Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics,including breathable wearables,on-skin devices and biointegrated electronics.However,conventional metallization stra...Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics,including breathable wearables,on-skin devices and biointegrated electronics.However,conventional metallization strategies,such as sputtering and ink-printing,often suffer from severe vertical charge leakage due to the porous and ultrathin characteristics of nanofibrous networks,leading to device short-circuiting,operational failure and limited vertical integration.Here,we present a solvent-selective dissolutionassisted transfer printing strategy to achieve surface-confined metallization of ultrathin,lightweight,and gas-permeable nanofibrous networks,enabling lateral conductivity while maintaining vertical insulation.This transfer printing process facilitates not only the rapid formation of conductive patterns on the surface of nanofibrous networks but also mechanical reinforcement through solvent evaporation-induced interlocked fiber-fiber welding.Meanwhile,the strategy preserves the high permeability of the nanofibrous networks and imparts a unique combination of surface conductivity(2Ωcm)and vertical insulativity(10^(11)Ωcm).The resulting anisotropic conductive networks enable low-voltage wearable heaters,high-sensitive pressure sensors,and ultralight temperature sensors.A pressure-temperature dual-modal sensing patch is further fabricated for intelligent grasping classification.The proposed surface-confined metallization strategy enables rapid fabrication of an anisotropic conductive network as a building block to construct air-permeable,ultrathin and lightweight wearable electronics.展开更多
Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity,lightweight adaptability,and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-t...Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity,lightweight adaptability,and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-term wearability;however,the integration of these properties remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a biomass-derived conductive elastomer featuring a rationally engineered dynamic crosslinked network integrated with a tunable microporous architecture.This structural design imparts pronounced micromechanical sensitivity,an ultralow density(~0.25 g cm^(−3)),and superior mechanical compliance for adaptive deformation.Moreover,the unique micro-spring effect derived from the porous architecture ensures exceptional stretchability(>500%elongation at break)and superior resilience,delivering immediate and stable electrical response under both subtle(<1%)and large(>200%)mechanical stimuli.Intrinsic dynamic interactions endow the elastomer with efficient room temperature self-healing and complete recyclability without compromising performance.First-principles simulations clarify the mechanisms behind micropore formation and the resulting functionality.Beyond its facile and mild fabrication process,this work establishes a scalable route toward high-performance,sustainable conductive elastomers tailored for next-generation soft electronics.展开更多
High-density interconnect(HDI)soft electronics that can integrate multiple individual functions into one miniaturized monolithic system is promising for applications related to smart healthcare,soft robotics,and human...High-density interconnect(HDI)soft electronics that can integrate multiple individual functions into one miniaturized monolithic system is promising for applications related to smart healthcare,soft robotics,and human-machine interactions.However,despite the recent advances,the development of three-dimensional(3D)soft electronics with both high resolution and high integration is still challenging because of the lack of efficient manufacturing methods to guarantee interlayer alignment of the high-density vias and reliable interlayer electrical conductivity.Here,an advanced 3D laser printing pathway,based on femtosecond laser direct writing(FLDW),is demonstrated for preparing liquid metal(LM)-based any layer HDI soft electronics.FLDW technology,with the characteristics of high spatial resolution and high precision,allows the maskless fabrication of high-resolution embedded LM microchannels and high-density vertical interconnect accesses for 3D integrated circuits.High-aspect-ratio blind/through LM microstructures are formed inside the elastomer due to the supermetalphobicity induced during laser ablation.The LM-based HDI circuit featuring high resolution(~1.5μm)and high integration(10-layer electrical interconnection)is achieved for customized soft electronics,including various customized multilayer passive electric components,soft multilayer circuit,and cross-scale multimode sensors.The 3D laser printing method provides a versatile approach for developing chip-level soft electronics.展开更多
Soft electronics,which are designed to function under mechanical deformation(such as bending,stretching,and folding),have become essential in applications like wearable electronics,artificial skin,and brain-machine in...Soft electronics,which are designed to function under mechanical deformation(such as bending,stretching,and folding),have become essential in applications like wearable electronics,artificial skin,and brain-machine interfaces.Crystalline silicon is one of the most mature and reliable materials for high-performance electronics;however,its intrinsic brittleness and rigidity pose challenges for integrating it into soft electronics.Recent research has focused on overcoming these limitations by utilizing structural design techniques to impart flexibility and stretchability to Si-based materials,such as transforming them into thin nanomembranes or nanowires.This review summarizes key strategies in geometry engineering for integrating crystalline silicon into soft electronics,from the use of hard silicon islands to creating out-of-plane foldable silicon nanofilms on flexible substrates,and ultimately to shaping silicon nanowires using vapor-liquid-solid or in-plane solid-liquid-solid techniques.We explore the latest developments in Si-based soft electronic devices,with applications in sensors,nanoprobes,robotics,and brain-machine interfaces.Finally,the paper discusses the current challenges in the field and outlines future research directions to enable the widespread adoption of silicon-based flexible electronics.展开更多
Due to the development of the novel materials,the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics.The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care.One of ...Due to the development of the novel materials,the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics.The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care.One of the important advantages of soft electronics is forming good interface with skin,which can increase the user scale and improve the signal quality.Therefore,it is easy to build the specific dataset,which is important to improve the performance of machine learning algorithm.At the same time,with the assistance of machine learning algorithm,the soft electronics have become more and more intelligent to realize real-time analysis and diagnosis.The soft electronics and machining learning algorithms complement each other very well.It is indubitable that the soft electronics will bring us to a healthier and more intelligent world in the near future.Therefore,in this review,we will give a careful introduction about the new soft material,physiological signal detected by soft devices,and the soft devices assisted by machine learning algorithm.Some soft materials will be discussed such as two-dimensional material,carbon nanotube,nanowire,nanomesh,and hydrogel.Then,soft sensors will be discussed according to the physiological signal types(pulse,respiration,human motion,intraocular pressure,phonation,etc.).After that,the soft electronics assisted by various algorithms will be reviewed,including some classical algorithms and powerful neural network algorithms.Especially,the soft device assisted by neural network will be introduced carefully.Finally,the outlook,challenge,and conclusion of soft system powered by machine learning algorithm will be discussed.展开更多
Flexible wearable electronics have garnered substantial attention as promising alternatives to traditional rigid metallic conductors,particularly for personal health monitoring and bioinspired skin applications.Howeve...Flexible wearable electronics have garnered substantial attention as promising alternatives to traditional rigid metallic conductors,particularly for personal health monitoring and bioinspired skin applications.However,these technologies face persistent challenges,including low sensitivity,limited mechanical strength,and difficulty in capturing weak signals.To address these issues,this study developed a hierarchical sandwich-structured piezoresistive foam sensor using phase inversion and NaCl sacrificial templating methods.The sensor exhibits an exceptional sensitivity of up to 83.4 kPa⁻1 under an ultralow detection pressure of 2.43 Pa.By optimizing the foam porosity,its mechanical performance was significantly enhanced,reaching a tensile fracture elongation of 257.3%at 73.42%porosity.The hierarchical sandwich structure provided mechanical buffering and layer-enhancement functionalities for dynamic responses,whereas the nanostructure further refined signal acquisition and interference resistance.Signal analysis using discrete wavelet transform(DWT)and continuous wavelet transform(CWT)enables multiscale and multifrequency characterization of arterial resistance signals under varying applied pressures.These findings underscore the sensor’s ability to capture weak signals and analyze complex pulse dynamics.This advancement paves the way for the extensive application of multifunctional sensors in smart devices and health care.This method offers a robust scientific basis for further understanding and quantifying arterial pulse characteristics.展开更多
Self-healing materials(SHMs)with unique mechanical and electronic properties are promising for self-reparable electronics and robots.However,the self-healing ability of emerging two-dimensional(2D)materials,for instan...Self-healing materials(SHMs)with unique mechanical and electronic properties are promising for self-reparable electronics and robots.However,the self-healing ability of emerging two-dimensional(2D)materials,for instance,MXenes,has not been systematically investigated,which limits their applications in self-healing electronics.Herein,we report the homogeneous self-healing assembly(homoSHA)of MXene and the heterogeneous self-healing assembly(hetero-SHA)of MXene and graphene oxide(GO)under moisture treatments.The self-healing mechanism has been attributed to the hydration induced interlayer swelling of MXene and GO and the recombination of hydrogen bond networks after water desorption.The multiform hetero-SHA of MXene and GO not only enables facile fabrication of free-standing soft electronics and robots,but also endows the resultant devices with damage-healing properties.As proof-of-concept demonstrations,free-standing soft electronic devices including a generator,a humidity sensor,a pressure sensor,and several robotic devices have been fabricated.The hetero-SHA of MXene and GO is simple yet effective,and it may pioneer a new avenue to develop miniature soft electronics and robots based on 2D materials.展开更多
Soft electronics featuring exceptional mechanical compliance and excellent electrical performance hold great promise for applications in soft robotics,artificial intelligence,bio-integrated electronics,and wearable el...Soft electronics featuring exceptional mechanical compliance and excellent electrical performance hold great promise for applications in soft robotics,artificial intelligence,bio-integrated electronics,and wearable electronics.Intrinsically stretchable and conductive materials are crucial for soft electronics,enabling large-area and scalable fabrication,high device density,and good mechanical compliance.Conducting polymers are inherently stretchable and conductive.They can be precisely synthesized from vastly available building blocks,and thus they provide a fruitful platform for fabricating soft electronics.However,amorphous bulk-phase conducting polymers typically exhibit poor mechanical and electrical characteristics.Consequently,it is highly desirable to develop novel engineering approaches to overcome the intrinsic limitations of conducting polymers.In recent years,numerous engineering strategies have been developed to enhance their performances in soft electronic devices via constructing various nanostructures.In this review,we first summarize several unique methodologies to fabricate conducting polymer-based nanostructures.We then discuss how nanoscale engineering approaches can improve several crucial parameters,including electrical conductivity,stretchability,sensitivity,and self-healing property of conducting polymers.Moreover,we also discuss device-level integration of conducting polymer-based nanostructures with other materials for applications in skin-inspired electronics and bio-integrated electronics.Finally,we provide perspectives on challenges and future directions in engineering nanostructured conducting polymers for soft electronics.展开更多
Soft robots have partially or entirely provided versatile opportunities for issues or roles that cannot be addressed by conventional machine robots,although most studies are limited to designs,controls,or physical/mec...Soft robots have partially or entirely provided versatile opportunities for issues or roles that cannot be addressed by conventional machine robots,although most studies are limited to designs,controls,or physical/mechanical motions.Here,we present a transformable,reconfigurable robotic platform created by the integration of magnetically responsive soft composite matrices with deformable multifunctional electronics.Magnetic compounds engineered to undergo phase transition at a low temperature can readily achieve reversible magnetization and conduct various changes of motions and shapes.Thin and flexible electronic system designed with mechanical dynamics does not interfere with movements of the soft electronic robot,and the performances of wireless circuit,sensors,and devices are independent of a variety of activities,all of which are verified by theoretical studies.Demonstration of navigations and electronic operations in an artificial track highlights the potential of the integrated soft robot for on-demand,environments-responsive movements/metamorphoses,and optoelectrical detection and stimulation.Further improvements to a miniaturized,sophisticated system with material options enable in situ monitoring and treatment in envisioned areas such as biomedical implants.展开更多
Prosthetic devices designed to assist individuals with damaged or missing body parts have made significant strides,particularly with advancements in machine intelligence and bioengineering.Initially focused on movemen...Prosthetic devices designed to assist individuals with damaged or missing body parts have made significant strides,particularly with advancements in machine intelligence and bioengineering.Initially focused on movement assistance,the field has shifted towards developing prosthetics that function as seamless extensions of the human body.During this progress,a key challenge remains the reduction of interface artifacts between prosthetic components and biological tissues.Soft electronics offer a promising solution due to their structural flexibility and enhanced tissue adaptability.However,achieving full integration of prosthetics with the human body requires both artificial perception and efficient transmission of physical signals.In this context,synaptic devices have garnered attention as next-generation neuromorphic computing elements because of their low power consumption,ability to enable hardware-based learning,and high compatibility with sensing units.These devices have the potential to create artificial pathways for sensory recognition and motor responses,forming a“sensory-neuromorphic system”that emulates synaptic junctions in biological neurons,thereby connecting with impaired biological tissues.Here,we discuss recent developments in prosthetic components and neuromorphic applications with a focus on sensory perception and sensorimotor actuation.Initially,we explore a prosthetic system with advanced sensory units,mechanical softness,and artificial intelligence,followed by the hardware implementation of memory devices that combine calculation and learning functions.We then highlight the importance and mechanisms of soft-form synaptic devices that are compatible with sensing units.Furthermore,we review an artificial sensory-neuromorphic perception system that replicates various biological senses and facilitates sensorimotor loops from sensory receptors,the spinal cord,and motor neurons.Finally,we propose insights into the future of closed-loop neuroprosthetics through the technical integration of soft electronics,including bio-integrated sensors and synaptic devices,into prosthetic systems.展开更多
Calculation of the influence of soft precipitating electrons on the polar ionosphere was carried out. The primary results are: (1) During summer time when the sunlight is the main source of upper atmosphere ionization...Calculation of the influence of soft precipitating electrons on the polar ionosphere was carried out. The primary results are: (1) During summer time when the sunlight is the main source of upper atmosphere ionization, the additional soft electron precipitation can increase the NmF2. The daily variation of NmF2 is mainly controlled by solar EUV radiation. (2) At wintertime, when only soft electron precipitation ionization is considered, a peak at the height of F2 layer also appears. The altitude profile of electron density is different frorn that when the sunlit ionization is taken into account.展开更多
Soft electronics have seen extensive development due to their lightness,outstanding mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility,which make them ideal for a variety of applications,including health monitoring,human-mac...Soft electronics have seen extensive development due to their lightness,outstanding mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility,which make them ideal for a variety of applications,including health monitoring,human-machine interfaces,and advanced augmented reality/virtual reality communications[1,2].Ionic liquid(IL)-based conductive hydrogels are typically made up of a polymer network swollen with IL,which are organic salts in a liquid state at or near room temperature,rather than traditional inorganic/organic salt electrolyte solutions[3-5].These hydrogels leverage the unique properties of IL,such as high ionic conductivity,nonvolatility,and thermal stability,to create a flexible conductive material suitable for various applications in soft electronics,such as actuators,wearable sensors,and stretchable energy generation/storage devices[6-8].展开更多
The demand of high-performance thin-film-shaped deformable electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding devices is increasing for the next generation of wearable and miniaturized soft electronics.Although highly reflect...The demand of high-performance thin-film-shaped deformable electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding devices is increasing for the next generation of wearable and miniaturized soft electronics.Although highly reflective conductive materials can effectively shield EMI,they prevent deformation of the devices owing to rigidity and generate secondary electromagnetic pollution simultaneously.Herein,soft and stretchable EMI shielding thin film devices with absorption-dominant EMI shielding behavior is presented.The devices consist of liquid metal(LM)layer and LM grid-patterned layer separated by a thin elastomeric film,fabricated by leveraging superior adhesion of aerosol-deposited LM on elastomer.The devices demonstrate high electromagnetic shielding effectiveness(SE)(SE_(T) of up to 75 dB)with low reflectance(SER of 1.5 dB at the resonant frequency)owing to EMI absorption induced by multiple internal reflection generated in the LM grid architectures.Remarkably,the excellent stretchability of the LM-based devices facilitates tunable EMI shielding abilities through grid space adjustment upon strain(resonant frequency shift from 81.3 to 71.3 GHz@33%strain)and is also capable of retaining shielding effectiveness even after multiple strain cycles.This newly explored device presents an advanced paradigm for powerful EMI shielding performance for next-generation smart electronics.展开更多
Detailed understanding of the mechanism of the combustion relevant multichannel reactions of O(3P) with unsaturated hydrocarbons (UHs) requires the identification of all primary reaction products, the determination of...Detailed understanding of the mechanism of the combustion relevant multichannel reactions of O(3P) with unsaturated hydrocarbons (UHs) requires the identification of all primary reaction products, the determination of their branching ratios and assessment of intersystem crossing (ISC) between triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces (PESs). This can be best achieved combining crossed-molecular-beam (CMB) experiments with universal, soft ionization, mass-spectrometric detection and time-of-flight analysis to high-level ab initio electronic structure calculations of triplet/singlet PESs and RRKM/Master Equation computations of branching ratios (BRs) including ISC. This approach has been recently demonstrated to be successful for O(3P) reactions with the simplest UHs (alkynes, alkenes, dienes) containing two or three carbon atoms. Here, we extend the combined CMB/theoretical approach to the next member in the diene series containing four C atoms, namely 1,2-butadiene (methylallene) to explore how product distributions, branching ratios and ISC vary with increasing molecular complexity going from O(3P))+propadiene to O(3P)+1,2-butadiene. In particular, we focus on the most important, dominant molecular channels, those forming propene+CO (with branching ratio ∽0.5) and ethylidene+ketene (with branching ratio ∽0.15), that lead to chain termination, to be contrasted to radical forming channels (branching ratio ∽0.35) which lead to chain propagation in combustion systems.展开更多
The soft X-ray spectroscopy, laser Thomson scattering and electron cyclotron emission （ ECE ） are usually adopted for electron temperature measurement in fusion research of magnetic confinement. The particular soft ...The soft X-ray spectroscopy, laser Thomson scattering and electron cyclotron emission （ ECE ） are usually adopted for electron temperature measurement in fusion research of magnetic confinement. The particular soft X-ray spectroscopy has the very good spatial-temporal resolution and smaller measuring error than laser Thomson scattering, a close spatial-temporal resolution to ECE, absolute measurement ability, and smaller influence by suprathermal and runaway electrons than ECE.展开更多
The healthcare system is moving away from traditional hospital-centric models towards a more personalised,patient-centric approach driven by the concept called‘lab on wearables’.The nucleus of this concept is ground...The healthcare system is moving away from traditional hospital-centric models towards a more personalised,patient-centric approach driven by the concept called‘lab on wearables’.The nucleus of this concept is grounded on the translation of biological signals into actionable healing information with the help of soft,conformable and biocompatible sensors.This soft flexible electronic platform development is more leaning towards unconventional electronics fabrication routes like printed electronics over clean room based micro-electronics manufacturing.Printed electronics can harness the potential of stretchable foils,bio-derived functional materials and organic electronics,enabling the development of biodegradable and bioresorbable wound monitoring systems that are conformable with the skin.The review explores the potential of sustainable and biocompatible printed electronics in transducing wound biomarkers into actionable healing insights,enabling timely interventions.This work also provides a roadmap for printed electronics-based wound monitoring and on-demand treatment solutions,offering a glimpse into the future promises of the technology.展开更多
Liquid-based materials have emerged as promising soft materials for bioelectronics due to their defectfree nature,conformability,robust mechanical properties,self-healing,conductivity,and stable interfaces.A liquid is...Liquid-based materials have emerged as promising soft materials for bioelectronics due to their defectfree nature,conformability,robust mechanical properties,self-healing,conductivity,and stable interfaces.A liquid is infiltrated into a structuring material endowing the material with a liquid-like behavior.Liquidbased electronics with favorable features are being designed and engineered to meet requirements of practical applications.In this review,various types of liquid-based electronic materials and the recent progress on bioelectronics in multiple applications are summarized.Liquid-based electronic materials include ionic liquid hydrogel,nanomaterial-incorporated hydrogel,liquid metal,liquid-infused encapsulation,and liquid-based adhesive.These materials are demonstrated via electronic applications,including strain sensor,touch sensor,implantable stimulator,encapsulation,and adhesive as necessary components comprising electronics.Finally,the current challenges and future perspective of liquid-based electronics are discussed.展开更多
An attosecond light source provides an advanced tool for investigating electron motion using time-resolvedspectroscopy techniques.Isolated attosecond pulses,especially,will significantlyadvance the study of electron d...An attosecond light source provides an advanced tool for investigating electron motion using time-resolvedspectroscopy techniques.Isolated attosecond pulses,especially,will significantlyadvance the study of electron dynamics.However,achieving high-intensity isolated attosecond pulses is still challenging at the present stage.In this paper,we propose a novel scheme for generating high-intensity,isolated attosecond soft x-ray free-electron lasers(FELs)using a mid-infrared(MiR)subcycle modulation laser from gas-filled hollow capillary fibers.The multi-cycle MlR pulses are first compressed to subcycles using a krypton-filled hollow capillary fiber with a decreasing pressure gradient due to the soliton self-compression effect.By utilizing such subcycle MlR laser pulses to modulate an electron beam,we can obtain a quasi-isolated current peak,which can then produce an isolated FEL pulse with a high signal-to-noise ratio,naturally synchronizing with the subcycle MiR laser pulse.Numerical simulations have been carried out,including subcycle pulse generation,electron beam modulation,and FEL radiation processes.The simulation results indicate that an isolated attosecond pulse with a wavelength of 1 nm,a peak power of~28 GW,a pulse duration of~580 as,and a signal-to-noise ratio of~96.2%can be generated by our proposed method.The numerical results demonstrated here pave a new way for generating a high-intensity isolated attosecond soft x-ray pulse,which may have many applications in nonlinear spectroscopy and atomic-site electronic processes.展开更多
Surface tension plays a core role in dominating various surface and interface phenomena. For liquid metals with high melting temperature, a profound understanding of the behaviors of surface tension is crucial in indu...Surface tension plays a core role in dominating various surface and interface phenomena. For liquid metals with high melting temperature, a profound understanding of the behaviors of surface tension is crucial in industrial processes such as casting, welding, and solidification, etc. Recently, the room temperature liquid metal （RTLM） mainly composed of gallium-based alloys has caused widespread concerns due to its increasingly realized unique virtues. The surface properties of such materials are rather vital in nearly all applications involved from chip cooling, thermal energy harvesting, hydrogen generation, shape changeable soft machines, printed electronics to 3D fabrication, etc. owing to its pretty large surface tension of approximately 700 mN/m. In order to promote the research of surface tension of RTLM, this paper is dedicated to present an overview on the roles and mechanisms of surface tension of liquid metal and summarize the latest progresses on the understanding of the basic knowledge, theories, influencing factors and experimental measure- ment methods clarified so far. As a practical technique to regulate the surface tension of RTLM, the fimdamental principles and applications of electrowetting are also interpreted. Moreover, the unique phenomena of RTLM surface tension issues such as surface tension driven self- actuation, modified wettability on various substrates and the functions of oxides are discussed to give an insight into the acting mechanism of surface tension. Furthermore, future directions worthy of pursuing are pointed out.展开更多
The systematic integration of color-changing and shape-morphing abilities into entirely soft devices is a compelling strategy for creating adaptive camouflage,electronic skin,and wearable healthcare devices.In this st...The systematic integration of color-changing and shape-morphing abilities into entirely soft devices is a compelling strategy for creating adaptive camouflage,electronic skin,and wearable healthcare devices.In this study,we developed soft actuators capable of color change and programmable shape morphing using elastic fibers with a liquid metal core.Once the hollow elastic fiber with the thermochromic pigment was fabricated,liquid metal(gallium)was injected into the core of the fiber.Gallium has a relatively low melting point(29.8℃);thus,fluidity and metallic conductivity are preserved while strained.The fiber can change color by Joule heating upon applying a current through the liquid metal core and can also be actuated by the Lorentz force caused by the interaction between the external magnetic field and the magnetic field generated around the liquid metal core when a current is applied.Based on this underlying principle,we demonstrated unique geometrical actuations,including flower-like blooming,winging butterflies,and the locomotion of coil-shaped fibers.The color-changing and shape-morphing elastic fiber actuators presented in this study can be utilized in artificial skin,soft robotics,and actuators.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22434007,22104021,52303075,22404102)the Taishan Young Scholar Program of Shandong Province(tsqnz20231235)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2024QB338,ZR2023QB227)the Higher Education Institutions Youth Innovation Team Plan of Shandong Province(2024KJH046)the Shandong Postdoctora1 Science Foundation(SDCX-ZG-202400279)。
文摘Air-permeable and ultrathin conductive electrodes are essential for next-generation soft electronics,including breathable wearables,on-skin devices and biointegrated electronics.However,conventional metallization strategies,such as sputtering and ink-printing,often suffer from severe vertical charge leakage due to the porous and ultrathin characteristics of nanofibrous networks,leading to device short-circuiting,operational failure and limited vertical integration.Here,we present a solvent-selective dissolutionassisted transfer printing strategy to achieve surface-confined metallization of ultrathin,lightweight,and gas-permeable nanofibrous networks,enabling lateral conductivity while maintaining vertical insulation.This transfer printing process facilitates not only the rapid formation of conductive patterns on the surface of nanofibrous networks but also mechanical reinforcement through solvent evaporation-induced interlocked fiber-fiber welding.Meanwhile,the strategy preserves the high permeability of the nanofibrous networks and imparts a unique combination of surface conductivity(2Ωcm)and vertical insulativity(10^(11)Ωcm).The resulting anisotropic conductive networks enable low-voltage wearable heaters,high-sensitive pressure sensors,and ultralight temperature sensors.A pressure-temperature dual-modal sensing patch is further fabricated for intelligent grasping classification.The proposed surface-confined metallization strategy enables rapid fabrication of an anisotropic conductive network as a building block to construct air-permeable,ultrathin and lightweight wearable electronics.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52103044)Double First-Class Initiative University of Science and Technology of China(KY2400000037)the Young Talent Programme(GG2400007009).
文摘Conductive elastomers combining micromechanical sensitivity,lightweight adaptability,and environmental sustainability are critically needed for advanced flexible electronics requiring precise responsiveness and long-term wearability;however,the integration of these properties remains a significant challenge.Here,we present a biomass-derived conductive elastomer featuring a rationally engineered dynamic crosslinked network integrated with a tunable microporous architecture.This structural design imparts pronounced micromechanical sensitivity,an ultralow density(~0.25 g cm^(−3)),and superior mechanical compliance for adaptive deformation.Moreover,the unique micro-spring effect derived from the porous architecture ensures exceptional stretchability(>500%elongation at break)and superior resilience,delivering immediate and stable electrical response under both subtle(<1%)and large(>200%)mechanical stimuli.Intrinsic dynamic interactions endow the elastomer with efficient room temperature self-healing and complete recyclability without compromising performance.First-principles simulations clarify the mechanisms behind micropore formation and the resulting functionality.Beyond its facile and mild fabrication process,this work establishes a scalable route toward high-performance,sustainable conductive elastomers tailored for next-generation soft electronics.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China under the Grant Nos.12127806 and 62175195the International Joint Research Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technologies。
文摘High-density interconnect(HDI)soft electronics that can integrate multiple individual functions into one miniaturized monolithic system is promising for applications related to smart healthcare,soft robotics,and human-machine interactions.However,despite the recent advances,the development of three-dimensional(3D)soft electronics with both high resolution and high integration is still challenging because of the lack of efficient manufacturing methods to guarantee interlayer alignment of the high-density vias and reliable interlayer electrical conductivity.Here,an advanced 3D laser printing pathway,based on femtosecond laser direct writing(FLDW),is demonstrated for preparing liquid metal(LM)-based any layer HDI soft electronics.FLDW technology,with the characteristics of high spatial resolution and high precision,allows the maskless fabrication of high-resolution embedded LM microchannels and high-density vertical interconnect accesses for 3D integrated circuits.High-aspect-ratio blind/through LM microstructures are formed inside the elastomer due to the supermetalphobicity induced during laser ablation.The LM-based HDI circuit featuring high resolution(~1.5μm)and high integration(10-layer electrical interconnection)is achieved for customized soft electronics,including various customized multilayer passive electric components,soft multilayer circuit,and cross-scale multimode sensors.The 3D laser printing method provides a versatile approach for developing chip-level soft electronics.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under granted No.62104100National Key Research Program of China under No.92164201+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars under No.62325403National Natural Science Foundation of China under No.61934004.
文摘Soft electronics,which are designed to function under mechanical deformation(such as bending,stretching,and folding),have become essential in applications like wearable electronics,artificial skin,and brain-machine interfaces.Crystalline silicon is one of the most mature and reliable materials for high-performance electronics;however,its intrinsic brittleness and rigidity pose challenges for integrating it into soft electronics.Recent research has focused on overcoming these limitations by utilizing structural design techniques to impart flexibility and stretchability to Si-based materials,such as transforming them into thin nanomembranes or nanowires.This review summarizes key strategies in geometry engineering for integrating crystalline silicon into soft electronics,from the use of hard silicon islands to creating out-of-plane foldable silicon nanofilms on flexible substrates,and ultimately to shaping silicon nanowires using vapor-liquid-solid or in-plane solid-liquid-solid techniques.We explore the latest developments in Si-based soft electronic devices,with applications in sensors,nanoprobes,robotics,and brain-machine interfaces.Finally,the paper discusses the current challenges in the field and outlines future research directions to enable the widespread adoption of silicon-based flexible electronics.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62201624,32000939,21775168,22174167,51861145202,U20A20168)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2019A1515111183)+3 种基金Shenzhen Research Funding Program(JCYJ20190807160401657,JCYJ201908073000608,JCYJ20150831192224146)the National Key R&D Program(2018YFC2001202)the support of the Research Fund from Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Programthe support from Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province(No.2020B1212060077)。
文摘Due to the development of the novel materials,the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics.The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care.One of the important advantages of soft electronics is forming good interface with skin,which can increase the user scale and improve the signal quality.Therefore,it is easy to build the specific dataset,which is important to improve the performance of machine learning algorithm.At the same time,with the assistance of machine learning algorithm,the soft electronics have become more and more intelligent to realize real-time analysis and diagnosis.The soft electronics and machining learning algorithms complement each other very well.It is indubitable that the soft electronics will bring us to a healthier and more intelligent world in the near future.Therefore,in this review,we will give a careful introduction about the new soft material,physiological signal detected by soft devices,and the soft devices assisted by machine learning algorithm.Some soft materials will be discussed such as two-dimensional material,carbon nanotube,nanowire,nanomesh,and hydrogel.Then,soft sensors will be discussed according to the physiological signal types(pulse,respiration,human motion,intraocular pressure,phonation,etc.).After that,the soft electronics assisted by various algorithms will be reviewed,including some classical algorithms and powerful neural network algorithms.Especially,the soft device assisted by neural network will be introduced carefully.Finally,the outlook,challenge,and conclusion of soft system powered by machine learning algorithm will be discussed.
文摘Flexible wearable electronics have garnered substantial attention as promising alternatives to traditional rigid metallic conductors,particularly for personal health monitoring and bioinspired skin applications.However,these technologies face persistent challenges,including low sensitivity,limited mechanical strength,and difficulty in capturing weak signals.To address these issues,this study developed a hierarchical sandwich-structured piezoresistive foam sensor using phase inversion and NaCl sacrificial templating methods.The sensor exhibits an exceptional sensitivity of up to 83.4 kPa⁻1 under an ultralow detection pressure of 2.43 Pa.By optimizing the foam porosity,its mechanical performance was significantly enhanced,reaching a tensile fracture elongation of 257.3%at 73.42%porosity.The hierarchical sandwich structure provided mechanical buffering and layer-enhancement functionalities for dynamic responses,whereas the nanostructure further refined signal acquisition and interference resistance.Signal analysis using discrete wavelet transform(DWT)and continuous wavelet transform(CWT)enables multiscale and multifrequency characterization of arterial resistance signals under varying applied pressures.These findings underscore the sensor’s ability to capture weak signals and analyze complex pulse dynamics.This advancement paves the way for the extensive application of multifunctional sensors in smart devices and health care.This method offers a robust scientific basis for further understanding and quantifying arterial pulse characteristics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61935008,61775078,and 61905087)Graduate Interdisciplinary Research Fund of Jilin University(101832020DJX059)。
文摘Self-healing materials(SHMs)with unique mechanical and electronic properties are promising for self-reparable electronics and robots.However,the self-healing ability of emerging two-dimensional(2D)materials,for instance,MXenes,has not been systematically investigated,which limits their applications in self-healing electronics.Herein,we report the homogeneous self-healing assembly(homoSHA)of MXene and the heterogeneous self-healing assembly(hetero-SHA)of MXene and graphene oxide(GO)under moisture treatments.The self-healing mechanism has been attributed to the hydration induced interlayer swelling of MXene and GO and the recombination of hydrogen bond networks after water desorption.The multiform hetero-SHA of MXene and GO not only enables facile fabrication of free-standing soft electronics and robots,but also endows the resultant devices with damage-healing properties.As proof-of-concept demonstrations,free-standing soft electronic devices including a generator,a humidity sensor,a pressure sensor,and several robotic devices have been fabricated.The hetero-SHA of MXene and GO is simple yet effective,and it may pioneer a new avenue to develop miniature soft electronics and robots based on 2D materials.
基金funds from the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFA0207301)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21875235)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
文摘Soft electronics featuring exceptional mechanical compliance and excellent electrical performance hold great promise for applications in soft robotics,artificial intelligence,bio-integrated electronics,and wearable electronics.Intrinsically stretchable and conductive materials are crucial for soft electronics,enabling large-area and scalable fabrication,high device density,and good mechanical compliance.Conducting polymers are inherently stretchable and conductive.They can be precisely synthesized from vastly available building blocks,and thus they provide a fruitful platform for fabricating soft electronics.However,amorphous bulk-phase conducting polymers typically exhibit poor mechanical and electrical characteristics.Consequently,it is highly desirable to develop novel engineering approaches to overcome the intrinsic limitations of conducting polymers.In recent years,numerous engineering strategies have been developed to enhance their performances in soft electronic devices via constructing various nanostructures.In this review,we first summarize several unique methodologies to fabricate conducting polymer-based nanostructures.We then discuss how nanoscale engineering approaches can improve several crucial parameters,including electrical conductivity,stretchability,sensitivity,and self-healing property of conducting polymers.Moreover,we also discuss device-level integration of conducting polymer-based nanostructures with other materials for applications in skin-inspired electronics and bio-integrated electronics.Finally,we provide perspectives on challenges and future directions in engineering nanostructured conducting polymers for soft electronics.
基金supported by the Korea Institute of Science and Technology(KIST)Institutional Program(Project No.2E32501-23-106)the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korea government(the Ministry of Science,ICT,MSIT)(RS-2022-00165524)+2 种基金the development of technologies for electroceuticals of National Research Foundation(NRF)funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(RS-2023-00220534)ICT Creative Consilience program through the Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(IITP-2024-2020-0-01819)Start up Pioneering in Research and Innovation(SPRINT)through the Commercialization Promotion Agency for R&D Outcomes(COMPA)grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT)(1711198921).
文摘Soft robots have partially or entirely provided versatile opportunities for issues or roles that cannot be addressed by conventional machine robots,although most studies are limited to designs,controls,or physical/mechanical motions.Here,we present a transformable,reconfigurable robotic platform created by the integration of magnetically responsive soft composite matrices with deformable multifunctional electronics.Magnetic compounds engineered to undergo phase transition at a low temperature can readily achieve reversible magnetization and conduct various changes of motions and shapes.Thin and flexible electronic system designed with mechanical dynamics does not interfere with movements of the soft electronic robot,and the performances of wireless circuit,sensors,and devices are independent of a variety of activities,all of which are verified by theoretical studies.Demonstration of navigations and electronic operations in an artificial track highlights the potential of the integrated soft robot for on-demand,environments-responsive movements/metamorphoses,and optoelectrical detection and stimulation.Further improvements to a miniaturized,sophisticated system with material options enable in situ monitoring and treatment in envisioned areas such as biomedical implants.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2020R1C1C1005567)supported by the NAVER Digital Bio Innovation Research Fund,funded by NAVER Corporation(Grant No.[37-2023-0040])+3 种基金supported by Institute of Information&communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2020-0-00261,Development of low power/low delay/self-power suppliable RF simultaneous information and power transfer system and stretchable electronic epineurium for wireless nerve bypass implementation)supported by Institute for Basic Science(IBS-R015-D1,IBSR015-D2)supported by a grant of the Korea-US Collaborative Research Fund(KUCRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT and Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(Grant Number.RS-2024-00467213)。
文摘Prosthetic devices designed to assist individuals with damaged or missing body parts have made significant strides,particularly with advancements in machine intelligence and bioengineering.Initially focused on movement assistance,the field has shifted towards developing prosthetics that function as seamless extensions of the human body.During this progress,a key challenge remains the reduction of interface artifacts between prosthetic components and biological tissues.Soft electronics offer a promising solution due to their structural flexibility and enhanced tissue adaptability.However,achieving full integration of prosthetics with the human body requires both artificial perception and efficient transmission of physical signals.In this context,synaptic devices have garnered attention as next-generation neuromorphic computing elements because of their low power consumption,ability to enable hardware-based learning,and high compatibility with sensing units.These devices have the potential to create artificial pathways for sensory recognition and motor responses,forming a“sensory-neuromorphic system”that emulates synaptic junctions in biological neurons,thereby connecting with impaired biological tissues.Here,we discuss recent developments in prosthetic components and neuromorphic applications with a focus on sensory perception and sensorimotor actuation.Initially,we explore a prosthetic system with advanced sensory units,mechanical softness,and artificial intelligence,followed by the hardware implementation of memory devices that combine calculation and learning functions.We then highlight the importance and mechanisms of soft-form synaptic devices that are compatible with sensing units.Furthermore,we review an artificial sensory-neuromorphic perception system that replicates various biological senses and facilitates sensorimotor loops from sensory receptors,the spinal cord,and motor neurons.Finally,we propose insights into the future of closed-loop neuroprosthetics through the technical integration of soft electronics,including bio-integrated sensors and synaptic devices,into prosthetic systems.
文摘Calculation of the influence of soft precipitating electrons on the polar ionosphere was carried out. The primary results are: (1) During summer time when the sunlight is the main source of upper atmosphere ionization, the additional soft electron precipitation can increase the NmF2. The daily variation of NmF2 is mainly controlled by solar EUV radiation. (2) At wintertime, when only soft electron precipitation ionization is considered, a peak at the height of F2 layer also appears. The altitude profile of electron density is different frorn that when the sunlit ionization is taken into account.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52303371)Guangdong Science and Technology Department (STKJ2023075, 2022A1515110209, and 2021B0301030005)+2 种基金Guangdong Education Department (2022KQNCX112)seed fund (GCII-Seed-202406) from GTIIT Changzhou Innovation Institutethe Key Discipline (KD) Fund, the Technion, and the Start-Up Fund from Guangdong Technion。
文摘Soft electronics have seen extensive development due to their lightness,outstanding mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility,which make them ideal for a variety of applications,including health monitoring,human-machine interfaces,and advanced augmented reality/virtual reality communications[1,2].Ionic liquid(IL)-based conductive hydrogels are typically made up of a polymer network swollen with IL,which are organic salts in a liquid state at or near room temperature,rather than traditional inorganic/organic salt electrolyte solutions[3-5].These hydrogels leverage the unique properties of IL,such as high ionic conductivity,nonvolatility,and thermal stability,to create a flexible conductive material suitable for various applications in soft electronics,such as actuators,wearable sensors,and stretchable energy generation/storage devices[6-8].
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(RS-2024-00335216,RS-2024-00407084 and RS-2023-00207836)Korea Environment Industry&Technology Institute(KEITI)through the R&D Project of Recycling Development for Future Waste Resources Program,funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment(MOE)(2022003500003).
文摘The demand of high-performance thin-film-shaped deformable electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding devices is increasing for the next generation of wearable and miniaturized soft electronics.Although highly reflective conductive materials can effectively shield EMI,they prevent deformation of the devices owing to rigidity and generate secondary electromagnetic pollution simultaneously.Herein,soft and stretchable EMI shielding thin film devices with absorption-dominant EMI shielding behavior is presented.The devices consist of liquid metal(LM)layer and LM grid-patterned layer separated by a thin elastomeric film,fabricated by leveraging superior adhesion of aerosol-deposited LM on elastomer.The devices demonstrate high electromagnetic shielding effectiveness(SE)(SE_(T) of up to 75 dB)with low reflectance(SER of 1.5 dB at the resonant frequency)owing to EMI absorption induced by multiple internal reflection generated in the LM grid architectures.Remarkably,the excellent stretchability of the LM-based devices facilitates tunable EMI shielding abilities through grid space adjustment upon strain(resonant frequency shift from 81.3 to 71.3 GHz@33%strain)and is also capable of retaining shielding effectiveness even after multiple strain cycles.This newly explored device presents an advanced paradigm for powerful EMI shielding performance for next-generation smart electronics.
基金supported by “Fondazione Cassa Risparmio Perugia” (Project 2015.0331.021 Scientific & Technological Research)EC COST Action CM1404 (Chemistry of Smart Energy Carriers and Technologies– SMARTCATS)+1 种基金the Università degli Studi di Perugia (“Fondo Ricerca di Base 2017”)Italian MIUR and Università degli Studi di Perugia within the program“Department of Excellence-2018-2022-project AMIS”
文摘Detailed understanding of the mechanism of the combustion relevant multichannel reactions of O(3P) with unsaturated hydrocarbons (UHs) requires the identification of all primary reaction products, the determination of their branching ratios and assessment of intersystem crossing (ISC) between triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces (PESs). This can be best achieved combining crossed-molecular-beam (CMB) experiments with universal, soft ionization, mass-spectrometric detection and time-of-flight analysis to high-level ab initio electronic structure calculations of triplet/singlet PESs and RRKM/Master Equation computations of branching ratios (BRs) including ISC. This approach has been recently demonstrated to be successful for O(3P) reactions with the simplest UHs (alkynes, alkenes, dienes) containing two or three carbon atoms. Here, we extend the combined CMB/theoretical approach to the next member in the diene series containing four C atoms, namely 1,2-butadiene (methylallene) to explore how product distributions, branching ratios and ISC vary with increasing molecular complexity going from O(3P))+propadiene to O(3P)+1,2-butadiene. In particular, we focus on the most important, dominant molecular channels, those forming propene+CO (with branching ratio ∽0.5) and ethylidene+ketene (with branching ratio ∽0.15), that lead to chain termination, to be contrasted to radical forming channels (branching ratio ∽0.35) which lead to chain propagation in combustion systems.
文摘The soft X-ray spectroscopy, laser Thomson scattering and electron cyclotron emission （ ECE ） are usually adopted for electron temperature measurement in fusion research of magnetic confinement. The particular soft X-ray spectroscopy has the very good spatial-temporal resolution and smaller measuring error than laser Thomson scattering, a close spatial-temporal resolution to ECE, absolute measurement ability, and smaller influence by suprathermal and runaway electrons than ECE.
文摘The healthcare system is moving away from traditional hospital-centric models towards a more personalised,patient-centric approach driven by the concept called‘lab on wearables’.The nucleus of this concept is grounded on the translation of biological signals into actionable healing information with the help of soft,conformable and biocompatible sensors.This soft flexible electronic platform development is more leaning towards unconventional electronics fabrication routes like printed electronics over clean room based micro-electronics manufacturing.Printed electronics can harness the potential of stretchable foils,bio-derived functional materials and organic electronics,enabling the development of biodegradable and bioresorbable wound monitoring systems that are conformable with the skin.The review explores the potential of sustainable and biocompatible printed electronics in transducing wound biomarkers into actionable healing insights,enabling timely interventions.This work also provides a roadmap for printed electronics-based wound monitoring and on-demand treatment solutions,offering a glimpse into the future promises of the technology.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by Ministry of Science and ICT(project numbers:2022M3E5E9082213,NRF-2022R1A2C4001652)supported by the Korea Medical Device Development Fund grant funded by the Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT,Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy,Ministry of Health&Welfare,Ministry of Food and Drug Safety)(project number:RS-2023-00243310).
文摘Liquid-based materials have emerged as promising soft materials for bioelectronics due to their defectfree nature,conformability,robust mechanical properties,self-healing,conductivity,and stable interfaces.A liquid is infiltrated into a structuring material endowing the material with a liquid-like behavior.Liquidbased electronics with favorable features are being designed and engineered to meet requirements of practical applications.In this review,various types of liquid-based electronic materials and the recent progress on bioelectronics in multiple applications are summarized.Liquid-based electronic materials include ionic liquid hydrogel,nanomaterial-incorporated hydrogel,liquid metal,liquid-infused encapsulation,and liquid-based adhesive.These materials are demonstrated via electronic applications,including strain sensor,touch sensor,implantable stimulator,encapsulation,and adhesive as necessary components comprising electronics.Finally,the current challenges and future perspective of liquid-based electronics are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12435011,11905275,11775294,12122514,and 62205353)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS,the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(No.BX2021328)+1 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2021M703325)the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-115).
文摘An attosecond light source provides an advanced tool for investigating electron motion using time-resolvedspectroscopy techniques.Isolated attosecond pulses,especially,will significantlyadvance the study of electron dynamics.However,achieving high-intensity isolated attosecond pulses is still challenging at the present stage.In this paper,we propose a novel scheme for generating high-intensity,isolated attosecond soft x-ray free-electron lasers(FELs)using a mid-infrared(MiR)subcycle modulation laser from gas-filled hollow capillary fibers.The multi-cycle MlR pulses are first compressed to subcycles using a krypton-filled hollow capillary fiber with a decreasing pressure gradient due to the soliton self-compression effect.By utilizing such subcycle MlR laser pulses to modulate an electron beam,we can obtain a quasi-isolated current peak,which can then produce an isolated FEL pulse with a high signal-to-noise ratio,naturally synchronizing with the subcycle MiR laser pulse.Numerical simulations have been carried out,including subcycle pulse generation,electron beam modulation,and FEL radiation processes.The simulation results indicate that an isolated attosecond pulse with a wavelength of 1 nm,a peak power of~28 GW,a pulse duration of~580 as,and a signal-to-noise ratio of~96.2%can be generated by our proposed method.The numerical results demonstrated here pave a new way for generating a high-intensity isolated attosecond soft x-ray pulse,which may have many applications in nonlinear spectroscopy and atomic-site electronic processes.
文摘Surface tension plays a core role in dominating various surface and interface phenomena. For liquid metals with high melting temperature, a profound understanding of the behaviors of surface tension is crucial in industrial processes such as casting, welding, and solidification, etc. Recently, the room temperature liquid metal （RTLM） mainly composed of gallium-based alloys has caused widespread concerns due to its increasingly realized unique virtues. The surface properties of such materials are rather vital in nearly all applications involved from chip cooling, thermal energy harvesting, hydrogen generation, shape changeable soft machines, printed electronics to 3D fabrication, etc. owing to its pretty large surface tension of approximately 700 mN/m. In order to promote the research of surface tension of RTLM, this paper is dedicated to present an overview on the roles and mechanisms of surface tension of liquid metal and summarize the latest progresses on the understanding of the basic knowledge, theories, influencing factors and experimental measure- ment methods clarified so far. As a practical technique to regulate the surface tension of RTLM, the fimdamental principles and applications of electrowetting are also interpreted. Moreover, the unique phenomena of RTLM surface tension issues such as surface tension driven self- actuation, modified wettability on various substrates and the functions of oxides are discussed to give an insight into the acting mechanism of surface tension. Furthermore, future directions worthy of pursuing are pointed out.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Republic of Korea government(MSIT)(2021R1C1C1005083 and RS-2023-00207836)the Technology Innovation Program(20013038)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy(MOTIE,Republic of Korea).
文摘The systematic integration of color-changing and shape-morphing abilities into entirely soft devices is a compelling strategy for creating adaptive camouflage,electronic skin,and wearable healthcare devices.In this study,we developed soft actuators capable of color change and programmable shape morphing using elastic fibers with a liquid metal core.Once the hollow elastic fiber with the thermochromic pigment was fabricated,liquid metal(gallium)was injected into the core of the fiber.Gallium has a relatively low melting point(29.8℃);thus,fluidity and metallic conductivity are preserved while strained.The fiber can change color by Joule heating upon applying a current through the liquid metal core and can also be actuated by the Lorentz force caused by the interaction between the external magnetic field and the magnetic field generated around the liquid metal core when a current is applied.Based on this underlying principle,we demonstrated unique geometrical actuations,including flower-like blooming,winging butterflies,and the locomotion of coil-shaped fibers.The color-changing and shape-morphing elastic fiber actuators presented in this study can be utilized in artificial skin,soft robotics,and actuators.
