The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil...The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil contamination, salinisation and sodification, decline in soil organic matter （SOM）, soil compaction and erosion. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993. Its importance consists of providing the information on changing spatial and temporal variations of soil parameters as well as the evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principles, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, SOM, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The results of soil monitoring of 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia have been presented. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows： soil contamination, soil salinization and sodification, decline in SOM, soil compaction and erosion. The most significant change has been determined in physical properties of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. About 50% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, decline in SOM and available nutrients indicate the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Obtained measured data and required outputs are reported to Joint Research Centre （JRC） in lspra （Italy） and European Environmental Agency （EEA） in Copenhagen （Denmark）. Finally, soil monitoring system thus becomes a basic tool for protection of soils and sustainable land use as well as for the creation of legislatives not only in Slovakia, but in EU, too.展开更多
With the increase of human activities and the rapid development of society, as an important material basis of social production and living activities, soil pollution is becoming increasingly serious. Soil quality is d...With the increase of human activities and the rapid development of society, as an important material basis of social production and living activities, soil pollution is becoming increasingly serious. Soil quality is deteriorating day by day, affecting the sustainable development of social economy. With the development of China's water, air and soil pollution control strategy, soil pollution, especially heavy metal pollution of soil has become the focus of people's attention. The quality control of the whole process is related to the accuracy of soil sample monitoring results and the selection of effective remediation methods.展开更多
The main aim of soil monitoring system is to obtain the knowledge of the most current state and development of soil properties according to concrete threats to soil. To determine the significant changes of soil proper...The main aim of soil monitoring system is to obtain the knowledge of the most current state and development of soil properties according to concrete threats to soil. To determine the significant changes of soil properties in time, it is important to know spatial variability of concrete soil parameter for concrete site. Only those time changes of the soil parameter are significant, which exceed its spatial variability at the site. The main aim of the study has been focused on the evaluation of small-scale site heterogeneity of equilibrium soil bulk density and the integration of impact of this heterogeneity in evaluation of degradation process of soil compaction in time. As site variation coefficients have considerably varied at standard sampling with five repetitions during monitoring period, one-time detail spatial variability mapping of soil bulk density was realized at 17 repetitions on five selected monitoring sites with different soil type, texture and use. This increase in the number of sampling points helped us to specify and stabilize the values of variation coefficients (between minimum and maximum by standard sampling) as well as the extent of confidence intervals. Standard deviations at the chosen monitoring sites moved from 0.039 to 0.118 g·cm<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">-</span>3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in topsoil and from 0.031 to 0.067 g·cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">-</span>3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in subsoil and expressed as variation coefficient 2.9% - 9.2% and 2.0% - 4.9%, respectively. The intervals of significant time changes of soil bulk density for the sites and depths were determined on the base of its site confidence interval (95%) and uncertainty rate of its measure methodology. The time changes of bulk density values between single year-to-year sampling were overlapped by this interval of significant changes to obtain significant bulk density changes in time. This method allowed us to distinguish significant time changes in soil bulk density from insignificant ones. The bulk density value changes on the monitoring sites were significant in the range of six to nine years within observed period 2002-2014 in both depths.</span>展开更多
Sustainable land management (SLM) is the key to harmonizing environmental and ecological concernsof society with the economic realities of producing adequate food and fiber of high quality and ensuring abasic minimal ...Sustainable land management (SLM) is the key to harmonizing environmental and ecological concernsof society with the economic realities of producing adequate food and fiber of high quality and ensuring abasic minimal quality of life. The aim of SLM is to maintain the integrity of the biophysical land resourcebase, but it can only be realized if land users understand the impacts of land management options on theirlands but also on other off-site areas and can optimize the socioeconomic and environmental benefits of theirchoice. To facilitate this, the contribution of soil survey organizations would be through the assessment andmonitoring of land quality. Land quality is a measure of the ability of land to perform specific functions and isderived by an integration of soil survey information with other environmental, and if necessary, socioeconomicinformation. The desired reliability influences the operational scale of the assessment. Such an assessmentwould assist in: 1) locating homologous areas for research sites or for transferring technologies; 2) providingthe geographic basis for systems analysis (e.g. by modeling); 3) serving as a basis for local, national andglobal resource assessment and monitoring; 4) providing an ecosystem context for land use, assessments oftemporal and spatial variability, and impact of human interventions; 5) serving as a framework for moredetailed assessment for all levels of interest; and 6) evaluating global issues such as food security, impacts ofclimate change, biodiversity monitoring, and addressing desertification.Based on an evaluation of the progress made in soil resource inventories and considering the demandsof the environment focused world, the paper considers the need for countries to mount such a program. Theauthors believe that this is the next demand of soil science and that we can fulfill our social contract byperiodically providing such information on the state of a nation's land resource.展开更多
The design and development of a wireless sensor network for soil moisture measurement in an unlevelled 10 km × 10 km area, is described. It was specifically deployed for the characterization of a reference area, ...The design and development of a wireless sensor network for soil moisture measurement in an unlevelled 10 km × 10 km area, is described. It was specifically deployed for the characterization of a reference area, in campaigns of calibration and validation of the space mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), but the system is easily extensible to monitor other climatic or environmental variables, as well as to other regions of ecological interest. The network consists of a number of automatic measurement stations, strategically placed following soil homogeneity and land uses criteria. Every station includes acquisition, conditioning and communication systems. The electronics are battery operated with the help of solar cells, in order to have a total autonomous system. The collected data is then transmitted through long radio links, with ling ranges above 8 km. A standard PC linked to internet is finally used in order to control the whole network, to store the data, and to allow the remote access to the real-time data.展开更多
When choosing sites for monitoring of soil moisture for hydrological purposes,a suitable process that considers the factors influencing soil moisture level should be followed.In this study,two multi-criteria decision-...When choosing sites for monitoring of soil moisture for hydrological purposes,a suitable process that considers the factors influencing soil moisture level should be followed.In this study,two multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)methods,the multi-influencing factor(MIF)method and the analytical hierarchy process(AHP)method,were used to identify the optimal soil moisture monitoring(SMM)sites in the Dry Creek Catchment in South Australia.The most representative areas for nine SMM sites were obtained using the MIF method,considering the factors of rainfall,soil type,land use,catchment slope,elevation,and upslope accumulated area(UAA).The AHP method was used to select the optimal sites using the site-specific criteria.30.3%of the catchment area in the Australian Water Resources Assessment Landscape(AWRA-L)Grid_DC2 can be considered acceptable as representative area with the MIF method.Four potential sites were evaluated for each AWRA-L grid using the relative weights of the site-specific criteria with the AHP method.The Grid_DC2 required two sites that had the highest overall weight chosen with the AHP analysis.The procedure was repeated for the remaining four AWRA-L grids within the study area to select the required SMM sites.展开更多
Due to its complicated matrix effects, rapid quantitative analysis of chromium in agricultural soils is difficult without the concentration gradient samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. To improve the anal...Due to its complicated matrix effects, rapid quantitative analysis of chromium in agricultural soils is difficult without the concentration gradient samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. To improve the analysis speed and accuracy, two calibration models are built with the support vector machine method： one considering the whole spectra and the other based on the segmental spectra input. Considering the results of the multiple linear regression analysis, three segmental spectra are chosen as the input variables of the support vector regression （SVR） model. Compared with the results of the SVR model with the whole spectra input, the relative standard error of prediction is reduced from 3.18% to 2.61% and the running time is saved due to the decrease in the number of input variables, showing the robustness in rapid soil analysis without the concentration gradient samples.展开更多
The Soil Conservation Monitorins Information System (SCMIS) presented in this paper is oriented to soil erosion control, resources exploitation, utilization, planning and management for a small watershed (about 10 sq....The Soil Conservation Monitorins Information System (SCMIS) presented in this paper is oriented to soil erosion control, resources exploitation, utilization, planning and management for a small watershed (about 10 sq. km.) on the Loess Plateau. It sums up Remote sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and Expert System (ES) and consists of a integrated system. As a basic level information system of Loess Plateau, its perfection and psreading will bring about a great advance in resources exploitation and management of Loess Plateau.展开更多
An imported energy spectrum analyzer is powerful, but English operation interface is not easy to use. According to actual work needs, preliminary design of the Chinese energy spectrum analysis system is introduced in ...An imported energy spectrum analyzer is powerful, but English operation interface is not easy to use. According to actual work needs, preliminary design of the Chinese energy spectrum analysis system is introduced in the paper.展开更多
Spatial and temporal monitoring of soil properties in smelting regions requires collection of a large number of sam- ples followed by laboratory cumbersome and time-consuming measurements. Visible and near-infrared di...Spatial and temporal monitoring of soil properties in smelting regions requires collection of a large number of sam- ples followed by laboratory cumbersome and time-consuming measurements. Visible and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy （VNIR-DRS） provides a rapid and inexpensive tool to predict various soil properties simultaneously. This study evaluated the suitability of VNIR-DRS for predicting soil properties, including organic matter （OM）, pH, and heavy metals （Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Fe）, using a total of 254 samples collected in soil profiles near a large copper smelter in China. Partial least square regression （PLSR） with cross-validation was used to relate soil property data to the reflectance spectral data by applying different preprocessing strategies. The performance of VNIR-DRS calibration models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination in cross-validation （R^2cv） and the ratio of standard deviation to the root mean standard error of cross-validation （SD/RMSEcv）. The models provided fairly accurate predictions for OM and Fe （R2v 〉 0.80, SD/RMSEcv 〉 2.00）, less accurate but acceptable for screening purposes for pH, Cu, Pb, and Cd （0.50 〈 Rcv 〈 0.80, 1.40 〈 SD/RMSEcv 〈 2.00）, and poor accuracy for Zn （R2v 〈 0.50, SD/RMSEcv 〈 1.40）. Because soil properties in conta- minated areas generally show large variation, a comparative large number of calibrating samples, which are variable enough and uniformly distributed, are necessary to create more accurate and robust VNIR-DRS calibration models. This study indicated that VNIR-DRS technique combined with continuously enriched soil spectral library could be a nondestructive alternative for soil environment monitoring.展开更多
Landslide risk is increasing in many parts of the world due to growth of population and infrastructures. Therefore, an effort has to be made in developing new and cheap sensors for areas susceptible of landslides to c...Landslide risk is increasing in many parts of the world due to growth of population and infrastructures. Therefore, an effort has to be made in developing new and cheap sensors for areas susceptible of landslides to continuously control the slope behaviour, until approaching failure conditions. The paper reported experimental data from smallscale physical models about the performance of Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR) and optical fibres, which act as the indicators of the incoming failure of slopes covered by unsaturated granular soils. Obtained results appear encouraging, since both sensors provide continuous information about the state of the slope, in terms of water content profiles and ongoing deformations, induced by rainwater infiltration, even immediately before the triggering of a fast landslide.展开更多
A new measurement technique is used to determine the settlement of bridge pile foundation and the thickness of deep compressed soft layer. The finite element Plaxis 3D foundation program is used in the analysis with a...A new measurement technique is used to determine the settlement of bridge pile foundation and the thickness of deep compressed soft layer. The finite element Plaxis 3D foundation program is used in the analysis with a proposed empirical equation to modify the input parameters represented by the soil compression modulus. The results of the numerical analysis using the proposed empirical equation provide insight to the settlement analysis of pile groups in soft clayey soils; consequently, the finite element Plaxis 3D program can be a useful tool for numerical analysis. The numerical analysis is modified by adjusting the calculation of compression modulus from those obtained under pressure between 100-200 kPa by which the results of the settlement are modified and thus matching the realistic measurements. The absolute error is 3 mm which is accepted compared with the last researches. This scenario can be applied for the similar problems in the theoretical applications of deep foundations.展开更多
文摘The purpose of soil monitoring system in Slovakia is better to protect the soils with regard to sustainable land use. The main objective is the observation of soil properties concerning the main threats to soil： soil contamination, salinisation and sodification, decline in soil organic matter （SOM）, soil compaction and erosion. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993. Its importance consists of providing the information on changing spatial and temporal variations of soil parameters as well as the evolution of soil quality in topsoil and subsoil. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principles, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, SOM, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The results of soil monitoring of 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia have been presented. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows： soil contamination, soil salinization and sodification, decline in SOM, soil compaction and erosion. The most significant change has been determined in physical properties of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. About 50% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, decline in SOM and available nutrients indicate the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Obtained measured data and required outputs are reported to Joint Research Centre （JRC） in lspra （Italy） and European Environmental Agency （EEA） in Copenhagen （Denmark）. Finally, soil monitoring system thus becomes a basic tool for protection of soils and sustainable land use as well as for the creation of legislatives not only in Slovakia, but in EU, too.
文摘With the increase of human activities and the rapid development of society, as an important material basis of social production and living activities, soil pollution is becoming increasingly serious. Soil quality is deteriorating day by day, affecting the sustainable development of social economy. With the development of China's water, air and soil pollution control strategy, soil pollution, especially heavy metal pollution of soil has become the focus of people's attention. The quality control of the whole process is related to the accuracy of soil sample monitoring results and the selection of effective remediation methods.
文摘The main aim of soil monitoring system is to obtain the knowledge of the most current state and development of soil properties according to concrete threats to soil. To determine the significant changes of soil properties in time, it is important to know spatial variability of concrete soil parameter for concrete site. Only those time changes of the soil parameter are significant, which exceed its spatial variability at the site. The main aim of the study has been focused on the evaluation of small-scale site heterogeneity of equilibrium soil bulk density and the integration of impact of this heterogeneity in evaluation of degradation process of soil compaction in time. As site variation coefficients have considerably varied at standard sampling with five repetitions during monitoring period, one-time detail spatial variability mapping of soil bulk density was realized at 17 repetitions on five selected monitoring sites with different soil type, texture and use. This increase in the number of sampling points helped us to specify and stabilize the values of variation coefficients (between minimum and maximum by standard sampling) as well as the extent of confidence intervals. Standard deviations at the chosen monitoring sites moved from 0.039 to 0.118 g·cm<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">-</span>3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in topsoil and from 0.031 to 0.067 g·cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:-apple-system, " font-size:16px;white-space:normal;background-color:#ffffff;"="">-</span>3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in subsoil and expressed as variation coefficient 2.9% - 9.2% and 2.0% - 4.9%, respectively. The intervals of significant time changes of soil bulk density for the sites and depths were determined on the base of its site confidence interval (95%) and uncertainty rate of its measure methodology. The time changes of bulk density values between single year-to-year sampling were overlapped by this interval of significant changes to obtain significant bulk density changes in time. This method allowed us to distinguish significant time changes in soil bulk density from insignificant ones. The bulk density value changes on the monitoring sites were significant in the range of six to nine years within observed period 2002-2014 in both depths.</span>
文摘Sustainable land management (SLM) is the key to harmonizing environmental and ecological concernsof society with the economic realities of producing adequate food and fiber of high quality and ensuring abasic minimal quality of life. The aim of SLM is to maintain the integrity of the biophysical land resourcebase, but it can only be realized if land users understand the impacts of land management options on theirlands but also on other off-site areas and can optimize the socioeconomic and environmental benefits of theirchoice. To facilitate this, the contribution of soil survey organizations would be through the assessment andmonitoring of land quality. Land quality is a measure of the ability of land to perform specific functions and isderived by an integration of soil survey information with other environmental, and if necessary, socioeconomicinformation. The desired reliability influences the operational scale of the assessment. Such an assessmentwould assist in: 1) locating homologous areas for research sites or for transferring technologies; 2) providingthe geographic basis for systems analysis (e.g. by modeling); 3) serving as a basis for local, national andglobal resource assessment and monitoring; 4) providing an ecosystem context for land use, assessments oftemporal and spatial variability, and impact of human interventions; 5) serving as a framework for moredetailed assessment for all levels of interest; and 6) evaluating global issues such as food security, impacts ofclimate change, biodiversity monitoring, and addressing desertification.Based on an evaluation of the progress made in soil resource inventories and considering the demandsof the environment focused world, the paper considers the need for countries to mount such a program. Theauthors believe that this is the next demand of soil science and that we can fulfill our social contract byperiodically providing such information on the state of a nation's land resource.
文摘The design and development of a wireless sensor network for soil moisture measurement in an unlevelled 10 km × 10 km area, is described. It was specifically deployed for the characterization of a reference area, in campaigns of calibration and validation of the space mission SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), but the system is easily extensible to monitor other climatic or environmental variables, as well as to other regions of ecological interest. The network consists of a number of automatic measurement stations, strategically placed following soil homogeneity and land uses criteria. Every station includes acquisition, conditioning and communication systems. The electronics are battery operated with the help of solar cells, in order to have a total autonomous system. The collected data is then transmitted through long radio links, with ling ranges above 8 km. A standard PC linked to internet is finally used in order to control the whole network, to store the data, and to allow the remote access to the real-time data.
文摘When choosing sites for monitoring of soil moisture for hydrological purposes,a suitable process that considers the factors influencing soil moisture level should be followed.In this study,two multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)methods,the multi-influencing factor(MIF)method and the analytical hierarchy process(AHP)method,were used to identify the optimal soil moisture monitoring(SMM)sites in the Dry Creek Catchment in South Australia.The most representative areas for nine SMM sites were obtained using the MIF method,considering the factors of rainfall,soil type,land use,catchment slope,elevation,and upslope accumulated area(UAA).The AHP method was used to select the optimal sites using the site-specific criteria.30.3%of the catchment area in the Australian Water Resources Assessment Landscape(AWRA-L)Grid_DC2 can be considered acceptable as representative area with the MIF method.Four potential sites were evaluated for each AWRA-L grid using the relative weights of the site-specific criteria with the AHP method.The Grid_DC2 required two sites that had the highest overall weight chosen with the AHP analysis.The procedure was repeated for the remaining four AWRA-L grids within the study area to select the required SMM sites.
基金Supported by the National High-Technology Research and Development Program of China under Grant Nos 2014AA06A513 and 2013AA065502the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 61378041the Anhui Province Outstanding Youth Science Fund of China under Grant No 1508085JGD02
文摘Due to its complicated matrix effects, rapid quantitative analysis of chromium in agricultural soils is difficult without the concentration gradient samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. To improve the analysis speed and accuracy, two calibration models are built with the support vector machine method： one considering the whole spectra and the other based on the segmental spectra input. Considering the results of the multiple linear regression analysis, three segmental spectra are chosen as the input variables of the support vector regression （SVR） model. Compared with the results of the SVR model with the whole spectra input, the relative standard error of prediction is reduced from 3.18% to 2.61% and the running time is saved due to the decrease in the number of input variables, showing the robustness in rapid soil analysis without the concentration gradient samples.
文摘The Soil Conservation Monitorins Information System (SCMIS) presented in this paper is oriented to soil erosion control, resources exploitation, utilization, planning and management for a small watershed (about 10 sq. km.) on the Loess Plateau. It sums up Remote sensing (RS), Geographical Information System (GIS) and Expert System (ES) and consists of a integrated system. As a basic level information system of Loess Plateau, its perfection and psreading will bring about a great advance in resources exploitation and management of Loess Plateau.
文摘An imported energy spectrum analyzer is powerful, but English operation interface is not easy to use. According to actual work needs, preliminary design of the Chinese energy spectrum analysis system is introduced in the paper.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40801081 and 40271104)the open fund from the Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment of the Ministry of Education,China (No. NS207002)
文摘Spatial and temporal monitoring of soil properties in smelting regions requires collection of a large number of sam- ples followed by laboratory cumbersome and time-consuming measurements. Visible and near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy （VNIR-DRS） provides a rapid and inexpensive tool to predict various soil properties simultaneously. This study evaluated the suitability of VNIR-DRS for predicting soil properties, including organic matter （OM）, pH, and heavy metals （Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Fe）, using a total of 254 samples collected in soil profiles near a large copper smelter in China. Partial least square regression （PLSR） with cross-validation was used to relate soil property data to the reflectance spectral data by applying different preprocessing strategies. The performance of VNIR-DRS calibration models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination in cross-validation （R^2cv） and the ratio of standard deviation to the root mean standard error of cross-validation （SD/RMSEcv）. The models provided fairly accurate predictions for OM and Fe （R2v 〉 0.80, SD/RMSEcv 〉 2.00）, less accurate but acceptable for screening purposes for pH, Cu, Pb, and Cd （0.50 〈 Rcv 〈 0.80, 1.40 〈 SD/RMSEcv 〈 2.00）, and poor accuracy for Zn （R2v 〈 0.50, SD/RMSEcv 〈 1.40）. Because soil properties in conta- minated areas generally show large variation, a comparative large number of calibrating samples, which are variable enough and uniformly distributed, are necessary to create more accurate and robust VNIR-DRS calibration models. This study indicated that VNIR-DRS technique combined with continuously enriched soil spectral library could be a nondestructive alternative for soil environment monitoring.
基金partially supported by the project Safe Land "Living with landslide risk in Europe: Assessment, effects of global change, and risk management strategies" under Grant No. 226479 (7th Framework Programme)
文摘Landslide risk is increasing in many parts of the world due to growth of population and infrastructures. Therefore, an effort has to be made in developing new and cheap sensors for areas susceptible of landslides to continuously control the slope behaviour, until approaching failure conditions. The paper reported experimental data from smallscale physical models about the performance of Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR) and optical fibres, which act as the indicators of the incoming failure of slopes covered by unsaturated granular soils. Obtained results appear encouraging, since both sensors provide continuous information about the state of the slope, in terms of water content profiles and ongoing deformations, induced by rainwater infiltration, even immediately before the triggering of a fast landslide.
基金Project(SWJT11ZT04)supported by the Central College Foundation of ChinaProject(2008g032-A)supported by the Major Projects S&T Foundation of China’s Ministry of Railways,China
文摘A new measurement technique is used to determine the settlement of bridge pile foundation and the thickness of deep compressed soft layer. The finite element Plaxis 3D foundation program is used in the analysis with a proposed empirical equation to modify the input parameters represented by the soil compression modulus. The results of the numerical analysis using the proposed empirical equation provide insight to the settlement analysis of pile groups in soft clayey soils; consequently, the finite element Plaxis 3D program can be a useful tool for numerical analysis. The numerical analysis is modified by adjusting the calculation of compression modulus from those obtained under pressure between 100-200 kPa by which the results of the settlement are modified and thus matching the realistic measurements. The absolute error is 3 mm which is accepted compared with the last researches. This scenario can be applied for the similar problems in the theoretical applications of deep foundations.
