Biochar and animal manure application can improve crop yields in salt-affected soil.Previous studies have primarily applied biochar and animal manure either alone or at fixed ratios,while their combined effects with v...Biochar and animal manure application can improve crop yields in salt-affected soil.Previous studies have primarily applied biochar and animal manure either alone or at fixed ratios,while their combined effects with varying combination proportions are still unclear.To address this knowledge gap,we performed a 2-a experiment(2023-2024)in a salinized cotton field in Wensu County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China with the following 6 treatments:control;application of biochar(10t/hm^(2))alone(BC100%);application of cow manure(10 t/hm^(2))alone(CM100%);application of 70%biochar(7 t/hm^(2))combined with 30%cow manure(3 t/hm^(2))(BC70%+CM30%);application of 50%biochar(5 t/hm^(2))combined with 50%cow manure(5 t/hm^(2))(BC50%+CM50%);and application of 30%biochar(3 t/hm^(2))combined with 70%cow manure(7 t/hm^(2))(BC30%+CM70%).By measuring soil pH,electrical conductivity,soil organic matter,available phosphorus,available potassium,and available nitrogen at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths,as well as yield components and cotton yield in 2023 and 2024,this study revealed that soil nutrients in the 0-20 cm depth were more sensitive to the treatment.Among all the treatments,BC50%+CM50%treatment had the highest value of soil pH(9.63±0.07)but the lowest values of electrical conductivity(161.9±31.8μS/cm),soil organic matter(1.88±0.27 g/kg),and available potassium(42.72±8.25 mg/kg)in 2024.Moreover,the highest cotton yield(5336.63±467.72 kg/hm^(2))was also observed under BC50%+CM50%treatment in 2024,which was 1.9 times greater than that under the control treatment.In addition,cotton yield in 2023 was jointly determined by yield components(density and number of cotton bolls)and soil nutrients(available phosphorus and available potassium),but in 2024,cotton yield was only positively related to yield components(density,number of cotton bolls,and single boll weight).Overall,this study highlighted that in salt-affected soil,the combination of biochar and cow manure at a 1:1 ratio is recommended for increasing cotton yield and reducing soil salinity stress.展开更多
Soil microbial communities and grassland ecosystem processes are increasingly confronted with multiple global change factors(GCFs).There is still a lack of research on how these multiple GCFs interact and impact soil ...Soil microbial communities and grassland ecosystem processes are increasingly confronted with multiple global change factors(GCFs).There is still a lack of research on how these multiple GCFs interact and impact soil microbial communities and their functions.To address this gap,we conducted a simulation experiment to examine the individual and interactive effects of the four most critical and prevalent GCFs,elevated carbon dioxide concentration(eCO_(2)),elevated temperature(eT),decreased precipitation(dP),and elevated nitrogen(N)deposition(eN).This study focused on their effects on soil physicochemical properties,bacterial and fungal communities,and extracellular enzyme activities(EEAs)related to carbon(C),N,and phosphorus(P)cycles in a temperate grassland.Results showed that eCO_(2),eN,and dP tended to increase EEAs,while having neutral effects on microbial diversity and community composition.On the other hand,eT resulted in decreases in soil pH,total C,total N,EEAs,and microbial diversity,but increases in plant biomass,total P,microbial richness,and network complexity and stability.This shift in the nutrient limitation from P to N under warming conditions resulted in decoupling of nutrients.Neutral or slightly negative relationships were found between enzyme activities and microbial richness,diversity,and dominant species,and the responses of microbial communities and ecological functions were asynchronous under GCFs.Importantly,our results revealed significant higher-order interactions among GCFs and found that they had notable effects on soil physicochemical properties as well as on microbial communities and ecological functions.These findings provide valuable insights and suggestions for ecological adaptations to future global changes.展开更多
[Objectives]To elucidate the spatial variation characteristics and fertility status of soil nutrients in small-scale mountain tea gardens and to inform precise fertilization and nutrient management practices in these ...[Objectives]To elucidate the spatial variation characteristics and fertility status of soil nutrients in small-scale mountain tea gardens and to inform precise fertilization and nutrient management practices in these tea gardens.[Methods]Based on soil nutrient data collected from 72 sampling points in the tea garden in 2021,which covers an area of approximately 2.4 km^(2),the spatial variation characteristics were analyzed using geostatistical methods.Spatial distribution maps of soil pH,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium were generated employing the ordinary Kriging interpolation method in Surfer 23 software.Furthermore,a quantitative assessment of soil fertility was performed utilizing the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.[Results]The majority of the soil in the tea garden was acidic.The average values for pH,organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium were 4.66,14.4 g/kg,0.9 g/kg,6.2 mg/kg,and 78.1 mg/kg,respectively.The pH exhibited the lowest coefficient of variation at 12.85%,indicating low variability.The coefficients of variation for organic matter,total nitrogen,and available potassium ranged from 31.94%to 49.88%,reflecting moderate variability.In contrast,the coefficient of variation for available phosphorus was 243.41%,indicating high variability.The distribution of soil pH and available phosphorus in the study area was relatively uniform.In contrast,total nitrogen content exhibited a spatial pattern characterized by higher concentrations in the western region and lower concentrations in the eastern region.Organic matter content displayed a spatial distribution pattern with lower values centrally and higher values along the periphery.The distribution of available potassium content was marked by several pronounced"elevations"and"depressions",with notably lower levels observed in the northeastern region of the garden.Total nitrogen and organic matter were the most significant contributors to the integrated fertility index(I_(IFI)),each with a weight value of 0.29,whereas pH had the lowest weight value of 0.14.The proportions of tea garden soils categorized under I_(IFI)grades I to V were 0.26%,69.55%,25.89%,4.30%,and 0.0022%,respectively.[Conclusions]It is recommended that the application of phosphorus fertilizer should be reduced in the study area,whereas the use of potassium fertilizer should be increased in the northeastern region.Additionally,the incorporation of organic and nitrogen fertilizers is advised to improve the soil s capacity for water and nutrient retention.展开更多
Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine ...Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine Bangladesh,are generally low in organic matter status and deficient in necessary nutrient elements for crop production.Addressing this challenge,the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various organic nutrient sources with inorganic fertilizers on crop yields,nutrient uptake,and soil fertility in farm(L1)and char land(L2)of Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh,Bangladesh from 2022(Y1)to 2023(Y2).For each location,eight treatments viz.T1(Control),T2[100%recommended fertilizer dose(RFD)],T3(75%RFD),T4(75%N from RFD 25%N from cow dung),T5(75%+N from RFD 25%N from poultry manure),T6(75%N from RFD 25%N from vermicompost),T7(75%N from++RFD 25%N from household compost)and T8(75%N from RFD 25%N from rice straw compost)were arranged in++a randomized complete block design with three replications using Wheat–Mungbean–T.Aman rice cropping pattern where three way interaction was considered for results.Treatment T5 performed the best in both years in both locations as it enhanced the yield components(p 0.05)and caused yield increment over control.The yield improvement in<Char land soils was higher than that in farm soils.For all three crops,treatment T5 consistently augmented the uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulphur by different parts of the crops and improved soil fertility properties such as organic matter status,cation exchange capacity,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and sulphur as well as exchangeable potassium in both locations in both years.Cost and return analysis of different treatments for the whole cropping system showed that the highest marginal benefit-cost ratio(16.35 and 15.07)and gross return(about Tk 768,595/ha and 728,341/ha)were obtained from the T5 treatment in farm soils and Char land soils,respectively.Followed by poultry manure,vermicompost performed well in addition to mineral fertilizers for improving crop yield and soil fertility but its economic efficiency was less due to high input cost.These findings may be useful to the smallholder farmers in char areas,who could benefit from increased productivity,reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers,and improved soil health,contributing to the long-term sustainability of char land agriculture.展开更多
Biological soil crusts(BSCs)play crucial roles in improving soil fertility and promoting plants settlement and reproduction in arid areas.However,the specific effects of BSCs on growth status and nutrient accumulation...Biological soil crusts(BSCs)play crucial roles in improving soil fertility and promoting plants settlement and reproduction in arid areas.However,the specific effects of BSCs on growth status and nutrient accumulation of plants are still unclear in different arid areas.This study analyzed the effects of three different BSCs treatments(without crust(WC),intact crust(IC),and broken crust(BC))on the growth,inorganic nutrient absorption,and organic solute synthesis of three typical desert plants(Grubovia dasyphylla(Fisch.&C.A.Mey.)Freitag&G.Kadereit,Nitraria tangutorum Bobrov,and Caragana koraiensis Kom.)in the Minqin desert-oasis ecotone of Northwest China.Results showed that the effects of three BSCs treatments on seed emergence and survival of three plants varied with seed types.The IC treatment significantly hindered the emergence and survival of seeds,while the BC treatment was more conducive to seed emergence and survival of plants.BSCs significantly promoted the growth of three plants,but their effects on plant growth varied at different stages of the growth.Briefly,the growth of G.dasyphylla was affected by BSCs in early stage,but the effects on the growth of G.dasyphylla significantly weakened in the middle and late stages.However,the growth of N.tangutorum and C.koraiensis only showed differences at the middle and late stages,with a significant enhancement in growth.Analysis of variance showed that BSCs,plant species,growth period,and their interactions had significant effects on the biomass and root:shoot ratio of three plants.BSC significantly affected the nutrients absorption and organic solute synthesis in plants.Specifically,BSCs significantly promoted nitrogen(N)absorption in plants and increased plant adaptability in N poor desert ecosystems,but had no significant effects on phosphorus(P)absorption.The effects of BSCs on inorganic nutrient absorption and organic solute synthesis in plants varied significantly among different plant species.The results suggest that BSCs have significant effects on the growth and nutrient accumulation of desert plants,which will provide theoretical basis for exploring the effects of BSCs on desert plant diversity,biodiversity conservation,and ecosystem management measures in arid and semi-arid areas.展开更多
Afforestation on formerly cultivated or aban-doned agricultural land is a common strategy to increase forest areas and enhance carbon sequestration.Deep soil ploughing before afforestation improves soil conditions,fac...Afforestation on formerly cultivated or aban-doned agricultural land is a common strategy to increase forest areas and enhance carbon sequestration.Deep soil ploughing before afforestation improves soil conditions,facilitating tree growth and carbon storage.This study assessed the growth and biomass parameters of Pinus sylves-tris in 10-and 20 years old plantations established on deeply ploughed and non-ploughed soils in Lithuania.Biomass allocation and carbon and nutrient concentrations including N,P,K,Ca and Mg were analysed in aboveground biomass components.Deep ploughing in the 10 years old stands negatively impacted vertical growth and stem development but did not significantly affect overall biomass accumula-tion.In contrast,in the 20 years old stands,deep plough-ing resulted in taller trees with larger diameters and higher biomass accumulation compared to non-ploughed sites.Biomass distribution within tree canopies varied between ploughed and non-ploughed sites,indicating diverse effects of deep ploughing.Carbon and nutrient concentrations in biomass components showed site-specific variations,with deep ploughing influencing carbon concentrations in needles and stem bark.Overall,deep ploughing showed potential for enhancing tree growth and biomass accumulation,with implications for carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.These findings help us understand the impact of an alternative soil management practice,deep ploughing,on forest development and carbon dynamics.展开更多
To maintain soil quality under long-term saline water irrigation,the influence of manure on soil physical properties was examined.Long-term saline irrigation has been conducted from 2015 to 2024 at the Nanpi Eco-Agric...To maintain soil quality under long-term saline water irrigation,the influence of manure on soil physical properties was examined.Long-term saline irrigation has been conducted from 2015 to 2024 at the Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy Sciences in the Low Plain of the North China Plain,comprising four irrigation treatments:irrigation once at the jointing stage for winter wheat with irrigation water containing salt at fresh water,3,4 and 5 g·L^(–1),and maize irrigation at sowing using fresh water.Manure application was conducted under all irrigation treatments,with treatments without manure application used as controls.The results showed that under long-term irrigation with saline water,the application of manure increased the soil organic matter content,exchangeable potassium,available phosphorus,and total nitrogen content in the 0–20 cm soil layer by 46.8%,117.0%,75.7%,and 45.5%,respectively,compared to treatments without manure application.The application of manure reduced soil bulk density.It also increased the proportion of water-stable aggregates and the abundance of bacteria,fungi,and actinomycetes in the tillage soil layer compared to the controls.Because of the salt contained in the manure,the application of manure had dual effects on soil salt content.During the winter wheat season,manure application increased soil salt content.The salt content was significantly reduced during the summer maize season,owing to the strong salt-leaching effects under manure application,resulting in a smaller difference in salt content between the manure and non-manure treatments.During the summer rainfall season,improvements in soil structure under manure application increased the soil desalination rate for the 1 m top soil layer.The desalination rate for 0–40 cm and 40–100 cm was averagely by 39.1%and 18.9%higher,respectively,under manure application as compared with that under the nomanure treatments.The yield of winter wheat under manure application was 0.12%lower than that of the control,owing to the higher salt content during the winter wheat season.In contrast,the yield of summer maize improved by 3.9%under manure application,owing to the increased soil nutrient content and effective salt leaching.The results of this study indicated that manure application helped maintain the soil physical structure,which is important for the long-term use of saline water.In practice,using manure with a low salt content is suggested to reduce the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on soil properties and achieve sustainable saline water use.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar-based fertilizer on high yield and quality of green pepper(Zanthoxylum armatum var.novemfolius)and soil nutrient status.[Methods]With green pe...[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar-based fertilizer on high yield and quality of green pepper(Zanthoxylum armatum var.novemfolius)and soil nutrient status.[Methods]With green pepper and pepper field soil as the research subjects,four treatments were set up,namely,conventional fertilization(T_(1)),conventional fertilization+biochar(T_(2)),biochar-based fertilizer 1(T_(3)),and biochar-based fertilizer 2(T_(4)).[Results]The application of biochar-based fertilizer increased green pepper yield by 9.37%-51.12%,with the order of increase being T_(4)>T_(3)>T_(2)>T_(1).In terms of soil nutrients,biochar-based fertilizer raised soil pH by 6.67%-53.33%,with the order of increase being T_(3)>T_(4)>T_(2)>T_(1).The initially strongly acidic soil gradually shifted to weakly acidic and approached neutral,indicating significantly improved soil acidity.The application of biochar-based fertilizer increased the contents of soil organic matter,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,available copper,available zinc,available iron,and available manganese.It significantly enhanced green pepper yield,improved soil acidity,and elevated soil nutrient levels.Considering yield,nutrient uptake,and soil nutrient content,biochar-based fertilizer 2(T_(4))was identified as the optimal treatment.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for improving green pepper yield and soil amendment.展开更多
In recent decades, global climate change and overgrazing have led to severe degradation of alpine meadows. Understanding the changes in soil characteristics and vegetation communities in alpine meadows with different ...In recent decades, global climate change and overgrazing have led to severe degradation of alpine meadows. Understanding the changes in soil characteristics and vegetation communities in alpine meadows with different degrees of degradation is helpful to reveal the mechanism of degradation process and take the remediation measures effectively. This study analyzed the changes in vegetation types and soil characteristics and their interrelationships under three degradation degrees, i.e., non-degradation(ND),moderate degradation(MD), and severe degradation(SD) in the alpine meadows of northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China through the long-term observation. Results showed that the aggressive degradation changed the plant species, with the vegetation altering from leguminous and gramineous to forbs and harmful grasses. The Pielou evenness and Simpson index increased by 24.58% and 7.01%,respectively, the Shannon-Wiener index decreased by 17.52%, and the species richness index remained constant. Soil conductivity, soil organic matter, total potassium, available potassium, and porosity declined.However, the number of vegetation species increased in MD. Compared with ND, the plant diversity in MD enhanced by 8.33%, 8.69%, and 7.41% at family, genus, and species levels, respectively. In conclusion,changes in soil properties due to degradation can significantly influence the condition of above-ground vegetation. Plant diversity increases, which improves the structure of belowground network. These findings may contribute to designing better protection measures of alpine meadows against global climate change and overgrazing.展开更多
[Objectives]To clarify the effects of varying potassium application rates on leaf growth and soil mineral nutrients of greenhouse peaches,and to identify the optimal potassium fertilizer dosage.[Methods]Using the gree...[Objectives]To clarify the effects of varying potassium application rates on leaf growth and soil mineral nutrients of greenhouse peaches,and to identify the optimal potassium fertilizer dosage.[Methods]Using the greenhouse peach superior line C26-7-17 as the test material and maintaining a fixed ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers,five potassium fertilizer treatment groups were established.The application rates of potassium sulfate were 0,67,135,202,and 269 g/plant,respectively.The regulatory effects of varying potassium application rates were analyzed by measuring leaf area,chlorophyll content,and soil mineral element content.[Results]Applying nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers in specific proportions increased the leaf area of greenhouse peaches,enhanced chlorophyll content,and significantly improved the soil s nutritional status.Considering the overall optimization of soil nutrients,the recommended potassium fertilizer dosage under the experimental conditions was 202 g/plant.[Conclusions]This study offers theoretical insights that may enhance the quality and efficiency of greenhouse peaches,as well as inform nutrient management strategies.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)are essential nutrients and can significantly impact primary productivity of the ecosystem causing water environmental problems.However,their cycling mechanisms are not well understood in a...Nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)are essential nutrients and can significantly impact primary productivity of the ecosystem causing water environmental problems.However,their cycling mechanisms are not well understood in alpine mountains with climate change.Hence,94 samples of river water were collected from 2018 to 2020 in the headwaters of the Shule River Basin to assess the nutrients spatiotemporal distribution and combined ap-proach of water quality index to assess water quality and potential sources.The findings depict that high nutrient concentrations were found to coincide with snowmelt and glacial meltwater and rainfall recharge periods,while total flux peaked from June to September due to increased runoff.Notably,total nitrogen(TN)concentrations were significantly higher near the town,primarily attributed to the replenishment of nitrate(NO_(3)^(‒)-N)from live-stock manure.The high total P(TP)was near the glacier,which was attributed to the transportation of glacial sediments into the river,and pH was another critical factor.N was the primary nutrient limiting factor for the growth of phytoplankton in river water.Although the migration and transport of nutrients have altered with climate change,river water quality is good in alpine mountains based on an overall evaluation.These findings contribute to enriching nutrient datasets and highlight the importance of water resource management and water quality assessment in sensitive and fragile alpine mountains.展开更多
To investigate the strength degradation characteristics and microscopic damage mechanisms of moraine soil under hydro-thermo-mechanical coupling conditions,a series of X-ray Diffraction(XRD),standard triaxial testing,...To investigate the strength degradation characteristics and microscopic damage mechanisms of moraine soil under hydro-thermo-mechanical coupling conditions,a series of X-ray Diffraction(XRD),standard triaxial testing,Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)experiments were conducted.The mechanical property degradation laws and evolution characteristics of the microscopic pore structure of moraine soil under Freeze-Thaw(F-T)conditions were revealed.After F-T cycles,the stress-strain curves of moraine soil showed a strain-softening trend.In the early stage of F-T cycles(0–5 cycles),the shear strength and elastic modulus exhibited damage rate of approximately 10.33%±0.8%and 16.60%±1.2%,respectively.In the later stage(10–20 cycles),the strength parameters fluctuated slightly and tended to stabilize.The number of F-T cycles was negatively exponentially correlated with cohesion,while showing only slight fluctuation in the internal friction angle,thereby extending the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion for moraine soil under F-T cycles.The NMR experiments quantitatively characterized the evolution of the internal pore structure of moraine soil under F-T cycles.As the number of F-T cycles increased,fine and micro pores gradually expanded and merged due to the frost-heaving effect during the water-ice phase transition,forming larger pores.The proportion of large and medium pores increased to 59.55%±2.1%(N=20),while that of fine and micro pores decreased to 40.45%±2.1%(N=20).The evolution of pore structure characteristics was essentially completed in the later stage of F-T cycles(10–20 cycles).This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for major engineering construction and disaster prevention in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.展开更多
Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development...Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development of mechanization,wide-row spacing substrate cultivation became an optimize mode of the greenhouse cucumber cultivation,aligning with the trend of intelligent agriculture.To determine the optimal nutrient solution supply amount(NS)and supply frequency(SF)for promoting the integrated growth of cucumber under wide-row spacing substrate cultivation,we explored the effects of substrate supply amount(SS),NS,and SF on cucumber yield,quality,and element utilization efficiency.A five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with three experimental factors(NS,SF,and SS)was implemented for 23 coupling treatments over three growing seasons,including spring(2022S and 2023S)and autumn(2022A).The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)combining weights based on game theory was applied to construct cucumber comprehensive growth evaluation model.Single and two experimental factors analyses revealed significant effects of single factors and the coupling of NS-SS,NS-SF and SS-SF on the integrated growth of cucumber for all three growing seasons.For the NS-SF-SS combination,the optimal parameters for comprehensive cucumber growth were determined as follows:levels of^(-1).68 for NS,-0.7 for SF,and^(-1).682 for SS in 2022A;-0.43 for NS,-0.06 for SF,and 0.34 for SS in 2022S;0.3 for NS,-0.02 for SF,and 0.04 for SS in 2023S.Furthermore,for SS ranges of 2.00-3.01,3.01-4.50,4.50-5.99,5.99-7.00(L·plant^(-1)),the corresponding NS and SF intervals maximizing cucumber integrated growth in spring were:0.28-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.26-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.25-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.23-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),respectively.With the same SS,the corresponding NS and SF intervals that maximized cucumber integrated growth in autumn were:0.10(L·plant^(-1))and 8(times·d^(-1)),0.18(L·plant^(-1))and 7(times·d^(-1)),0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.49(L·plant^(-1))and 5(times·d^(-1)),respectively.The results provide a theoretical basis for solution management,and further in-depth research on cucumber cultivation.展开更多
The Yuncheng Basin,located in the southern part of the Fenwei Rift,North China,exhibits obvious crust thinning(Moho uplift of 6-8 km)and shallow Curie point depth(less than 18 km)and hence holds great potential for ge...The Yuncheng Basin,located in the southern part of the Fenwei Rift,North China,exhibits obvious crust thinning(Moho uplift of 6-8 km)and shallow Curie point depth(less than 18 km)and hence holds great potential for geothermal resources.However,geothermal exploration within the Yuncheng Basin typically faces significant challenges due to civil and industrial noise from dense populations and industrial activities.To address these challenges,both Controlled-Source Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(CSAMT)and radon measurements were employed in Baozigou village to investigate the geothermal structures and identify potential geothermal targets.The CSAMT method effectively delineated the structure of the subsurface hydrothermal system,identifying the reservoir as Paleogene sandstones and Ordovician and Cambrian limestones at elevations ranging from−800 m to−2500 m.In particular,two concealed normal faults(F_(a)and F_(b))were newly revealed by the combination of CSAMT and radon profiling;these previously undetected faults,which exhibit different scales and opposing dips,are likely to be responsible for controlling the convection of thermal water within the Basin’s subsurface hydrothermal system.Moreover,this study developed a preliminary conceptual geothermal model for the Fen River Depression within the Yuncheng Basin,which encompasses geothermal heat sources,cap rocks,reservoirs,and fluid pathways,providing valuable insights for future geothermal exploration.In conjunction with the 3D geological model constructed from CSAMT resistivity structures beneath Baozigou village,test drilling is recommended in the northwestern region of the Baozigou area to intersect the potentially deep fractured carbonates that may contain temperature-elevated geothermal water.This study establishes a good set of guidelines for future geothermal exploration in this region,indicating that high-permeability faults in the central segments of the Fen River Depression are promising targets.展开更多
We used solidification/stabilization methods to remediate highly concentrated Zn^(2+)-contaminated soil.An industrial waste mixture of red mud,carbide slag,and phosphogypsum is combined with cement as the curing agent...We used solidification/stabilization methods to remediate highly concentrated Zn^(2+)-contaminated soil.An industrial waste mixture of red mud,carbide slag,and phosphogypsum is combined with cement as the curing agent.The mixing ratios of the four materials are determined by comparing the strength,permeability coefficient,pH,and Zn^(2+)-leaching concentration of the solidified soil.Microscopic characteristics of the solidified uncontaminated soil and solidified Zn^(2+)-contaminated soil were observed using scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.Furthermore,the heavy metals speciation in both pure cement and mixed-material solidified soil was examined,demonstrating the beneficial role of the mixed-type curing agent in stabilizing heavy metals.The research results indicate that Zn^(2+)degrade the strength of the solidified soil by up to 90%.The permeability coefficient,pH,and Zn^(2+)-leaching concentration of the solidified soil easily meet standard,especially with Zn^(2+)leaching concentration well below the environmental protection limit.Furthermore,most Zn^(2+)exists in forms with lower biological and chemical reactivity.Both the solidified Zn^(2+)-contaminated soil and uncontaminated soil resulted in the formation of hydrated products containing elements such as silicon,aluminum,calcium,and sulfur.Additionally,the solidified Zn^(2+)-contaminated soil produced zinc-containing compounds and a large amount of rod-shaped ettringite.展开更多
An investigation on soil organic carbon, total N and P, NO3-N, available P, microbial biomass C, N and P, basal respiration and metabolic quotients （qCO2） was conducted to compare differences in soil microbial prope...An investigation on soil organic carbon, total N and P, NO3-N, available P, microbial biomass C, N and P, basal respiration and metabolic quotients （qCO2） was conducted to compare differences in soil microbial properties and nutrients between 15-year-old pure Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） and two mixed Chinese fir plantations （mixed plantations with Alnus crernastogyne, mixed plantations with Kalopanax septemlobus） at Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology （26°45′N latitude and 109°30′E longitude）, Chinese Academy of Sciences in May, 2005. Results showed that the concentrations of soil organic carbon, total N, NO3^--N, total P and available P in mixed plantations were higher than that in pure plantation. Soil microbial biomass N in two mixed plantations was averagely higher 69% and 61% than that in pure plantation at the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depth, respectively. Soil microbial biomass C, P and basal respiration in mixed plantations were higher 11%, 14% and 4% at the 0-10 cm soil depth and 6%, 3% and 3% at the 10-20 cm soil depth compared with pure plantation. However, soil microbial C： N ratio and qCO2 were averagely lower 34% and 4% in mixed plantations than pure plantation. Additionally, there was a closer relation between soil microbial biomass and soil nutrients than between basal respiration, microbial C： N ratio and qCO2 and soil nutrients. In conclusion, introduction of broad-leaved tree species into pure coniferous plantation improved soil microbial properties and soil fertility, and can be helpful to restore degraded forest soil.展开更多
In August 2003, we investigated spatial pattern in soil carbon and nutrients in the Alpine tundra of Changbai Moun-tain, Jilin Province, China. The analytical results showed that the soil C concentrations at different...In August 2003, we investigated spatial pattern in soil carbon and nutrients in the Alpine tundra of Changbai Moun-tain, Jilin Province, China. The analytical results showed that the soil C concentrations at different depths were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Meadow alpine tundra vegetation than that in other vegetation types; the soil C (including inorganic carbon) concentrations at layer below 10 cm are significantly (p<0.05) higher than at layer of 1020 cm among the different vegetation types; the spatial distribution of soil N concentration at top surface of 0-10 cm depth was similar to that at 1020 cm; the soil P concentrations at different depths were significantly (p<0.05) lower at Lithic alpine tundra vegetation than that at other vegetation types; soil K concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation and Lithic alpine tundra vegetation than that in Typical alpine tundra, Meadow alpine tundra, and Swamp alpine tundra vegetations.. However, the soil K had not significant change at different soil depths of each vegetation type. Soil S concentration was dramatically higher in Meadow alpine tundra vegetation than that in other vegetation types. For each vegetation type, the ratios of C: N, C: P, C: K and C: S generally decreased with soil depth. The ratio of C: N was significantly higher at 010 cm than that at 1020 cm for all vegetation types except at the top layer of the Swamp alpine tundra vegetation. Our study showed that soil C and nutrients storage were significantly spatial heterogeneity.展开更多
[Objective] The objective of the study was to elucidate the duplicate collinearity diagnosis method for soil nutrient and provide basis for establishment of multiple regression model of relationship between independen...[Objective] The objective of the study was to elucidate the duplicate collinearity diagnosis method for soil nutrient and provide basis for establishment of multiple regression model of relationship between independent variable and depen- dent variable in fruit trees. [Method] An investigation on soil nutrients and ＇Fuji＇ fruit quality was conducted at 153 commercial apple orchards in the production re- gions of 51 counties in China from 2011 to 2012. At first, the regression equation was used to do the duplicate collinearity diagnosis, and then the partial least squares regression was used to analyze the weights of different soil nutrients that affected the fruit quality and screen out main soil nutrients. [Result] The results showed the conditional number between soil nutrients was 61.31, and the correlation coefficient of soil pH and available calcium, iron was 0.82 and -0.824 respectively, which demonstrated that there was multicollinearity between various soil nutrient contents. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, available nitro- gen, available phosphorus, available zinc, available iron and available boron showed positive effect Ioadings on fruit quality, while the }oadings and weights of the effects of available calcium and pH on fruit quality were negative. The variable importance for projection method was adopted to get the orders of the effects of major soil nu- trients on fruit quality, which was in the order of soil available calcium, nitrogen, available iron, available phosphorous, organic matter and available boron. The solu- ble solid content of the fruit was affected by soil organic matter, available phospho- rus, available iron, available boron and soil pH. [Conclusion] This study provided an analysis method and theoretical basis for the study and analysis on the relationships between dependent variables and multi-objective optimization, as well as the effects of soil nutrients on fruit quality in fruit tree.展开更多
A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach (SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in lab...A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach (SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in laboratory through collection soil samples of study site. Ten treatments of application different fertilizers were designed such as CK, optimum treatment (N, P, K, Zn), N(P, K, Zn), P(N, K, Zn), K(N, P, Zn), +Mg(N, P, K, Zn, Mg), Zn (N,P,K), +2P(N, 2P, K, Zn), +2K(N, P, 2K, Zn), and 2N+2P+2K(2N, 2P, 2K, Zn) for field experiment to test the effect on tree height, diameter (DBH) growth, and dry weight of poplar. The results showed that there was no significant difference in tree heights between treatments with different fertilizers, diameter growth of poplar trees in treatments of lack of N and Zn was significantly slower than that of trees in optimum treatment, and dry weight of poplar dropped significantly for treatment of CK as well as treatments without application N and Zn. It is concluded that N and Zn were main limiting factor for poplar growth. Results from laboratory analysis and field experiment were uniform per-fectly, which proved that SNSA was reliable in evaluating soil nutrient status of poplar plantation.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to expound the fertility improvement effect in continuous-cropping sugarcane field and provide reference for establishment of rational sugarcane fertilization system and improvemen...[Objective] This study was conducted to expound the fertility improvement effect in continuous-cropping sugarcane field and provide reference for establishment of rational sugarcane fertilization system and improvement of soil quality in continuous-cropping sugarcane field. [Method] The soil in the experimental region is latosolic red soil which was planted with sugarcane for 11 years continuously, and 8 treatments including sole application of chemical fertilizers, sole application of organ- ic fertilizer, and combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers were designed according to different fertilization measures. The effects of different fertilization treatments on soil microbial biomass, soil enzyme activities and related fertility factors were determined. [Result} Different fertilization treatments all showed soil microbial biomass N, C and P and activities of soil acid phosphatase, catalase, sucrase and urease higher than the CK. Soil microbial biomass N increased by 5.56%-67.13%, soil microbial biomass C increased by 4.01%-20.40%, and soil mi- crobial biomass P increased by 6.39%-67.02%. The activity of acid phosphatase was improved by 12.96%-35.19%, the activity of catalase was improved by 18.24% -78.93%, the activity of sucrase was improved by 3.00%-42.00%, and the activity of urease was improved by 1.21%-23.43%. However, the soil nutrients of different fertilization treatments increased non-significantly （P〉0.05）. Soil microbial biomass N, C and P and activities of acid phosphatase, catalase and urease were in significant （P〈0.05） or very significant correlation （P〈0.01） with contents of soil rapidly available P, rapidly available K and total N. [Conclusion] The evaluation of improvement of soil fertility in continuous-cropping sugarcane field using soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities as indexes is more comprehensive and sensitive.展开更多
基金funded by the Key Research and Development Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2023A02002-2)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1901503)the Central Guidance Fund for Local Science and Technology Development of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(ZYYD2024CG03)。
文摘Biochar and animal manure application can improve crop yields in salt-affected soil.Previous studies have primarily applied biochar and animal manure either alone or at fixed ratios,while their combined effects with varying combination proportions are still unclear.To address this knowledge gap,we performed a 2-a experiment(2023-2024)in a salinized cotton field in Wensu County of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China with the following 6 treatments:control;application of biochar(10t/hm^(2))alone(BC100%);application of cow manure(10 t/hm^(2))alone(CM100%);application of 70%biochar(7 t/hm^(2))combined with 30%cow manure(3 t/hm^(2))(BC70%+CM30%);application of 50%biochar(5 t/hm^(2))combined with 50%cow manure(5 t/hm^(2))(BC50%+CM50%);and application of 30%biochar(3 t/hm^(2))combined with 70%cow manure(7 t/hm^(2))(BC30%+CM70%).By measuring soil pH,electrical conductivity,soil organic matter,available phosphorus,available potassium,and available nitrogen at 0-20 and 20-40 cm depths,as well as yield components and cotton yield in 2023 and 2024,this study revealed that soil nutrients in the 0-20 cm depth were more sensitive to the treatment.Among all the treatments,BC50%+CM50%treatment had the highest value of soil pH(9.63±0.07)but the lowest values of electrical conductivity(161.9±31.8μS/cm),soil organic matter(1.88±0.27 g/kg),and available potassium(42.72±8.25 mg/kg)in 2024.Moreover,the highest cotton yield(5336.63±467.72 kg/hm^(2))was also observed under BC50%+CM50%treatment in 2024,which was 1.9 times greater than that under the control treatment.In addition,cotton yield in 2023 was jointly determined by yield components(density and number of cotton bolls)and soil nutrients(available phosphorus and available potassium),but in 2024,cotton yield was only positively related to yield components(density,number of cotton bolls,and single boll weight).Overall,this study highlighted that in salt-affected soil,the combination of biochar and cow manure at a 1:1 ratio is recommended for increasing cotton yield and reducing soil salinity stress.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52470174)the Joint Research Project on Ecological Protection and High-Quality Development in the Yellow River Basin,China(No.2022-YRUC-01-050209-01).
文摘Soil microbial communities and grassland ecosystem processes are increasingly confronted with multiple global change factors(GCFs).There is still a lack of research on how these multiple GCFs interact and impact soil microbial communities and their functions.To address this gap,we conducted a simulation experiment to examine the individual and interactive effects of the four most critical and prevalent GCFs,elevated carbon dioxide concentration(eCO_(2)),elevated temperature(eT),decreased precipitation(dP),and elevated nitrogen(N)deposition(eN).This study focused on their effects on soil physicochemical properties,bacterial and fungal communities,and extracellular enzyme activities(EEAs)related to carbon(C),N,and phosphorus(P)cycles in a temperate grassland.Results showed that eCO_(2),eN,and dP tended to increase EEAs,while having neutral effects on microbial diversity and community composition.On the other hand,eT resulted in decreases in soil pH,total C,total N,EEAs,and microbial diversity,but increases in plant biomass,total P,microbial richness,and network complexity and stability.This shift in the nutrient limitation from P to N under warming conditions resulted in decoupling of nutrients.Neutral or slightly negative relationships were found between enzyme activities and microbial richness,diversity,and dominant species,and the responses of microbial communities and ecological functions were asynchronous under GCFs.Importantly,our results revealed significant higher-order interactions among GCFs and found that they had notable effects on soil physicochemical properties as well as on microbial communities and ecological functions.These findings provide valuable insights and suggestions for ecological adaptations to future global changes.
基金Supported by Chongqing Municipal Key Projects for Technological Innovation and Application Development(cstc2019jscx-gksbX0092).
文摘[Objectives]To elucidate the spatial variation characteristics and fertility status of soil nutrients in small-scale mountain tea gardens and to inform precise fertilization and nutrient management practices in these tea gardens.[Methods]Based on soil nutrient data collected from 72 sampling points in the tea garden in 2021,which covers an area of approximately 2.4 km^(2),the spatial variation characteristics were analyzed using geostatistical methods.Spatial distribution maps of soil pH,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium were generated employing the ordinary Kriging interpolation method in Surfer 23 software.Furthermore,a quantitative assessment of soil fertility was performed utilizing the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.[Results]The majority of the soil in the tea garden was acidic.The average values for pH,organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium were 4.66,14.4 g/kg,0.9 g/kg,6.2 mg/kg,and 78.1 mg/kg,respectively.The pH exhibited the lowest coefficient of variation at 12.85%,indicating low variability.The coefficients of variation for organic matter,total nitrogen,and available potassium ranged from 31.94%to 49.88%,reflecting moderate variability.In contrast,the coefficient of variation for available phosphorus was 243.41%,indicating high variability.The distribution of soil pH and available phosphorus in the study area was relatively uniform.In contrast,total nitrogen content exhibited a spatial pattern characterized by higher concentrations in the western region and lower concentrations in the eastern region.Organic matter content displayed a spatial distribution pattern with lower values centrally and higher values along the periphery.The distribution of available potassium content was marked by several pronounced"elevations"and"depressions",with notably lower levels observed in the northeastern region of the garden.Total nitrogen and organic matter were the most significant contributors to the integrated fertility index(I_(IFI)),each with a weight value of 0.29,whereas pH had the lowest weight value of 0.14.The proportions of tea garden soils categorized under I_(IFI)grades I to V were 0.26%,69.55%,25.89%,4.30%,and 0.0022%,respectively.[Conclusions]It is recommended that the application of phosphorus fertilizer should be reduced in the study area,whereas the use of potassium fertilizer should be increased in the northeastern region.Additionally,the incorporation of organic and nitrogen fertilizers is advised to improve the soil s capacity for water and nutrient retention.
基金funded by Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.(TU-DSPP-2025-30)The Science and Technology Fellowship Trust(SL No.39.00.0000.035.22.013.19.144)under the Ministry of Science and Technology of Bangladesh partially financed the current research。
文摘Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine Bangladesh,are generally low in organic matter status and deficient in necessary nutrient elements for crop production.Addressing this challenge,the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various organic nutrient sources with inorganic fertilizers on crop yields,nutrient uptake,and soil fertility in farm(L1)and char land(L2)of Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh,Bangladesh from 2022(Y1)to 2023(Y2).For each location,eight treatments viz.T1(Control),T2[100%recommended fertilizer dose(RFD)],T3(75%RFD),T4(75%N from RFD 25%N from cow dung),T5(75%+N from RFD 25%N from poultry manure),T6(75%N from RFD 25%N from vermicompost),T7(75%N from++RFD 25%N from household compost)and T8(75%N from RFD 25%N from rice straw compost)were arranged in++a randomized complete block design with three replications using Wheat–Mungbean–T.Aman rice cropping pattern where three way interaction was considered for results.Treatment T5 performed the best in both years in both locations as it enhanced the yield components(p 0.05)and caused yield increment over control.The yield improvement in<Char land soils was higher than that in farm soils.For all three crops,treatment T5 consistently augmented the uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulphur by different parts of the crops and improved soil fertility properties such as organic matter status,cation exchange capacity,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and sulphur as well as exchangeable potassium in both locations in both years.Cost and return analysis of different treatments for the whole cropping system showed that the highest marginal benefit-cost ratio(16.35 and 15.07)and gross return(about Tk 768,595/ha and 728,341/ha)were obtained from the T5 treatment in farm soils and Char land soils,respectively.Followed by poultry manure,vermicompost performed well in addition to mineral fertilizers for improving crop yield and soil fertility but its economic efficiency was less due to high input cost.These findings may be useful to the smallholder farmers in char areas,who could benefit from increased productivity,reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers,and improved soil health,contributing to the long-term sustainability of char land agriculture.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(24JRRA733,23JRRA589)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377470,42207539)the Light of Western Light Program of Talent Cultivation of Chinese Academy of Sciences(22JR9KA028).
文摘Biological soil crusts(BSCs)play crucial roles in improving soil fertility and promoting plants settlement and reproduction in arid areas.However,the specific effects of BSCs on growth status and nutrient accumulation of plants are still unclear in different arid areas.This study analyzed the effects of three different BSCs treatments(without crust(WC),intact crust(IC),and broken crust(BC))on the growth,inorganic nutrient absorption,and organic solute synthesis of three typical desert plants(Grubovia dasyphylla(Fisch.&C.A.Mey.)Freitag&G.Kadereit,Nitraria tangutorum Bobrov,and Caragana koraiensis Kom.)in the Minqin desert-oasis ecotone of Northwest China.Results showed that the effects of three BSCs treatments on seed emergence and survival of three plants varied with seed types.The IC treatment significantly hindered the emergence and survival of seeds,while the BC treatment was more conducive to seed emergence and survival of plants.BSCs significantly promoted the growth of three plants,but their effects on plant growth varied at different stages of the growth.Briefly,the growth of G.dasyphylla was affected by BSCs in early stage,but the effects on the growth of G.dasyphylla significantly weakened in the middle and late stages.However,the growth of N.tangutorum and C.koraiensis only showed differences at the middle and late stages,with a significant enhancement in growth.Analysis of variance showed that BSCs,plant species,growth period,and their interactions had significant effects on the biomass and root:shoot ratio of three plants.BSC significantly affected the nutrients absorption and organic solute synthesis in plants.Specifically,BSCs significantly promoted nitrogen(N)absorption in plants and increased plant adaptability in N poor desert ecosystems,but had no significant effects on phosphorus(P)absorption.The effects of BSCs on inorganic nutrient absorption and organic solute synthesis in plants varied significantly among different plant species.The results suggest that BSCs have significant effects on the growth and nutrient accumulation of desert plants,which will provide theoretical basis for exploring the effects of BSCs on desert plant diversity,biodiversity conservation,and ecosystem management measures in arid and semi-arid areas.
基金supported by the Long-term Research Programme“Sustainable Forestry and Global Changes”,conducted by the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry(LAMMC).
文摘Afforestation on formerly cultivated or aban-doned agricultural land is a common strategy to increase forest areas and enhance carbon sequestration.Deep soil ploughing before afforestation improves soil conditions,facilitating tree growth and carbon storage.This study assessed the growth and biomass parameters of Pinus sylves-tris in 10-and 20 years old plantations established on deeply ploughed and non-ploughed soils in Lithuania.Biomass allocation and carbon and nutrient concentrations including N,P,K,Ca and Mg were analysed in aboveground biomass components.Deep ploughing in the 10 years old stands negatively impacted vertical growth and stem development but did not significantly affect overall biomass accumula-tion.In contrast,in the 20 years old stands,deep plough-ing resulted in taller trees with larger diameters and higher biomass accumulation compared to non-ploughed sites.Biomass distribution within tree canopies varied between ploughed and non-ploughed sites,indicating diverse effects of deep ploughing.Carbon and nutrient concentrations in biomass components showed site-specific variations,with deep ploughing influencing carbon concentrations in needles and stem bark.Overall,deep ploughing showed potential for enhancing tree growth and biomass accumulation,with implications for carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.These findings help us understand the impact of an alternative soil management practice,deep ploughing,on forest development and carbon dynamics.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1900104)。
文摘To maintain soil quality under long-term saline water irrigation,the influence of manure on soil physical properties was examined.Long-term saline irrigation has been conducted from 2015 to 2024 at the Nanpi Eco-Agricultural Experimental Station of Chinese Academy Sciences in the Low Plain of the North China Plain,comprising four irrigation treatments:irrigation once at the jointing stage for winter wheat with irrigation water containing salt at fresh water,3,4 and 5 g·L^(–1),and maize irrigation at sowing using fresh water.Manure application was conducted under all irrigation treatments,with treatments without manure application used as controls.The results showed that under long-term irrigation with saline water,the application of manure increased the soil organic matter content,exchangeable potassium,available phosphorus,and total nitrogen content in the 0–20 cm soil layer by 46.8%,117.0%,75.7%,and 45.5%,respectively,compared to treatments without manure application.The application of manure reduced soil bulk density.It also increased the proportion of water-stable aggregates and the abundance of bacteria,fungi,and actinomycetes in the tillage soil layer compared to the controls.Because of the salt contained in the manure,the application of manure had dual effects on soil salt content.During the winter wheat season,manure application increased soil salt content.The salt content was significantly reduced during the summer maize season,owing to the strong salt-leaching effects under manure application,resulting in a smaller difference in salt content between the manure and non-manure treatments.During the summer rainfall season,improvements in soil structure under manure application increased the soil desalination rate for the 1 m top soil layer.The desalination rate for 0–40 cm and 40–100 cm was averagely by 39.1%and 18.9%higher,respectively,under manure application as compared with that under the nomanure treatments.The yield of winter wheat under manure application was 0.12%lower than that of the control,owing to the higher salt content during the winter wheat season.In contrast,the yield of summer maize improved by 3.9%under manure application,owing to the increased soil nutrient content and effective salt leaching.The results of this study indicated that manure application helped maintain the soil physical structure,which is important for the long-term use of saline water.In practice,using manure with a low salt content is suggested to reduce the adverse effects of saline water irrigation on soil properties and achieve sustainable saline water use.
基金Supported by General Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Demonstration(Social People s Livelihood Category)(cstc2018jscx-msybX0215)Horizontal Project of Chongqing Agricultural Technology Extension Station(WLHX-2021-0113).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar-based fertilizer on high yield and quality of green pepper(Zanthoxylum armatum var.novemfolius)and soil nutrient status.[Methods]With green pepper and pepper field soil as the research subjects,four treatments were set up,namely,conventional fertilization(T_(1)),conventional fertilization+biochar(T_(2)),biochar-based fertilizer 1(T_(3)),and biochar-based fertilizer 2(T_(4)).[Results]The application of biochar-based fertilizer increased green pepper yield by 9.37%-51.12%,with the order of increase being T_(4)>T_(3)>T_(2)>T_(1).In terms of soil nutrients,biochar-based fertilizer raised soil pH by 6.67%-53.33%,with the order of increase being T_(3)>T_(4)>T_(2)>T_(1).The initially strongly acidic soil gradually shifted to weakly acidic and approached neutral,indicating significantly improved soil acidity.The application of biochar-based fertilizer increased the contents of soil organic matter,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,available copper,available zinc,available iron,and available manganese.It significantly enhanced green pepper yield,improved soil acidity,and elevated soil nutrient levels.Considering yield,nutrient uptake,and soil nutrient content,biochar-based fertilizer 2(T_(4))was identified as the optimal treatment.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for improving green pepper yield and soil amendment.
基金supported by the National Forage Industry Technology System Program (CARS-34)Grassland Ecological Restoration and Management Science and Technology Support Project of Gansu Forestry and Grassland Bureau (GSAU-TSYF-2021-011)。
文摘In recent decades, global climate change and overgrazing have led to severe degradation of alpine meadows. Understanding the changes in soil characteristics and vegetation communities in alpine meadows with different degrees of degradation is helpful to reveal the mechanism of degradation process and take the remediation measures effectively. This study analyzed the changes in vegetation types and soil characteristics and their interrelationships under three degradation degrees, i.e., non-degradation(ND),moderate degradation(MD), and severe degradation(SD) in the alpine meadows of northeastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, China through the long-term observation. Results showed that the aggressive degradation changed the plant species, with the vegetation altering from leguminous and gramineous to forbs and harmful grasses. The Pielou evenness and Simpson index increased by 24.58% and 7.01%,respectively, the Shannon-Wiener index decreased by 17.52%, and the species richness index remained constant. Soil conductivity, soil organic matter, total potassium, available potassium, and porosity declined.However, the number of vegetation species increased in MD. Compared with ND, the plant diversity in MD enhanced by 8.33%, 8.69%, and 7.41% at family, genus, and species levels, respectively. In conclusion,changes in soil properties due to degradation can significantly influence the condition of above-ground vegetation. Plant diversity increases, which improves the structure of belowground network. These findings may contribute to designing better protection measures of alpine meadows against global climate change and overgrazing.
基金Supported by China Agricultural Industry Research System(CARS-30-Z-02)Innovation Team Construction of Hebei Agricultural Industry Research System(HBCT2024160205)+2 种基金Modern Seed Industry Technology Innovation Team Project for Hot Fruit Punch(21326310D)Science and Technology Innovation Special Project of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(2022KJCXZX-CGS-6)Fundamental Research Fund Project of Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(2025020102).
文摘[Objectives]To clarify the effects of varying potassium application rates on leaf growth and soil mineral nutrients of greenhouse peaches,and to identify the optimal potassium fertilizer dosage.[Methods]Using the greenhouse peach superior line C26-7-17 as the test material and maintaining a fixed ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers,five potassium fertilizer treatment groups were established.The application rates of potassium sulfate were 0,67,135,202,and 269 g/plant,respectively.The regulatory effects of varying potassium application rates were analyzed by measuring leaf area,chlorophyll content,and soil mineral element content.[Results]Applying nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers in specific proportions increased the leaf area of greenhouse peaches,enhanced chlorophyll content,and significantly improved the soil s nutritional status.Considering the overall optimization of soil nutrients,the recommended potassium fertilizer dosage under the experimental conditions was 202 g/plant.[Conclusions]This study offers theoretical insights that may enhance the quality and efficiency of greenhouse peaches,as well as inform nutrient management strategies.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(No.2019QZKK0208)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42171148 and 42330512)the Key R&D Project from the Science and Technology Department of Tibet(No.XZ202501ZY0030).
文摘Nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)are essential nutrients and can significantly impact primary productivity of the ecosystem causing water environmental problems.However,their cycling mechanisms are not well understood in alpine mountains with climate change.Hence,94 samples of river water were collected from 2018 to 2020 in the headwaters of the Shule River Basin to assess the nutrients spatiotemporal distribution and combined ap-proach of water quality index to assess water quality and potential sources.The findings depict that high nutrient concentrations were found to coincide with snowmelt and glacial meltwater and rainfall recharge periods,while total flux peaked from June to September due to increased runoff.Notably,total nitrogen(TN)concentrations were significantly higher near the town,primarily attributed to the replenishment of nitrate(NO_(3)^(‒)-N)from live-stock manure.The high total P(TP)was near the glacier,which was attributed to the transportation of glacial sediments into the river,and pH was another critical factor.N was the primary nutrient limiting factor for the growth of phytoplankton in river water.Although the migration and transport of nutrients have altered with climate change,river water quality is good in alpine mountains based on an overall evaluation.These findings contribute to enriching nutrient datasets and highlight the importance of water resource management and water quality assessment in sensitive and fragile alpine mountains.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42107193,42077245)supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2025YFNH0008,2025YFNH0004)+1 种基金the State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection Independent Research Project(SKLGP2023Z006)the Everest Scientific Research Program 2.0:Research on mechanism and control of glacial lake outburst chain catastrophe in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau based on man-earth coordination perspective.
文摘To investigate the strength degradation characteristics and microscopic damage mechanisms of moraine soil under hydro-thermo-mechanical coupling conditions,a series of X-ray Diffraction(XRD),standard triaxial testing,Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM),and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)experiments were conducted.The mechanical property degradation laws and evolution characteristics of the microscopic pore structure of moraine soil under Freeze-Thaw(F-T)conditions were revealed.After F-T cycles,the stress-strain curves of moraine soil showed a strain-softening trend.In the early stage of F-T cycles(0–5 cycles),the shear strength and elastic modulus exhibited damage rate of approximately 10.33%±0.8%and 16.60%±1.2%,respectively.In the later stage(10–20 cycles),the strength parameters fluctuated slightly and tended to stabilize.The number of F-T cycles was negatively exponentially correlated with cohesion,while showing only slight fluctuation in the internal friction angle,thereby extending the Mohr-Coulomb strength criterion for moraine soil under F-T cycles.The NMR experiments quantitatively characterized the evolution of the internal pore structure of moraine soil under F-T cycles.As the number of F-T cycles increased,fine and micro pores gradually expanded and merged due to the frost-heaving effect during the water-ice phase transition,forming larger pores.The proportion of large and medium pores increased to 59.55%±2.1%(N=20),while that of fine and micro pores decreased to 40.45%±2.1%(N=20).The evolution of pore structure characteristics was essentially completed in the later stage of F-T cycles(10–20 cycles).This study provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for major engineering construction and disaster prevention in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-23-D06)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(Grant Nos.2024NC2-GJHX-29 and 2024NC-ZDCYL-05-08)Shaanxi Agricultural Collaborative Innovation and Extension Alliance Project(Grant No.LMZD202202).
文摘Substrate and nutrient supply are essential for vegetable cultivation in greenhouse.The strategies for plant nutrient supply vary depending on the cultivation methods or substrate dosages employed.With the development of mechanization,wide-row spacing substrate cultivation became an optimize mode of the greenhouse cucumber cultivation,aligning with the trend of intelligent agriculture.To determine the optimal nutrient solution supply amount(NS)and supply frequency(SF)for promoting the integrated growth of cucumber under wide-row spacing substrate cultivation,we explored the effects of substrate supply amount(SS),NS,and SF on cucumber yield,quality,and element utilization efficiency.A five-level quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design with three experimental factors(NS,SF,and SS)was implemented for 23 coupling treatments over three growing seasons,including spring(2022S and 2023S)and autumn(2022A).The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)combining weights based on game theory was applied to construct cucumber comprehensive growth evaluation model.Single and two experimental factors analyses revealed significant effects of single factors and the coupling of NS-SS,NS-SF and SS-SF on the integrated growth of cucumber for all three growing seasons.For the NS-SF-SS combination,the optimal parameters for comprehensive cucumber growth were determined as follows:levels of^(-1).68 for NS,-0.7 for SF,and^(-1).682 for SS in 2022A;-0.43 for NS,-0.06 for SF,and 0.34 for SS in 2022S;0.3 for NS,-0.02 for SF,and 0.04 for SS in 2023S.Furthermore,for SS ranges of 2.00-3.01,3.01-4.50,4.50-5.99,5.99-7.00(L·plant^(-1)),the corresponding NS and SF intervals maximizing cucumber integrated growth in spring were:0.28-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.26-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.25-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.23-0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),respectively.With the same SS,the corresponding NS and SF intervals that maximized cucumber integrated growth in autumn were:0.10(L·plant^(-1))and 8(times·d^(-1)),0.18(L·plant^(-1))and 7(times·d^(-1)),0.30(L·plant^(-1))and 6(times·d^(-1)),0.49(L·plant^(-1))and 5(times·d^(-1)),respectively.The results provide a theoretical basis for solution management,and further in-depth research on cucumber cultivation.
基金supported by the Shanxi Province Basic Research Program(No.20210302123374)Yuncheng University Doctoral Research Initiation Fund(No.YQ-2021008)+3 种基金Excellent doctors come to Shanxi to reward scientific research projects(No.QZX-2023020)Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Precision Geodesy(No.SKLPG2025-1-1)Joint Open Fund of the Research Platforms of School of Computer Science,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan(No.PTLH2024-B-03)Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation Project(No.2025AFC095).
文摘The Yuncheng Basin,located in the southern part of the Fenwei Rift,North China,exhibits obvious crust thinning(Moho uplift of 6-8 km)and shallow Curie point depth(less than 18 km)and hence holds great potential for geothermal resources.However,geothermal exploration within the Yuncheng Basin typically faces significant challenges due to civil and industrial noise from dense populations and industrial activities.To address these challenges,both Controlled-Source Audio-frequency Magnetotellurics(CSAMT)and radon measurements were employed in Baozigou village to investigate the geothermal structures and identify potential geothermal targets.The CSAMT method effectively delineated the structure of the subsurface hydrothermal system,identifying the reservoir as Paleogene sandstones and Ordovician and Cambrian limestones at elevations ranging from−800 m to−2500 m.In particular,two concealed normal faults(F_(a)and F_(b))were newly revealed by the combination of CSAMT and radon profiling;these previously undetected faults,which exhibit different scales and opposing dips,are likely to be responsible for controlling the convection of thermal water within the Basin’s subsurface hydrothermal system.Moreover,this study developed a preliminary conceptual geothermal model for the Fen River Depression within the Yuncheng Basin,which encompasses geothermal heat sources,cap rocks,reservoirs,and fluid pathways,providing valuable insights for future geothermal exploration.In conjunction with the 3D geological model constructed from CSAMT resistivity structures beneath Baozigou village,test drilling is recommended in the northwestern region of the Baozigou area to intersect the potentially deep fractured carbonates that may contain temperature-elevated geothermal water.This study establishes a good set of guidelines for future geothermal exploration in this region,indicating that high-permeability faults in the central segments of the Fen River Depression are promising targets.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52378360,51978438)。
文摘We used solidification/stabilization methods to remediate highly concentrated Zn^(2+)-contaminated soil.An industrial waste mixture of red mud,carbide slag,and phosphogypsum is combined with cement as the curing agent.The mixing ratios of the four materials are determined by comparing the strength,permeability coefficient,pH,and Zn^(2+)-leaching concentration of the solidified soil.Microscopic characteristics of the solidified uncontaminated soil and solidified Zn^(2+)-contaminated soil were observed using scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.Furthermore,the heavy metals speciation in both pure cement and mixed-material solidified soil was examined,demonstrating the beneficial role of the mixed-type curing agent in stabilizing heavy metals.The research results indicate that Zn^(2+)degrade the strength of the solidified soil by up to 90%.The permeability coefficient,pH,and Zn^(2+)-leaching concentration of the solidified soil easily meet standard,especially with Zn^(2+)leaching concentration well below the environmental protection limit.Furthermore,most Zn^(2+)exists in forms with lower biological and chemical reactivity.Both the solidified Zn^(2+)-contaminated soil and uncontaminated soil resulted in the formation of hydrated products containing elements such as silicon,aluminum,calcium,and sulfur.Additionally,the solidified Zn^(2+)-contaminated soil produced zinc-containing compounds and a large amount of rod-shaped ettringite.
基金This study was supported by Chinese Academy of Science Program (KZCX2-YW-405)the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘An investigation on soil organic carbon, total N and P, NO3-N, available P, microbial biomass C, N and P, basal respiration and metabolic quotients （qCO2） was conducted to compare differences in soil microbial properties and nutrients between 15-year-old pure Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata） and two mixed Chinese fir plantations （mixed plantations with Alnus crernastogyne, mixed plantations with Kalopanax septemlobus） at Huitong Experimental Station of Forest Ecology （26°45′N latitude and 109°30′E longitude）, Chinese Academy of Sciences in May, 2005. Results showed that the concentrations of soil organic carbon, total N, NO3^--N, total P and available P in mixed plantations were higher than that in pure plantation. Soil microbial biomass N in two mixed plantations was averagely higher 69% and 61% than that in pure plantation at the 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil depth, respectively. Soil microbial biomass C, P and basal respiration in mixed plantations were higher 11%, 14% and 4% at the 0-10 cm soil depth and 6%, 3% and 3% at the 10-20 cm soil depth compared with pure plantation. However, soil microbial C： N ratio and qCO2 were averagely lower 34% and 4% in mixed plantations than pure plantation. Additionally, there was a closer relation between soil microbial biomass and soil nutrients than between basal respiration, microbial C： N ratio and qCO2 and soil nutrients. In conclusion, introduction of broad-leaved tree species into pure coniferous plantation improved soil microbial properties and soil fertility, and can be helpful to restore degraded forest soil.
基金This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (40173033) and Important Direction Project of Knowl-edge Innovation of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX3-SW-423).
文摘In August 2003, we investigated spatial pattern in soil carbon and nutrients in the Alpine tundra of Changbai Moun-tain, Jilin Province, China. The analytical results showed that the soil C concentrations at different depths were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Meadow alpine tundra vegetation than that in other vegetation types; the soil C (including inorganic carbon) concentrations at layer below 10 cm are significantly (p<0.05) higher than at layer of 1020 cm among the different vegetation types; the spatial distribution of soil N concentration at top surface of 0-10 cm depth was similar to that at 1020 cm; the soil P concentrations at different depths were significantly (p<0.05) lower at Lithic alpine tundra vegetation than that at other vegetation types; soil K concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation and Lithic alpine tundra vegetation than that in Typical alpine tundra, Meadow alpine tundra, and Swamp alpine tundra vegetations.. However, the soil K had not significant change at different soil depths of each vegetation type. Soil S concentration was dramatically higher in Meadow alpine tundra vegetation than that in other vegetation types. For each vegetation type, the ratios of C: N, C: P, C: K and C: S generally decreased with soil depth. The ratio of C: N was significantly higher at 010 cm than that at 1020 cm for all vegetation types except at the top layer of the Swamp alpine tundra vegetation. Our study showed that soil C and nutrients storage were significantly spatial heterogeneity.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(6132013)the Science and Technology Innovation Ability Construction Projects of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science(KJCX20140406)~~
文摘[Objective] The objective of the study was to elucidate the duplicate collinearity diagnosis method for soil nutrient and provide basis for establishment of multiple regression model of relationship between independent variable and depen- dent variable in fruit trees. [Method] An investigation on soil nutrients and ＇Fuji＇ fruit quality was conducted at 153 commercial apple orchards in the production re- gions of 51 counties in China from 2011 to 2012. At first, the regression equation was used to do the duplicate collinearity diagnosis, and then the partial least squares regression was used to analyze the weights of different soil nutrients that affected the fruit quality and screen out main soil nutrients. [Result] The results showed the conditional number between soil nutrients was 61.31, and the correlation coefficient of soil pH and available calcium, iron was 0.82 and -0.824 respectively, which demonstrated that there was multicollinearity between various soil nutrient contents. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available potassium, available nitro- gen, available phosphorus, available zinc, available iron and available boron showed positive effect Ioadings on fruit quality, while the }oadings and weights of the effects of available calcium and pH on fruit quality were negative. The variable importance for projection method was adopted to get the orders of the effects of major soil nu- trients on fruit quality, which was in the order of soil available calcium, nitrogen, available iron, available phosphorous, organic matter and available boron. The solu- ble solid content of the fruit was affected by soil organic matter, available phospho- rus, available iron, available boron and soil pH. [Conclusion] This study provided an analysis method and theoretical basis for the study and analysis on the relationships between dependent variables and multi-objective optimization, as well as the effects of soil nutrients on fruit quality in fruit tree.
基金The study was supported by PPI/PPIC China Program (No. HB-19) and Wetland Laboratory Opening Foundation of Hubei Province (No. HNKFJ20021301).
文摘A study was conducted to evaluate the soil nutrient status of poplar plantation by Soil Nutrient Systematic Approach (SNSA) in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Soil physiochemical properties were analyzed in laboratory through collection soil samples of study site. Ten treatments of application different fertilizers were designed such as CK, optimum treatment (N, P, K, Zn), N(P, K, Zn), P(N, K, Zn), K(N, P, Zn), +Mg(N, P, K, Zn, Mg), Zn (N,P,K), +2P(N, 2P, K, Zn), +2K(N, P, 2K, Zn), and 2N+2P+2K(2N, 2P, 2K, Zn) for field experiment to test the effect on tree height, diameter (DBH) growth, and dry weight of poplar. The results showed that there was no significant difference in tree heights between treatments with different fertilizers, diameter growth of poplar trees in treatments of lack of N and Zn was significantly slower than that of trees in optimum treatment, and dry weight of poplar dropped significantly for treatment of CK as well as treatments without application N and Zn. It is concluded that N and Zn were main limiting factor for poplar growth. Results from laboratory analysis and field experiment were uniform per-fectly, which proved that SNSA was reliable in evaluating soil nutrient status of poplar plantation.
基金Supported by the grands from National Sugarcane Industry Technology System(CARS-20-3-5)Science and Technology Development Foundation of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science(GNK 2015JZ31 GNK 2013JZ13,200905Zji)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to expound the fertility improvement effect in continuous-cropping sugarcane field and provide reference for establishment of rational sugarcane fertilization system and improvement of soil quality in continuous-cropping sugarcane field. [Method] The soil in the experimental region is latosolic red soil which was planted with sugarcane for 11 years continuously, and 8 treatments including sole application of chemical fertilizers, sole application of organ- ic fertilizer, and combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizers were designed according to different fertilization measures. The effects of different fertilization treatments on soil microbial biomass, soil enzyme activities and related fertility factors were determined. [Result} Different fertilization treatments all showed soil microbial biomass N, C and P and activities of soil acid phosphatase, catalase, sucrase and urease higher than the CK. Soil microbial biomass N increased by 5.56%-67.13%, soil microbial biomass C increased by 4.01%-20.40%, and soil mi- crobial biomass P increased by 6.39%-67.02%. The activity of acid phosphatase was improved by 12.96%-35.19%, the activity of catalase was improved by 18.24% -78.93%, the activity of sucrase was improved by 3.00%-42.00%, and the activity of urease was improved by 1.21%-23.43%. However, the soil nutrients of different fertilization treatments increased non-significantly （P〉0.05）. Soil microbial biomass N, C and P and activities of acid phosphatase, catalase and urease were in significant （P〈0.05） or very significant correlation （P〈0.01） with contents of soil rapidly available P, rapidly available K and total N. [Conclusion] The evaluation of improvement of soil fertility in continuous-cropping sugarcane field using soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities as indexes is more comprehensive and sensitive.
