Soil test for availability of nutrients and heavy metals is extensively served as a means for the evaluations of soil fertility, and environmental effects and phytotoxicity of pollutants in soils, and for the fertiliz...Soil test for availability of nutrients and heavy metals is extensively served as a means for the evaluations of soil fertility, and environmental effects and phytotoxicity of pollutants in soils, and for the fertilizer recommendation in agricultural and environmental sciences. Therefore, great attention has been paid to the measurement of elemental availability in soil test.展开更多
Fertilizers use can be optimized through soil testing and leaf analysis. This paper deals with using soil analysis as a base for fertilizer use in maize. A field experiment was carried out in two summer seasons of 201...Fertilizers use can be optimized through soil testing and leaf analysis. This paper deals with using soil analysis as a base for fertilizer use in maize. A field experiment was carried out in two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 with maize (triple hybrid) in Oraby Village, Mariut sector, Alexandria, Egypt. Soil testing shows that soil was clay loam, with high Na and CaCO<sub>3</sub> contents with high pH, low organic matter, medium P and K and low micronutrient contents (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu), seven treatments were designed. The most promising treatment was when P and K were increased and micronutrients were added based on soil testing. This treatment resulted in the highest yield with better grain contents of protein and nutrients which indicated that soil-test based on fertilizer use was superior. Soil analysis at the end of the experiment showed higher P and K contents. This approach could be adopted for regions with similar soil conditions in other parts of the world.展开更多
Although agriculture is not the only contributor of excess nutrients to US waters, agriculture is an important contributor and should do its part to reduce nutrient loading. One important step in reducing agricultural...Although agriculture is not the only contributor of excess nutrients to US waters, agriculture is an important contributor and should do its part to reduce nutrient loading. One important step in reducing agricultural contribution is to accurately account for all sources of plant available nutrients so that only needed nutrients are applied. In this study, three fertilizer rate treatments were evaluated: no fertilizer (control), traditional rate, and reduced rate based on a recently-developed enhanced soil test methodology. For each of nine sites in Texas, fertilizer data (formulation, rate, cost, and application date) and crop data (yield, price, and harvest date) were recorded, and economic throughput (profit) was determined. In this four year study, fertilizer rates were reduced 30%-50% (and fertilizer costs reduced 23%-39%) based on enhanced soil test methodology recommendations for wheat, corn, oats, and grain sorghum, but yields were not significantly reduced (0%-6%) and oat yields actually increased 5%. Profit decreased -18% for wheat, oats, and grain sorghum with reduced fertilizer rates. Although these changes were not statistically significant, they do represent benefit through increased profit potential and decreased input cost and production risk. In only 6% of the time was the traditional fertilizer rate the most profitable, compared to 51% for the unfertilized treatment and 43% for the enhanced soil test treatment. These results do not indicate that fertilizer application should be avoided but that fertilizer rates should be carefully chosen considering all sources of plant available nutrients (e.g., mineralization, irrigation water, nutrients deeper in the soil profile) to ensure that fertilizer is applied at the optimal rate.展开更多
Knowledge of phosphorus(P)sorption dynamics across different soil types could direct agronomic and environmental management of P.The objective of this study was to predict P isotherm parameters for a national soil pop...Knowledge of phosphorus(P)sorption dynamics across different soil types could direct agronomic and environmental management of P.The objective of this study was to predict P isotherm parameters for a national soil population using data of routine laboratory tests.Langmuir and Freundlich sorption parameters were calculated from two different ranges(0-25 and 0-50 mg P L^(-1))using an archive of representative agricultural soil types from Ireland.Multiple linear regression(MLR)identified labile forms of aluminium(Al)and iron(Fe),organic matter(OM),cation exchange capacity(CEC),and clay as significant drivers.Langmuir and Freundlich sorption capacities,Freundlich affinity constant,and Langmuir buffer capacity were predicted reliably,with R^(2) of independent validation>0.9.Sorption isotherm parameters were predicted from P sorbed at a single concentration of 50 mg P L^(-1)(S_(50)).An MLR prediction of P sorption maximum in the 0-50 mg P L-1 range was achieved,to an accurate standard,using S_(50),OM,and Mehlich-3 Fe(R^(2) of independent calibration and validation being 0.91 and 0.95,respectively).Using Giles’four shapes of isotherms(C,L,H,and S),L non-strict-and C-shaped isotherm curves accounted for 64% and 27% of the soils,respectively.Hierarchical clustering identified a separation of isotherm curves influenced by two ranges of Mehlich-3 Al.Soils with a low range of Mehlich-3 Al(2.5-698 mg kg^(-1))had no incidence of rapid sorption(C shape).Single point indices,Al,or available soil data make the regression approach a feasible way of predicting Langmuir parameters that could be included with standard agronomic soil P testing.展开更多
It is the need of time that oil palm farmers must perform the spatially planned soil analysis to know about the fertilizer sufficient and deficient zones of land.Colorimetric method is a suitable and fast solution of ...It is the need of time that oil palm farmers must perform the spatially planned soil analysis to know about the fertilizer sufficient and deficient zones of land.Colorimetric method is a suitable and fast solution of soil analysis for NPK determination using the digital soil test kit.NPK determination procedure with a digital soil test kit was undefined for oil palm.Furthermore,the digital soil test kit determines the passage of light through an opaque medium of soil solution with a specified reagent.Therefore,environmental light may interfere leading to wrong results of NPK measurement.Likewise,this equipment was non-incorporable with the controller of any VRT fertilizer applicator.In this research,these issues were addressed and the NPK measurement procedure was defined for oil palm plantation by modifying the‘soil to water’ratio in sample soil solution with an optimum environmental light range of 18-23 W/m^(2).‘Soil to water’ratios were found for nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium as 0.31 to 5.00,1.00 to 5.00 and 4.50 to 5.00,respectively to fit the requirement of NPK for oil palm in the prescribed range of the equipment.Validation study of modified digital soil test kit showed that 91.7%N,89.6%P and 93.8%K results of modified digital soil test kit were matched with analytical laboratory method.Thus,the reliability of NPK results using digital soil test kit was enhanced,making the kit incorporable with the controller of variable rate fertilizer applicator through remote monitoring based data acquisition system.The outcome of this research can be used in the development of an IoT network data fusion for dynamic assessment of the NPK variation in the soil and nutrient management in oil palm plantations.展开更多
When building geotechnical constructions like retaining walls and dams is of interest,one of the most important factors to consider is the soil’s shear strength parameters.This study makes an effort to propose a nove...When building geotechnical constructions like retaining walls and dams is of interest,one of the most important factors to consider is the soil’s shear strength parameters.This study makes an effort to propose a novel predictive model of shear strength.The study implements an extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)technique coupled with a powerful optimization algorithm,the salp swarm algorithm(SSA),to predict the shear strength of various soils.To do this,a database consisting of 152 sets of data is prepared where the shear strength(τ)of the soil is considered as the model output and some soil index tests(e.g.,dry unit weight,water content,and plasticity index)are set as model inputs.Themodel is designed and tuned using both effective parameters of XGBoost and SSA,and themost accuratemodel is introduced in this study.Thepredictionperformanceof theSSA-XGBoostmodel is assessedbased on the coefficient of determination(R2)and variance account for(VAF).Overall,the obtained values of R^(2) and VAF(0.977 and 0.849)and(97.714%and 84.936%)for training and testing sets,respectively,confirm the workability of the developed model in forecasting the soil shear strength.To investigate the model generalization,the prediction performance of the model is tested for another 30 sets of data(validation data).The validation results(e.g.,R^(2) of 0.805)suggest the workability of the proposed model.Overall,findings suggest that when the shear strength of the soil cannot be determined directly,the proposed hybrid XGBoost-SSA model can be utilized to assess this parameter.展开更多
When transparent soil technology is used to study the displacement of a slope, the internal deformation of the slope can be visualized. We studied the sliding mechanism of the soil-rock slope by using transparent soil...When transparent soil technology is used to study the displacement of a slope, the internal deformation of the slope can be visualized. We studied the sliding mechanism of the soil-rock slope by using transparent soil technology and considering the influence of the rock mass Barton joint roughness coefficient, angle of the soil mass, angle of the rock mass and soil thickness factors on slope stability. We obtained the deformation characteristics of the soil and rock slope with particle image velocimetry and the laser speckle technique. The test analysis shows that the slope sliding can be divided into three parts: displacements at the top, the middle, and the bottom of the slope; the decrease in the rock mass Barton joint roughness coefficient, and the increase in soil thickness, angles of the rock mass and soil mass lead to larger sliding displacements. Furthermore, we analyzed the different angles between the rock mass and soil thickness. The test result shows that the displacement of slope increases with larger angle of the rock mass. Conclusively, all these results can help to explain the soil-rock interfacial sliding mechanism.展开更多
Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons（VCHs）. Conventionally, this technique is used ...Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons（VCHs）. Conventionally, this technique is used to treat the mixed soil of a site without considering the diversity and treatability of different soils within the site. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical soil aeration for remediating soils of different textures（silty,clayey, and sandy soils） along a vertical profile at an abandoned chloro-alkali chemical site in China. The collected soils were artificially contaminated with chloroform（TCM） and trichloroethylene（TCE）. Mechanical soil aeration was effective for remediating VCHs（removal efficiency 〉 98%）. The volatilization process was described by an exponential kinetic function.In the early stage of treatment（0–7 hr）, rapid contaminant volatilization followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model. VCH concentrations decreased to low levels and showed a tailing phenomenon with very slow contaminant release after 8 hr. Compared with silty and sandy soils, clayey soil has high organic-matter content, a large specific surface area, a high clay fraction, and a complex pore structure. These characteristics substantially influenced the removal process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive. Our findings provide a potential basis for optimizing soil remediation strategy in a cost-effective manner.展开更多
Through the study of the corrosion behavior of Q235 steel in actual Yingtan soil and two simulated acidic soils with different water contents, the calculation of corrosion mass losses, and the analysis of the corrosio...Through the study of the corrosion behavior of Q235 steel in actual Yingtan soil and two simulated acidic soils with different water contents, the calculation of corrosion mass losses, and the analysis of the corrosion mor- phologies and products by means of scanning electron microscope （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）, the results demonstrated that the diatomite soil could simulate the corrosion in actual soil veritably. In both actual soil and simu- lated soil with 16.4% water content, the corrosion rates of Q235 steel were approximately 0.1 mm/a, the corrosion morphologies were mainly extension and connection of corrosion spots on sample surface, and the corrosion products were composed of a-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, Fe3 O4 and Fe2O3. When other media conditions remained unchanged, the corrosion area of Q235 steel was larger in simulated soil with 34.5 % water content, and the corrosion rate reached 0.48 mm/a after 360 h of corrosion, which was nearly 5 times as the value in actual soil. Compared with the corro- sion products in actual soil, the proportion of γ-FeOOH in simulated soil with 34.5 % water content was higher, and the wα-FeOOH/wγ-FeOOH ratio was 1. 4, which was only 1/3 of the value in actual soil.展开更多
The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm tria...The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm trials were conducted in 2014 in eastern North Dakota to determine the corn response to different K-fertilizer rates and to assess the variation of soil K test levels between air-dried (KDry) and field moist (KMoist) soil samples during the corn growing season. Significant differences were observed between KDry and KMoist soil K test results. The ratio of KDry/KMoist showed high correlation with cation exchange capacity (r = 0.63, p < 0.10), Organic matter (r = 0.61, p < 0.10) and (Ca + Mg)/K ratio (r = 0.64, p < 0.10) from the 1 M ammonium acetate extractant, while pH, electrical conductivity, clay (%), and soil moisture showed non-significant correlation. On average, KDry resulted in higher soil K test levels than KMoist and pattern of deviation was different for surface and sub-surface soil samples. Soil K analysis of samples collected during the fall and spring showed large enough variations to affect the soil test interpretation category which was used to make fertilizer recommendations. Corn yield increased significantly with applied K fertilizer at only three out of 8 sites with beginning K levels below the current critical level of 150 ppm, and one response was at a site with K level above the critical level. Therefore, use of either the KDry or KMoist method alone may not be adequate to predict K response in some North Dakota soils.展开更多
In order to study the rheological properties of red stone granular soil,a series of rheological experiments were executed on large tri-axial rheological apparatus.Under 100,200 and 300 kPa confining stress conditions,...In order to study the rheological properties of red stone granular soil,a series of rheological experiments were executed on large tri-axial rheological apparatus.Under 100,200 and 300 kPa confining stress conditions,the rheological tests were carried out.These experiment results showed that the stress conditions,especially the stress level were the critical influencing factors of the rheological deformation properties.Under the low stress level(S=0.1),the granular soil showed the elastic properties,and there was no obvious rheological deformation.Under the middle stress level(0.2<S≤0.6),creep curves showed the linear viscoelastic rheological properties.However,under the high stress level(S>0.8) creep curves showed the non-linear viscous plastic rheological properties.Especially,under the stress level of S=1.0,the accelerated rheological phase of creep curves occurred at early time with a trend of failure.The stress level had obvious effects on the final rheological deformation of the soil sample,and the final rheological deformation increments nonlinearly increased with stress level.The final rheological deformation increment and step was little under low stress level,while it became large under high stress level,which showed the nonlinearly rheological properties of the granular soil.The confining pressure also had direct effects on final rheological deformation,and the final rheological deformation linearly increased with confining pressure increments.展开更多
The present investigation studied the toxicity of soil contaminated by untreated discharge from a factory that recycles used plastics. The nearby agricultural areas and freshwater fish ponds were polluted with high co...The present investigation studied the toxicity of soil contaminated by untreated discharge from a factory that recycles used plastics. The nearby agricultural areas and freshwater fish ponds were polluted with high concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Mn. Water extracts from the contaminated soil retarded root growth of Brassica chinensis (Chinese white cabbage) and Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) where their seeds were obtained commercially. The contaminated populations of C. dactylon, Panicum repen (panic grass), and Imperata cylindrica (wooly grass) were able to withstand higher concentrations of Cu. Ni, and Mn, especially C. dactylon, when compared with their uncontaminated counterparts. 1990 Academic Press, Inc.展开更多
Centrifugal model testsare playing an increasingly importantrolein investigating slope characteristics under rainfall conditions. However, conventional electronic transducers usually fail during centrifugal model test...Centrifugal model testsare playing an increasingly importantrolein investigating slope characteristics under rainfall conditions. However, conventional electronic transducers usually fail during centrifugal model tests because of the impacts of limitedtest space, high centrifugal force, and presence of water, with the result that limited valid data is obtained. In this study, Fiber Bragg Grating(FBG) sensing technology is employed in the design and development of displacement gauge, an anchor force gauge and an anti-slide pile moment gauge for use on centrifugal model slopes with and without a retaining structure. The two model slopes were installed and monitored at a centrifugal acceleration of 100 g. The test results show that the sensors developed succeed in capturing the deformation and retaining structure mechanical response of the model slopes during and after rainfall. The deformation curvefor the slope without retaining structure shows a steepresponse that turns gradualfor the slope with retaining structure. Importantly, for the slope with the retaining structure, results suggest that more attention be paid to increase of anchor force and antislide pile moment during rainfall. This study verifies the effectiveness of FBG sensing technology in centrifuge research and presents a new and innovative method for slope model testing under rainfall conditions.展开更多
Presentation of empirical equations for estimating engineering properties of soils is a simple, low cost and widely-used method. One of the major concerns in using these equations is evaluating their accuracy in diffe...Presentation of empirical equations for estimating engineering properties of soils is a simple, low cost and widely-used method. One of the major concerns in using these equations is evaluating their accuracy in different conditions and regions which often lead to doubts about obtained results. Most of these equations were derived in special laboratories, different climate conditions and in soils with different geotechnical and geological engineering properties and were generalized to other conditions. The main question is that whether these methods are also applicable to other conditions. Using local equations and narrowing the usage range of various methods based on each region’s properties are appropriate methods to solve these problems. This leads to simplified and faster analysis and high reliability in the obtained results. In this paper, empirical equations were derived to estimate internal friction angle, based on SPT numbers of Mashhad City’s soils in Iran, using SPT and direct shear tests results from 50 samples (25 GW and 25 GC soil samples). The results showed similar values for predicted?φ?values by SPT test and?φ?values determined by direct shear tests.展开更多
In coordination of the construction of concealed work of levee project, the research on the soil quality of Jingnan levee in Hubei province was carried out through test. The results demonstrate: ① the Jingnan levee e...In coordination of the construction of concealed work of levee project, the research on the soil quality of Jingnan levee in Hubei province was carried out through test. The results demonstrate: ① the Jingnan levee embankment is in bad quality, the compaction degree of most levee sections doesn’t reach 92%; the average compressive coefficient of the levee backfilled soils is about 0.3 MPa; the seepage coefficients are 10\+ -5 ～10\+ -6 cm/s generally; the levee body was compacted unevenly; ② the soil layers of the levee foundation are distributed complicatedly and generally in low density; the void ratios of various soils are mostly in 0.7～1, indicating that the foundation soils are generally in loose state; ③ the pH value of levee body and foundation is 7.05～8.95, attributing to weak alkaline and not producing significant influence on liquid-plastic limit and shear strength of soils, the content of strongly soluble salt of levee foundation soils is 0.01%～0.52% and will not produce great influence on the mechanical behaviours of soils.展开更多
The value of the California bearing ratio (CBR) test is an index making it possible to evaluate the load of the foundation soil and the resistance of the pavement materials. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of unsat...The value of the California bearing ratio (CBR) test is an index making it possible to evaluate the load of the foundation soil and the resistance of the pavement materials. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of unsaturated soils is particularly related to their quality. The mechanism affecting the bearing capacity, in the case of California Bearing Ratio (CBR), has been studied as a transformation of red clay for the backfill. In this study, the effect of compaction energy on compaction characteristics and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values was investigated. The relationship between the CBR value (California Ratio Ratio) and the degree of compaction is characterized by a gradual evolution of unsaturated soils with different water contents. The results show that the compaction degree and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value of the soil in the cold region are insufficient, but the bearing capacity of the compacted soil after immersion under the maximum dry density can still meet the filling requirements. The red clays tested are considered useful as bedding in areas of unsaturated soils.展开更多
Three diferent kinds of artificially frozen soils are tested for artificial ground freezing(AGF) project in the tunnel construction of Stonecutters Island Sewage Treatment Works, Hong Kong. Uniaxial compressive test i...Three diferent kinds of artificially frozen soils are tested for artificial ground freezing(AGF) project in the tunnel construction of Stonecutters Island Sewage Treatment Works, Hong Kong. Uniaxial compressive test is conducted and uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio are obtained. Meanwhile, relations of all these three parameters and temperature are fitted by linear function. The linear relationship between the above-mentioned parameters and temperature is suitable for engineering practice. Splitting tensile test of frozen soil is conducted to obtain tensile strength and find out failure pattern in test. All the parameters obtained are necessities in design and practice.展开更多
Based on the centrifugal model tests on railway embankments of expansive soil in Nanning Kunming railway,the author studied several embankments under different physical conditions. The stress and strain states and s...Based on the centrifugal model tests on railway embankments of expansive soil in Nanning Kunming railway,the author studied several embankments under different physical conditions. The stress and strain states and settlement of the embankments were analyzed, and the obtained results can be used as a reference to field construction.展开更多
The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading condi...The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading conditions was investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests considering various volumetric gravel contents. The displacement field of the slope was determined with image-based displacement system to observe the deformation of the soil and the movement of the block during loading in the tests. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the stiffness of SRM slopes increased evidently when the volumetric block content exceeded a threshold value. Moreover, there were more evident slips around the blocks in the SRM slope. The microscopic analysis of the block motion showed that the rotation of the blocks could aggravate the deformation localization to facilitate the development of the slip surface. The high correlation between the rotation of the key blocks and the slope failure indicated that the blocks became the dominant load-bearing medium that influenced the slope failure. The blocks in the sliding body formed a chain to bear the load and change the displacement distribution of the adjacent matrix sand through the block rotation.展开更多
文摘Soil test for availability of nutrients and heavy metals is extensively served as a means for the evaluations of soil fertility, and environmental effects and phytotoxicity of pollutants in soils, and for the fertilizer recommendation in agricultural and environmental sciences. Therefore, great attention has been paid to the measurement of elemental availability in soil test.
文摘Fertilizers use can be optimized through soil testing and leaf analysis. This paper deals with using soil analysis as a base for fertilizer use in maize. A field experiment was carried out in two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 with maize (triple hybrid) in Oraby Village, Mariut sector, Alexandria, Egypt. Soil testing shows that soil was clay loam, with high Na and CaCO<sub>3</sub> contents with high pH, low organic matter, medium P and K and low micronutrient contents (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu), seven treatments were designed. The most promising treatment was when P and K were increased and micronutrients were added based on soil testing. This treatment resulted in the highest yield with better grain contents of protein and nutrients which indicated that soil-test based on fertilizer use was superior. Soil analysis at the end of the experiment showed higher P and K contents. This approach could be adopted for regions with similar soil conditions in other parts of the world.
文摘Although agriculture is not the only contributor of excess nutrients to US waters, agriculture is an important contributor and should do its part to reduce nutrient loading. One important step in reducing agricultural contribution is to accurately account for all sources of plant available nutrients so that only needed nutrients are applied. In this study, three fertilizer rate treatments were evaluated: no fertilizer (control), traditional rate, and reduced rate based on a recently-developed enhanced soil test methodology. For each of nine sites in Texas, fertilizer data (formulation, rate, cost, and application date) and crop data (yield, price, and harvest date) were recorded, and economic throughput (profit) was determined. In this four year study, fertilizer rates were reduced 30%-50% (and fertilizer costs reduced 23%-39%) based on enhanced soil test methodology recommendations for wheat, corn, oats, and grain sorghum, but yields were not significantly reduced (0%-6%) and oat yields actually increased 5%. Profit decreased -18% for wheat, oats, and grain sorghum with reduced fertilizer rates. Although these changes were not statistically significant, they do represent benefit through increased profit potential and decreased input cost and production risk. In only 6% of the time was the traditional fertilizer rate the most profitable, compared to 51% for the unfertilized treatment and 43% for the enhanced soil test treatment. These results do not indicate that fertilizer application should be avoided but that fertilizer rates should be carefully chosen considering all sources of plant available nutrients (e.g., mineralization, irrigation water, nutrients deeper in the soil profile) to ensure that fertilizer is applied at the optimal rate.
基金funded by the Teagasc Walsh Fellowship Fund of Ireland(No.RMIS 6502)。
文摘Knowledge of phosphorus(P)sorption dynamics across different soil types could direct agronomic and environmental management of P.The objective of this study was to predict P isotherm parameters for a national soil population using data of routine laboratory tests.Langmuir and Freundlich sorption parameters were calculated from two different ranges(0-25 and 0-50 mg P L^(-1))using an archive of representative agricultural soil types from Ireland.Multiple linear regression(MLR)identified labile forms of aluminium(Al)and iron(Fe),organic matter(OM),cation exchange capacity(CEC),and clay as significant drivers.Langmuir and Freundlich sorption capacities,Freundlich affinity constant,and Langmuir buffer capacity were predicted reliably,with R^(2) of independent validation>0.9.Sorption isotherm parameters were predicted from P sorbed at a single concentration of 50 mg P L^(-1)(S_(50)).An MLR prediction of P sorption maximum in the 0-50 mg P L-1 range was achieved,to an accurate standard,using S_(50),OM,and Mehlich-3 Fe(R^(2) of independent calibration and validation being 0.91 and 0.95,respectively).Using Giles’four shapes of isotherms(C,L,H,and S),L non-strict-and C-shaped isotherm curves accounted for 64% and 27% of the soils,respectively.Hierarchical clustering identified a separation of isotherm curves influenced by two ranges of Mehlich-3 Al.Soils with a low range of Mehlich-3 Al(2.5-698 mg kg^(-1))had no incidence of rapid sorption(C shape).Single point indices,Al,or available soil data make the regression approach a feasible way of predicting Langmuir parameters that could be included with standard agronomic soil P testing.
基金This research was supported by Universiti Putra Malaysia in coordination of United Melaka Bhd.(UMB).
文摘It is the need of time that oil palm farmers must perform the spatially planned soil analysis to know about the fertilizer sufficient and deficient zones of land.Colorimetric method is a suitable and fast solution of soil analysis for NPK determination using the digital soil test kit.NPK determination procedure with a digital soil test kit was undefined for oil palm.Furthermore,the digital soil test kit determines the passage of light through an opaque medium of soil solution with a specified reagent.Therefore,environmental light may interfere leading to wrong results of NPK measurement.Likewise,this equipment was non-incorporable with the controller of any VRT fertilizer applicator.In this research,these issues were addressed and the NPK measurement procedure was defined for oil palm plantation by modifying the‘soil to water’ratio in sample soil solution with an optimum environmental light range of 18-23 W/m^(2).‘Soil to water’ratios were found for nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium as 0.31 to 5.00,1.00 to 5.00 and 4.50 to 5.00,respectively to fit the requirement of NPK for oil palm in the prescribed range of the equipment.Validation study of modified digital soil test kit showed that 91.7%N,89.6%P and 93.8%K results of modified digital soil test kit were matched with analytical laboratory method.Thus,the reliability of NPK results using digital soil test kit was enhanced,making the kit incorporable with the controller of variable rate fertilizer applicator through remote monitoring based data acquisition system.The outcome of this research can be used in the development of an IoT network data fusion for dynamic assessment of the NPK variation in the soil and nutrient management in oil palm plantations.
文摘When building geotechnical constructions like retaining walls and dams is of interest,one of the most important factors to consider is the soil’s shear strength parameters.This study makes an effort to propose a novel predictive model of shear strength.The study implements an extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)technique coupled with a powerful optimization algorithm,the salp swarm algorithm(SSA),to predict the shear strength of various soils.To do this,a database consisting of 152 sets of data is prepared where the shear strength(τ)of the soil is considered as the model output and some soil index tests(e.g.,dry unit weight,water content,and plasticity index)are set as model inputs.Themodel is designed and tuned using both effective parameters of XGBoost and SSA,and themost accuratemodel is introduced in this study.Thepredictionperformanceof theSSA-XGBoostmodel is assessedbased on the coefficient of determination(R2)and variance account for(VAF).Overall,the obtained values of R^(2) and VAF(0.977 and 0.849)and(97.714%and 84.936%)for training and testing sets,respectively,confirm the workability of the developed model in forecasting the soil shear strength.To investigate the model generalization,the prediction performance of the model is tested for another 30 sets of data(validation data).The validation results(e.g.,R^(2) of 0.805)suggest the workability of the proposed model.Overall,findings suggest that when the shear strength of the soil cannot be determined directly,the proposed hybrid XGBoost-SSA model can be utilized to assess this parameter.
基金funded by the Scholarship for Visiting Scholars of the Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Areas, Chongqing University (Grant No. 0902071812102/011)the Major Project of the Provincial Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia, China (Grant No. 2012ZD0602)+1 种基金Ordos UEGE, China (Grant No. 18-8)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51622803)
文摘When transparent soil technology is used to study the displacement of a slope, the internal deformation of the slope can be visualized. We studied the sliding mechanism of the soil-rock slope by using transparent soil technology and considering the influence of the rock mass Barton joint roughness coefficient, angle of the soil mass, angle of the rock mass and soil thickness factors on slope stability. We obtained the deformation characteristics of the soil and rock slope with particle image velocimetry and the laser speckle technique. The test analysis shows that the slope sliding can be divided into three parts: displacements at the top, the middle, and the bottom of the slope; the decrease in the rock mass Barton joint roughness coefficient, and the increase in soil thickness, angles of the rock mass and soil mass lead to larger sliding displacements. Furthermore, we analyzed the different angles between the rock mass and soil thickness. The test result shows that the displacement of slope increases with larger angle of the rock mass. Conclusively, all these results can help to explain the soil-rock interfacial sliding mechanism.
基金supported by the National Environmental Protection Public Welfare projects(Nos.201409047 and 201109017)the “13th Five-Year Plan” National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFC0501108)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2016QH02)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.8152025)
文摘Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons（VCHs）. Conventionally, this technique is used to treat the mixed soil of a site without considering the diversity and treatability of different soils within the site. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical soil aeration for remediating soils of different textures（silty,clayey, and sandy soils） along a vertical profile at an abandoned chloro-alkali chemical site in China. The collected soils were artificially contaminated with chloroform（TCM） and trichloroethylene（TCE）. Mechanical soil aeration was effective for remediating VCHs（removal efficiency 〉 98%）. The volatilization process was described by an exponential kinetic function.In the early stage of treatment（0–7 hr）, rapid contaminant volatilization followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model. VCH concentrations decreased to low levels and showed a tailing phenomenon with very slow contaminant release after 8 hr. Compared with silty and sandy soils, clayey soil has high organic-matter content, a large specific surface area, a high clay fraction, and a complex pore structure. These characteristics substantially influenced the removal process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive. Our findings provide a potential basis for optimizing soil remediation strategy in a cost-effective manner.
文摘Through the study of the corrosion behavior of Q235 steel in actual Yingtan soil and two simulated acidic soils with different water contents, the calculation of corrosion mass losses, and the analysis of the corrosion mor- phologies and products by means of scanning electron microscope （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）, the results demonstrated that the diatomite soil could simulate the corrosion in actual soil veritably. In both actual soil and simu- lated soil with 16.4% water content, the corrosion rates of Q235 steel were approximately 0.1 mm/a, the corrosion morphologies were mainly extension and connection of corrosion spots on sample surface, and the corrosion products were composed of a-FeOOH, γ-FeOOH, Fe3 O4 and Fe2O3. When other media conditions remained unchanged, the corrosion area of Q235 steel was larger in simulated soil with 34.5 % water content, and the corrosion rate reached 0.48 mm/a after 360 h of corrosion, which was nearly 5 times as the value in actual soil. Compared with the corro- sion products in actual soil, the proportion of γ-FeOOH in simulated soil with 34.5 % water content was higher, and the wα-FeOOH/wγ-FeOOH ratio was 1. 4, which was only 1/3 of the value in actual soil.
文摘The soil potassium (K) test methodology is under increased evaluation due to the soil sample drying effect, temporal variations of test results and inconsistent crop response to applied K fertilizers. Ten on-farm trials were conducted in 2014 in eastern North Dakota to determine the corn response to different K-fertilizer rates and to assess the variation of soil K test levels between air-dried (KDry) and field moist (KMoist) soil samples during the corn growing season. Significant differences were observed between KDry and KMoist soil K test results. The ratio of KDry/KMoist showed high correlation with cation exchange capacity (r = 0.63, p < 0.10), Organic matter (r = 0.61, p < 0.10) and (Ca + Mg)/K ratio (r = 0.64, p < 0.10) from the 1 M ammonium acetate extractant, while pH, electrical conductivity, clay (%), and soil moisture showed non-significant correlation. On average, KDry resulted in higher soil K test levels than KMoist and pattern of deviation was different for surface and sub-surface soil samples. Soil K analysis of samples collected during the fall and spring showed large enough variations to affect the soil test interpretation category which was used to make fertilizer recommendations. Corn yield increased significantly with applied K fertilizer at only three out of 8 sites with beginning K levels below the current critical level of 150 ppm, and one response was at a site with K level above the critical level. Therefore, use of either the KDry or KMoist method alone may not be adequate to predict K response in some North Dakota soils.
基金Project(200413) supported by Communication Science and Technology Fund of Hunan Province,China
文摘In order to study the rheological properties of red stone granular soil,a series of rheological experiments were executed on large tri-axial rheological apparatus.Under 100,200 and 300 kPa confining stress conditions,the rheological tests were carried out.These experiment results showed that the stress conditions,especially the stress level were the critical influencing factors of the rheological deformation properties.Under the low stress level(S=0.1),the granular soil showed the elastic properties,and there was no obvious rheological deformation.Under the middle stress level(0.2<S≤0.6),creep curves showed the linear viscoelastic rheological properties.However,under the high stress level(S>0.8) creep curves showed the non-linear viscous plastic rheological properties.Especially,under the stress level of S=1.0,the accelerated rheological phase of creep curves occurred at early time with a trend of failure.The stress level had obvious effects on the final rheological deformation of the soil sample,and the final rheological deformation increments nonlinearly increased with stress level.The final rheological deformation increment and step was little under low stress level,while it became large under high stress level,which showed the nonlinearly rheological properties of the granular soil.The confining pressure also had direct effects on final rheological deformation,and the final rheological deformation linearly increased with confining pressure increments.
文摘The present investigation studied the toxicity of soil contaminated by untreated discharge from a factory that recycles used plastics. The nearby agricultural areas and freshwater fish ponds were polluted with high concentrations of Cu, Ni, and Mn. Water extracts from the contaminated soil retarded root growth of Brassica chinensis (Chinese white cabbage) and Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) where their seeds were obtained commercially. The contaminated populations of C. dactylon, Panicum repen (panic grass), and Imperata cylindrica (wooly grass) were able to withstand higher concentrations of Cu. Ni, and Mn, especially C. dactylon, when compared with their uncontaminated counterparts. 1990 Academic Press, Inc.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.41502299,41372306)Research Planning of Sichuan Education Department, China (Grant No.16ZB0105)State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Independent Research Project (SKLGP2016Z007)
文摘Centrifugal model testsare playing an increasingly importantrolein investigating slope characteristics under rainfall conditions. However, conventional electronic transducers usually fail during centrifugal model tests because of the impacts of limitedtest space, high centrifugal force, and presence of water, with the result that limited valid data is obtained. In this study, Fiber Bragg Grating(FBG) sensing technology is employed in the design and development of displacement gauge, an anchor force gauge and an anti-slide pile moment gauge for use on centrifugal model slopes with and without a retaining structure. The two model slopes were installed and monitored at a centrifugal acceleration of 100 g. The test results show that the sensors developed succeed in capturing the deformation and retaining structure mechanical response of the model slopes during and after rainfall. The deformation curvefor the slope without retaining structure shows a steepresponse that turns gradualfor the slope with retaining structure. Importantly, for the slope with the retaining structure, results suggest that more attention be paid to increase of anchor force and antislide pile moment during rainfall. This study verifies the effectiveness of FBG sensing technology in centrifuge research and presents a new and innovative method for slope model testing under rainfall conditions.
文摘Presentation of empirical equations for estimating engineering properties of soils is a simple, low cost and widely-used method. One of the major concerns in using these equations is evaluating their accuracy in different conditions and regions which often lead to doubts about obtained results. Most of these equations were derived in special laboratories, different climate conditions and in soils with different geotechnical and geological engineering properties and were generalized to other conditions. The main question is that whether these methods are also applicable to other conditions. Using local equations and narrowing the usage range of various methods based on each region’s properties are appropriate methods to solve these problems. This leads to simplified and faster analysis and high reliability in the obtained results. In this paper, empirical equations were derived to estimate internal friction angle, based on SPT numbers of Mashhad City’s soils in Iran, using SPT and direct shear tests results from 50 samples (25 GW and 25 GC soil samples). The results showed similar values for predicted?φ?values by SPT test and?φ?values determined by direct shear tests.
文摘In coordination of the construction of concealed work of levee project, the research on the soil quality of Jingnan levee in Hubei province was carried out through test. The results demonstrate: ① the Jingnan levee embankment is in bad quality, the compaction degree of most levee sections doesn’t reach 92%; the average compressive coefficient of the levee backfilled soils is about 0.3 MPa; the seepage coefficients are 10\+ -5 ～10\+ -6 cm/s generally; the levee body was compacted unevenly; ② the soil layers of the levee foundation are distributed complicatedly and generally in low density; the void ratios of various soils are mostly in 0.7～1, indicating that the foundation soils are generally in loose state; ③ the pH value of levee body and foundation is 7.05～8.95, attributing to weak alkaline and not producing significant influence on liquid-plastic limit and shear strength of soils, the content of strongly soluble salt of levee foundation soils is 0.01%～0.52% and will not produce great influence on the mechanical behaviours of soils.
文摘The value of the California bearing ratio (CBR) test is an index making it possible to evaluate the load of the foundation soil and the resistance of the pavement materials. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of unsaturated soils is particularly related to their quality. The mechanism affecting the bearing capacity, in the case of California Bearing Ratio (CBR), has been studied as a transformation of red clay for the backfill. In this study, the effect of compaction energy on compaction characteristics and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values was investigated. The relationship between the CBR value (California Ratio Ratio) and the degree of compaction is characterized by a gradual evolution of unsaturated soils with different water contents. The results show that the compaction degree and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value of the soil in the cold region are insufficient, but the bearing capacity of the compacted soil after immersion under the maximum dry density can still meet the filling requirements. The red clays tested are considered useful as bedding in areas of unsaturated soils.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51178336)
文摘Three diferent kinds of artificially frozen soils are tested for artificial ground freezing(AGF) project in the tunnel construction of Stonecutters Island Sewage Treatment Works, Hong Kong. Uniaxial compressive test is conducted and uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio are obtained. Meanwhile, relations of all these three parameters and temperature are fitted by linear function. The linear relationship between the above-mentioned parameters and temperature is suitable for engineering practice. Splitting tensile test of frozen soil is conducted to obtain tensile strength and find out failure pattern in test. All the parameters obtained are necessities in design and practice.
文摘Based on the centrifugal model tests on railway embankments of expansive soil in Nanning Kunming railway,the author studied several embankments under different physical conditions. The stress and strain states and settlement of the embankments were analyzed, and the obtained results can be used as a reference to field construction.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1508503)
文摘The stability of soil-rock mixtures(SRMs) that widely distributed in slopes is of significant concern for slope safety evaluation and disaster prevention. The failure behavior of SRM slopes under surface loading conditions was investigated through a series of centrifuge model tests considering various volumetric gravel contents. The displacement field of the slope was determined with image-based displacement system to observe the deformation of the soil and the movement of the block during loading in the tests. The test results showed that the ultimate bearing capacity and the stiffness of SRM slopes increased evidently when the volumetric block content exceeded a threshold value. Moreover, there were more evident slips around the blocks in the SRM slope. The microscopic analysis of the block motion showed that the rotation of the blocks could aggravate the deformation localization to facilitate the development of the slip surface. The high correlation between the rotation of the key blocks and the slope failure indicated that the blocks became the dominant load-bearing medium that influenced the slope failure. The blocks in the sliding body formed a chain to bear the load and change the displacement distribution of the adjacent matrix sand through the block rotation.
