With the continuous development of social economy and the gradual improvement of living standards, peoples awareness of health is also increasing, and more and more people begin to pay attention to food safety, which ...With the continuous development of social economy and the gradual improvement of living standards, peoples awareness of health is also increasing, and more and more people begin to pay attention to food safety, which puts forward higher requirements for the quality of agricultural products. Organic agriculture is the innovation of traditional agricultural production mode. It uses organic fertilizer to meet the nutrition needed by crop growth, completely or basically without pesticides, which can ensure the green health of agricultural products, and soil fertilization technology is the technical basis for developing organic planting agriculture. As a big agricultural country in China, the development of agriculture can promote the steady improvement of the national economy. Under the background of the further development of science and technology, agriculture has ushered in new development opportunities. The application of organic agriculture in agricultural production can not only ensure the quality of agricultural products, but also continuously optimize the agricultural production structure and finally promote the sustainable development of rural economy. Soil fertilization, as an important technology for the development of organic agriculture, can improve the agricultural production level. In this paper, the techniques of soil fertility in organic agriculture are discussed, hoping to promote agricultural development.展开更多
Organic material combined with inorganic fertilizer has been shown to greatly improve crop yield and maintain soil fertility globally. However, it remains unclear if crop yield and soil fertility can be sustained in t...Organic material combined with inorganic fertilizer has been shown to greatly improve crop yield and maintain soil fertility globally. However, it remains unclear if crop yield and soil fertility can be sustained in the long term under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Three long-term field trials were conducted to investigate the effects of organic amendments on the grain sustainable yield index(SYI), soil fertility index(SFI)and nutrient balance in maize–wheat cropping systems of central and southern China during 1991–2019. Five treatments were included in the trials: 1) no fertilization(control);2) balanced mineral fertilization(NPK);3) NPK plus manure(NPKM);4) high dose of NPK plus manure(1.5NPKM);and 5) NPK plus crop straw(NPKS). Over time, the grain yields of wheat and maize showed an increasing trend in all four fertilization treatments at the Yangling(YL) and Zhengzhou(ZZ) locations, while they declined at Qiyang(QY). The grain yield in the NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments gradually exceeded that of the NPK and NPKS treatments at the QY site. The largest SYI was recorded in the NPKM treatment across the three sites, suggesting that inorganic fertilizer combined with manure can effectively improve crop yield sustainability. Higher SYI values were recorded at the YL and ZZ sites than at the QY site, possibly because the soil was more acid at QY. The key factors affecting grain yield were soil available phosphorus(AP) and available potassium(AK) at the YL and ZZ sites, and pH and AP at the QY site.All fertilization treatments resulted in soil N and P surpluses at the three sites, but soil K surpluses were recorded only at the QY site. The SFI was greater in the 1.5NPKM, NPKM and NPKS treatments than in the NPK treatment by 13.3–40.0 and 16.4–63.6% at the YL and ZZ sites, respectively, and was significantly higher in the NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments than in the NPK and NPKS treatments at the QY site. A significant, positive linear relationship was found between SFI and crop yield, and SYI and nutrient balance, indicating that grain yield and its sustainability significantly increased with increasing soil fertility. The apparent N, P and K balances positively affected SFI.This study suggests that the appropriate amount of manure mixed with mineral NPK fertilizer is beneficial to the development of sustainable agriculture, which effectively increases the crop yield and yield sustainability by improving soil fertility.展开更多
As a paddy—upland rotation system, tobacco—rice rotation hastypical characteristics in the formation and evolution of soil fertility duringthe tobacco season with dry farming and rice season with water cultivation.T...As a paddy—upland rotation system, tobacco—rice rotation hastypical characteristics in the formation and evolution of soil fertility duringthe tobacco season with dry farming and rice season with water cultivation.To scientifically unveil the soil fertility formation process and grade thesoil fertility in tobacco—rice rotation areas, we collected 372 soil samplesfrom 11 tobacco stations (Haotang, Aoquan, Chengjiao, Renyi, Fangyuan,Anping, Huangsha, Taiping, Tushi, Dashiqiao, and Baimangying) in thetypical tobacco—rice rotation areas of Chenzhou and Yongzhou in SouthernHunan. The physical, chemical, and biological indicators of the soil sampleswere measured, and the tobacco and rice yields of each tobacco stationwere investigated. Machine learning was employed to screen the keyindicators influencing the tobacco yield, and a comprehensive numericalanalysis method combining principal component analysis and discriminantanalysis were adopted to cluster the sampling points, analyze their fertilityformation processes, and grade the soil fertility. The results showed thatclay content, available phosphorus, plow layer depth, slit-to-clay ratio, totalnitrogen, basal respiration, and organic carbon were identified as seven keyindicators influencing the tobacco yield. The results of the comprehensivenumerical analysis predicted two main processes involved in the formationof soil fertility in tobacco—rice rotation areas. One was the soil maturationprocess related to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling, and the other was theprocess of changes in soil physical properties such as clay content and slitto-clay ratio. According to the established soil fertility grading methodfor tobacco—rice rotation areas, the soil fertility of 11 tobacco stationswas graded. The results showed that the soil fertility was high in Haotang,Aoquan, Renyi, and Dashiqiao, medium in Huangsha and Tushi, and low inAnping, Baimangying, and Taiping. The tobacco and rice yields confirmedthat this grading standard can be effectively applied to the grading of soilfertility in the tobacco—rice rotation areas in Southern Hunan and canprovide a scientific basis for soil management in tobacco—rice rotation.展开更多
The symbiotic relationships between trees and different mycorrhizal fungi affect the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships within forest communities,particularly across different strata from the understorey...The symbiotic relationships between trees and different mycorrhizal fungi affect the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships within forest communities,particularly across different strata from the understorey to the overstorey.However,current research on this relationship has not yet reached a definitive conclusion.In this study,we used regression analyses and structural equation modelling based on a 9-ha mixed broadleaved-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)forest plot to explore the effects of different types of mycorrhizal fungi(arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)and ectomycorrhizal(EM)fungi)on the relationship between tree species diversity and productivity.The study found that the dominance and productivity of AM species increased in the understorey with increasing soil nutrients,whereas the productivity of EM species declined despite increasing diversity.In the overstorey,the productivity of AM species continued to increase with increasing soil nutrients,while that of EM species decreased due to increased competition.As for diversity-productivity relationships(DPRs),in the understorey,both AM and EM tree species demonstrated a positive DPR,suggesting the presence of the niche complementarity effect.In the overstorey,AM species continue to exhibit positive DPR due to their competitive advantage in nutrient-rich environments.In contrast,EM species exhibit negative DPR due to increased competition or less efficient resource use.Additionally,slope influenced forest productivity indirectly by altering the accumulation and distribution of soil nutrients,thereby affecting species distribution and growth conditions.This indirect effect highlights the potential negative impact of slope on soil nutrients within forest ecosystems,as well as its influence on the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functions.The study reveals how AM and EM trees influence forest productivity through distinct adaptability and competitive strategies across different forest strata,with a particular emphasis on the strata-dependent effects of mycorrhizal association on DPRs.This finding offers a new perspective on how mycorrhizal types modulate the complex relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functions across various strata in temperate forests.展开更多
To promote the growth of cutting seeding of poplar(Populus L.),nitrogen(N)fertilizer and surface weed managements were required.We here conducted a pot experiment to examine the effects of natural vegetation,barnyardg...To promote the growth of cutting seeding of poplar(Populus L.),nitrogen(N)fertilizer and surface weed managements were required.We here conducted a pot experiment to examine the effects of natural vegetation,barnyardgrass(Echinochloa Beauv.),and sesbania(Sesbania cannabina pers.)on the growth of poplar cutting seedlings,soil properties,and ammonia(NH3)volatilization under three N inputs(0,0.5,and 1.5 g/pot,i.e.,N0,N0.5,and N1,respectively).Results showed that N application promoted the growth of poplar cutting seedlings,including plant height,ground diameter,and biomass,compared with N0 treatment.Moreover,under N0,sesbania significantly increased the plant height by 87.1%,barnyardgrass and sesbania significantly increased the ground diameter(16.2%and 51.5%),and biomass(67.4%and 74.7%)of poplar cutting seedlings,compared with natural vegetation management.Compared to natural vegetation,soil organic matter(SOM)of barnyardgrass and sesbania covered soil significantly increased by 12.4%and 18.7%at N1,respectively.In addition,soil total N(TN)content was significantly increased by 15.8%in barnyardgrass planted at N0.The soil ammonium N(NH_(4)^(+)-N)content decreased with the planting of barnyardgrass and sesbania across all levels of N application.At N0.5,the nitrate N(NO_(3)^(−)-N)content of soil planted with barnyardgrass significantly increased compared to both the natural vegetation and the sesbania groups.Compared to the natural vegetation,the soil available phosphorus(AP)content of the barnyardgrass group significantly increasing by 78.8%at N0.5,soil available potassium(AK)content was significantly reduced by 12.5%in the sesbania group at N0 and increased by 24.1%in the barnyardgrass group at N1.We found that cumulative NH3 emissions were significantly higher in all treatment groups at the N1 level than that at the N0.5 level,while the differences among the three plants treated were not significant.The results suggest that both barnyardgrass and sesbania promote seedling growth in the short term,while also increase certain properties.Therefore,effective herb management during the seedling stage is recommended in nurseries to support seedling growth and retain soil fertility.展开更多
Artificial cyanobacteria crusts are formed by inoculating soil with cyanobacteria.These crusts help prevent soil erosion and restore soil functionality in degraded croplands.However,how fast the artificial cyanobacter...Artificial cyanobacteria crusts are formed by inoculating soil with cyanobacteria.These crusts help prevent soil erosion and restore soil functionality in degraded croplands.However,how fast the artificial cyanobacteria crusts can be formed is a key issue before their practical application.In addition,the effects of artificial cyanobacteria crusts on soil nutrients and plant growth are not fully explored.This study analyzed the effect of inoculation of cyanobacteria from local biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and Pak-choi(Brassica campestris L.ssp.Chinensis Makino var.communis Tsen et Lee;Chinese cabbage)growth in a cropland,northern China through field experiments by comparing with no fertilizer.The results showed that artificial cyanobacteria crusts were formed on the 18th d after inoculation with a coverage of 56.13%,a thickness of 3.74 mm,and biomass of 22.21μg chla/cm^(2).Artificial cyanobacteria crusts significantly improved the soil organic matter(SOM),NO_(3)^(-)-N,total nitrogen(TN)contents,and the activities of sucrase,alkaline phosphatase,urease,and catalase enzymes of plants on the 50th d after inoculation.Additionally,artificial cyanobacteria crusts led to an increase in plant biomass,improved root morphology,and raised the phosphorus and potassium contents in the plants.Furthermore,the biomass of plant grown with artificial cyanobacteria crusts was comparable with that of grown with chemical fertilizer.The study suggested that,considering plant biomass and soil nutrients,it is feasible to prevent wind erosion in the cropland of arid and semi-arid areas by inoculating cyanobacteria crusts.This study provides new perspectives for the sustainable development and environmental management of cropland in arid and semi-arid areas.展开更多
Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine ...Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine Bangladesh,are generally low in organic matter status and deficient in necessary nutrient elements for crop production.Addressing this challenge,the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various organic nutrient sources with inorganic fertilizers on crop yields,nutrient uptake,and soil fertility in farm(L1)and char land(L2)of Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh,Bangladesh from 2022(Y1)to 2023(Y2).For each location,eight treatments viz.T1(Control),T2[100%recommended fertilizer dose(RFD)],T3(75%RFD),T4(75%N from RFD 25%N from cow dung),T5(75%+N from RFD 25%N from poultry manure),T6(75%N from RFD 25%N from vermicompost),T7(75%N from++RFD 25%N from household compost)and T8(75%N from RFD 25%N from rice straw compost)were arranged in++a randomized complete block design with three replications using Wheat–Mungbean–T.Aman rice cropping pattern where three way interaction was considered for results.Treatment T5 performed the best in both years in both locations as it enhanced the yield components(p 0.05)and caused yield increment over control.The yield improvement in<Char land soils was higher than that in farm soils.For all three crops,treatment T5 consistently augmented the uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulphur by different parts of the crops and improved soil fertility properties such as organic matter status,cation exchange capacity,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and sulphur as well as exchangeable potassium in both locations in both years.Cost and return analysis of different treatments for the whole cropping system showed that the highest marginal benefit-cost ratio(16.35 and 15.07)and gross return(about Tk 768,595/ha and 728,341/ha)were obtained from the T5 treatment in farm soils and Char land soils,respectively.Followed by poultry manure,vermicompost performed well in addition to mineral fertilizers for improving crop yield and soil fertility but its economic efficiency was less due to high input cost.These findings may be useful to the smallholder farmers in char areas,who could benefit from increased productivity,reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers,and improved soil health,contributing to the long-term sustainability of char land agriculture.展开更多
Cyclosporin A fermentation residue(CFR)is a type of organic waste generated during the production of cyclosporin A,which are abundant in nutrients including organic matter,phosphorus,nitrogen and potassium.Inappropria...Cyclosporin A fermentation residue(CFR)is a type of organic waste generated during the production of cyclosporin A,which are abundant in nutrients including organic matter,phosphorus,nitrogen and potassium.Inappropriate handling of CFR not only waste valuable bioresources,but may also lead to the cyclosporin A and associated resistance genes into the natural environment,posing a significant threat to ecological system and human health.Land application was an effective way to resource recovery of CFR after aerobic composting(CAC).This study investigated the impact of CAC on soil fertility and environmental safety.The results indicated that CAC could improve soil nutrient contents and enhance enzyme activities.CAC altered the diversity and community composition of soil bacteria,resulting in an increase in the abundance of relevant bacteria beneficial for organic matter decomposition and cyclosporin A degradation.The introduced cyclosporin A(71.69μg/kg)completely degraded within 20 days due to soil biodegradation.The significantly increased abundance of intIl,mdr3,pgp,TSR and pmra in the soil cultivation early stage were restored to the soil background level within 90 days,indicating a reduced risk of antimicrobial resistance.The results demonstrated that reasonable land application of CAC could improve soil fertility without antimicrobial resistance risk,which is helpful for evaluating the resource utilization value and environmental risks of antibiotic fermentation residue after aerobic composting.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the impact of soybean intercropping on soil fertility in the planting areas of high-quality peach orchards in Shenxi Town,Zunyi City,Guizhou Province.[Methods]Soil s...[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the impact of soybean intercropping on soil fertility in the planting areas of high-quality peach orchards in Shenxi Town,Zunyi City,Guizhou Province.[Methods]Soil samples were collected during the seedling,growth,and maturity stages of soybeans from both non-intercropped soil(control check group,CK)and soybean-intercropped soil(Qiandou 11,experimental group,EK).Analysis was conducted on soil fertility properties,including alkali-hydrolyzable N,available P,and available K.[Results]The impact of soybean intercropping on soil physicochemical properties was primarily manifested as the increased levels of alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K and the decreased level of available P in the soil during the seedling,growing,and maturity stages.Overall,this approach optimized and enhanced soil fertility in the peach orchards,providing a viable pathway for soil improvement in peach orchards located in karst areas.[Conclusions]The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the high-quality development of high-quality peach orchards.展开更多
Crops produced using the practice of continuous cropping can become seriously damaged by plant-parasitic nematodes,an important indicator of continuous cropping obstacles.As a typical and important perennial economic ...Crops produced using the practice of continuous cropping can become seriously damaged by plant-parasitic nematodes,an important indicator of continuous cropping obstacles.As a typical and important perennial economic crop,dragon fruit is prone to serious plant-parasitic nematode infestation;however,whether it encounters continuous cropping obstacles remains unclear.Here,we studied plant-parasitic nematodes(Meloidogyne spp.and Tylenchorhynchus sp.)in the soil and roots,soil nematode communities,metabolic footprint,soil integrated fertility,and the yield of intensively planted dragon fruit under non-continuous cropping(Y1)and 3 years(Y3)and 5 years(Y5)of continuous cropping,to determine potential continuous-cropping obstacles and factors that affect the yield of this fruit.The largest numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil and roots were observed in Y5;the associated yield was reduced,and the dragon fruit was severely stressed.Further analysis of the composition,diversity,and ecological function indices of soil nematodes showed that the soil ecological environment deteriorated after 3 years of continuous cropping,with Y5 having the worst results.Similarly,the soil at Y5 had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth and reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans.Mantel test analysis and a random forest model showed that soil available phosphorus,soil exchange calcium,and soil nematode abundance and diversity were related significantly to yield.Partial least squares path modeling revealed that soil fertility and soil nematode diversity directly impacts the yield of continuously cropped dragon fruit.In summary,continuous cropping obstacles occurred in Y5 of intensive dragon fruit cultivation,with soil nematode diversity and soil fertility determining the crop's yield.展开更多
Under the background of the comprehensive promotion of curriculum ideological and political education,this paper discussed the reform of integrating local red culture in China into the ideological and political educat...Under the background of the comprehensive promotion of curriculum ideological and political education,this paper discussed the reform of integrating local red culture in China into the ideological and political education system of the course Soil and Fertilizer Science,and analyzed the background,objectives,process and prospects of the reform.This study will provide reference for cultivating new talents who know and love agriculture and promote the development of agricultural education.展开更多
[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tradition-al fertilization and formula fertilization by soil testing on the chemical forms of nitro-gen in dark brown soil and its distribution in dif...[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tradition-al fertilization and formula fertilization by soil testing on the chemical forms of nitro-gen in dark brown soil and its distribution in different aggregates. [Method] A physi-co-chemistry method was adopted in a comparative study on the chemical forms of nitrogen and their distribution in different-sized aggregates of dark brown soil under traditional fertilization and formula fertilization by soil testing respectively. [Result] Compared with traditional fertilization in spring and autumn, the formula fertilization by soil testing averagely decreased, the total nitrogen in soil by 23.2% in spring and by 20% in autumn in the soil layer of 0-20 cm, by 48.8% in the layer of 20-40 cm. Ammonium nitrogen was so sensitive to the methods of fertilization that the content of ammonium nitrogen was reduced much more under formula fertitization by soil testing in autumn than under traditional fertilization. Nitrogen in soil under traditional fertilization pattern was mainly distributed in the aggregates of 0-0.25 and 0.5-1 mm, while in formula fertilization by soil testing it was mainly distributed in the aggregates of 0.25-0.5 and 0-0.25 mm. [Conclusion] The study proved that for-mula fertilization by soil testing helped to reduce the risk of nitrogen pol ution and had huge effects on the chemical forms and distribution of nitrogen in different ag-gregates in dark brown soil.展开更多
Soil productivity is the ability of a soil, in its normal environment, to support plant growth and can be evaluated with respect to crop production in unfertilized soil within the agricultural ecosystem. Both soil pro...Soil productivity is the ability of a soil, in its normal environment, to support plant growth and can be evaluated with respect to crop production in unfertilized soil within the agricultural ecosystem. Both soil productivity and fertilizer applications affect crop yields. A long-term experiment with a winter wheat-summer maize rotation was established in 1989 in a field of the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, a region typical of the North China Plain, including seven treatments： 1） a balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers （NPK）; 2） application of organic fertilizer （OM）; 3） application of 50% organic fertilizer and 50% NPK chemical fertilizers （1/2OMN）; 4） application of NP chemical fertilizers （NP）; 5） application of PK chemical fertilizer （PK）; 6） application of NK chemical fertilizers （NK）; and 7） unfertilized control （CK）. To investigate the effects of fertilization practices on soil productivity, further pot tests were conducted in 2007-2008 using soil samples from the different fertilization treatments of the long-term field experiment. The soil sample of each treatment of the long-term experiment was divided into three pots to grow wheat： with no fertilization （Potunf）, with balanced NPK fertilization （POtNPK）, and with the same fertilizer（s） of the long-term field experiment （Potori）. The fertilized soils of the field experiment used in all the pot tests showed a higher wheat grain yield and higher nutrient uptake levels than the unfertilized soil. Soil productivity of the treatments of the field experiment after 18 years of continuous fertilizer applications were ranked in the order of OM 〉 1/2OMN 〉 NPK 〉 NP 〉 PK 〉 NK 〉 CK. The contribution of soil productivity of the different treatments of the field experiment to the wheat grain yield of Potori was 36.0%-76.7%, with the PK and NK treatments being higher than the OM, 1/2OMN, NPK, and NP treatments since the soil in this area was deficient in N and P and rich in K. Wheat grain yields of PotNPK were higher than those of Potori and Potunf. The N, P, and K use efficiencies were higher in POtNPK than Potori and significantly positively correlated with wheat grain yield. Soil organic matter could be a better predictor of soil productivity because it correlated more strongly than other nutrients with the wheat grain yield of Potuf. Wheat yields of POtNPK showed a similar trend to those of Potunf, indicating that soil productivity improvement was essential for a further increase in crop yield. The long-term applications of both organic and chemical fertilizers were capable of increasing soil productivity on the North China Plain, but the former was more effective than the latter. The balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers not only increased soil productivity, but also largely increased crop yields, especially in soils with lower productivity. Thus, such an approach should be a feasible practice for the sustainable use of agricultural soils on the North China Plain, particularly when taking into account crop yields, labor costs, and the limited availability of organic fertilizers.展开更多
Long-term fertility experiments have become an important tool for investigating the sustainability of cropping systems. Therefore, a long-term (18-year) fertilization experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanx...Long-term fertility experiments have become an important tool for investigating the sustainability of cropping systems. Therefore, a long-term (18-year) fertilization experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China, to ascertain the effect of the long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manure on wheat yield and soil fertility in the Loess Plateau, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management. The experiment consisted of nine fertilizer treatments with thr…展开更多
Soil microbial communities play an essential role in maintaining soil fertility and are considered as ecological indicators to evaluate soil health.In the present study,we examined the influence of almost 4 years of f...Soil microbial communities play an essential role in maintaining soil fertility and are considered as ecological indicators to evaluate soil health.In the present study,we examined the influence of almost 4 years of fertilization[no fertilizer(CK),nitrogen alone(N),nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium chemical fertilizer(NPK),organicmanure(M),nitrogen plus organic manure(NM),and NPK plus organic manure(NPKM)]on soil fertility and the functional diversity of soil microbial communities in an apple orchard.Compared to CK,fertilization increased soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,and available nutrients,but reduced soil pH in N and NPK treatments.The highest microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,most probable number of actinomycetes,bacteria,and fungi occurred in the NPKM treatment.The average well color development(AWCD)values followed the order of NPKM>M>NPK and NM>CK and N.The Shannon index in organic manure treatments were significantly higher than in control and in treatments without organic manure.The principal component analysis showed that manure treatment was significantly separated from other treatments.These results indicated that organic manure applied alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers would increase soil fertility and functional diversity of soil microbial communities.Moreover,applying balanced N,P,K fertilizer in combination with organic manure was found to be superior to the use of a single fertilizer in improving soil microbial community quality.展开更多
The long-term effects of annual fertilizer applications on the fertility of salt-affected soils under the rotation system of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and maize （Zea mays L.） are not well documented. In 1984, r...The long-term effects of annual fertilizer applications on the fertility of salt-affected soils under the rotation system of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and maize （Zea mays L.） are not well documented. In 1984, research plots were established to test the effects of annual applications of different rates of nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） fertilizers on the fertility of a salt-affected soil （Typic Ustochrept） at the Quzhou Experimental Station, Quzhou County, Hebei Province, China. In October 2001, composite soil samples （0-20 and 20 40 cm） were collected from each plot and analyzed for soil fertility indices. Seventeen years of N and P fertilizer applications increased the soil organic matter （SOM） in the surface layer. With combined N, 270 （N1） and 540 （N2） kg N ha^-1 year^-1, and P, 67.5 （P1） and 135 （P2） kg P205 ha^-1 year^-1, fertilizer applications, total soil N mostly significantly decreased （P〈0.05）. Soil total P in the 0-20 cm layer of the P2 treatment significantly （P （0.05） increased as compared to those of the other treatments. Rapidly available P （RP） in the 0-20 cm layer of the N1P2 treatment was significantly higher than those in the other treatments except the P2 treatment; and RP in the 0-20 cm layer of the P2 treatment significantly increased as compared to those of the other treatments except the P1 and N1P2 treatments. RP in the subsurface soil layer （20-40 cm） of the P2 treatment （4.2 mg P kg^-1） was significantly （P〈0.05） higher than those in the other treatments. Nevertheless, long-term N fertilization did not significantly increase the alkali-hydrolyzable N in the soil. However, in the salt-affected surface soils the application of combined N and P fertilizers over 17 years significantly （P〈0.05） decreased rapidly available potassium （K）. The results suggested that while under long-term fertilizer applications some soil fertility parameters could be maintained or enhanced, careful monitoring of soil fertility was necessary as other nutrients such as K could become depleted.展开更多
Boron （B） is a key element for citrus production, especially in tropical regions, where the nutrient availability is commonly low in the soil. In addition, information about doses, fertilizer sources, methods of app...Boron （B） is a key element for citrus production, especially in tropical regions, where the nutrient availability is commonly low in the soil. In addition, information about doses, fertilizer sources, methods of application, and particularly, differential nutrient demand of scion/rootstock combinations are required for efficient fertilization of commercial groves. In a non-irri- gated sweet orange orchard （cv. Natal）, grafted onto Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo or Sunki mandarin, we studied the application of two sources of B： boric acid （17% B, soluble in water） and ulexite （12% B, partiaJly soluble in water） at four levels of supply （control without B, and soil application of 2, 4 and 6 kg ha-1 yr-1 of B）. The experiment was carried out for three years （2004-2006）. Boron availability in the soil and concentration in the leaves, as well as the fruit yield and quality of trees were evaluated. Soil B extracted with hot water and total leaf B positively correlated with doses of the nutrient applied to the trees. Levels of B in the soil and in the leaves did not vary with fertilizer sources. Fruit yield of trees grafted onto Rangpur lime and Swingle citrumelo was more responsive to B doses than those grafted onto Sunki mandarin. The maximum fruit yield of trees grafted onto Swingle was obtained with 3.2 kg ha-1 yr-1 of B, and leaf B level of 280 mg kg-1 that point out to a highest demand for B when this combination was compared with other rootstocks. Furthermore, fertilization with B did not affect the quality of fruits, but correlated with B and potassium （K） concentrations in the leaves. These results also support that the current recommendations for levels of B in leaves should be revisited.展开更多
Phosphorus（P） is an important macronutrient for plant but can also cause potential environmental risk. In this paper, we studied the long-term fertilizer experiment（started 1980） to assess the soil P dynamic, bala...Phosphorus（P） is an important macronutrient for plant but can also cause potential environmental risk. In this paper, we studied the long-term fertilizer experiment（started 1980） to assess the soil P dynamic, balance, critical P value and the crop yield response in Taihu Lake region, China. To avoid the effect of nitrogen（N） and potassium（K）, only the following treatments were chosen for subsequent discussion, including： C0（control treatment without any fertilizer or organic manure）, CNK treatment（mineral N and K only）, CNPK（balanced fertilization with mineral N, P and K）, MNK（integrated organic manure and mineral N and K）, and MNPK（organic manure plus balanced fertilization）. The results revealed that the response of wheat yield was more sensitive than rice, and no significant differences of crop yield had been detected among MNK, CNPK and MNPK until 2013. Dynamic and balance of soil total P（TP） and Olsen-P showed soil TP pool was enlarged significantly over consistent fertilization. However, the diminishing marginal utility of soil Olsen-P was also found, indicating that high-level P application in the present condition could not increase soil Olsen-P contents anymore. Linear-linear and Mitscherlich models were used to estimate the critical value of Olsen-P for crops. The average critical P value for rice and wheat was 3.40 and 4.08 mg kg^（–1）, respectively. The smaller critical P value than in uplands indicated a stronger ability of P supply for crops in this paddy soil. We concluded that no more mineral P should be applied in rice-wheat system in Taihu Lake region if soil Olsen-P is higher than the critical P value. The agricultural technique and management referring to activate the plant-available P pool are also considerable, such as integrated use of low-P organic manure with mineral N and K.展开更多
Rhizobial diversity is affected by interactions between soil features, fertilization strategy, and cropping system. However, interactions among the rhizobial community, chemical-organic manure fertilization, and plant...Rhizobial diversity is affected by interactions between soil features, fertilization strategy, and cropping system. However, interactions among the rhizobial community, chemical-organic manure fertilization, and plant production have not been well documented in Mollisols from long-term experiments. Aimed at maintaining and recovering the productivity of Chinese Mollisols, a long-term fertilization experiment had been carried out for 29 years under a wheat-maize-soybean rotation system, involving the application of recycled organic manure (ROM), chemical fertilizers (N, P, and/or K), or ROM plus N, P, and/or K. In the present study, the effects of different treatments were evaluated by determining soil physicochemical features, soybean production, and soybean rhizobial diversity. The results showed that application of ROM plus NPK maintained or increased soil fertility, which was accompanied by higher production and higher diversity of rhizobia, as compared with the other treatments. The negative association of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with N fertilizer, positive association of B. diazoefficiens with soil pH, and alleviation of N-inhibition on the diversity of Bradyrhizobium by the addition of ROM were recorded as new findings. Therefore, application of ROM or ROM plus NPK could be a feasible strategy for maintaining and recovering the fertility of Chinese Mollisols, whereas rhizobial diversity could be an indicator of soil fertility.展开更多
Although the application of inorganic fertilizer is a widespread agronomic practice used to boost soil productivity and crop yields,the effects on soil microbiome and the metabolic mechanisms involved in the high-yiel...Although the application of inorganic fertilizer is a widespread agronomic practice used to boost soil productivity and crop yields,the effects on soil microbiome and the metabolic mechanisms involved in the high-yield response of crops to long-term fertilization remain poorly described.In this study,combined metagenomic and metabolomic analyses were used to explore the mechanism of crop yield response to the 20-year application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in a subtropical agroecosystem in Southwest China.Soil bacterial and fungal communities were monitored using16S r RNA(bacteria)and internal transcribed spacer 1(ITS1)full-length gene(fungi)amplicon sequencing technologies,and metabolites were detected using a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer.The results revealed that,in addition to providing nutrients,long-term fertilization shaped the compositions of bacteria and fungi to increase crop yields.Long-term fertilization significantly increased the relative abundances of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and promoted the secretion of soil metabolites such as carbohydrates,organic acids,and organic nitrogen compounds,which were primarily enriched in amino acid metabolism pathways.The increases in carbon and nitrogen sources and bioactive substances in soil promoted the increases in plant biomass and thereby maintained soil quality and production capacity.The findings highlighted the importance of soil metabolites in maintaining soil productivity as well as crop yields,and suggested that regulating key metabolites could increase crop yields in agroecosystems.展开更多
文摘With the continuous development of social economy and the gradual improvement of living standards, peoples awareness of health is also increasing, and more and more people begin to pay attention to food safety, which puts forward higher requirements for the quality of agricultural products. Organic agriculture is the innovation of traditional agricultural production mode. It uses organic fertilizer to meet the nutrition needed by crop growth, completely or basically without pesticides, which can ensure the green health of agricultural products, and soil fertilization technology is the technical basis for developing organic planting agriculture. As a big agricultural country in China, the development of agriculture can promote the steady improvement of the national economy. Under the background of the further development of science and technology, agriculture has ushered in new development opportunities. The application of organic agriculture in agricultural production can not only ensure the quality of agricultural products, but also continuously optimize the agricultural production structure and finally promote the sustainable development of rural economy. Soil fertilization, as an important technology for the development of organic agriculture, can improve the agricultural production level. In this paper, the techniques of soil fertility in organic agriculture are discussed, hoping to promote agricultural development.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42177341)the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shanxi,China(202203021222138).
文摘Organic material combined with inorganic fertilizer has been shown to greatly improve crop yield and maintain soil fertility globally. However, it remains unclear if crop yield and soil fertility can be sustained in the long term under the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Three long-term field trials were conducted to investigate the effects of organic amendments on the grain sustainable yield index(SYI), soil fertility index(SFI)and nutrient balance in maize–wheat cropping systems of central and southern China during 1991–2019. Five treatments were included in the trials: 1) no fertilization(control);2) balanced mineral fertilization(NPK);3) NPK plus manure(NPKM);4) high dose of NPK plus manure(1.5NPKM);and 5) NPK plus crop straw(NPKS). Over time, the grain yields of wheat and maize showed an increasing trend in all four fertilization treatments at the Yangling(YL) and Zhengzhou(ZZ) locations, while they declined at Qiyang(QY). The grain yield in the NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments gradually exceeded that of the NPK and NPKS treatments at the QY site. The largest SYI was recorded in the NPKM treatment across the three sites, suggesting that inorganic fertilizer combined with manure can effectively improve crop yield sustainability. Higher SYI values were recorded at the YL and ZZ sites than at the QY site, possibly because the soil was more acid at QY. The key factors affecting grain yield were soil available phosphorus(AP) and available potassium(AK) at the YL and ZZ sites, and pH and AP at the QY site.All fertilization treatments resulted in soil N and P surpluses at the three sites, but soil K surpluses were recorded only at the QY site. The SFI was greater in the 1.5NPKM, NPKM and NPKS treatments than in the NPK treatment by 13.3–40.0 and 16.4–63.6% at the YL and ZZ sites, respectively, and was significantly higher in the NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments than in the NPK and NPKS treatments at the QY site. A significant, positive linear relationship was found between SFI and crop yield, and SYI and nutrient balance, indicating that grain yield and its sustainability significantly increased with increasing soil fertility. The apparent N, P and K balances positively affected SFI.This study suggests that the appropriate amount of manure mixed with mineral NPK fertilizer is beneficial to the development of sustainable agriculture, which effectively increases the crop yield and yield sustainability by improving soil fertility.
文摘As a paddy—upland rotation system, tobacco—rice rotation hastypical characteristics in the formation and evolution of soil fertility duringthe tobacco season with dry farming and rice season with water cultivation.To scientifically unveil the soil fertility formation process and grade thesoil fertility in tobacco—rice rotation areas, we collected 372 soil samplesfrom 11 tobacco stations (Haotang, Aoquan, Chengjiao, Renyi, Fangyuan,Anping, Huangsha, Taiping, Tushi, Dashiqiao, and Baimangying) in thetypical tobacco—rice rotation areas of Chenzhou and Yongzhou in SouthernHunan. The physical, chemical, and biological indicators of the soil sampleswere measured, and the tobacco and rice yields of each tobacco stationwere investigated. Machine learning was employed to screen the keyindicators influencing the tobacco yield, and a comprehensive numericalanalysis method combining principal component analysis and discriminantanalysis were adopted to cluster the sampling points, analyze their fertilityformation processes, and grade the soil fertility. The results showed thatclay content, available phosphorus, plow layer depth, slit-to-clay ratio, totalnitrogen, basal respiration, and organic carbon were identified as seven keyindicators influencing the tobacco yield. The results of the comprehensivenumerical analysis predicted two main processes involved in the formationof soil fertility in tobacco—rice rotation areas. One was the soil maturationprocess related to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling, and the other was theprocess of changes in soil physical properties such as clay content and slitto-clay ratio. According to the established soil fertility grading methodfor tobacco—rice rotation areas, the soil fertility of 11 tobacco stationswas graded. The results showed that the soil fertility was high in Haotang,Aoquan, Renyi, and Dashiqiao, medium in Huangsha and Tushi, and low inAnping, Baimangying, and Taiping. The tobacco and rice yields confirmedthat this grading standard can be effectively applied to the grading of soilfertility in the tobacco—rice rotation areas in Southern Hunan and canprovide a scientific basis for soil management in tobacco—rice rotation.
基金financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(No.TD2023C006)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2572022DS13).
文摘The symbiotic relationships between trees and different mycorrhizal fungi affect the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships within forest communities,particularly across different strata from the understorey to the overstorey.However,current research on this relationship has not yet reached a definitive conclusion.In this study,we used regression analyses and structural equation modelling based on a 9-ha mixed broadleaved-Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis)forest plot to explore the effects of different types of mycorrhizal fungi(arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)and ectomycorrhizal(EM)fungi)on the relationship between tree species diversity and productivity.The study found that the dominance and productivity of AM species increased in the understorey with increasing soil nutrients,whereas the productivity of EM species declined despite increasing diversity.In the overstorey,the productivity of AM species continued to increase with increasing soil nutrients,while that of EM species decreased due to increased competition.As for diversity-productivity relationships(DPRs),in the understorey,both AM and EM tree species demonstrated a positive DPR,suggesting the presence of the niche complementarity effect.In the overstorey,AM species continue to exhibit positive DPR due to their competitive advantage in nutrient-rich environments.In contrast,EM species exhibit negative DPR due to increased competition or less efficient resource use.Additionally,slope influenced forest productivity indirectly by altering the accumulation and distribution of soil nutrients,thereby affecting species distribution and growth conditions.This indirect effect highlights the potential negative impact of slope on soil nutrients within forest ecosystems,as well as its influence on the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functions.The study reveals how AM and EM trees influence forest productivity through distinct adaptability and competitive strategies across different forest strata,with a particular emphasis on the strata-dependent effects of mycorrhizal association on DPRs.This finding offers a new perspective on how mycorrhizal types modulate the complex relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functions across various strata in temperate forests.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Innovation Programof Jiangsu Province,China for“Carbon Dioxide Emission Peaking and Carbon Neutrality”(BE2022307).
文摘To promote the growth of cutting seeding of poplar(Populus L.),nitrogen(N)fertilizer and surface weed managements were required.We here conducted a pot experiment to examine the effects of natural vegetation,barnyardgrass(Echinochloa Beauv.),and sesbania(Sesbania cannabina pers.)on the growth of poplar cutting seedlings,soil properties,and ammonia(NH3)volatilization under three N inputs(0,0.5,and 1.5 g/pot,i.e.,N0,N0.5,and N1,respectively).Results showed that N application promoted the growth of poplar cutting seedlings,including plant height,ground diameter,and biomass,compared with N0 treatment.Moreover,under N0,sesbania significantly increased the plant height by 87.1%,barnyardgrass and sesbania significantly increased the ground diameter(16.2%and 51.5%),and biomass(67.4%and 74.7%)of poplar cutting seedlings,compared with natural vegetation management.Compared to natural vegetation,soil organic matter(SOM)of barnyardgrass and sesbania covered soil significantly increased by 12.4%and 18.7%at N1,respectively.In addition,soil total N(TN)content was significantly increased by 15.8%in barnyardgrass planted at N0.The soil ammonium N(NH_(4)^(+)-N)content decreased with the planting of barnyardgrass and sesbania across all levels of N application.At N0.5,the nitrate N(NO_(3)^(−)-N)content of soil planted with barnyardgrass significantly increased compared to both the natural vegetation and the sesbania groups.Compared to the natural vegetation,the soil available phosphorus(AP)content of the barnyardgrass group significantly increasing by 78.8%at N0.5,soil available potassium(AK)content was significantly reduced by 12.5%in the sesbania group at N0 and increased by 24.1%in the barnyardgrass group at N1.We found that cumulative NH3 emissions were significantly higher in all treatment groups at the N1 level than that at the N0.5 level,while the differences among the three plants treated were not significant.The results suggest that both barnyardgrass and sesbania promote seedling growth in the short term,while also increase certain properties.Therefore,effective herb management during the seedling stage is recommended in nurseries to support seedling growth and retain soil fertility.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1300802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377357).
文摘Artificial cyanobacteria crusts are formed by inoculating soil with cyanobacteria.These crusts help prevent soil erosion and restore soil functionality in degraded croplands.However,how fast the artificial cyanobacteria crusts can be formed is a key issue before their practical application.In addition,the effects of artificial cyanobacteria crusts on soil nutrients and plant growth are not fully explored.This study analyzed the effect of inoculation of cyanobacteria from local biological soil crusts on soil nutrients and Pak-choi(Brassica campestris L.ssp.Chinensis Makino var.communis Tsen et Lee;Chinese cabbage)growth in a cropland,northern China through field experiments by comparing with no fertilizer.The results showed that artificial cyanobacteria crusts were formed on the 18th d after inoculation with a coverage of 56.13%,a thickness of 3.74 mm,and biomass of 22.21μg chla/cm^(2).Artificial cyanobacteria crusts significantly improved the soil organic matter(SOM),NO_(3)^(-)-N,total nitrogen(TN)contents,and the activities of sucrase,alkaline phosphatase,urease,and catalase enzymes of plants on the 50th d after inoculation.Additionally,artificial cyanobacteria crusts led to an increase in plant biomass,improved root morphology,and raised the phosphorus and potassium contents in the plants.Furthermore,the biomass of plant grown with artificial cyanobacteria crusts was comparable with that of grown with chemical fertilizer.The study suggested that,considering plant biomass and soil nutrients,it is feasible to prevent wind erosion in the cropland of arid and semi-arid areas by inoculating cyanobacteria crusts.This study provides new perspectives for the sustainable development and environmental management of cropland in arid and semi-arid areas.
基金funded by Taif University,Saudi Arabia,Project No.(TU-DSPP-2025-30)The Science and Technology Fellowship Trust(SL No.39.00.0000.035.22.013.19.144)under the Ministry of Science and Technology of Bangladesh partially financed the current research。
文摘Improving crop productivity and soil fertility through the balanced application of inorganic and organic nutrient sources is a sustainable approach in modern agriculture.Char land soils,widely distributed in riverine Bangladesh,are generally low in organic matter status and deficient in necessary nutrient elements for crop production.Addressing this challenge,the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of various organic nutrient sources with inorganic fertilizers on crop yields,nutrient uptake,and soil fertility in farm(L1)and char land(L2)of Brahmaputra River in Mymensingh,Bangladesh from 2022(Y1)to 2023(Y2).For each location,eight treatments viz.T1(Control),T2[100%recommended fertilizer dose(RFD)],T3(75%RFD),T4(75%N from RFD 25%N from cow dung),T5(75%+N from RFD 25%N from poultry manure),T6(75%N from RFD 25%N from vermicompost),T7(75%N from++RFD 25%N from household compost)and T8(75%N from RFD 25%N from rice straw compost)were arranged in++a randomized complete block design with three replications using Wheat–Mungbean–T.Aman rice cropping pattern where three way interaction was considered for results.Treatment T5 performed the best in both years in both locations as it enhanced the yield components(p 0.05)and caused yield increment over control.The yield improvement in<Char land soils was higher than that in farm soils.For all three crops,treatment T5 consistently augmented the uptake of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium,and sulphur by different parts of the crops and improved soil fertility properties such as organic matter status,cation exchange capacity,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,and sulphur as well as exchangeable potassium in both locations in both years.Cost and return analysis of different treatments for the whole cropping system showed that the highest marginal benefit-cost ratio(16.35 and 15.07)and gross return(about Tk 768,595/ha and 728,341/ha)were obtained from the T5 treatment in farm soils and Char land soils,respectively.Followed by poultry manure,vermicompost performed well in addition to mineral fertilizers for improving crop yield and soil fertility but its economic efficiency was less due to high input cost.These findings may be useful to the smallholder farmers in char areas,who could benefit from increased productivity,reduced reliance on chemical fertilizers,and improved soil health,contributing to the long-term sustainability of char land agriculture.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52170138)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFD1900305)+3 种基金Qingdao Agricultural University Doctoral Start-Up Fund(No.6631122003)the Project of Talent IntroductionEducation Program of Youth Innovation Teams in Universities of Shandong Province(2021–05)Shandong Provincial College Youth Innovation Team Program(No.2023KJ169).
文摘Cyclosporin A fermentation residue(CFR)is a type of organic waste generated during the production of cyclosporin A,which are abundant in nutrients including organic matter,phosphorus,nitrogen and potassium.Inappropriate handling of CFR not only waste valuable bioresources,but may also lead to the cyclosporin A and associated resistance genes into the natural environment,posing a significant threat to ecological system and human health.Land application was an effective way to resource recovery of CFR after aerobic composting(CAC).This study investigated the impact of CAC on soil fertility and environmental safety.The results indicated that CAC could improve soil nutrient contents and enhance enzyme activities.CAC altered the diversity and community composition of soil bacteria,resulting in an increase in the abundance of relevant bacteria beneficial for organic matter decomposition and cyclosporin A degradation.The introduced cyclosporin A(71.69μg/kg)completely degraded within 20 days due to soil biodegradation.The significantly increased abundance of intIl,mdr3,pgp,TSR and pmra in the soil cultivation early stage were restored to the soil background level within 90 days,indicating a reduced risk of antimicrobial resistance.The results demonstrated that reasonable land application of CAC could improve soil fertility without antimicrobial resistance risk,which is helpful for evaluating the resource utilization value and environmental risks of antibiotic fermentation residue after aerobic composting.
基金Supported by Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Guizhou Province(S2024106642161)Zunyi City and Zunyi Normal University Joint Technology Research Fund(ZSKH HZ Z(2023)159)+3 种基金Zunyi Science and Technology Support Program Project(ZSKHZC NS[2023]15)Science and Technology Commissioner Innovation and Entrepreneurship Service Training Demonstration Base of Guizhou Province(HHG2025001)Natural Science Research Project of Department of Education of Guizhou Province(QJJ[2023]043)Zunyi Science and Technology Innovation Team Project(ZKCTD008).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the impact of soybean intercropping on soil fertility in the planting areas of high-quality peach orchards in Shenxi Town,Zunyi City,Guizhou Province.[Methods]Soil samples were collected during the seedling,growth,and maturity stages of soybeans from both non-intercropped soil(control check group,CK)and soybean-intercropped soil(Qiandou 11,experimental group,EK).Analysis was conducted on soil fertility properties,including alkali-hydrolyzable N,available P,and available K.[Results]The impact of soybean intercropping on soil physicochemical properties was primarily manifested as the increased levels of alkali-hydrolyzable N and available K and the decreased level of available P in the soil during the seedling,growing,and maturity stages.Overall,this approach optimized and enhanced soil fertility in the peach orchards,providing a viable pathway for soil improvement in peach orchards located in karst areas.[Conclusions]The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for the high-quality development of high-quality peach orchards.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFD1700203and 2022YFD1901501)the Tianchi Talent Introduction Program of Xinjiang Autonomous Region,China(2023-“2+5”)the Tingzhou Talent Introduction Program of Changji Autonomous Region,China(2023)。
文摘Crops produced using the practice of continuous cropping can become seriously damaged by plant-parasitic nematodes,an important indicator of continuous cropping obstacles.As a typical and important perennial economic crop,dragon fruit is prone to serious plant-parasitic nematode infestation;however,whether it encounters continuous cropping obstacles remains unclear.Here,we studied plant-parasitic nematodes(Meloidogyne spp.and Tylenchorhynchus sp.)in the soil and roots,soil nematode communities,metabolic footprint,soil integrated fertility,and the yield of intensively planted dragon fruit under non-continuous cropping(Y1)and 3 years(Y3)and 5 years(Y5)of continuous cropping,to determine potential continuous-cropping obstacles and factors that affect the yield of this fruit.The largest numbers of plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil and roots were observed in Y5;the associated yield was reduced,and the dragon fruit was severely stressed.Further analysis of the composition,diversity,and ecological function indices of soil nematodes showed that the soil ecological environment deteriorated after 3 years of continuous cropping,with Y5 having the worst results.Similarly,the soil at Y5 had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth and reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans.Mantel test analysis and a random forest model showed that soil available phosphorus,soil exchange calcium,and soil nematode abundance and diversity were related significantly to yield.Partial least squares path modeling revealed that soil fertility and soil nematode diversity directly impacts the yield of continuously cropped dragon fruit.In summary,continuous cropping obstacles occurred in Y5 of intensive dragon fruit cultivation,with soil nematode diversity and soil fertility determining the crop's yield.
基金Supported by Teaching Content and Curriculum System Reform Project for Colleges and Universities in Guizhou Province in 2024(GZJG2024320)Teaching Achievement Award Cultivation Project of Zunyi Normal University in 2023(2023CGPY006)Key Laboratory of Soil Resources and Environment in Qianbei of Guizhou Province(QJH KY Z[2017]010).
文摘Under the background of the comprehensive promotion of curriculum ideological and political education,this paper discussed the reform of integrating local red culture in China into the ideological and political education system of the course Soil and Fertilizer Science,and analyzed the background,objectives,process and prospects of the reform.This study will provide reference for cultivating new talents who know and love agriculture and promote the development of agricultural education.
文摘[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tradition-al fertilization and formula fertilization by soil testing on the chemical forms of nitro-gen in dark brown soil and its distribution in different aggregates. [Method] A physi-co-chemistry method was adopted in a comparative study on the chemical forms of nitrogen and their distribution in different-sized aggregates of dark brown soil under traditional fertilization and formula fertilization by soil testing respectively. [Result] Compared with traditional fertilization in spring and autumn, the formula fertilization by soil testing averagely decreased, the total nitrogen in soil by 23.2% in spring and by 20% in autumn in the soil layer of 0-20 cm, by 48.8% in the layer of 20-40 cm. Ammonium nitrogen was so sensitive to the methods of fertilization that the content of ammonium nitrogen was reduced much more under formula fertitization by soil testing in autumn than under traditional fertilization. Nitrogen in soil under traditional fertilization pattern was mainly distributed in the aggregates of 0-0.25 and 0.5-1 mm, while in formula fertilization by soil testing it was mainly distributed in the aggregates of 0.25-0.5 and 0-0.25 mm. [Conclusion] The study proved that for-mula fertilization by soil testing helped to reduce the risk of nitrogen pol ution and had huge effects on the chemical forms and distribution of nitrogen in different ag-gregates in dark brown soil.
基金supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nos. KZCX2-YW-312 and KZCX2-YW-406-2)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40621001)
文摘Soil productivity is the ability of a soil, in its normal environment, to support plant growth and can be evaluated with respect to crop production in unfertilized soil within the agricultural ecosystem. Both soil productivity and fertilizer applications affect crop yields. A long-term experiment with a winter wheat-summer maize rotation was established in 1989 in a field of the Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station, a region typical of the North China Plain, including seven treatments： 1） a balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers （NPK）; 2） application of organic fertilizer （OM）; 3） application of 50% organic fertilizer and 50% NPK chemical fertilizers （1/2OMN）; 4） application of NP chemical fertilizers （NP）; 5） application of PK chemical fertilizer （PK）; 6） application of NK chemical fertilizers （NK）; and 7） unfertilized control （CK）. To investigate the effects of fertilization practices on soil productivity, further pot tests were conducted in 2007-2008 using soil samples from the different fertilization treatments of the long-term field experiment. The soil sample of each treatment of the long-term experiment was divided into three pots to grow wheat： with no fertilization （Potunf）, with balanced NPK fertilization （POtNPK）, and with the same fertilizer（s） of the long-term field experiment （Potori）. The fertilized soils of the field experiment used in all the pot tests showed a higher wheat grain yield and higher nutrient uptake levels than the unfertilized soil. Soil productivity of the treatments of the field experiment after 18 years of continuous fertilizer applications were ranked in the order of OM 〉 1/2OMN 〉 NPK 〉 NP 〉 PK 〉 NK 〉 CK. The contribution of soil productivity of the different treatments of the field experiment to the wheat grain yield of Potori was 36.0%-76.7%, with the PK and NK treatments being higher than the OM, 1/2OMN, NPK, and NP treatments since the soil in this area was deficient in N and P and rich in K. Wheat grain yields of PotNPK were higher than those of Potori and Potunf. The N, P, and K use efficiencies were higher in POtNPK than Potori and significantly positively correlated with wheat grain yield. Soil organic matter could be a better predictor of soil productivity because it correlated more strongly than other nutrients with the wheat grain yield of Potuf. Wheat yields of POtNPK showed a similar trend to those of Potunf, indicating that soil productivity improvement was essential for a further increase in crop yield. The long-term applications of both organic and chemical fertilizers were capable of increasing soil productivity on the North China Plain, but the former was more effective than the latter. The balanced application of NPK chemical fertilizers not only increased soil productivity, but also largely increased crop yields, especially in soils with lower productivity. Thus, such an approach should be a feasible practice for the sustainable use of agricultural soils on the North China Plain, particularly when taking into account crop yields, labor costs, and the limited availability of organic fertilizers.
基金Project supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-413-3) the Field Station Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 50479065 and 90102012)
文摘Long-term fertility experiments have become an important tool for investigating the sustainability of cropping systems. Therefore, a long-term (18-year) fertilization experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China, to ascertain the effect of the long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manure on wheat yield and soil fertility in the Loess Plateau, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management. The experiment consisted of nine fertilizer treatments with thr…
基金This work was supported by the Special Fund for the National Key R&D Programof China(Grant No.2016YFD0201100)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31501713)+1 种基金China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-27)and Taishan Scholar Assistance Program from Shandong Provincial Government.
文摘Soil microbial communities play an essential role in maintaining soil fertility and are considered as ecological indicators to evaluate soil health.In the present study,we examined the influence of almost 4 years of fertilization[no fertilizer(CK),nitrogen alone(N),nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium chemical fertilizer(NPK),organicmanure(M),nitrogen plus organic manure(NM),and NPK plus organic manure(NPKM)]on soil fertility and the functional diversity of soil microbial communities in an apple orchard.Compared to CK,fertilization increased soil organic carbon,total nitrogen,and available nutrients,but reduced soil pH in N and NPK treatments.The highest microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,most probable number of actinomycetes,bacteria,and fungi occurred in the NPKM treatment.The average well color development(AWCD)values followed the order of NPKM>M>NPK and NM>CK and N.The Shannon index in organic manure treatments were significantly higher than in control and in treatments without organic manure.The principal component analysis showed that manure treatment was significantly separated from other treatments.These results indicated that organic manure applied alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers would increase soil fertility and functional diversity of soil microbial communities.Moreover,applying balanced N,P,K fertilizer in combination with organic manure was found to be superior to the use of a single fertilizer in improving soil microbial community quality.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39300070) and the Natural Science Foun-dation of Hebei Province, China (No. 302438).
文摘The long-term effects of annual fertilizer applications on the fertility of salt-affected soils under the rotation system of wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） and maize （Zea mays L.） are not well documented. In 1984, research plots were established to test the effects of annual applications of different rates of nitrogen （N） and phosphorus （P） fertilizers on the fertility of a salt-affected soil （Typic Ustochrept） at the Quzhou Experimental Station, Quzhou County, Hebei Province, China. In October 2001, composite soil samples （0-20 and 20 40 cm） were collected from each plot and analyzed for soil fertility indices. Seventeen years of N and P fertilizer applications increased the soil organic matter （SOM） in the surface layer. With combined N, 270 （N1） and 540 （N2） kg N ha^-1 year^-1, and P, 67.5 （P1） and 135 （P2） kg P205 ha^-1 year^-1, fertilizer applications, total soil N mostly significantly decreased （P〈0.05）. Soil total P in the 0-20 cm layer of the P2 treatment significantly （P （0.05） increased as compared to those of the other treatments. Rapidly available P （RP） in the 0-20 cm layer of the N1P2 treatment was significantly higher than those in the other treatments except the P2 treatment; and RP in the 0-20 cm layer of the P2 treatment significantly increased as compared to those of the other treatments except the P1 and N1P2 treatments. RP in the subsurface soil layer （20-40 cm） of the P2 treatment （4.2 mg P kg^-1） was significantly （P〈0.05） higher than those in the other treatments. Nevertheless, long-term N fertilization did not significantly increase the alkali-hydrolyzable N in the soil. However, in the salt-affected surface soils the application of combined N and P fertilizers over 17 years significantly （P〈0.05） decreased rapidly available potassium （K）. The results suggested that while under long-term fertilizer applications some soil fertility parameters could be maintained or enhanced, careful monitoring of soil fertility was necessary as other nutrients such as K could become depleted.
基金supported by Sao Paulo Research Foundation,Brazil(FAPESP,06/51957-0 and 11/21226-1)the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq)for research fellowship
文摘Boron （B） is a key element for citrus production, especially in tropical regions, where the nutrient availability is commonly low in the soil. In addition, information about doses, fertilizer sources, methods of application, and particularly, differential nutrient demand of scion/rootstock combinations are required for efficient fertilization of commercial groves. In a non-irri- gated sweet orange orchard （cv. Natal）, grafted onto Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo or Sunki mandarin, we studied the application of two sources of B： boric acid （17% B, soluble in water） and ulexite （12% B, partiaJly soluble in water） at four levels of supply （control without B, and soil application of 2, 4 and 6 kg ha-1 yr-1 of B）. The experiment was carried out for three years （2004-2006）. Boron availability in the soil and concentration in the leaves, as well as the fruit yield and quality of trees were evaluated. Soil B extracted with hot water and total leaf B positively correlated with doses of the nutrient applied to the trees. Levels of B in the soil and in the leaves did not vary with fertilizer sources. Fruit yield of trees grafted onto Rangpur lime and Swingle citrumelo was more responsive to B doses than those grafted onto Sunki mandarin. The maximum fruit yield of trees grafted onto Swingle was obtained with 3.2 kg ha-1 yr-1 of B, and leaf B level of 280 mg kg-1 that point out to a highest demand for B when this combination was compared with other rootstocks. Furthermore, fertilization with B did not affect the quality of fruits, but correlated with B and potassium （K） concentrations in the leaves. These results also support that the current recommendations for levels of B in leaves should be revisited.
基金supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201203030)the Science and Technology Support Program of Jiangsu,China(BE2013334)the Agricultural Science&Technology Innovation Foundation of Jiangsu Province,China(CX(14)5085)
文摘Phosphorus（P） is an important macronutrient for plant but can also cause potential environmental risk. In this paper, we studied the long-term fertilizer experiment（started 1980） to assess the soil P dynamic, balance, critical P value and the crop yield response in Taihu Lake region, China. To avoid the effect of nitrogen（N） and potassium（K）, only the following treatments were chosen for subsequent discussion, including： C0（control treatment without any fertilizer or organic manure）, CNK treatment（mineral N and K only）, CNPK（balanced fertilization with mineral N, P and K）, MNK（integrated organic manure and mineral N and K）, and MNPK（organic manure plus balanced fertilization）. The results revealed that the response of wheat yield was more sensitive than rice, and no significant differences of crop yield had been detected among MNK, CNPK and MNPK until 2013. Dynamic and balance of soil total P（TP） and Olsen-P showed soil TP pool was enlarged significantly over consistent fertilization. However, the diminishing marginal utility of soil Olsen-P was also found, indicating that high-level P application in the present condition could not increase soil Olsen-P contents anymore. Linear-linear and Mitscherlich models were used to estimate the critical value of Olsen-P for crops. The average critical P value for rice and wheat was 3.40 and 4.08 mg kg^（–1）, respectively. The smaller critical P value than in uplands indicated a stronger ability of P supply for crops in this paddy soil. We concluded that no more mineral P should be applied in rice-wheat system in Taihu Lake region if soil Olsen-P is higher than the critical P value. The agricultural technique and management referring to activate the plant-available P pool are also considerable, such as integrated use of low-P organic manure with mineral N and K.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFD1000905)the Applied Technology Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang Province,China(Nos.GA19B101,GA19B105,and GY-2017ZB006)
文摘Rhizobial diversity is affected by interactions between soil features, fertilization strategy, and cropping system. However, interactions among the rhizobial community, chemical-organic manure fertilization, and plant production have not been well documented in Mollisols from long-term experiments. Aimed at maintaining and recovering the productivity of Chinese Mollisols, a long-term fertilization experiment had been carried out for 29 years under a wheat-maize-soybean rotation system, involving the application of recycled organic manure (ROM), chemical fertilizers (N, P, and/or K), or ROM plus N, P, and/or K. In the present study, the effects of different treatments were evaluated by determining soil physicochemical features, soybean production, and soybean rhizobial diversity. The results showed that application of ROM plus NPK maintained or increased soil fertility, which was accompanied by higher production and higher diversity of rhizobia, as compared with the other treatments. The negative association of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with N fertilizer, positive association of B. diazoefficiens with soil pH, and alleviation of N-inhibition on the diversity of Bradyrhizobium by the addition of ROM were recorded as new findings. Therefore, application of ROM or ROM plus NPK could be a feasible strategy for maintaining and recovering the fertility of Chinese Mollisols, whereas rhizobial diversity could be an indicator of soil fertility.
基金financially supported by the Provincial Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan,China(No.2018BB015)the Provincial Basic Application Research Project of Yunnan,China(No.2019YD096)the Research Project on Utilizing Efficiency of Nitrogen with AM Fungi about Intercropping System on Plateau Sloping Arable Land(No.31660378)。
文摘Although the application of inorganic fertilizer is a widespread agronomic practice used to boost soil productivity and crop yields,the effects on soil microbiome and the metabolic mechanisms involved in the high-yield response of crops to long-term fertilization remain poorly described.In this study,combined metagenomic and metabolomic analyses were used to explore the mechanism of crop yield response to the 20-year application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in a subtropical agroecosystem in Southwest China.Soil bacterial and fungal communities were monitored using16S r RNA(bacteria)and internal transcribed spacer 1(ITS1)full-length gene(fungi)amplicon sequencing technologies,and metabolites were detected using a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer.The results revealed that,in addition to providing nutrients,long-term fertilization shaped the compositions of bacteria and fungi to increase crop yields.Long-term fertilization significantly increased the relative abundances of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and promoted the secretion of soil metabolites such as carbohydrates,organic acids,and organic nitrogen compounds,which were primarily enriched in amino acid metabolism pathways.The increases in carbon and nitrogen sources and bioactive substances in soil promoted the increases in plant biomass and thereby maintained soil quality and production capacity.The findings highlighted the importance of soil metabolites in maintaining soil productivity as well as crop yields,and suggested that regulating key metabolites could increase crop yields in agroecosystems.
