Level soil bunds (LSB) and stone bunds (SB) have been widely implemented in the Bokole watershed since 2000 through support of the World Food Program (WFP). However, the performance of them against the target of the s...Level soil bunds (LSB) and stone bunds (SB) have been widely implemented in the Bokole watershed since 2000 through support of the World Food Program (WFP). However, the performance of them against the target of the structure has not been studied. This study analyzed the effect of LSB and SB on selected soil properties, when compared with nonterraced cropland. The Bokole watershed was divided into two units. From upper watershed, three croplands with LSB (aged 4, 6, and 9 years) and three nonterraced croplands each adjacent to one of the LSB were selected. Similarly, in lower watershed, SB aged 4, 6, and 8 years and three nonterraced croplands each adjacent to one of the SB were selected. From each cropland with LSB and SB, three composite soil samples (rep licates) were collected systematically in X designed rectangular plot. From each nonterraced cropland, three composite soil samples (replicates) were collected in X designed square plot. A total of 36 soil samples were analyzed for Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Available Phosphorus (AP), Available Potassium (AK), pH, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) following standard laboratory procedures. Most soil parameters were not significantly different in cropland with LSB and SB compared to nonterraced. However, in LSB aged 4 years and SB aged 6 years AP and pH were significantly less than their adjacent-nonterraced cropland. In SB aged 8 years, SOC, AP, AK, and pH were also significantly less than adjacent-nonterraced cropland. Past erosion, and past land uses are likely factors contributed to the observed result. It was inferred that the mean con tribution of LSB and SB alone for crop production with regard to analyzed soil parameters was not significant in the considered sites. Additional soil fertility management practices should be incorporated for better effect.展开更多
A study was conducted in 2007/2008 at Absela locality, Banja Shikudad District of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia to evaluate the effects of soil bunds stabilized with vetiver grass （IT. zizanioides） an...A study was conducted in 2007/2008 at Absela locality, Banja Shikudad District of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia to evaluate the effects of soil bunds stabilized with vetiver grass （IT. zizanioides） and tree lucerne （C. palmensis） on soil physical and chemical properties, bund height, inter-terrace slope and barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） yield. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and mean values for the treatments were separated using Duncan＇s Multiple Range Test. Results indicated that the non-conserved fields had significantly （p 〈 0.05） lower organic carbon and was found to contain 66% less OM from the average of the conserved treatment. 9-year old sole soil bund, the 9-year old soil bund stabilized with tree lucerne, the 9-year old soil bund stabilized with vetiver, and the 6-year old soil bund stabilized with tree lucerne had 71.20, 68.56, 52.30, and 36.12%, respectively higher percent OM than the control treatment. The trend was similar for total nitrogen. The non-conserved treatment had a higher bulk density when compared to the conserved fields. Fields with soil bunds stabilized with vetiver grass had the highest bund height and the lowest inter-terrace slope than fields treated with the rest of remaining conservation measures. Barley grain yields were significantly （P 〈 0.05） greater in both the soil accumulation and loss zones of the conserved fields than the non-conserved （control） treatment. Practicing soil conservation measures and curtailing causes of land degradation could improve the soil physical and chemical properties thereby increase land productivity of the conserved land.展开更多
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cash crop in Honduras. The availability of inexpensive irrigation in the study area (Flores, La Villa de San Antonio, Comayagua) encourages rice farmers to neglect prescribed met...Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cash crop in Honduras. The availability of inexpensive irrigation in the study area (Flores, La Villa de San Antonio, Comayagua) encourages rice farmers to neglect prescribed methods of soil and water conservation, such land leveling, puddling, and soil bunds. This study looked at the effect of failure to mitigate water loss on sloping fields. Soil moisture (Volumetric Water Content) was measured using a soil moisture probe after the termination of the first irrigation within the tillering/vegetative, panicle emergence/flowering, post-flowering/pre-maturation and maturation stages. Yield data were obtained by harvesting on 1 m2 plots in each soil moisture testing site. Data analyses looked at the relationship between yield and slope, soil moisture, farmers, and toposequential position along transects. Toposequential position influenced yields more than slope and soil moisture was not a significant predictor of yields. Irrigation politics, high water inputs, and land tenure were proposed as the major reasons for this result.展开更多
选取三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地埂坎进行试验,通过室内三轴试验研究不同含水率(质量分数6%、11%、16%、21%、26%和31%)对埂坎土壤抗剪强度指标的影响,以深化紫色土坡耕地埂坎力学性质研究。结果表明:1)试验含水率范围内,紫色土坡耕地埂...选取三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地埂坎进行试验,通过室内三轴试验研究不同含水率(质量分数6%、11%、16%、21%、26%和31%)对埂坎土壤抗剪强度指标的影响,以深化紫色土坡耕地埂坎力学性质研究。结果表明:1)试验含水率范围内,紫色土坡耕地埂坎土壤黏聚力受含水率影响显著(P<0.05),且随着含水率增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,明显的峰值出现在含水率质量分数11%左右,黏聚力为85.52 k Pa;2)埂坎土壤内摩擦角随含水率增加而减小,呈非线性衰减,符合一阶指数衰减规律。高含水率时,衰减缓慢;3)紫色土坡耕地埂坎抗剪强度受含水率变化影响显著(P<0.05),埂坎土壤极限主应力差随含水率和围压的变化明显且具有规律性。相同围压下,埂坎土壤极限主应力差随含水率增大而迅速减小,即土体的抗剪强度降低。相同含水率下,极限主应力差随围压增大而增大,低含水率时增加明显,高含水率时增加缓慢。当含水率质量分数达到26%左右,埂坎土壤抗剪强度趋于低值;4)紫色土埂坎土壤的应力-应变曲线随含水率递增依次呈现应变软化型、硬化型和弱硬化型。研究结果可为三峡库区高标准基本农田等工程的埂坎建设提供依据和技术支撑。展开更多
文摘Level soil bunds (LSB) and stone bunds (SB) have been widely implemented in the Bokole watershed since 2000 through support of the World Food Program (WFP). However, the performance of them against the target of the structure has not been studied. This study analyzed the effect of LSB and SB on selected soil properties, when compared with nonterraced cropland. The Bokole watershed was divided into two units. From upper watershed, three croplands with LSB (aged 4, 6, and 9 years) and three nonterraced croplands each adjacent to one of the LSB were selected. Similarly, in lower watershed, SB aged 4, 6, and 8 years and three nonterraced croplands each adjacent to one of the SB were selected. From each cropland with LSB and SB, three composite soil samples (rep licates) were collected systematically in X designed rectangular plot. From each nonterraced cropland, three composite soil samples (replicates) were collected in X designed square plot. A total of 36 soil samples were analyzed for Soil Organic Carbon (SOC), Total Nitrogen (TN), Available Phosphorus (AP), Available Potassium (AK), pH, and Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) following standard laboratory procedures. Most soil parameters were not significantly different in cropland with LSB and SB compared to nonterraced. However, in LSB aged 4 years and SB aged 6 years AP and pH were significantly less than their adjacent-nonterraced cropland. In SB aged 8 years, SOC, AP, AK, and pH were also significantly less than adjacent-nonterraced cropland. Past erosion, and past land uses are likely factors contributed to the observed result. It was inferred that the mean con tribution of LSB and SB alone for crop production with regard to analyzed soil parameters was not significant in the considered sites. Additional soil fertility management practices should be incorporated for better effect.
文摘A study was conducted in 2007/2008 at Absela locality, Banja Shikudad District of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia to evaluate the effects of soil bunds stabilized with vetiver grass （IT. zizanioides） and tree lucerne （C. palmensis） on soil physical and chemical properties, bund height, inter-terrace slope and barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） yield. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and mean values for the treatments were separated using Duncan＇s Multiple Range Test. Results indicated that the non-conserved fields had significantly （p 〈 0.05） lower organic carbon and was found to contain 66% less OM from the average of the conserved treatment. 9-year old sole soil bund, the 9-year old soil bund stabilized with tree lucerne, the 9-year old soil bund stabilized with vetiver, and the 6-year old soil bund stabilized with tree lucerne had 71.20, 68.56, 52.30, and 36.12%, respectively higher percent OM than the control treatment. The trend was similar for total nitrogen. The non-conserved treatment had a higher bulk density when compared to the conserved fields. Fields with soil bunds stabilized with vetiver grass had the highest bund height and the lowest inter-terrace slope than fields treated with the rest of remaining conservation measures. Barley grain yields were significantly （P 〈 0.05） greater in both the soil accumulation and loss zones of the conserved fields than the non-conserved （control） treatment. Practicing soil conservation measures and curtailing causes of land degradation could improve the soil physical and chemical properties thereby increase land productivity of the conserved land.
文摘Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cash crop in Honduras. The availability of inexpensive irrigation in the study area (Flores, La Villa de San Antonio, Comayagua) encourages rice farmers to neglect prescribed methods of soil and water conservation, such land leveling, puddling, and soil bunds. This study looked at the effect of failure to mitigate water loss on sloping fields. Soil moisture (Volumetric Water Content) was measured using a soil moisture probe after the termination of the first irrigation within the tillering/vegetative, panicle emergence/flowering, post-flowering/pre-maturation and maturation stages. Yield data were obtained by harvesting on 1 m2 plots in each soil moisture testing site. Data analyses looked at the relationship between yield and slope, soil moisture, farmers, and toposequential position along transects. Toposequential position influenced yields more than slope and soil moisture was not a significant predictor of yields. Irrigation politics, high water inputs, and land tenure were proposed as the major reasons for this result.
文摘选取三峡库区典型紫色土坡耕地埂坎进行试验,通过室内三轴试验研究不同含水率(质量分数6%、11%、16%、21%、26%和31%)对埂坎土壤抗剪强度指标的影响,以深化紫色土坡耕地埂坎力学性质研究。结果表明:1)试验含水率范围内,紫色土坡耕地埂坎土壤黏聚力受含水率影响显著(P<0.05),且随着含水率增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,明显的峰值出现在含水率质量分数11%左右,黏聚力为85.52 k Pa;2)埂坎土壤内摩擦角随含水率增加而减小,呈非线性衰减,符合一阶指数衰减规律。高含水率时,衰减缓慢;3)紫色土坡耕地埂坎抗剪强度受含水率变化影响显著(P<0.05),埂坎土壤极限主应力差随含水率和围压的变化明显且具有规律性。相同围压下,埂坎土壤极限主应力差随含水率增大而迅速减小,即土体的抗剪强度降低。相同含水率下,极限主应力差随围压增大而增大,低含水率时增加明显,高含水率时增加缓慢。当含水率质量分数达到26%左右,埂坎土壤抗剪强度趋于低值;4)紫色土埂坎土壤的应力-应变曲线随含水率递增依次呈现应变软化型、硬化型和弱硬化型。研究结果可为三峡库区高标准基本农田等工程的埂坎建设提供依据和技术支撑。
