Large-scale geological energy storage plays a crucial role in balancing the intermittency of renewable energy.As an energy storage medium,soaked sandstone has a wide range of applications in geological energy storage....Large-scale geological energy storage plays a crucial role in balancing the intermittency of renewable energy.As an energy storage medium,soaked sandstone has a wide range of applications in geological energy storage.Understanding the damage characteristics in soaked sandstones is essential for ensuring the stability and longevity of these energy storage systems.This study involved multi-stage cyclic loading tests conducted on soaked sandstone to explore the damage evolution throughout the loading process.The findingsreveal several important insights:(1)The plastic hysteresis loops observed during multi-stage cyclic loading evolved from dense to sparse.An increase in stress level led to greater damage in the rock,as evidenced by an increase in accumulated peak/plastic strains.(2)Energy density and stress level are related by quadratic polynomial relationships.The elastic and dissipated energy densities are related by a linear law.The average energy storage coefficientdecreased by up to 24.1%with increasing stress amplitude,reflectingchanges in energy dynamics within the samples.(3)AE counts,amplitude,and frequency provided critical insights into rock damage and fracture patterns.The greater the loading rate and stress amplitude,the lower the proportion of high-amplitude,high-peak frequency,and shear-type fractures.Increasing stress amplitude caused a maximum 16.63%reduction in the AE bvalue,indicating shifts in fracture behavior under varying stress conditions.(4)The increase in loading rate and stress amplitude promotes the transformation of micropores and mesopores to macropores/microcracks.(5)Damage variables,definedin terms of cumulative dissipation energy,aligned closely with the fatigue damage model under multi-stage cyclic loading.Accelerated damage primarily occurred during the finalstages of fatigue loading,highlighting critical periods in the degradation of soaked sandstones.This study can offer guidance for designing operational parameters for energy storage geological bodies dominated by soaked sandstones.展开更多
[Objectives]To determine the improvement effect of vinegar soaked licorice on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4))combined with high-fat diet in rats.[Methods]Subcutaneous injection of 40%-60%CCl_(4...[Objectives]To determine the improvement effect of vinegar soaked licorice on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4))combined with high-fat diet in rats.[Methods]Subcutaneous injection of 40%-60%CCl_(4)olive oil solution(0.3 mL/100 g)combined with a high-fat diet was used for 5 weeks to establish the rat model with liver fibrosis.After the modeling,the rats were divided into a low dose(0.8 g/kg),a medium dose(2.5 g/kg),a high dose(5 g/kg)group,a colchicine(1.5 mg/kg)positive group,and a vinegar group(2 mL/kg).The serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels in the rats were measured automatically.The serum hyaluronic acid(HA)was detected by radioimmunoassay,and the serum laminin(LN)and procollagen type III peptide(PIIIP)levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay.Liver histopathological morphological changes were observed by HE and Masson staining,and expressions of cytochrome CYP2E1 and transcription factor Nrf2 were detected by immunohistochemistry.[Results]The rat liver fibrosis model was established successfully at the 6~(th)week.Compared with the model group,the levels of ALT,AST,HA,LA,PIIIP,CYP2E1 and Nrf2 of all the examined indexes in the dosing group were decreased(P<0.05).As shown in the pictures of liver pathological tissue sections,the liver fibrosis was significantly alleviated in the positive group and the 3 administration groups.[Conclusions]Vinegar soaked licorice can significantly improve the liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride combined with high-fat diet in rats,and the effect of the high-dose group was similar to that of the positive group.展开更多
A nanostructured gold-silver soaked in polyethylene glycol 400 (Au-Ag@PEG) is designed using gold(I) chloride and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as precursors and, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) as capping agent. The result of...A nanostructured gold-silver soaked in polyethylene glycol 400 (Au-Ag@PEG) is designed using gold(I) chloride and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as precursors and, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) as capping agent. The result of the structure characterization using Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) has showed that the synthesized nanomaterial has a good crystallinity while Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements suggest mixed Au-Ag nanoparticles with an average diameter size of around 7 nm and 30 nm for Au and Ag respectively.展开更多
A laboratory incubation experiment (20℃) was conducted to find if the detrimental effects of seed-soaked Cu on wheat seedlings can be minimized by reducing time duration of seed in contact with Cu EDTA fertilizer sol...A laboratory incubation experiment (20℃) was conducted to find if the detrimental effects of seed-soaked Cu on wheat seedlings can be minimized by reducing time duration of seed in contact with Cu EDTA fertilizer solution. The 24 treatments in a 6 x 4 factorial arrangement included 6 rates/amounts of Cu (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed) and 4 seed-soaking time durations (0, 4, 8 and 16 h). The germination of wheat seed was 100% in the zero-Cu control treatments, irrespective of the duration of seed soaking time. However, seed germination decreased with increasing amount of fertilizer Cu in the seed-soaking solution, and the magnitude of reduction in seed germination due to Cu toxicity increased with increasing duration of seed-soaking time in the Cu fertilizer solution. For the seed-soaked treatments, the detrimental effect of Cu on germination was greatest with 16 h soaking, where only 13% - 18% of the seeds germinated with Cu applied at 15 to 30 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed. For the 4 and 8 h seed soaking treatments, germination of wheat seed ranged from 73% to 83% with 15 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed treatment and 42% to 62% with 30 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed. The findings suggest that the detrimental effect of Cu on germination of wheat seed soaked in Cu EDTA solution can be decreased by reducing duration of soaking time from 16 h to 4 or 8 h, but this needs further investigation using soil under growth chamber and/or field conditions in order to make valid recommendations for use of this new technology on a commercial scale.展开更多
Circulating soaked sandstone and mudstone samples sonic parameters were tested and analyzed, using RSM-SY5 sonic instrument, the variation between soaked times and the velocity of longitudinal wave and shear wave was ...Circulating soaked sandstone and mudstone samples sonic parameters were tested and analyzed, using RSM-SY5 sonic instrument, the variation between soaked times and the velocity of longitudinal wave and shear wave was studied, calculation and analysis of the damage variable of circulating soaked rock samples were taken, with sonic measurement results and the empirical formula, the damage variable formulas associated with cycle times was established. The results showed that： the attenuation of sonic velocity basically in line with the exponential relationship, with cycle times increasing; The results of the critical calculation of damage variables and the strength test are well matched, which further confirms that the occurrence and expansion of new crack inside the rock mass resulted from circulating soaked lead to the decrease of the rock strength; The trend of sonic parameters attenuation and damage variable growth are good correspondence.展开更多
In the Yangtze river aera,the first crop of indi-ca rice is sown in late Mar to early Apr andtransplanted in early May.Usually,seedlingsperish when abnormal low temperature of 6-10℃ lasted for 3 d or longer.The effec...In the Yangtze river aera,the first crop of indi-ca rice is sown in late Mar to early Apr andtransplanted in early May.Usually,seedlingsperish when abnormal low temperature of 6-10℃ lasted for 3 d or longer.The effect ofsocking seed with urea solution on increasingthe cold tolerance at the seedling stage was展开更多
Numerous slope failures have been reported during periods of water level fluctuations.Understanding the influence of water on the creep behavior of joints is essential for evaluating the long-term stability of slopes....Numerous slope failures have been reported during periods of water level fluctuations.Understanding the influence of water on the creep behavior of joints is essential for evaluating the long-term stability of slopes.This study focuses on the effects of drying-wetting cycles and soaking conditions on the long-term behavior of sandstone joints.A total of 12 multi-stage shear creep tests are carried out on sandstone joints subjected to varying drying-wetting cycles under both soaking and un-soaking conditions.Based on the experimental results,the influences of drying-wetting cycles as well as soaking conditions on the microstructure,shear creep displacement,strength,and failure morphologies of sandstone joints are investigated comprehensively.Results indicate that increasing drying-wetting cycles not only yields larger shear creep displacements but also leads to a negative exponential decrease in the strength of sandstone joints.Besides,soaking conditions strongly influence the creep behavior of sandstone joints.The failure strength and long-term strength of sandstone joints for soaked samples decrease by 13.6%–29.0%and 19.4%–37.5%,respectively,as compared to unsoaked samples.Furthermore,four distinct stages in the shear creep process were identified according to the results obtained from multi-stage shear creep tests and computerized tomography scans,and three creep failure modes of sandstone joints are thus determined.Finally,the influence mechanism of drying-wetting cycles and soaking conditions on the creep failure modes of sandstone joints is revealed.Drying-wetting cycles and soaking conditions diminish the influence of asperities on the shear creep behavior of joints,thereby reducing the resistance of joints to long-term deformation.展开更多
To understand the effect of the process on the lubrication properties of soybean milk,the physicochemical characteristics of soybean milk with different soaking temperatures were analyzed.Results showed that soaking t...To understand the effect of the process on the lubrication properties of soybean milk,the physicochemical characteristics of soybean milk with different soaking temperatures were analyzed.Results showed that soaking temperatures of 20℃and 40℃had the most positive impact on the mouthfeel of soybean milk,with the latter(40℃)yielding the lowest friction coefficient.Higher soaking temperatures(60℃and 80℃)led to larger particles,higher friction coefficients,and lower consumer acceptance.The differences in soaking temperatures caused varying degrees of protein expansion or denaturation,which interacted with polysaccharides and lipids to form substances with different particle sizes.The larger particles tended to roll on the friction pair,while the smaller particles tended to slide on the friction pair or form a droplet film,resulting in a smaller coefficient of friction.This study contributes to the understanding of the tribological behavior of particles and provided basic data for the correlation of friction coefficient and sensory.展开更多
Background Mepiquat chloride(MC)is a widely used plant growth regulator in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).It regulates endogenous hormone content and crosstalk to control plant height and promote lateral root(LR)develo...Background Mepiquat chloride(MC)is a widely used plant growth regulator in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).It regulates endogenous hormone content and crosstalk to control plant height and promote lateral root(LR)development.However,the roles of cytokinins(CTKs)in the MC-induced increase in LR number in cotton seedlings remain unclear.Therefore,in this study,whole-genome transcriptome analysis was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms,CTK transformation,and CTK signaling pathway response to MC in cotton roots.Results In the present study,MC reduced the contents of the active CTK trans-zeatin(tZ)and N^(6)-isopentenyladenine(iP)but increased the levels of the nucleoside CTK trans-zeatin riboside(tZR)and N^(6)-isopentenyladenine riboside(iPR).RNA-seq data showed that the CTK biosynthesis genes GhIPTs and active CTK catabolism genes GhCKXs were obviously upregulated after MC treatment.The CTK-activating enzyme gene GhLOGs was repressed compared with the control.Furthermore,MC inhibited the expression of GhAHK4 and GhARR2/12,which are involved in the CTK signaling pathway,and activated the IAA-IAA14-ARF7/19 signaling module.Meanwhile,MC increased the expression levels of genes involved in sucrose synthesis,the cell cycle,cell division,and cell wall biosynthesis pathways.Silencing the GhCKX family separately decreased the LR number and active indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)level.The expression levels of GhPIN1,GhARF7,GhARF19,GhLBD16,GhLBD18,GhLBD29,and GhLBD33 were downregulated,but GhARR2/12 and GhIAA14 were upregulated.The total content of active CTKs was noticeably increased.The results of silencing the GhLOGs family were opposite to those of silencing GhCKXs.Silencing GhARR12 could upregulate GhPIN1 expression and increase LR number.In addition,the silenced GhCKXs,GhLOGs,and GhARR12 were less responsive to MCinduced LR growth than the control.Conclusion These results suggested that MC treatment could upregulate CTK-nucleoside biosynthesis and CTK metabolism genes to decrease active CTK levels,promoting crosstalk between CTKs and auxin signaling pathways to enhance LR initiation.展开更多
[Objective] This study was to provide scientific basis for the security application of biogas slurry in agriculture through the analysis on the security risk of nu- trients and heavy metals of biogas slurry in agricul...[Objective] This study was to provide scientific basis for the security application of biogas slurry in agriculture through the analysis on the security risk of nu- trients and heavy metals of biogas slurry in agricultural application. [Method] The components of the slurry produced by the anaerobic digestion of straws and manures were systematically analyzed. Different types of biogas slurry with different concentrations were used to conduct the germination test. [Result] The types and proportions of raw materials, and alkali pretreatment affected the compositions and nature of the biogas slurry. Alkali pretreatment could reduce the contents of heavy metals and improved the contents of nitrogen, phosphorous, organic matter and available components. The contents of heavy metals in the biogas slurry were as follows： Cd of 8.76 μg/kg, Cr of 52μg/kg, Pb of 210 μg/kg, Hg of 0.512 μg/kg, As of 140μg/kg, and the contents of Cu and Zn were the highest among the heavy metals, respectively, 279 and 680 μg/kg. All the contents were under the limit standards of the urban wastes for agricultural use. The germination tests of the seeds verified that the slurry with the concentration of lower than 5% could accelerate the germination, while the salt stress could inhibit the growth of seedlings in the slurry. [Conclusion] When the dung are uses as the raw materials for fermentation, appropriate control should be conducted on the feeding proportion or the heavy metals should be pre-removed; when the slurry is used as the liquid fertilizer to apply in the farmland, the dilution or desalting treatment should be conducted at first.展开更多
[Objective] To cultivate blanket rapeseed seedlings suitable for automatic mechanical transplanting, the effects of seed soaking with uniconazole and substrate formula on seed germination and seedling quality of rapes...[Objective] To cultivate blanket rapeseed seedlings suitable for automatic mechanical transplanting, the effects of seed soaking with uniconazole and substrate formula on seed germination and seedling quality of rapeseed were investigated using HY4 as the material. [Method] The rapeseed seeds were soaked in different concentrations（0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L） of uniconazole for 0, 1, 2, 4 and8 h, respectively. Subsequently, they were dried naturally. After the preliminary screening carried out in petri dishes and in a laboratory, the optimum soaking concentration and time of uniconazole were obtained. On the other hand, the rapeseed seeds were soaked in different concentrations（0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L） of uniconazole for 0, 1 and 2 h, respectively for outdoor pot experiment. At the same time, the screening of optimum substrate formula for cultivating blanket rapeseed seedlings was carried out. The field test was carried out to verify the screened optimum substrate formula. [Result] The results of petri dish experiment showed that seed soaking with uniconazole could delay seed germination, reduce seed germination rate, inhibit hypocotyl elongation and promote root growth. When the soaking concentration exceeded 30 mg/L and soaking time exceeded 2 h, the effect of seed soaking with uniconazole on seed germination was greater, and the seed soaking inhibited root growth. The results of outdoor pot experiment showed that the soaking concentrations and times all significantly reduced seedling height, slowed shoot growth and promoted root growth, which all contributed to the cultivation of blanket rapeseed seedlings suitable for automatic mechanical transplanting. In the substrate formula, the lower the proportion of soil was, the better the seedling growth was. In the substrate with lower proportion of soil, the seed germination rate, plant height,root vigor and dry matter accumulation were all increased（P〈0.05）, which was verified by the field test. When the soaking concentration was less than 10 mg/L and soaking time was less than 1 h, the uniconazole showed weaker regulation effect on seedling growth, and the rapeseed seedlings were higher. In the substrate with soil proportion less than 50%, the adequate fertility relatively weakened the regulation effect of uniconazole on seedling growth, and the rapeseed seedlings were larger. [Conclusion] When the soaking concentration ranged within 15-20 mg/L and soaking time ranged within 1-2 h and the proportion of soil in substrate was 50%,the height of cultivated rapeseed seedlings was less than 18 cm, there were 5-6leaves remained on each plant and the nursing period was shortened to 30-40 d,which were all beneficial to industrial production.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth in radish（Raphanus sativus L.）.[Method] First,effects of soaking seeds with clear water and different co...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth in radish（Raphanus sativus L.）.[Method] First,effects of soaking seeds with clear water and different concentrations of saline solution were compared; then,different concentrations of salt solution （0.2％-1.0％） was used to treat radish during the whole germination period.[Result] soaking seeds with clear water can improve the germination indicators of radish seeds exposed to high salt stress; low salt concentration（0.2％,0.4％） had little effect on the growth indicators of radish seedlings,and 0.2％ salt concentration can even promote the growth of radish seedlings,however,the high salinity had a bad inhibition on seedling growth,the higher the salt concentration,the stronger the inhibition.[Conclusion] According to the comprehensive comparison,the order of the six varieties in salt-tolerance was as follows：Xinxiayuanbai＞W1029,Xiayuanbai ＞ Nanyangbailizhi,Chunyidianhong＞ Sijihong 3.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of different soak treatments on breaking seed dormancy in soil seed bank from different degraded grasslands. [Method] Different concentrations of H2SO4,GA3 and KNO3 were use...[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of different soak treatments on breaking seed dormancy in soil seed bank from different degraded grasslands. [Method] Different concentrations of H2SO4,GA3 and KNO3 were used for soaking the seeds in the soil seed bank from different degraded grasslands,and the germination number of seeds was detected. [Result] When the seeds from soil seed bank were soaked with 60%,70%,80% and 90% H2SO4,the germination number of seeds was 0,indicating that the germination of seeds was inhibited; when the seeds were soaked with GA3,the germination number of seeds increased with the concentration of GA3 increasing. When the concentration of GA3 increased to 0.10%,the germination of seeds was inhibited; when the seeds were soaked with 0.2% KNO3,the germination number of seeds was greater than the blank control. [Conclusion] The number of remaining seeds was more in the soil seed banks collected from moderately degraded grassland and heavily degraded grassland; while the number of remaining seeds was small in the soil seed banks collected from lightly degraded grassland and extremely degraded grassland.展开更多
[Objective] The research aimed to find the optimal condition of corn starch production in the laboratory and analyze the soaking effect.[Method] The orthogonal test was used to determine the suitable technological con...[Objective] The research aimed to find the optimal condition of corn starch production in the laboratory and analyze the soaking effect.[Method] The orthogonal test was used to determine the suitable technological condition.By the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope,the soaking effect was analyzed.[Result] The suitable soaking condition was：soaking time 48 h,soaking temperature 55 ℃ and SO2 concentration 0.2%.The microscopic analysis result was that the protein matrix was sufficiently decomposed in the suitable soaking condition.The soaking effect had the positive correlation with the decomposed degree of protein matrix.[Conclusion] The research provided the basis for the soaking technics research of corn starch in the laboratory.展开更多
The stimulative effect of trace elements on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus tabulaeformis was tested. The experiments were carried out on seed soak and topdressing with different trace elements and varie...The stimulative effect of trace elements on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus tabulaeformis was tested. The experiments were carried out on seed soak and topdressing with different trace elements and varied concentrations at the nursery of Gardens Research Institute, Harbin, in 2000-2001. The experimental results showed that soaking seed with 1% and 0.2% concentrations of Mn element produced best result for seed germination, and the germination rate was increased by 9%~19% for the seeds treated with 1% concentration and 12%~14% for the seeds treated with 0.2% concentration compared with the control group. The seeds treated with boron element had lowest germination rate. For trace element topdressing, Mn and Mo elements presented good result for seedling growth and the treatment with low concentration was even better. The height or chlorophyll content of the seedlings with spray of low-concentration Mn and Mo element was much higher than that of untreated ones. In the contrast to the treating method of seed soak, topdressing (application of spraying on foliage) had evident effect on seedling growth.展开更多
Improvement of properties of weak soils in terms of strength,durability and cost is the key from engineering point of view.The weak soils could be stabilized using mechanical and/or chemical methods.Agents added durin...Improvement of properties of weak soils in terms of strength,durability and cost is the key from engineering point of view.The weak soils could be stabilized using mechanical and/or chemical methods.Agents added during chemical stabilization could improve the engineering properties of treated soils.Stabilizers utilized have to satisfy noticeable performance,durability,low price,and can be easily implemented.Since cement kiln dust(CKD) is industrial by-product,it would be a noble task if this waste material could be utilized for stabilization of sabkha soil.This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing CKD for improving the properties of sabkha soil.Soil samples are prepared with 2% cement and 10%,20% or 30% CKD and are tested to determine their unconfined compressive strength(UCS),soaked California bearing ratio(CBR) and durability.Mechanism of stabilization is studied utilizing advanced techniques,such as the scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX),backscattered electron image(BEI) and X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD).It is noted that the sabkha soil mixed with 2% cement and 30% CKD could be used as a sub-base material in rigid pavements.The incorporation of CKD leads to technical and economic benefits.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of soaked seed with rare earth on the seed germination and seedling growth of tartary buckwheat under different water conditions. [Method] A hydroponic experiment...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of soaked seed with rare earth on the seed germination and seedling growth of tartary buckwheat under different water conditions. [Method] A hydroponic experiment was carried out with the seeds of tartary buckwheat variety ＂Heifeng No.1＂ in the year 2012. [Result] ①In the normal irrigation, suitable concentration of rare earth increased the germination rate, vital index, germination index and sprouting index of tartary buckwheat seed; at the same time, the leaf area, stem thickness, total root length, root weight,leaf relative water content, proline content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, root activity, SOD activity and POD activity of seedling were significantly enhanced, while the relative conductivity and MDA content of tartary buckwheat were decreased obviously. ② Compared with water stress and normal irrigation, the indices of germination potential, germination rate, vital index, germination index, the leaf area, stem thickness, total root length, root weight, leaf relative water content,proline content, chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, root activity, SOD and POD activity were reduced, while relative conductivity and MDA content were increased, and the extents differed in the treatment of different chemical regulators,and the varied range increased with the higher severity of soil water stress. ③ Under water stress, soaking seeds with suitable concentration（200 mg/L） of rare earth could significantly improve the SOD and POD activity, leaf area, total root length,chlorophyll content and root activity compared with CK. They could increase leaf relative water content by 8.9% and 10.8%, proline content by 7.5% and 8.2%, TTC activity by 13.8% and 16.7%, and soluble sugar content by 10.4% and 7.9% under mild and severe water stress, separately. [Conclusion] The appropriate concentration of rare earth was 200 mg/L.展开更多
Few-layer graphenes were fabricated from expandable graphite by rapid microwave exfoliation. Expandable graphite was irradiated in a domestic microwave in full power for 3 min, then soaked in mixed strong hydrogen nit...Few-layer graphenes were fabricated from expandable graphite by rapid microwave exfoliation. Expandable graphite was irradiated in a domestic microwave in full power for 3 min, then soaked in mixed strong hydrogen nitrate and sulfuric acid with volume ratio of 1：1 for 24 h and re-irradiated, thus few-layer graphene sheets were obtained. Specimens gained from every step were selectively characterized by different techniques, such as SEM, XRD, Raman, AFM, XPS, FTIR and combustion elemental analysis. The results show that expandable graphite with loose, porous and worm-like morphology forms instantaneously in microwave irradiation with crackling sound and sparkles, which manifests physical exfoliation of graphene sheets. Few-layer graphene sheets with a dozen or more layers and average thickness of about 4.7 nm are obtained eventually after sequential treatment of microwave irradiation, mixed acid soaking and second microwave irradiation. The as-prepared few-layer graphenes still have high crystallinity and high purity with traces of oxide groups and without serious unrecoverable oxidation damage.展开更多
在Through changing soaking temperature and soaking time, austenite grain growth behavior of X80 pipeline steel under different heating conditions was studied. Relationships of average grain size to soaking temperature...在Through changing soaking temperature and soaking time, austenite grain growth behavior of X80 pipeline steel under different heating conditions was studied. Relationships of average grain size to soaking temperature and time were obtained respectively. The results show that the prior austenite grains grow with the increase of soaking temperature and time. When soaking temperature is lower than 1 180 ℃, austenite grain size and growth rate are small; when it higher than 1 200 ℃, austenite grains grow rapidly and abnormal grain growth appears. For soaking at 1 180 ℃, austenite grain growth rate is initially high and then decreases when soaking time exceeds 1 h.展开更多
基金sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U22B6003 and 52304070)Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.SKLGME-JBGS2404).
文摘Large-scale geological energy storage plays a crucial role in balancing the intermittency of renewable energy.As an energy storage medium,soaked sandstone has a wide range of applications in geological energy storage.Understanding the damage characteristics in soaked sandstones is essential for ensuring the stability and longevity of these energy storage systems.This study involved multi-stage cyclic loading tests conducted on soaked sandstone to explore the damage evolution throughout the loading process.The findingsreveal several important insights:(1)The plastic hysteresis loops observed during multi-stage cyclic loading evolved from dense to sparse.An increase in stress level led to greater damage in the rock,as evidenced by an increase in accumulated peak/plastic strains.(2)Energy density and stress level are related by quadratic polynomial relationships.The elastic and dissipated energy densities are related by a linear law.The average energy storage coefficientdecreased by up to 24.1%with increasing stress amplitude,reflectingchanges in energy dynamics within the samples.(3)AE counts,amplitude,and frequency provided critical insights into rock damage and fracture patterns.The greater the loading rate and stress amplitude,the lower the proportion of high-amplitude,high-peak frequency,and shear-type fractures.Increasing stress amplitude caused a maximum 16.63%reduction in the AE bvalue,indicating shifts in fracture behavior under varying stress conditions.(4)The increase in loading rate and stress amplitude promotes the transformation of micropores and mesopores to macropores/microcracks.(5)Damage variables,definedin terms of cumulative dissipation energy,aligned closely with the fatigue damage model under multi-stage cyclic loading.Accelerated damage primarily occurred during the finalstages of fatigue loading,highlighting critical periods in the degradation of soaked sandstones.This study can offer guidance for designing operational parameters for energy storage geological bodies dominated by soaked sandstones.
基金Supported by Inner Mongolia Mongolian Medicine Standardization Project(MB2019)Study on the Concoction Method of Licorice and Its Process(myxylxkky2019-04)。
文摘[Objectives]To determine the improvement effect of vinegar soaked licorice on liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride(CCl_(4))combined with high-fat diet in rats.[Methods]Subcutaneous injection of 40%-60%CCl_(4)olive oil solution(0.3 mL/100 g)combined with a high-fat diet was used for 5 weeks to establish the rat model with liver fibrosis.After the modeling,the rats were divided into a low dose(0.8 g/kg),a medium dose(2.5 g/kg),a high dose(5 g/kg)group,a colchicine(1.5 mg/kg)positive group,and a vinegar group(2 mL/kg).The serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels in the rats were measured automatically.The serum hyaluronic acid(HA)was detected by radioimmunoassay,and the serum laminin(LN)and procollagen type III peptide(PIIIP)levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay.Liver histopathological morphological changes were observed by HE and Masson staining,and expressions of cytochrome CYP2E1 and transcription factor Nrf2 were detected by immunohistochemistry.[Results]The rat liver fibrosis model was established successfully at the 6~(th)week.Compared with the model group,the levels of ALT,AST,HA,LA,PIIIP,CYP2E1 and Nrf2 of all the examined indexes in the dosing group were decreased(P<0.05).As shown in the pictures of liver pathological tissue sections,the liver fibrosis was significantly alleviated in the positive group and the 3 administration groups.[Conclusions]Vinegar soaked licorice can significantly improve the liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride combined with high-fat diet in rats,and the effect of the high-dose group was similar to that of the positive group.
文摘A nanostructured gold-silver soaked in polyethylene glycol 400 (Au-Ag@PEG) is designed using gold(I) chloride and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as precursors and, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) as capping agent. The result of the structure characterization using Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) has showed that the synthesized nanomaterial has a good crystallinity while Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) measurements suggest mixed Au-Ag nanoparticles with an average diameter size of around 7 nm and 30 nm for Au and Ag respectively.
文摘A laboratory incubation experiment (20℃) was conducted to find if the detrimental effects of seed-soaked Cu on wheat seedlings can be minimized by reducing time duration of seed in contact with Cu EDTA fertilizer solution. The 24 treatments in a 6 x 4 factorial arrangement included 6 rates/amounts of Cu (0, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed) and 4 seed-soaking time durations (0, 4, 8 and 16 h). The germination of wheat seed was 100% in the zero-Cu control treatments, irrespective of the duration of seed soaking time. However, seed germination decreased with increasing amount of fertilizer Cu in the seed-soaking solution, and the magnitude of reduction in seed germination due to Cu toxicity increased with increasing duration of seed-soaking time in the Cu fertilizer solution. For the seed-soaked treatments, the detrimental effect of Cu on germination was greatest with 16 h soaking, where only 13% - 18% of the seeds germinated with Cu applied at 15 to 30 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed. For the 4 and 8 h seed soaking treatments, germination of wheat seed ranged from 73% to 83% with 15 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed treatment and 42% to 62% with 30 g Cu 100 kg-1 seed. The findings suggest that the detrimental effect of Cu on germination of wheat seed soaked in Cu EDTA solution can be decreased by reducing duration of soaking time from 16 h to 4 or 8 h, but this needs further investigation using soil under growth chamber and/or field conditions in order to make valid recommendations for use of this new technology on a commercial scale.
文摘Circulating soaked sandstone and mudstone samples sonic parameters were tested and analyzed, using RSM-SY5 sonic instrument, the variation between soaked times and the velocity of longitudinal wave and shear wave was studied, calculation and analysis of the damage variable of circulating soaked rock samples were taken, with sonic measurement results and the empirical formula, the damage variable formulas associated with cycle times was established. The results showed that： the attenuation of sonic velocity basically in line with the exponential relationship, with cycle times increasing; The results of the critical calculation of damage variables and the strength test are well matched, which further confirms that the occurrence and expansion of new crack inside the rock mass resulted from circulating soaked lead to the decrease of the rock strength; The trend of sonic parameters attenuation and damage variable growth are good correspondence.
文摘In the Yangtze river aera,the first crop of indi-ca rice is sown in late Mar to early Apr andtransplanted in early May.Usually,seedlingsperish when abnormal low temperature of 6-10℃ lasted for 3 d or longer.The effect ofsocking seed with urea solution on increasingthe cold tolerance at the seedling stage was
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52479108,52408391)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2042024kf0032)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade C)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZC20241283)the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province,China(No.2024AFB160)。
文摘Numerous slope failures have been reported during periods of water level fluctuations.Understanding the influence of water on the creep behavior of joints is essential for evaluating the long-term stability of slopes.This study focuses on the effects of drying-wetting cycles and soaking conditions on the long-term behavior of sandstone joints.A total of 12 multi-stage shear creep tests are carried out on sandstone joints subjected to varying drying-wetting cycles under both soaking and un-soaking conditions.Based on the experimental results,the influences of drying-wetting cycles as well as soaking conditions on the microstructure,shear creep displacement,strength,and failure morphologies of sandstone joints are investigated comprehensively.Results indicate that increasing drying-wetting cycles not only yields larger shear creep displacements but also leads to a negative exponential decrease in the strength of sandstone joints.Besides,soaking conditions strongly influence the creep behavior of sandstone joints.The failure strength and long-term strength of sandstone joints for soaked samples decrease by 13.6%–29.0%and 19.4%–37.5%,respectively,as compared to unsoaked samples.Furthermore,four distinct stages in the shear creep process were identified according to the results obtained from multi-stage shear creep tests and computerized tomography scans,and three creep failure modes of sandstone joints are thus determined.Finally,the influence mechanism of drying-wetting cycles and soaking conditions on the creep failure modes of sandstone joints is revealed.Drying-wetting cycles and soaking conditions diminish the influence of asperities on the shear creep behavior of joints,thereby reducing the resistance of joints to long-term deformation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants 31972033).
文摘To understand the effect of the process on the lubrication properties of soybean milk,the physicochemical characteristics of soybean milk with different soaking temperatures were analyzed.Results showed that soaking temperatures of 20℃and 40℃had the most positive impact on the mouthfeel of soybean milk,with the latter(40℃)yielding the lowest friction coefficient.Higher soaking temperatures(60℃and 80℃)led to larger particles,higher friction coefficients,and lower consumer acceptance.The differences in soaking temperatures caused varying degrees of protein expansion or denaturation,which interacted with polysaccharides and lipids to form substances with different particle sizes.The larger particles tended to roll on the friction pair,while the smaller particles tended to slide on the friction pair or form a droplet film,resulting in a smaller coefficient of friction.This study contributes to the understanding of the tribological behavior of particles and provided basic data for the correlation of friction coefficient and sensory.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31471434)。
文摘Background Mepiquat chloride(MC)is a widely used plant growth regulator in cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).It regulates endogenous hormone content and crosstalk to control plant height and promote lateral root(LR)development.However,the roles of cytokinins(CTKs)in the MC-induced increase in LR number in cotton seedlings remain unclear.Therefore,in this study,whole-genome transcriptome analysis was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms,CTK transformation,and CTK signaling pathway response to MC in cotton roots.Results In the present study,MC reduced the contents of the active CTK trans-zeatin(tZ)and N^(6)-isopentenyladenine(iP)but increased the levels of the nucleoside CTK trans-zeatin riboside(tZR)and N^(6)-isopentenyladenine riboside(iPR).RNA-seq data showed that the CTK biosynthesis genes GhIPTs and active CTK catabolism genes GhCKXs were obviously upregulated after MC treatment.The CTK-activating enzyme gene GhLOGs was repressed compared with the control.Furthermore,MC inhibited the expression of GhAHK4 and GhARR2/12,which are involved in the CTK signaling pathway,and activated the IAA-IAA14-ARF7/19 signaling module.Meanwhile,MC increased the expression levels of genes involved in sucrose synthesis,the cell cycle,cell division,and cell wall biosynthesis pathways.Silencing the GhCKX family separately decreased the LR number and active indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)level.The expression levels of GhPIN1,GhARF7,GhARF19,GhLBD16,GhLBD18,GhLBD29,and GhLBD33 were downregulated,but GhARR2/12 and GhIAA14 were upregulated.The total content of active CTKs was noticeably increased.The results of silencing the GhLOGs family were opposite to those of silencing GhCKXs.Silencing GhARR12 could upregulate GhPIN1 expression and increase LR number.In addition,the silenced GhCKXs,GhLOGs,and GhARR12 were less responsive to MCinduced LR growth than the control.Conclusion These results suggested that MC treatment could upregulate CTK-nucleoside biosynthesis and CTK metabolism genes to decrease active CTK levels,promoting crosstalk between CTKs and auxin signaling pathways to enhance LR initiation.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology R&D Program of China during the 11th Five-year Plan Period (2008BAC4B13)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities (ZZ1101)~~
文摘[Objective] This study was to provide scientific basis for the security application of biogas slurry in agriculture through the analysis on the security risk of nu- trients and heavy metals of biogas slurry in agricultural application. [Method] The components of the slurry produced by the anaerobic digestion of straws and manures were systematically analyzed. Different types of biogas slurry with different concentrations were used to conduct the germination test. [Result] The types and proportions of raw materials, and alkali pretreatment affected the compositions and nature of the biogas slurry. Alkali pretreatment could reduce the contents of heavy metals and improved the contents of nitrogen, phosphorous, organic matter and available components. The contents of heavy metals in the biogas slurry were as follows： Cd of 8.76 μg/kg, Cr of 52μg/kg, Pb of 210 μg/kg, Hg of 0.512 μg/kg, As of 140μg/kg, and the contents of Cu and Zn were the highest among the heavy metals, respectively, 279 and 680 μg/kg. All the contents were under the limit standards of the urban wastes for agricultural use. The germination tests of the seeds verified that the slurry with the concentration of lower than 5% could accelerate the germination, while the salt stress could inhibit the growth of seedlings in the slurry. [Conclusion] When the dung are uses as the raw materials for fermentation, appropriate control should be conducted on the feeding proportion or the heavy metals should be pre-removed; when the slurry is used as the liquid fertilizer to apply in the farmland, the dilution or desalting treatment should be conducted at first.
基金Supported by National Key Technology Research and Development Program(2014BAD11B03)Jiangsu Agricultural"Three New Engineering"Project(SXGC2014301)~~
文摘[Objective] To cultivate blanket rapeseed seedlings suitable for automatic mechanical transplanting, the effects of seed soaking with uniconazole and substrate formula on seed germination and seedling quality of rapeseed were investigated using HY4 as the material. [Method] The rapeseed seeds were soaked in different concentrations（0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/L） of uniconazole for 0, 1, 2, 4 and8 h, respectively. Subsequently, they were dried naturally. After the preliminary screening carried out in petri dishes and in a laboratory, the optimum soaking concentration and time of uniconazole were obtained. On the other hand, the rapeseed seeds were soaked in different concentrations（0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L） of uniconazole for 0, 1 and 2 h, respectively for outdoor pot experiment. At the same time, the screening of optimum substrate formula for cultivating blanket rapeseed seedlings was carried out. The field test was carried out to verify the screened optimum substrate formula. [Result] The results of petri dish experiment showed that seed soaking with uniconazole could delay seed germination, reduce seed germination rate, inhibit hypocotyl elongation and promote root growth. When the soaking concentration exceeded 30 mg/L and soaking time exceeded 2 h, the effect of seed soaking with uniconazole on seed germination was greater, and the seed soaking inhibited root growth. The results of outdoor pot experiment showed that the soaking concentrations and times all significantly reduced seedling height, slowed shoot growth and promoted root growth, which all contributed to the cultivation of blanket rapeseed seedlings suitable for automatic mechanical transplanting. In the substrate formula, the lower the proportion of soil was, the better the seedling growth was. In the substrate with lower proportion of soil, the seed germination rate, plant height,root vigor and dry matter accumulation were all increased（P〈0.05）, which was verified by the field test. When the soaking concentration was less than 10 mg/L and soaking time was less than 1 h, the uniconazole showed weaker regulation effect on seedling growth, and the rapeseed seedlings were higher. In the substrate with soil proportion less than 50%, the adequate fertility relatively weakened the regulation effect of uniconazole on seedling growth, and the rapeseed seedlings were larger. [Conclusion] When the soaking concentration ranged within 15-20 mg/L and soaking time ranged within 1-2 h and the proportion of soil in substrate was 50%,the height of cultivated rapeseed seedlings was less than 18 cm, there were 5-6leaves remained on each plant and the nursing period was shortened to 30-40 d,which were all beneficial to industrial production.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of salt stress on seed germination and seedling growth in radish（Raphanus sativus L.）.[Method] First,effects of soaking seeds with clear water and different concentrations of saline solution were compared; then,different concentrations of salt solution （0.2％-1.0％） was used to treat radish during the whole germination period.[Result] soaking seeds with clear water can improve the germination indicators of radish seeds exposed to high salt stress; low salt concentration（0.2％,0.4％） had little effect on the growth indicators of radish seedlings,and 0.2％ salt concentration can even promote the growth of radish seedlings,however,the high salinity had a bad inhibition on seedling growth,the higher the salt concentration,the stronger the inhibition.[Conclusion] According to the comprehensive comparison,the order of the six varieties in salt-tolerance was as follows：Xinxiayuanbai＞W1029,Xiayuanbai ＞ Nanyangbailizhi,Chunyidianhong＞ Sijihong 3.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (30860061)National Science and Technology Support Program(2007BAC06B01)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study the effect of different soak treatments on breaking seed dormancy in soil seed bank from different degraded grasslands. [Method] Different concentrations of H2SO4,GA3 and KNO3 were used for soaking the seeds in the soil seed bank from different degraded grasslands,and the germination number of seeds was detected. [Result] When the seeds from soil seed bank were soaked with 60%,70%,80% and 90% H2SO4,the germination number of seeds was 0,indicating that the germination of seeds was inhibited; when the seeds were soaked with GA3,the germination number of seeds increased with the concentration of GA3 increasing. When the concentration of GA3 increased to 0.10%,the germination of seeds was inhibited; when the seeds were soaked with 0.2% KNO3,the germination number of seeds was greater than the blank control. [Conclusion] The number of remaining seeds was more in the soil seed banks collected from moderately degraded grassland and heavily degraded grassland; while the number of remaining seeds was small in the soil seed banks collected from lightly degraded grassland and extremely degraded grassland.
文摘[Objective] The research aimed to find the optimal condition of corn starch production in the laboratory and analyze the soaking effect.[Method] The orthogonal test was used to determine the suitable technological condition.By the light microscope and the scanning electron microscope,the soaking effect was analyzed.[Result] The suitable soaking condition was：soaking time 48 h,soaking temperature 55 ℃ and SO2 concentration 0.2%.The microscopic analysis result was that the protein matrix was sufficiently decomposed in the suitable soaking condition.The soaking effect had the positive correlation with the decomposed degree of protein matrix.[Conclusion] The research provided the basis for the soaking technics research of corn starch in the laboratory.
文摘The stimulative effect of trace elements on seed germination and seedling growth of Pinus tabulaeformis was tested. The experiments were carried out on seed soak and topdressing with different trace elements and varied concentrations at the nursery of Gardens Research Institute, Harbin, in 2000-2001. The experimental results showed that soaking seed with 1% and 0.2% concentrations of Mn element produced best result for seed germination, and the germination rate was increased by 9%~19% for the seeds treated with 1% concentration and 12%~14% for the seeds treated with 0.2% concentration compared with the control group. The seeds treated with boron element had lowest germination rate. For trace element topdressing, Mn and Mo elements presented good result for seedling growth and the treatment with low concentration was even better. The height or chlorophyll content of the seedlings with spray of low-concentration Mn and Mo element was much higher than that of untreated ones. In the contrast to the treating method of seed soak, topdressing (application of spraying on foliage) had evident effect on seedling growth.
文摘Improvement of properties of weak soils in terms of strength,durability and cost is the key from engineering point of view.The weak soils could be stabilized using mechanical and/or chemical methods.Agents added during chemical stabilization could improve the engineering properties of treated soils.Stabilizers utilized have to satisfy noticeable performance,durability,low price,and can be easily implemented.Since cement kiln dust(CKD) is industrial by-product,it would be a noble task if this waste material could be utilized for stabilization of sabkha soil.This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing CKD for improving the properties of sabkha soil.Soil samples are prepared with 2% cement and 10%,20% or 30% CKD and are tested to determine their unconfined compressive strength(UCS),soaked California bearing ratio(CBR) and durability.Mechanism of stabilization is studied utilizing advanced techniques,such as the scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX),backscattered electron image(BEI) and X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD).It is noted that the sabkha soil mixed with 2% cement and 30% CKD could be used as a sub-base material in rigid pavements.The incorporation of CKD leads to technical and economic benefits.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30871483)~~
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of soaked seed with rare earth on the seed germination and seedling growth of tartary buckwheat under different water conditions. [Method] A hydroponic experiment was carried out with the seeds of tartary buckwheat variety ＂Heifeng No.1＂ in the year 2012. [Result] ①In the normal irrigation, suitable concentration of rare earth increased the germination rate, vital index, germination index and sprouting index of tartary buckwheat seed; at the same time, the leaf area, stem thickness, total root length, root weight,leaf relative water content, proline content, soluble sugar content, soluble protein content, root activity, SOD activity and POD activity of seedling were significantly enhanced, while the relative conductivity and MDA content of tartary buckwheat were decreased obviously. ② Compared with water stress and normal irrigation, the indices of germination potential, germination rate, vital index, germination index, the leaf area, stem thickness, total root length, root weight, leaf relative water content,proline content, chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, root activity, SOD and POD activity were reduced, while relative conductivity and MDA content were increased, and the extents differed in the treatment of different chemical regulators,and the varied range increased with the higher severity of soil water stress. ③ Under water stress, soaking seeds with suitable concentration（200 mg/L） of rare earth could significantly improve the SOD and POD activity, leaf area, total root length,chlorophyll content and root activity compared with CK. They could increase leaf relative water content by 8.9% and 10.8%, proline content by 7.5% and 8.2%, TTC activity by 13.8% and 16.7%, and soluble sugar content by 10.4% and 7.9% under mild and severe water stress, separately. [Conclusion] The appropriate concentration of rare earth was 200 mg/L.
基金Project(51274248)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Few-layer graphenes were fabricated from expandable graphite by rapid microwave exfoliation. Expandable graphite was irradiated in a domestic microwave in full power for 3 min, then soaked in mixed strong hydrogen nitrate and sulfuric acid with volume ratio of 1：1 for 24 h and re-irradiated, thus few-layer graphene sheets were obtained. Specimens gained from every step were selectively characterized by different techniques, such as SEM, XRD, Raman, AFM, XPS, FTIR and combustion elemental analysis. The results show that expandable graphite with loose, porous and worm-like morphology forms instantaneously in microwave irradiation with crackling sound and sparkles, which manifests physical exfoliation of graphene sheets. Few-layer graphene sheets with a dozen or more layers and average thickness of about 4.7 nm are obtained eventually after sequential treatment of microwave irradiation, mixed acid soaking and second microwave irradiation. The as-prepared few-layer graphenes still have high crystallinity and high purity with traces of oxide groups and without serious unrecoverable oxidation damage.
基金Item Sponsored by National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (2006BAE03A15)Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province of China (2006E0017Q)
文摘在Through changing soaking temperature and soaking time, austenite grain growth behavior of X80 pipeline steel under different heating conditions was studied. Relationships of average grain size to soaking temperature and time were obtained respectively. The results show that the prior austenite grains grow with the increase of soaking temperature and time. When soaking temperature is lower than 1 180 ℃, austenite grain size and growth rate are small; when it higher than 1 200 ℃, austenite grains grow rapidly and abnormal grain growth appears. For soaking at 1 180 ℃, austenite grain growth rate is initially high and then decreases when soaking time exceeds 1 h.
