This is an in-depth journey to experience the ice and snow of Changbai Mountain.In these few days,you will explore Changbai Mountain and enjoy powder skiing;gallop on the ski trail;watch the stunning wonders of snow r...This is an in-depth journey to experience the ice and snow of Changbai Mountain.In these few days,you will explore Changbai Mountain and enjoy powder skiing;gallop on the ski trail;watch the stunning wonders of snow rime on thousands of trees;conquer the ice and snow wilderness on a snowmobile and start an in depth magical mystery tour in lilin Province.展开更多
The snow density is a fundamental variable of the snow physical evolution processes,which can reflect the snowpack condition due to the thermal and gravitational compaction.Snow density is a bridge to transfer snow de...The snow density is a fundamental variable of the snow physical evolution processes,which can reflect the snowpack condition due to the thermal and gravitational compaction.Snow density is a bridge to transfer snow depth to snow water equivalent(SWE)for the snow water resources research.Therefore,it is important to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of snow density for the appropriate estimation of SWE.In this study,in situ snow densities from more than 6,000 stations in the Northern Hemisphere were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in snow density.The results displayed that snow density varied spatially and temporally in the Northern Hemisphere,with range of below 0.1 to over 0.4 g/cm^(3).The average snow densities in the mountainous regions of western North America,southeastern Canada,and Europe range from approximately 0.24 to 0.26 g/cm^(3),which is significantly greater than the values of 0.16–0.17 g/cm^(3)observed in Siberia,central Canada,the Great Plains of the United States,and China.The seasonal growth rates also present large spatial heterogeneity.The rates are over 0.024 g/cm^(3)per month in Southeastern Canada,the west mountain of North America and Europe,approximately 0.017 g/cm^(3)per month in Siberia,much larger than approximately 0.004 g/cm^(3)per month in other regions.Snow cover duration is a critical factor to determine the snow density.This study endorses the small snow density in China based on meteorological station observations,which results from that the meteorological stations are dominantly distributed in plain areas with relative short snow cover duration and shallow snow.展开更多
Snow cover plays a critical role in global climate regulation and hydrological processes.Accurate monitoring is essential for understanding snow distribution patterns,managing water resources,and assessing the impacts...Snow cover plays a critical role in global climate regulation and hydrological processes.Accurate monitoring is essential for understanding snow distribution patterns,managing water resources,and assessing the impacts of climate change.Remote sensing has become a vital tool for snow monitoring,with the widely used Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)snow products from the Terra and Aqua satellites.However,cloud cover often interferes with snow detection,making cloud removal techniques crucial for reliable snow product generation.This study evaluated the accuracy of four MODIS snow cover datasets generated through different cloud removal algorithms.Using real-time field camera observations from four stations in the Tianshan Mountains,China,this study assessed the performance of these datasets during three distinct snow periods:the snow accumulation period(September-November),snowmelt period(March-June),and stable snow period(December-February in the following year).The findings showed that cloud-free snow products generated using the Hidden Markov Random Field(HMRF)algorithm consistently outperformed the others,particularly under cloud cover,while cloud-free snow products using near-day synthesis and the spatiotemporal adaptive fusion method with error correction(STAR)demonstrated varying performance depending on terrain complexity and cloud conditions.This study highlighted the importance of considering terrain features,land cover types,and snow dynamics when selecting cloud removal methods,particularly in areas with rapid snow accumulation and melting.The results suggested that future research should focus on improving cloud removal algorithms through the integration of machine learning,multi-source data fusion,and advanced remote sensing technologies.By expanding validation efforts and refining cloud removal strategies,more accurate and reliable snow products can be developed,contributing to enhanced snow monitoring and better management of water resources in alpine and arid areas.展开更多
Blowing snow events in Antarctica play an important role in the climate system,affecting the mass balance of the ice sheet and the radiative effects of the atmosphere.Due to the harsh weather conditions in Antarctica,...Blowing snow events in Antarctica play an important role in the climate system,affecting the mass balance of the ice sheet and the radiative effects of the atmosphere.Due to the harsh weather conditions in Antarctica,ground-based detection data is deficient,making it difficult to accurately obtain both the frequency of blowing snow and the evolution of the height of the blowing snow layer.In this study,we introduce a new method based on the raw signal from the C12 ceilometer to separate clear-sky,cloud,snowfall,and blowing snow conditions within a height of 500 meters above the surface of Zhongshan Station.Research has shown that more than 80%of the blowing snow at Zhongshan Station is affected by cyclonic systems,and less than 20%of the blowing snow is affected by katabatic winds.Further,Antarctic blowing snow is closely related to snowfall.When there is heavy snowfall(even a blizzard),a smaller wind speed can lead to the formation of a deep blowing snow layer within an hour after snowfall.However,as time increases,the threshold wind speed required to generate blowing snow significantly increases,and the thickness of the blowing snow layer becomes shallower.展开更多
Temperate glaciers are highly sensitive to variations in climate and environmental conditions.Investigating the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in glacier snow is essential for understanding its c...Temperate glaciers are highly sensitive to variations in climate and environmental conditions.Investigating the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in glacier snow is essential for understanding its characteristics,sources,and transformation processes within glacial systems.This study aims to elucidate the chemical composition and transformation of DOM in snow environment by analyzing samples collected from snowpits,surface snow,and snow meltwater at Baishui Glacier No.1 on Mt.Yulong during May and June.The average concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC)in snow meltwater collected in May(1.63±0.63 mg L^(-1))and June(1.54±0.35 mg L^(-1))were both significantly higher than those measured in snowpit samples from May(0.74±0.10 mg L^(-1))and June(0.54±0.10 mg L^(-1)),as well as in surface snow samples from May(0.65±0.31 mg L^(-1))and June(0.69±0.30 mg L^(-1)).However,the concentrations of DOC in samples from the same category did not show significant variation between May and June.Using excitation-emission matrix(EEM)fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor(PARAFAC)analysis,three protein-like components(C_(1),C_(2),and C_(3))and one humic-like component(C_(4))were identified.The protein-like components accounted for more than 75%of the total DOM in all snow samples,indicating that the fluorescent DOM originated from biological or microbial sources.Significant differences in the relative proportions of the four fluorescent components were observed between snowpit samples from May and June,whereas no significant variations were noted in the other sample types.Furthermore,a clear transformation from protein-like to humic-like components was observed during the transition from snowpits to snow meltwater.Further analysis using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS)revealed that DOM in these snow samples was predominantly composed of aliphatic and peptide-like compounds(30.9%-50.9%),suggesting a substantial microbial contribution.FT-ICR MS data also demonstrated compositional shifts in DOM among snowpit,surface snow,and meltwater samples.Specifically,aliphatic and peptide-like compounds were progressively transformed into unsaturated compounds with high oxygen content,polyphenolic species,and condensed aromatic compounds during their transition from snowpit to meltwater.Therefore,the relative contribution of terrestrial-derived DOM increased during the transition from snowpit to snowmelt.Furthermore,an increase in heteroatom content in the DOM of meltwater samples indicated continuous chemical transformations likely driven by biological activity and/or photochemical processes during snowmelt and leaching.展开更多
The water retention curve(WRC)has been widely used to quantify moisture transport characteristics of maritime snowpack.However,there is a notable deficiency in experimental studies focused on the WRC of dry-cold snowp...The water retention curve(WRC)has been widely used to quantify moisture transport characteristics of maritime snowpack.However,there is a notable deficiency in experimental studies focused on the WRC of dry-cold snowpack in continental climate conditions.This study selected dry-cold snowpack samples with five densities to measure the variations in volumetric water content using the pressure plate method.The Van Genuchten(VG)and Brooks-Corey(BC)models were then used to fit the snowpack WRCs,aiming to investigate their applicability to dry-cold snowpack and explore the relationship between the model parameters and snowpack characteristics.The results indicated that:(1)Compared to the particle size and the ratio of snowpack density to particle size,the snowpack density shows a higher correlation with the shape parameters of VG model and BC model;(2)There is a nonlinear relationship between the snowpack density and the shape parameters of VG model and BC model;(3)Both the BC and VG models provide a high level of accuracy in fitting the experimental data,with the BC model showing slightly better precision.However,after regression correction,the VG model outperforms the BC model.The findings provide support for in-depth studies of moisture movement characteristics in different types of snow,and have significantly practical value for improving the accuracy of early warning systems for hazards such as avalanches and floods.展开更多
Snow is important in Türkiye especially in the mountainous eastern areas where it may stay on the ground for more than half of the year.This region plays a vital role in feeding the water resources of the trans-b...Snow is important in Türkiye especially in the mountainous eastern areas where it may stay on the ground for more than half of the year.This region plays a vital role in feeding the water resources of the trans-boundary Euphrates-Tigris Basin,supporting crucial dams for water supply,irrigation and energy production.Thus,easy,frequent,correct and economical ways of measuring the snowpack is crucial.The snow properties at specific locations in the mountainous eastern regions over the two snow seasons(2018 and 2019)were studied by using different instruments and techniques,snow pit(box/cylinder/wedge cutter types),snow tube(Federal Sampler)and SnoTel(Snowpack Analyzer).The results point out a 1.7%-7.1%variation between different cutter type snow density measurements within snow pit analysis and the long-term utilized snow tube observations show a closer relation to box/cylinder type cutters.As for the continuous SnoTel observations,a variation of 2.4%-9.8%with various cutter types and a 5.9%difference regarding the snow tube density results are detected.These findings indicate a close range among different instruments,but it is the best when all three systems complement each other to characterize the snowpack effectively in the complex terrain since each has its own advantages.展开更多
Snow avalanches present a significant threat to infrastructure,affecting buildings,roads,railways,and power lines,and frequently leading to massive economic losses in livelihoods and production.With the increase in re...Snow avalanches present a significant threat to infrastructure,affecting buildings,roads,railways,and power lines,and frequently leading to massive economic losses in livelihoods and production.With the increase in regional temperatures and the occurrence of extreme snowfall events,the frequency and intensity of avalanches have escalated,resulting in more severe incidents and higher casualty rates.As natural archives of environmental changes,tree rings offer valuable proxies for avalanche hazard assessments in regions where direct observation data is scarce,particularly in high-altitude regions.The dendrogeomorphology has been gradually being applied in avalanche hazard evaluation,however,it remains limited in China.To address this gap,this study systematically investigates the principles and methodologies for reconstructing avalanche histories and evaluates their applications in avalanche hazard assessments through a literature review and field observations.It provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in key areas,including the impact of avalanches on forest ecosystems,the reconstruction of avalanches,and the analysis of avalanche events(i.e.,the spatiotemporal distribution,the historical recurrence intervals,magnitudes,and triggering conditions of avalanches).Considering the current limitations in avalanche hazard assessments and the urgent need for such research in China,we outline key priorities and future directions,including refining reconstruction methodologies,developing a comprehensive tree-ring-based avalanche database for high-altitude regions,and establishing an advanced hazard assessment framework based on dendrochronological evidence.展开更多
Due to the high elevation and cold climate of the Tibetan Plateau,the western region retains extensive snow cover during the summer,which can exhibit rapid variability over the course of just a few days.This study uti...Due to the high elevation and cold climate of the Tibetan Plateau,the western region retains extensive snow cover during the summer,which can exhibit rapid variability over the course of just a few days.This study utilizes numerical experiments to investigate the atmospheric response to extreme Tibetan Plateau snow cover(TPSC)events on a subseasonal timescale during summer.The results indicate that the subseasonal variations in TPSC exert limited impact on nonlocal atmospheric circulation and temperature during this period.Nevertheless,local surface energy and atmospheric temperature exhibit rapid cooling responses to increased snow cover.Specifically,an increase in snow cover over the western Tibetan Plateau leads to a sharp rise in surface albedo,resulting in a reduction in land surface energy and a negative response in the diabatic heating rate from the surface to 350 hPa locally.This negative diabatic heating response subsequently causes a decline in both surface and overlying atmospheric temperatures.The temperature response is confined to the western Tibetan Plateau and extends vertically from the surface to approximately 350 hPa.These extreme TPSC events and their associated atmospheric impacts occur within a two-week timescale.展开更多
This study investigated the impacts of Tibetan Plateau(TP) snow cover extent(SCE) on the interannual variation in spring precipitation over the Tarim Basin(SPTB) for the period 1980–2019. Significant anomalies in wes...This study investigated the impacts of Tibetan Plateau(TP) snow cover extent(SCE) on the interannual variation in spring precipitation over the Tarim Basin(SPTB) for the period 1980–2019. Significant anomalies in westerly winds,associated with a low-pressure anomaly in the northern Tarim Basin and a high-pressure anomaly in the southwestern basin, enhance moisture conveyance from upstream areas to the inland, thereby promoting increased SPTB. The analysis shows that anomalous snow over the northwestern and central-western TP, persisting from winter to spring, has a close relationship with SPTB variation. A localized energy budget analysis reveals that increased winter TP snow induces a cooling effect on the overlying atmosphere, resulting in an abnormal low-pressure system prevailing over the troposphere above the western TP. This anomalous low-pressure system can persist into the subsequent spring facilitated by the local snow–atmosphere feedback effects and energy conversion from the background flow. This persistence is accompanied by upward motion and moisture convergence, ultimately enhancing the SPTB. Further analysis indicates that anomalous warming in the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature(SST) during winter intensifies the subtropical high, facilitating the uplift and transport of warm moisture from lower latitude oceans to middle latitudes, thereby contributing to the increased TP snow and SPTB. Importantly, the impact of TP snow on SPTB is primarily independent of anomalous Indian Ocean SST in the northern Tarim Basin. This study elucidates a complex mechanism of ocean–land–atmosphere interaction,enhancing our understanding of SPTB variation and highlighting the significant role of TP snow in this process.展开更多
The High Mountain Asia(HMA)is a prominent global mountain system characterized by an average altitude exceeding 4,000 m,intricate topography,and significant spatial variability in climatic conditions.Despite its impor...The High Mountain Asia(HMA)is a prominent global mountain system characterized by an average altitude exceeding 4,000 m,intricate topography,and significant spatial variability in climatic conditions.Despite its importance,there has been a relative paucity of research focusing on the spatiotemporal variations of snow cover,key controlling factors,and variability within HMA sub-basins.This study aims to address this gap by extracting snow cover percentage(SCP)and snow cover days(SCD)data from MOD10A2 snow products,integrating these with precipitation(P)and temperature(T)data from ERA5.Our objective is to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of snow cover and to use path analysis to elucidate the key climatic factors and spatial differences influencing snow cover changes.The findings indicate that,on a temporal scale,the overall SCP in HMA exhibited a declining trend from 2001 to 2021.Interannual variations in SCP across HMA sub-basins revealed a decreasing trend in the Pamir(PAM),Western Tibetan Plateau(WTS),Eastern Tibetan Plateau(ETS),Western Kunlun(WKL),Qilian Shan(QLS),and Himalaya(HDS)regions,while an increasing trend was observed in other areas.Spatially,22.97%of the HMA regions experienced an increase in SCD,primarily in the Western Himalaya(WHL),Central Himalaya(CHL),and Southeastern Xizang(SET)regions.Conversely,28.08%of the HMA regions showed a decrease in SCD,predominantly in the Eastern Himalaya(EHL),HDS,and WTS regions.Temperature(T)emerged as the primary influencing factor of SCD change in most HMA sub-basins.However,in the Eastern Kunlun(EKL)and WHL sub-basins,precipitation(P)was identified as the main driver of SCD change,affecting all elevation zones in these regions.Additionally,other climatic conditions can also impact snow cover beyond the primary controlling factor.展开更多
Snow cover in mountainous areas is characterized by high reflectivity,strong spatial heterogeneity,rapid changes,and susceptibility to cloud interference.However,due to the limitations of a single sensor,it is challen...Snow cover in mountainous areas is characterized by high reflectivity,strong spatial heterogeneity,rapid changes,and susceptibility to cloud interference.However,due to the limitations of a single sensor,it is challenging to obtain high-resolution satellite remote sensing data for monitoring the dynamic changes of snow cover within a day.This study focuses on two typical data fusion methods for polar-orbiting satellites(Sentinel-3 SLSTR)and geostationary satellites(Himawari-9 AHI),and explores the snow cover detection accuracy of a multitemporal cloud-gap snow cover identification model(Loose data fusion)and the ESTARFM(Spatiotemporal data fusion).Taking the Qilian Mountains as the research area,the accuracy of two data fusion results was verified using the snow cover extracted from Landsat-8 SR products.The results showed that both data fusion models could effectively capture the spatiotemporal variations of snow cover,but the ESTARFM demonstrated superior performance.It not only obtained fusion images at any target time,but also extracted snow cover that was closer to the spatial distribution of real satellite images.Therefore,the ESTARFM was utilized to fuse images for hourly reconstruction of the snow cover on February 14–15,2023.It was found that the maximum snow cover area of this snowfall reached 83.84%of the Qilian Mountains area,and the melting rate of the snow was extremely rapid,with a change of up to 4.30%per hour of the study area.This study offers reliable high spatiotemporal resolution satellite remote sensing data for monitoring snow cover changes in mountainous areas,contributing to more accurate and timely assessments.展开更多
Snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)(TPSC)has garnered significant attention as a crucial indicator of climate change,along with its variations and related climate processes.However,due to the complex terrain of th...Snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)(TPSC)has garnered significant attention as a crucial indicator of climate change,along with its variations and related climate processes.However,due to the complex terrain of the TP,most numerical models exhibit notable uncertainty in simulating snow conditions in this area.This study evaluates historical snow simulations and related climate anomalies over the TP in numerical models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The CMIP6 model simulations are compared with two observation-based products across different seasons and temporal scales,and the results indicate that the CMIP6 multimodel ensemble(MME)mean reasonably captures the spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal climatological mean TP snow,albeit with weaker magnitudes compared to observations.The CMIP6 MME performs better over the western TP than the eastern regions,showing a higher reproducibility of the long-term warming trends and declining snow cover trends,partly due to the atmospheric circulation anomalies related to global warming.Additionally,some CMIP6 models successfully capture the interannual variability of TPSC and its relationship with associated climate factors.Our work emphasizes the importance of CMIP6 model selection and pays attention to data reliability in interpreting CMIP6 model results across different TP regions when studying snow cover variations and climate effects using numerical models.展开更多
Welcome to the China Travel column!This section is dedicated to providing both Chinese and international readers with a comprehensive platform to explore China,s rich cultural and tourism resources.Here,we will presen...Welcome to the China Travel column!This section is dedicated to providing both Chinese and international readers with a comprehensive platform to explore China,s rich cultural and tourism resources.Here,we will present China's natural landscapes,historic sites,folk customs,and modern developments in both Chinese and English.展开更多
A British Journalist on China's New era Author:Andrew Moody Price:RMB 108 Paperback,237 pages Published by Foreign Languages Press Andrew Moody,chief correspondent and senior editor with China Daily,kept the habit...A British Journalist on China's New era Author:Andrew Moody Price:RMB 108 Paperback,237 pages Published by Foreign Languages Press Andrew Moody,chief correspondent and senior editor with China Daily,kept the habit of writing a diary during his 13 years of working in China.As a productive journalist,Moody wrote some 700 front-page stories and penetrating analyses on China’s new era,its economy,politics,and international relations,which added up to over a million words.展开更多
Global climate change exerts profound effects on snow cover,with consequential impacts on microbial activities and the stability of soil organic carbon(SOC)within aggregates.Northern peatlands are significant carbon r...Global climate change exerts profound effects on snow cover,with consequential impacts on microbial activities and the stability of soil organic carbon(SOC)within aggregates.Northern peatlands are significant carbon reservoirs,playing a critical role in mitigating climate change.However,the effects of snow variations on microbial-mediated SOC stability within aggregates in peatlands remain inadequately understood.Here,an in-situ field experiment manipulating snow conditions(i.e.,snow removal and snow cover)was conducted to investigate how snow variations affect soil microbial community and the associated SOC stability within soil aggregates(>2,0.25-2,and<0.25 mm)in a peatland of Northeast China.The results showed that snow removal significantly increased the SOC content and stability within aggregates.Compared to the soils with snow cover,snow removal resulted in decreased soil average temperatures in the topsoil(0-30 cm depth)and subsoil(30-60 cm depth)(by 1.48 and 1.34°C,respectively)and increased freeze-thaw cycles(by 11 cycles),consequently decreasing the stability of aggregates in the topsoil and subsoil(by 23.68%and 6.85%,respectively).Furthermore,more recalcitrant carbon and enhanced SOC stability were present in microaggregates(<0.25 mm)at two soil depths.Moreover,reductions in bacterial diversity and network stability were observed in response to snow removal.Structural equation modeling analysis demonstrated that snow removal indirectly promoted(P<0.01)SOC stability by regulating carbon to nitrogen(C:N)ratio within aggregates.Overall,our study suggested that microaggregate protection and an appropriate C:N ratio enhanced carbon sequestration in response to climate change.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the potential applications and mechanisms of action of medicinal plants as bacteriostatic agents,utilizing snow lotus as a case study through network pharmacology.[Methods]The TCMSP and HIT ...[Objectives]To investigate the potential applications and mechanisms of action of medicinal plants as bacteriostatic agents,utilizing snow lotus as a case study through network pharmacology.[Methods]The TCMSP and HIT 2.0 databases were employed to screen and obtain the active components and corresponding targets of snow lotus.The identified targets were subsequently intersected with the antibacterial and bacteriostatic targets sourced from the GeneCards and OMIM databases,resulting in the identification of the antibacterial and bacteriostatic targets associated with snow lotus.Cytoscape software was employed to construct the network diagram illustrating the active components and their corresponding action targets for snow lotus,as well as to analyze the network s topology.Additionally,GO enrichment analysis of the action targets was conducted utilizing the DAVID database.[Results]A total of 12 active components of snow lotus were identified through screening,which corresponded to 294 action targets.Subsequent analysis revealed 117 core action targets of snow lotus that exhibit antibacterial and bacteriostatic properties.The results from the network diagram suggested that snow lotus may exert its antibacterial and bacteriostatic effects through active components such as quercetin,apigenin,and luteolin.Additionally,it appeared to activate the immunomodulatory functions of the human body by interacting with targets such as CASP3,TNF,and IL-6.[Conclusions]Snow lotus may demonstrate antibacterial and bacteriostatic properties through mechanisms of action that involve multiple components,targets,and pathways,from in vivo and in vitro multiple pathways.The integration of botanical bacteriostatic agents with chemical disinfectants that possess broad-spectrum bactericidal effects is advantageous for broadening the bactericidal spectrum and minimizing irritation,in order to facilitate the development of more environmentally friendly and low-toxicity disinfection and bacteriostatic products.展开更多
In the vast tand of Northeast China,we are slowly starting an ultimate journey of the ice and snow carnival and exploration of folk customs.This is a magic kingdom of ice and snow ,from the meticulously crafted wonder...In the vast tand of Northeast China,we are slowly starting an ultimate journey of the ice and snow carnival and exploration of folk customs.This is a magic kingdom of ice and snow ,from the meticulously crafted wonders of the ice city to the snowcovered wonderland of rime ice.展开更多
Snow and freezing disasters are recurrent weather and climate phenomena that affect the world annually.These events exert a significant influence on numerous aspects of life,including transportation,power supply,and d...Snow and freezing disasters are recurrent weather and climate phenomena that affect the world annually.These events exert a significant influence on numerous aspects of life,including transportation,power supply,and daily activities,and result in considerable economic losses.This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the regions affected by these disasters,the preventive and responsive measures employed,recent advancements in key materials,and the challenges encountered.By doing so,we can gain a deeper understanding of the vital role,significant advantages,and untapped potential of key materials for effectively preventing and responding to snow and freezing disasters.Furthermore,promoting research and utilization of these materials not only contributes to the development of the safety and emergency equipment industry but also strengthens the supply of advanced and suitable safety and emergency equipment.展开更多
Sea ice and snow are the most sensitive and important crucial components of the global climate system,affecting the global climate by modulating the energy exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere.The sea near Zh...Sea ice and snow are the most sensitive and important crucial components of the global climate system,affecting the global climate by modulating the energy exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere.The sea near Zhongshan Station in Antarctica is covered by landfast sea ice,with snow depth influenced by both thermal factors and wind.This region frequently experiences katabatic winds and cyclones from the westerlies,leading to frequent snow blowing events that redistribute the snow and affects its depth,subsequently impacting the thermodynamic growth of sea ice.This study utilized the one-dimensional thermodynamic model ICEPACK to simulate landfast sea ice thickness and snow depth near Zhongshan Station in 2016.Two parameterization schemes for snow blowing,the Bulk scheme,and the ITDrdg(ITD/ridges)scheme are evaluated for their impact on snow depth.The results show that simulations using snow blowing schemes more closely align with observed results,with the ITDrdg scheme providing more accurate simulations,evidenced by root mean square errors of less than 10 cm for both snow depth and sea ice thickness.Snow blowing also impacts the thermodynamic growth of sea ice,particularly bottom growth.The sea ice bottom increases by 9.0 cm using the ITDrdg scheme compared to simulations without the snow blowing,accounting for 12.5%of total sea ice bottom growth.Furthermore,snow blowing process also influences snow ice formation,highlighting its primary role in affecting snow depth.Continued field observations of snow blowing are necessary to evaluate and improve parameterization schemes.展开更多
文摘This is an in-depth journey to experience the ice and snow of Changbai Mountain.In these few days,you will explore Changbai Mountain and enjoy powder skiing;gallop on the ski trail;watch the stunning wonders of snow rime on thousands of trees;conquer the ice and snow wilderness on a snowmobile and start an in depth magical mystery tour in lilin Province.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos:42125604&42171143)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)(Grant No.2019QZKK0201)。
文摘The snow density is a fundamental variable of the snow physical evolution processes,which can reflect the snowpack condition due to the thermal and gravitational compaction.Snow density is a bridge to transfer snow depth to snow water equivalent(SWE)for the snow water resources research.Therefore,it is important to understand the spatiotemporal distribution of snow density for the appropriate estimation of SWE.In this study,in situ snow densities from more than 6,000 stations in the Northern Hemisphere were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in snow density.The results displayed that snow density varied spatially and temporally in the Northern Hemisphere,with range of below 0.1 to over 0.4 g/cm^(3).The average snow densities in the mountainous regions of western North America,southeastern Canada,and Europe range from approximately 0.24 to 0.26 g/cm^(3),which is significantly greater than the values of 0.16–0.17 g/cm^(3)observed in Siberia,central Canada,the Great Plains of the United States,and China.The seasonal growth rates also present large spatial heterogeneity.The rates are over 0.024 g/cm^(3)per month in Southeastern Canada,the west mountain of North America and Europe,approximately 0.017 g/cm^(3)per month in Siberia,much larger than approximately 0.004 g/cm^(3)per month in other regions.Snow cover duration is a critical factor to determine the snow density.This study endorses the small snow density in China based on meteorological station observations,which results from that the meteorological stations are dominantly distributed in plain areas with relative short snow cover duration and shallow snow.
基金funded by the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2021xjkk1400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071049)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2019D01C022)the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Innovation Environment Construction Special Project&Science and Technology Innovation Base Construction Project(PT2107)the Tianshan Talent-Science and Technology Innovation Team(2022TSYCTD0006).
文摘Snow cover plays a critical role in global climate regulation and hydrological processes.Accurate monitoring is essential for understanding snow distribution patterns,managing water resources,and assessing the impacts of climate change.Remote sensing has become a vital tool for snow monitoring,with the widely used Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)snow products from the Terra and Aqua satellites.However,cloud cover often interferes with snow detection,making cloud removal techniques crucial for reliable snow product generation.This study evaluated the accuracy of four MODIS snow cover datasets generated through different cloud removal algorithms.Using real-time field camera observations from four stations in the Tianshan Mountains,China,this study assessed the performance of these datasets during three distinct snow periods:the snow accumulation period(September-November),snowmelt period(March-June),and stable snow period(December-February in the following year).The findings showed that cloud-free snow products generated using the Hidden Markov Random Field(HMRF)algorithm consistently outperformed the others,particularly under cloud cover,while cloud-free snow products using near-day synthesis and the spatiotemporal adaptive fusion method with error correction(STAR)demonstrated varying performance depending on terrain complexity and cloud conditions.This study highlighted the importance of considering terrain features,land cover types,and snow dynamics when selecting cloud removal methods,particularly in areas with rapid snow accumulation and melting.The results suggested that future research should focus on improving cloud removal algorithms through the integration of machine learning,multi-source data fusion,and advanced remote sensing technologies.By expanding validation efforts and refining cloud removal strategies,more accurate and reliable snow products can be developed,contributing to enhanced snow monitoring and better management of water resources in alpine and arid areas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2802501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41875025,62105367,42175154,42305084)+1 种基金the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.2021JJ10047,2020JJ4662)the Research Project of National University of Defense Technology(Grant No.202401-YJRC-XX-030)。
文摘Blowing snow events in Antarctica play an important role in the climate system,affecting the mass balance of the ice sheet and the radiative effects of the atmosphere.Due to the harsh weather conditions in Antarctica,ground-based detection data is deficient,making it difficult to accurately obtain both the frequency of blowing snow and the evolution of the height of the blowing snow layer.In this study,we introduce a new method based on the raw signal from the C12 ceilometer to separate clear-sky,cloud,snowfall,and blowing snow conditions within a height of 500 meters above the surface of Zhongshan Station.Research has shown that more than 80%of the blowing snow at Zhongshan Station is affected by cyclonic systems,and less than 20%of the blowing snow is affected by katabatic winds.Further,Antarctic blowing snow is closely related to snowfall.When there is heavy snowfall(even a blizzard),a smaller wind speed can lead to the formation of a deep blowing snow layer within an hour after snowfall.However,as time increases,the threshold wind speed required to generate blowing snow significantly increases,and the thickness of the blowing snow layer becomes shallower.
基金supported by grants from the Sichuan Natural Science Foundation Project(2024NSFSC0793)Dagu Glacier Research Institute(Center)project of Aba Normal College(AS-DTPT 2023072)the support of Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2021429)。
文摘Temperate glaciers are highly sensitive to variations in climate and environmental conditions.Investigating the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in glacier snow is essential for understanding its characteristics,sources,and transformation processes within glacial systems.This study aims to elucidate the chemical composition and transformation of DOM in snow environment by analyzing samples collected from snowpits,surface snow,and snow meltwater at Baishui Glacier No.1 on Mt.Yulong during May and June.The average concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC)in snow meltwater collected in May(1.63±0.63 mg L^(-1))and June(1.54±0.35 mg L^(-1))were both significantly higher than those measured in snowpit samples from May(0.74±0.10 mg L^(-1))and June(0.54±0.10 mg L^(-1)),as well as in surface snow samples from May(0.65±0.31 mg L^(-1))and June(0.69±0.30 mg L^(-1)).However,the concentrations of DOC in samples from the same category did not show significant variation between May and June.Using excitation-emission matrix(EEM)fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor(PARAFAC)analysis,three protein-like components(C_(1),C_(2),and C_(3))and one humic-like component(C_(4))were identified.The protein-like components accounted for more than 75%of the total DOM in all snow samples,indicating that the fluorescent DOM originated from biological or microbial sources.Significant differences in the relative proportions of the four fluorescent components were observed between snowpit samples from May and June,whereas no significant variations were noted in the other sample types.Furthermore,a clear transformation from protein-like to humic-like components was observed during the transition from snowpits to snow meltwater.Further analysis using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry(FT-ICR MS)revealed that DOM in these snow samples was predominantly composed of aliphatic and peptide-like compounds(30.9%-50.9%),suggesting a substantial microbial contribution.FT-ICR MS data also demonstrated compositional shifts in DOM among snowpit,surface snow,and meltwater samples.Specifically,aliphatic and peptide-like compounds were progressively transformed into unsaturated compounds with high oxygen content,polyphenolic species,and condensed aromatic compounds during their transition from snowpit to meltwater.Therefore,the relative contribution of terrestrial-derived DOM increased during the transition from snowpit to snowmelt.Furthermore,an increase in heteroatom content in the DOM of meltwater samples indicated continuous chemical transformations likely driven by biological activity and/or photochemical processes during snowmelt and leaching.
基金supported by the Open Project of Key Laboratory,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(No.XJYS0907-2023-23)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC Grant 42371146,42401167)+3 种基金the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2022xjkk0602)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(2022444)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB0720203)The International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(131965KYSB20210018)。
文摘The water retention curve(WRC)has been widely used to quantify moisture transport characteristics of maritime snowpack.However,there is a notable deficiency in experimental studies focused on the WRC of dry-cold snowpack in continental climate conditions.This study selected dry-cold snowpack samples with five densities to measure the variations in volumetric water content using the pressure plate method.The Van Genuchten(VG)and Brooks-Corey(BC)models were then used to fit the snowpack WRCs,aiming to investigate their applicability to dry-cold snowpack and explore the relationship between the model parameters and snowpack characteristics.The results indicated that:(1)Compared to the particle size and the ratio of snowpack density to particle size,the snowpack density shows a higher correlation with the shape parameters of VG model and BC model;(2)There is a nonlinear relationship between the snowpack density and the shape parameters of VG model and BC model;(3)Both the BC and VG models provide a high level of accuracy in fitting the experimental data,with the BC model showing slightly better precision.However,after regression correction,the VG model outperforms the BC model.The findings provide support for in-depth studies of moisture movement characteristics in different types of snow,and have significantly practical value for improving the accuracy of early warning systems for hazards such as avalanches and floods.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Project(BAP)of Eskişehir Technical University,project number 1610F676.
文摘Snow is important in Türkiye especially in the mountainous eastern areas where it may stay on the ground for more than half of the year.This region plays a vital role in feeding the water resources of the trans-boundary Euphrates-Tigris Basin,supporting crucial dams for water supply,irrigation and energy production.Thus,easy,frequent,correct and economical ways of measuring the snowpack is crucial.The snow properties at specific locations in the mountainous eastern regions over the two snow seasons(2018 and 2019)were studied by using different instruments and techniques,snow pit(box/cylinder/wedge cutter types),snow tube(Federal Sampler)and SnoTel(Snowpack Analyzer).The results point out a 1.7%-7.1%variation between different cutter type snow density measurements within snow pit analysis and the long-term utilized snow tube observations show a closer relation to box/cylinder type cutters.As for the continuous SnoTel observations,a variation of 2.4%-9.8%with various cutter types and a 5.9%difference regarding the snow tube density results are detected.These findings indicate a close range among different instruments,but it is the best when all three systems complement each other to characterize the snowpack effectively in the complex terrain since each has its own advantages.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NO.42371085)the Tibet Science and Technology Program(XZ202201ZY0011G)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0906).
文摘Snow avalanches present a significant threat to infrastructure,affecting buildings,roads,railways,and power lines,and frequently leading to massive economic losses in livelihoods and production.With the increase in regional temperatures and the occurrence of extreme snowfall events,the frequency and intensity of avalanches have escalated,resulting in more severe incidents and higher casualty rates.As natural archives of environmental changes,tree rings offer valuable proxies for avalanche hazard assessments in regions where direct observation data is scarce,particularly in high-altitude regions.The dendrogeomorphology has been gradually being applied in avalanche hazard evaluation,however,it remains limited in China.To address this gap,this study systematically investigates the principles and methodologies for reconstructing avalanche histories and evaluates their applications in avalanche hazard assessments through a literature review and field observations.It provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in key areas,including the impact of avalanches on forest ecosystems,the reconstruction of avalanches,and the analysis of avalanche events(i.e.,the spatiotemporal distribution,the historical recurrence intervals,magnitudes,and triggering conditions of avalanches).Considering the current limitations in avalanche hazard assessments and the urgent need for such research in China,we outline key priorities and future directions,including refining reconstruction methodologies,developing a comprehensive tree-ring-based avalanche database for high-altitude regions,and establishing an advanced hazard assessment framework based on dendrochronological evidence.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2022YFF0801603]the Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 41905074].
文摘Due to the high elevation and cold climate of the Tibetan Plateau,the western region retains extensive snow cover during the summer,which can exhibit rapid variability over the course of just a few days.This study utilizes numerical experiments to investigate the atmospheric response to extreme Tibetan Plateau snow cover(TPSC)events on a subseasonal timescale during summer.The results indicate that the subseasonal variations in TPSC exert limited impact on nonlocal atmospheric circulation and temperature during this period.Nevertheless,local surface energy and atmospheric temperature exhibit rapid cooling responses to increased snow cover.Specifically,an increase in snow cover over the western Tibetan Plateau leads to a sharp rise in surface albedo,resulting in a reduction in land surface energy and a negative response in the diabatic heating rate from the surface to 350 hPa locally.This negative diabatic heating response subsequently causes a decline in both surface and overlying atmospheric temperatures.The temperature response is confined to the western Tibetan Plateau and extends vertically from the surface to approximately 350 hPa.These extreme TPSC events and their associated atmospheric impacts occur within a two-week timescale.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.42275031)Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province (Grant No.202302AN360006)。
文摘This study investigated the impacts of Tibetan Plateau(TP) snow cover extent(SCE) on the interannual variation in spring precipitation over the Tarim Basin(SPTB) for the period 1980–2019. Significant anomalies in westerly winds,associated with a low-pressure anomaly in the northern Tarim Basin and a high-pressure anomaly in the southwestern basin, enhance moisture conveyance from upstream areas to the inland, thereby promoting increased SPTB. The analysis shows that anomalous snow over the northwestern and central-western TP, persisting from winter to spring, has a close relationship with SPTB variation. A localized energy budget analysis reveals that increased winter TP snow induces a cooling effect on the overlying atmosphere, resulting in an abnormal low-pressure system prevailing over the troposphere above the western TP. This anomalous low-pressure system can persist into the subsequent spring facilitated by the local snow–atmosphere feedback effects and energy conversion from the background flow. This persistence is accompanied by upward motion and moisture convergence, ultimately enhancing the SPTB. Further analysis indicates that anomalous warming in the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature(SST) during winter intensifies the subtropical high, facilitating the uplift and transport of warm moisture from lower latitude oceans to middle latitudes, thereby contributing to the increased TP snow and SPTB. Importantly, the impact of TP snow on SPTB is primarily independent of anomalous Indian Ocean SST in the northern Tarim Basin. This study elucidates a complex mechanism of ocean–land–atmosphere interaction,enhancing our understanding of SPTB variation and highlighting the significant role of TP snow in this process.
基金supported by Tianchi talent project(Granted No.51052401507)。
文摘The High Mountain Asia(HMA)is a prominent global mountain system characterized by an average altitude exceeding 4,000 m,intricate topography,and significant spatial variability in climatic conditions.Despite its importance,there has been a relative paucity of research focusing on the spatiotemporal variations of snow cover,key controlling factors,and variability within HMA sub-basins.This study aims to address this gap by extracting snow cover percentage(SCP)and snow cover days(SCD)data from MOD10A2 snow products,integrating these with precipitation(P)and temperature(T)data from ERA5.Our objective is to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of snow cover and to use path analysis to elucidate the key climatic factors and spatial differences influencing snow cover changes.The findings indicate that,on a temporal scale,the overall SCP in HMA exhibited a declining trend from 2001 to 2021.Interannual variations in SCP across HMA sub-basins revealed a decreasing trend in the Pamir(PAM),Western Tibetan Plateau(WTS),Eastern Tibetan Plateau(ETS),Western Kunlun(WKL),Qilian Shan(QLS),and Himalaya(HDS)regions,while an increasing trend was observed in other areas.Spatially,22.97%of the HMA regions experienced an increase in SCD,primarily in the Western Himalaya(WHL),Central Himalaya(CHL),and Southeastern Xizang(SET)regions.Conversely,28.08%of the HMA regions showed a decrease in SCD,predominantly in the Eastern Himalaya(EHL),HDS,and WTS regions.Temperature(T)emerged as the primary influencing factor of SCD change in most HMA sub-basins.However,in the Eastern Kunlun(EKL)and WHL sub-basins,precipitation(P)was identified as the main driver of SCD change,affecting all elevation zones in these regions.Additionally,other climatic conditions can also impact snow cover beyond the primary controlling factor.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42361058)supported by the Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(22YF7FA074)。
文摘Snow cover in mountainous areas is characterized by high reflectivity,strong spatial heterogeneity,rapid changes,and susceptibility to cloud interference.However,due to the limitations of a single sensor,it is challenging to obtain high-resolution satellite remote sensing data for monitoring the dynamic changes of snow cover within a day.This study focuses on two typical data fusion methods for polar-orbiting satellites(Sentinel-3 SLSTR)and geostationary satellites(Himawari-9 AHI),and explores the snow cover detection accuracy of a multitemporal cloud-gap snow cover identification model(Loose data fusion)and the ESTARFM(Spatiotemporal data fusion).Taking the Qilian Mountains as the research area,the accuracy of two data fusion results was verified using the snow cover extracted from Landsat-8 SR products.The results showed that both data fusion models could effectively capture the spatiotemporal variations of snow cover,but the ESTARFM demonstrated superior performance.It not only obtained fusion images at any target time,but also extracted snow cover that was closer to the spatial distribution of real satellite images.Therefore,the ESTARFM was utilized to fuse images for hourly reconstruction of the snow cover on February 14–15,2023.It was found that the maximum snow cover area of this snowfall reached 83.84%of the Qilian Mountains area,and the melting rate of the snow was extremely rapid,with a change of up to 4.30%per hour of the study area.This study offers reliable high spatiotemporal resolution satellite remote sensing data for monitoring snow cover changes in mountainous areas,contributing to more accurate and timely assessments.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.W2412145,42275031)the Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province(Grant No.202302AN360006)。
文摘Snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)(TPSC)has garnered significant attention as a crucial indicator of climate change,along with its variations and related climate processes.However,due to the complex terrain of the TP,most numerical models exhibit notable uncertainty in simulating snow conditions in this area.This study evaluates historical snow simulations and related climate anomalies over the TP in numerical models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The CMIP6 model simulations are compared with two observation-based products across different seasons and temporal scales,and the results indicate that the CMIP6 multimodel ensemble(MME)mean reasonably captures the spatial distribution of the annual and seasonal climatological mean TP snow,albeit with weaker magnitudes compared to observations.The CMIP6 MME performs better over the western TP than the eastern regions,showing a higher reproducibility of the long-term warming trends and declining snow cover trends,partly due to the atmospheric circulation anomalies related to global warming.Additionally,some CMIP6 models successfully capture the interannual variability of TPSC and its relationship with associated climate factors.Our work emphasizes the importance of CMIP6 model selection and pays attention to data reliability in interpreting CMIP6 model results across different TP regions when studying snow cover variations and climate effects using numerical models.
文摘Welcome to the China Travel column!This section is dedicated to providing both Chinese and international readers with a comprehensive platform to explore China,s rich cultural and tourism resources.Here,we will present China's natural landscapes,historic sites,folk customs,and modern developments in both Chinese and English.
文摘A British Journalist on China's New era Author:Andrew Moody Price:RMB 108 Paperback,237 pages Published by Foreign Languages Press Andrew Moody,chief correspondent and senior editor with China Daily,kept the habit of writing a diary during his 13 years of working in China.As a productive journalist,Moody wrote some 700 front-page stories and penetrating analyses on China’s new era,its economy,politics,and international relations,which added up to over a million words.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42222102,41971136,and 42171107)the Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology,China(No.20230508089RC)the Professional Association of the Alliance of International Science Organizations(No.ANSO-PA-2020-14).
文摘Global climate change exerts profound effects on snow cover,with consequential impacts on microbial activities and the stability of soil organic carbon(SOC)within aggregates.Northern peatlands are significant carbon reservoirs,playing a critical role in mitigating climate change.However,the effects of snow variations on microbial-mediated SOC stability within aggregates in peatlands remain inadequately understood.Here,an in-situ field experiment manipulating snow conditions(i.e.,snow removal and snow cover)was conducted to investigate how snow variations affect soil microbial community and the associated SOC stability within soil aggregates(>2,0.25-2,and<0.25 mm)in a peatland of Northeast China.The results showed that snow removal significantly increased the SOC content and stability within aggregates.Compared to the soils with snow cover,snow removal resulted in decreased soil average temperatures in the topsoil(0-30 cm depth)and subsoil(30-60 cm depth)(by 1.48 and 1.34°C,respectively)and increased freeze-thaw cycles(by 11 cycles),consequently decreasing the stability of aggregates in the topsoil and subsoil(by 23.68%and 6.85%,respectively).Furthermore,more recalcitrant carbon and enhanced SOC stability were present in microaggregates(<0.25 mm)at two soil depths.Moreover,reductions in bacterial diversity and network stability were observed in response to snow removal.Structural equation modeling analysis demonstrated that snow removal indirectly promoted(P<0.01)SOC stability by regulating carbon to nitrogen(C:N)ratio within aggregates.Overall,our study suggested that microaggregate protection and an appropriate C:N ratio enhanced carbon sequestration in response to climate change.
基金Supported by Shanghai Putuo District Science and Technology R&D Platform Project(2024QX04).
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the potential applications and mechanisms of action of medicinal plants as bacteriostatic agents,utilizing snow lotus as a case study through network pharmacology.[Methods]The TCMSP and HIT 2.0 databases were employed to screen and obtain the active components and corresponding targets of snow lotus.The identified targets were subsequently intersected with the antibacterial and bacteriostatic targets sourced from the GeneCards and OMIM databases,resulting in the identification of the antibacterial and bacteriostatic targets associated with snow lotus.Cytoscape software was employed to construct the network diagram illustrating the active components and their corresponding action targets for snow lotus,as well as to analyze the network s topology.Additionally,GO enrichment analysis of the action targets was conducted utilizing the DAVID database.[Results]A total of 12 active components of snow lotus were identified through screening,which corresponded to 294 action targets.Subsequent analysis revealed 117 core action targets of snow lotus that exhibit antibacterial and bacteriostatic properties.The results from the network diagram suggested that snow lotus may exert its antibacterial and bacteriostatic effects through active components such as quercetin,apigenin,and luteolin.Additionally,it appeared to activate the immunomodulatory functions of the human body by interacting with targets such as CASP3,TNF,and IL-6.[Conclusions]Snow lotus may demonstrate antibacterial and bacteriostatic properties through mechanisms of action that involve multiple components,targets,and pathways,from in vivo and in vitro multiple pathways.The integration of botanical bacteriostatic agents with chemical disinfectants that possess broad-spectrum bactericidal effects is advantageous for broadening the bactericidal spectrum and minimizing irritation,in order to facilitate the development of more environmentally friendly and low-toxicity disinfection and bacteriostatic products.
文摘In the vast tand of Northeast China,we are slowly starting an ultimate journey of the ice and snow carnival and exploration of folk customs.This is a magic kingdom of ice and snow ,from the meticulously crafted wonders of the ice city to the snowcovered wonderland of rime ice.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52273220 and 22205243)。
文摘Snow and freezing disasters are recurrent weather and climate phenomena that affect the world annually.These events exert a significant influence on numerous aspects of life,including transportation,power supply,and daily activities,and result in considerable economic losses.This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the regions affected by these disasters,the preventive and responsive measures employed,recent advancements in key materials,and the challenges encountered.By doing so,we can gain a deeper understanding of the vital role,significant advantages,and untapped potential of key materials for effectively preventing and responding to snow and freezing disasters.Furthermore,promoting research and utilization of these materials not only contributes to the development of the safety and emergency equipment industry but also strengthens the supply of advanced and suitable safety and emergency equipment.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 42306255 and 41976217the National Key R&D Program of China under contract No.2018YFA0605903。
文摘Sea ice and snow are the most sensitive and important crucial components of the global climate system,affecting the global climate by modulating the energy exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere.The sea near Zhongshan Station in Antarctica is covered by landfast sea ice,with snow depth influenced by both thermal factors and wind.This region frequently experiences katabatic winds and cyclones from the westerlies,leading to frequent snow blowing events that redistribute the snow and affects its depth,subsequently impacting the thermodynamic growth of sea ice.This study utilized the one-dimensional thermodynamic model ICEPACK to simulate landfast sea ice thickness and snow depth near Zhongshan Station in 2016.Two parameterization schemes for snow blowing,the Bulk scheme,and the ITDrdg(ITD/ridges)scheme are evaluated for their impact on snow depth.The results show that simulations using snow blowing schemes more closely align with observed results,with the ITDrdg scheme providing more accurate simulations,evidenced by root mean square errors of less than 10 cm for both snow depth and sea ice thickness.Snow blowing also impacts the thermodynamic growth of sea ice,particularly bottom growth.The sea ice bottom increases by 9.0 cm using the ITDrdg scheme compared to simulations without the snow blowing,accounting for 12.5%of total sea ice bottom growth.Furthermore,snow blowing process also influences snow ice formation,highlighting its primary role in affecting snow depth.Continued field observations of snow blowing are necessary to evaluate and improve parameterization schemes.
