineral soil types with distinct physicochemical characters,i.e.red soil(RS),yellow soil(YS)and yellow-brown soil(BS).Important Findings Exposure to 25%of field water holding capacity in soil for 3 months had significantly decreased biomass of all organs,photosynthetic rate,enzyme activities related to N assimilation,but increased H2O2,malondialdehyde and content of both NO3−and NH4+,when P.deltoides was planted in both RS and YS.In contrast,under BS,there are slightly negative effects exerted by water deficit on total biomass,gas exchange rate,activities of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism and membrane damage caused by reactive oxygen species,which can be associated with a consistent increase in superoxide dismutase,peroxidase and catalase,and a higher ratio of root mass to shoot mass.It is concluded that,such higher capacity in tolerance and adaptation against drought stress under BS relative to both RS and YS could be accounted for more sufficient nutrient provision in soil parental materials and better soil aeration conditions which play a vital role in plant acclimation to water shortage.Our study also revealed that,distribution areas of BS might be preferable for cultivation of P.deltoides,when compared with those of RS and YS.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2022AAC03661)Financial Project of Geological Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(NXCZ20220201).
文摘In order to compare the influence of different soil types and stratification on water infiltration capacity,two main types of soil in the desert steppe,sierozem(S)and aeolian sandy soil(A),were selected,and infiltration simulation tests were conducted on homogeneous soil and layered soil(layer thickness 5,10,and 20 cm),respectively.The results show that during the whole experiment,there was a small difference between S5A95(aeolian sandy soil 95 cm thick was covered with sierozem 5 cm thick)and S10A90(aeolian sandy soil 90 cm thick was covered with sierozem 10 cm thick)in the wetting front process,infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration,but there was a significant difference between S5A95 and S20A80(aeolian sandy soil 80 cm thick was covered with sierozem 20 cm thick).In the initial infiltration stage,there was no significant difference between A5S95(sierozem 95 cm thick was covered with aeolian sandy soil 5 cm thick)and A10S90(sierozem 90 cm thick was covered with aeolian sandy soil 10 cm thick).However,with the increase of infiltration time,the wetting front process,A5S95,A10S90 and A20S80 had significant differences in terms of wetting front process,infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration.The infiltration capacity of A was significantly higher than that of S.Combined with linear R 2 value and model parameters,the three infiltration models were comprehensively compared,and the fitting process and results of the general empirical model for the infiltration process of homogeneous soil and layered soil showed good results.Three models were used to simulate the water infiltration process of layered soil with different textures,and the order of the effect is as follows:general empirical model>Kostiakov model>Philip model.Soil type and layer thickness had a great influence on water infiltration process.When sierozem was covered with aeolian sandy soil 20 cm thick,the infiltration capacity was the best.As aeolian sandy soil was covered with sierozem 10 cm thick,the infiltration effect was the worst.Therefore,once coarse graying occurs on the surface of sierozem(the thickness of sand is more than 20 cm)or when the content of fine particles overlying aeolian sandy soil(the thickness of silt and clay soil is more than 10 cm)during ecological restoration is high,the soil hydrological characteristics will change significantly,which may lead to changes in vegetation types and even ecosystem structure.
文摘This study aims to evaluate the development of soil reaction values in 15 key localities of soil Partial Monitoring System from 1994 to 2023, and to identify the most important regional drivers of pH value development. Soil samples were collected from the depth 0 - 0.10 m yearly in the spring (5 samples from each locality). In the dry soil, samples were determined actively and exchanged soil reaction. The most significant negative changes (decreases of soil reaction) were determined in Haplic Stagnosols group and Cambisols group. The pH value in topsoil is primarily controlled by soil type and soil substrate, soil management and land use, and to a lesser extent by climatic region.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300901 and 2016YFD0200101)the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution of China (161032019035 and 161032019020)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2011CB100501)
文摘Soil productivity(SP) without external fertilization influence is an important indicator for the capacity of a soil to support crop yield.However,there have been difficulties in estimating values of SPs for soils after various long-term field treatments because the treatment without external fertilization is used but is depleted in soil nutrients,leading to erroneous estimation.The objectives of this study were to estimate the change of SP across different cropping seasons using pot experiments,and to evaluate the steady SP value(which is defined by the basal contribution of soil itself to crop yield) after various longterm fertilization treatments in soils at different geographical locations.The pot experiments were conducted in Jinxian of Jiangxi Province with paddy soil,Zhengzhou of Henan Province with fluvo-aquic soil,and Gongzhuling of Jilin Province with black soils,China.Soils were collected after long-term field fertilization treatments of no fertilizer(control;CK-F),chemical fertilizer(NPK-F),and combined chemical fertilizer with manure(NPKM-F).The soils received either no fertilizer(F0) or chemical fertilizer(F1) for 3-6 cropping seasons in pots,which include CK-P(control;no fertilizer from long-term field experiments for pot experiments),NPK-P(chemical fertilizer from long-term field experiments for pot experiments),and NPKM-P(combined chemical and organic fertilizers from long-term field experiments for pot experiments).The yield data were used to calculate SP values.The initial SP values were high,but decreased rapidly until a relatively steady SP was achieved at or after about three cropping seasons for paddy and fluvo-aquic soils.The steady SP values in the third cropping season from CK-P,NPK-P,and NPKM-P treatments were 37.7,44.1,and 50.0% in the paddy soil,34.2,38.1,and 50.0% in the fluvo-aquic soil,with the highest value observed in the NPKM-P treatment for all soils.However,further research is required in the black soils to incorporate more than three cropping seasons.The partial least squares path mode(PLS-PM) showed that total N(nitrogen) and C/N ratio(the ratio of soil organic carbon and total N) had positive effects on the steady SP for all three soils.These findings confirm the significance of the incorporation of manure for attaining high soil productivity.Regulation of the soil C/N ratio was the other main factor for steady SP through fertilization management.
文摘The rice soil （last crop was rice） and arid red soil （last crop was corn） were used as a test material for the pot experiment. The variation of enzyme activi-ty in flue-cured tobacco-growing soil planted with different last-season crops was in-vestigated at different growth stages in this study. The results showed the activity variation of the 3 enzymes differed in the 2 soils at different growth stages. The catalase activity in the arid red soil trended to decrease overal from the vigorous growing stage to harvesting stage; while it decreased gradual y in the rice soil until the harvesting stage. The phosphatase activity in the 2 soils al increased with the proceeding of growth period. The urease activity in the arid red soil decreased gradual y at different growth stages, but the variation of urease activity in rice soil was irregular. During the growth of flue-cured tobacco, the catalase and urease ac-tivity in the arid red soil increased first and then decreased, and the phosphatase activity increased gradual y. ln rice soil, the catalase activity increased first and then decreased; the phosphatase activity decreased first and then increased; the urease activity increased first, then decreased and increased last. The activity of al the en-zymes in the 2 soils showed significant differences compared to the control except some enzymes at the vigorous growing stage. lt was suggested the planting of flue-cured tobacco would affect greatly the soil enzyme activities.
基金supported by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China(No.2011467057)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China
文摘A pot culture experiment was carried out to investigate the accumulation properties of mercury(Hg) in rice grain and cabbage grown in seven soil types(Udic Ferrisols, Mollisol, Periudic Argosols, Latosol, Ustic Cambosols, Calcaric Regosols, and Stagnic Anthrosols) spiked with different concentrations of Hg(CK, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 mg/kg). The results of this study showed that Hg accumulation of plants was significantly affected by soil types. Hg concentration in both rice grain and cabbage increased with soil Hg concentrations, but this increase differed among the seven soils. The stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that pH, Mn(II), particle size distribution, and cation exchange capacity have a close relationship with Hg accumulation in plants, which suggested that physicochemical characteristics of soils can affect the Hg accumulation in rice grain and cabbage. Critical Hg concentrations in seven soils were identified for rice grain and cabbage based on the maximum safe level for daily intake of Hg, dietary habits of the population, and Hg accumulation in plants grown in different soil types. Soil Hg limits for rice grain in Udic Ferrisols, Mollisol, Periudic Argosols, Latosol, Ustic Cambosols, Calcaric Regosols, and Stagnic Anthrosols were 1.10, 2.00, 2.60, 2.78, 1.53, 0.63, and 2.17 mg/kg, respectively, and critical soil Hg levels for cabbage are 0.27, 1.35, 1.80, 1.70, 0.69, 1.68, and 2.60 mg/kg, respectively.
基金the Directorat of High Education,Dept.of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia
文摘This research was conducted to study the influence of NaHCO3and fertilizer treatments on flooded soils tothe chemistry of soil and rice plant growth.The experiment was done in a greenhouse using a split-split plot design ofthree factors: two types of soil,three doses of fertilizers and three levels of NaHCO3with three replications.The firstfactor was two kind of soils Fluvaquent and Calciquert,the factor was without nutrient(blank),macro nutrients,andcompletely nutrients(second macro and micro nutrients),and the third factor was 0 mg/kg,200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kgof NaHCO3or equivalent with 0 mg,1 200 mg and 2 400 mg NaHCO3per pot.Each experimental unit used a pot of 10L capacity and filled with soil mud equivalent with 6 kg of dried soil.After each of treatment combination mixed into themud soil,two plants of IR-32 variety were grown,and flooded at5 cm high accordingly with growth period.Parametersobserved were the growth of tillers,electrical conductivity(E.C.) and pH.The experiment results showed that the treatment of NaHCO3increased the soluble salt content(E.C.) and soilacidity(pH) during flooding on Calciquerts and Fluvaquents.The content of soluble salt decreased to 2.0 mmhos/cm,while pHon Calciquert decreased towards the neutral pH.Anyhowthe pHon Fluvaquents increased approach to neutral.The treatments of NaHCO3inhibited the tiller growth,either macro fertilizer and completely fertilizer increased thetillers,but did not improve the negative effect of alkalinity due to of NaHCOtreatment.
文摘Effects of non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM), anionic polyacrylamide(PHP), cationic polyacrylamide (PCA-M), non-ionic polyvinylalcohol(PVA), anionic hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile(HPAN) and polyethyleneoxide(PE-O) on the physical properties of three different soil types were studied. Content of water-stable aggregateslarger than 0.25 mm increased to varying extents for different soils and soil conditioners. Among the sixkinds of conditioners, non-ionic polyacrylamide(PAM) was the most effective for red soil while polyethyle-neoxide(PEO) the least effective for Chao soil, red soil and yellow-brown soil. Water-stable aggregatesincreased with the rates of PEO and PAM application (except for PEO treatment of yellow-brown soil) andwith the molecular weight of PEO within a certain range. Only evaporation rate of Chao soil decreased afterapplication of PAM and HPAN to Chao soil and red soil.
文摘The southeast Qinghaicozang (Tibetan) Plateau is a physcal mpon ofvery complicated eco-envirorunent with optimum hydrothermal conditions. Thisregon conains not ouly vast expanse of alpine soils but also abounds in mosttypes of Chinese forest soils. The distributon and tallization of soils presents avery evident horizontal-vertical zonality. At present, panial soil resources arebeing damaged and the mountain ecology also tends to be instable. So rationalcuttin and forest conservation, barren mountain afferestation, retuming thecultivated land on stop slopes to forest, controlled graking, and soil ameliorationconstitute importan means for rational use of soil resources and improvement andstabilization of mountain ecology in tyis region
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research Program (973 Program) of China (No.2007CB106803)the National Programs for Science and Technology Development of China (No.2006BAD09B06)the Scientific ResearchInnovation Team Support Program of the Northwest A&F University, China
文摘Soil organic carbon (SOC) has great impacts on global warming, land degradation and food security. Classic statistical and geostatistical methods were used to characterize and compare the spatial heterogeneity of SOC and related factors, such as topography, soil type and land use, in the Liudaogou watershed on the Loess Plateau of North China. SOC concentrations followed a log-normal distribution with an arithmetic and geometric means of 23.4 and 21.3 g kg-1, respectively, were moderately variable (CV = 75.9%), and demonstrated a moderate spatial dependence according to the nugget ratio (34.7%). The experimental variogram of SOC was best-fitted by a spherical model, after the spatial outliers had been detected and subsequently eliminated. Lower SOC concentrations were associated with higher elevations. Warp soils and farmland had the highest SOC concentrations, while aeolian sand soil and shrublands had the lowest SOC values. The geostatistical characteristics of SOC for the different soil and land use types were different. These patterns were closely related to the spatial structure of topography, and soil and land use types.
