Dual-band electrochromic smart windows(DESWs)with independent control of the transmittance of near-infrared and visible light show great potential in the application of smart and energy-saving buildings.The current st...Dual-band electrochromic smart windows(DESWs)with independent control of the transmittance of near-infrared and visible light show great potential in the application of smart and energy-saving buildings.The current strategy for building DESWs is to screen materials for composite or prepare plasmonic nanocrystal films.These rigorous preparation processes seriously limit the further development of DESWs.Herein,we report a facile and effective sol-gel strategy using a foaming agent to achieve porous Ti-doped tungsten oxide film for the high performance of DESWs.The introduction of foaming agent polyvinylpyrrolidone during the film preparation can increase the specific surface area and free carrier concentration of the films and enhance their independent regulation ability of near-infrared electrochromism.As a result,the optimal film shows excellent dual-band electrochromic properties,including high optical modulation(84.9%at 633 nm and 90.3%at 1200 nm),high coloration efficiency(114.9 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 633 nm and 420.3 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 1200 nm),quick switching time,excellent bistability,and good cycle stability(the transmittance modulation losses at 633 and 1200 nm were 11%and 3.5%respectively after 1000 cycles).A demonstrated DESW fabricated by the sol-gel film showed effective management of heat and light of sunlight.This study represents a significant advance in the preparation of dual-band electrochromic films,which will shed new light on advancing electrochromic technology for future energy-saving smart buildings.展开更多
Energy-saving buildings(ESBs)are an emerging green technology that can significantly reduce building-associated cooling and heating energy consumption,catering to the desire for carbon neutrality and sustainable devel...Energy-saving buildings(ESBs)are an emerging green technology that can significantly reduce building-associated cooling and heating energy consumption,catering to the desire for carbon neutrality and sustainable development of society.Smart photovoltaic windows(SPWs)offer a promising platform for designing ESBs because they present the capability to regulate and harness solar energy.With frequent outbreaks of extreme weather all over the world,the achievement of exceptional energy-saving effect under different weather conditions is an inevitable trend for the development of ESBs but is hardly achieved via existing SPWs.Here,we substantially reduce the driving voltage of polymerdispersed liquid crystals(PDLCs)by 28.1%via molecular engineering while maintaining their high solar transmittance(T_(sol)=83.8%,transparent state)and solar modulating ability(ΔT_(sol)=80.5%).By the assembly of perovskite solar cell and a broadband thermal-managing unit encompassing the electrical-responsive PDLCs,transparent high-emissivity SiO_(2) passive radiation-cooling,and Ag low-emissivity layers possesses,we present a tri-band regulation and split-type SPW possessing superb energy-saving effect in all-season.The perovskite solar cell can produce the electric power to stimulate the electrical-responsive behavior of the PDLCs,endowing the SPWs zero-energy input solar energy regulating characteristic,and compensate the daily energy consumption needed for ESBs.Moreover,the scalable manufacturing technology holds a great potential for the real-world applications.展开更多
Thermal management smart windows can regulate indoor temperature by adjusting the intensity or spectral distribution of incoming solar radiation.This functionality helps reduce the energy demand of heating,ventilation...Thermal management smart windows can regulate indoor temperature by adjusting the intensity or spectral distribution of incoming solar radiation.This functionality helps reduce the energy demand of heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)systems,thereby contributing to energy conservation,emission reduction,and the achievement of carbon neutrality.Thermochromic hydrogels,with their intrinsic temperature responsiveness,broadband optical modulation capability,facile tunability,and low cost,have become ideal thermochromic materials for thermal management smart windows.This review focuses on thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows and introduces the research progress of intrinsic thermochromic hydrogels and their thermal management smart windows from the perspectives of chemical modification strategies and physical modification strategies.Then,the research progress of composite thermochromic hydrogels and their applications in thermal management smart windows is systematically reviewed,with particular emphasis on the incorporation of photothermal conversion fillers and thermochromic components.Moreover,current challenges and potential improvement strategies of thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows are identified and discussed.The aim of this review is to systematically summarize the optimization strategies for thermochromic hydrogels in thermal management smart windows and to provide guidance for future in-depth research,thereby promoting the advancement and application of thermochromic hydrogels for smart windows.展开更多
Towards the development of highly efficient electrochromic coatings,the crystallinity,morphology(e.g.size and shape)of electrochromic nanomaterials,and their charge insertion capacities play a significant role.Herein,...Towards the development of highly efficient electrochromic coatings,the crystallinity,morphology(e.g.size and shape)of electrochromic nanomaterials,and their charge insertion capacities play a significant role.Herein,we report the structure-dependent colouration effciency in electrochromic coatings based on the use of 0D,1D and 2D tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))nanostructures.A series of WO_(3)with different nanostructures were prepared and used as working electrodes to fabricate electrochromic devices for smart windows applications.Facile spray coating was applied on fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)substrate to make~70%transparent working electrodes to investigate their charge insertion capacities,electrochromic active surface area,and colouration efficiency.Results showed that the 2D WO_(3)nanoflakes displayed the highest diffusion coefficient for the intercalation of 1.52×10^(-10)cm^(2)/s with an increased electrochemical active surface area of 25.10 mF/cm^(2),a large modulation of optical reflectance(42.63%)with 3.79 s shorter response time for bleaching and a greater colouration efficiency(CE)value(89.29 cm^(2)/C)at 700 nm compared to the CE value for 1D WO_(3)(of 22 cm^(2)/C)and 0D WO_(3)(8 cm^(2)/C).The outcome of this study provides a new insight and valuable contribution to design an efficient electrochromic coating by controlling and optimising the nanostructures of selective electrochromic materials.展开更多
Thermochromic hydrogel smart windows represent a significant breakthrough in the field of building energy conservation,offering a revolutionary solution for intelligent thermal environment management through their abi...Thermochromic hydrogel smart windows represent a significant breakthrough in the field of building energy conservation,offering a revolutionary solution for intelligent thermal environment management through their ability to dynamically regulate solar transmittance.This review systematically summarizes the thermoresponsive properties and technical bottlenecks of thermochromic hydrogels in smart window applications.A comprehensive analysis of the advantages and limitations of this class of material in terms of phase transition temperature,optical performance,stability,and response speed is provided,while the progresses made in optimizing their performance through various strategies are discussed.As a prospect,in the future,the development of thermochromic hydrogel smart windows must prioritize broad-temperature adaptability,cost-effectiveness,and multifunctional integration to address current challenges and facilitate their widespread adoption and scientific innovation in building energy conservation.展开更多
CONSPECTUS:Thermoresponsive hydrogels possess an inherent capacity for autonomous adjustment of their properties in response to temperature variations,eliminating the requirement for external power sources and renderi...CONSPECTUS:Thermoresponsive hydrogels possess an inherent capacity for autonomous adjustment of their properties in response to temperature variations,eliminating the requirement for external power sources and rendering them suitable for diverse environmental applications.Our discourse commences by establishing a foundational comprehension of the two principal categories governing thermal transitions in thermoresponsive hydrogels,namely,the Lower Critical Solution Temperature(LCST)and the Upper Critical Solution Temperature(UCST).展开更多
In recent years,thermochromic smart windows have played an important role in enhancing energy efficiency and contributing to carbon neutrality in building energy consumption.However,thermal-shielding smart windows wit...In recent years,thermochromic smart windows have played an important role in enhancing energy efficiency and contributing to carbon neutrality in building energy consumption.However,thermal-shielding smart windows with high visible light modulation and structural colors are rarely reported.This study focuses on the development of thermochromic smart windows utilizing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAm)-based nanogels,which exhibit dynamic solar modulation and high visible light transmission without additional energy input.Unlike traditional electrochromic materials such as tungsten trioxide,these smart windows achieve structural color states through the self-assembly of nanogels,eliminating the need for inorganic materials.The fabricated hydrogel contains thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-random-acrylic acid-random-N-tert-butyl acrylamide)P(NIPAm-r-AA-r-TBA)(PNTA)nanogels with tunable phase transition temperatures(Tp)that align with ambient conditions.These smart windows demonstrate excellent stability over 100 heating-cooling cycles and significant temperature regulation,achieving an indoor temperature modulation of 10℃and energy savings of 14.24 KJ m^(-3)compared with normal windows.The production process is simple and scalable,making it feasible for industrial applications.Furthermore,these smart windows offer additional functionalities such as information encryption,adding value to their practical application.展开更多
Smart windows are an important strategy to reduce the energy consumption in buildings,which accounts for as much as 30%e40%of the society's energy consumption.VO_(2)-based thermochromic materials can intelligently...Smart windows are an important strategy to reduce the energy consumption in buildings,which accounts for as much as 30%e40%of the society's energy consumption.VO_(2)-based thermochromic materials can intelligently regulate the solar heat gains of building interiors.However,the unmatched thermal emissivity(ε)modulation of traditional VO_(2)/glass systems,i.e.,high emissivity at low temperatures and low emissivity at high temperatures,leads to additional heating and cooling energy loads in winter and summer,respectively.In this study,we propose a novel VO_(2)/polyacrylonitrile(PAN)/AgNW multilayer possessing flexible Ag nanowire supported FabryePerot cavities,which synchronously achieves high modulation abilities in both solar spectrum(DT_(sol) of 13.6%)and middle infrared region(D 3 of 0.50 at 8-13 mm).These achievements are the best among reports for pure VO_(2) smart windows.This study provides a flexible and effective protocol to dynamically enhance the light and heat utilization for practical building windows.展开更多
Visible lighting and energy-saving are dual needs of energy efficiency and occupant comfort in modern buildings.In this study,a smart window based on phase-change material VO_(2) is designed and optimized to address t...Visible lighting and energy-saving are dual needs of energy efficiency and occupant comfort in modern buildings.In this study,a smart window based on phase-change material VO_(2) is designed and optimized to address the critical challenges in building energy management.The proposed phase-adaptive radiative(PAR)coating is a multilayer nanostructure consisting of TiO/VO_(2)2/TiO/Ag_(2) and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS).For different VO_(2) phases,visible transmittance T_(vis)>0.6 and emissivity difference in the atmospheric window Δε_(AW)=0.422 can be achieved,which means the PAR window can transfer interior heat to the outside through thermal radiation for cooling or minimize thermal emission for insulation,while ensuring the transmission of visible light for natural daylighting.Compared to normal glass,the PAR window has an average temperature drop of 14.8℃.The year-round energy-saving calculation for four different cities in China indicates that the PAR window can save 22%-32% of the annual cooling and heating energy consumption by seamlessly transitioning between two phases of VO_(2)modes.The multi-objective optimization of the phase-adaptive radiative smart window provides a potential strategy for energy saving.展开更多
With the rapid development of optoelectronics,electrochromic(EC)materials(ECMs)with the advan-tages of low power consumption,easy viewing,high contrast ratio,etc have attached more and more attention from the fields o...With the rapid development of optoelectronics,electrochromic(EC)materials(ECMs)with the advan-tages of low power consumption,easy viewing,high contrast ratio,etc have attached more and more attention from the fields of smart windows,electronic billboards,emerging wearable and portable electronics,and other next-generation displays.Nickel oxide(NiO)is a promising candidate for high-performance ECMs because of its neutral-colored states and low cost.However,NiO-based ECMs still face the problem of slow switching speed due to their low electrical conductivity and small lattice spacing.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are promising candidates to fabricate hollow and porous transition metal oxides(TMOs)with high ion transport efficiency,excellent specific capacitance,and electrochemical activities.In this work,porous yolk-shell NiO nanospheres(PYS-NiO NSs)were syn-thesized via a solvothermal and subsequent calcination process of Ni-MOF,which exhibited outstanding EC performance.Because the large specific surface areas and hollow porous nanostructures were conducive to ionic transport,PYS-NiO NSs exhibited a fast coloring/bleaching speed(3.6/3.9 s per one coloring/bleaching cycle)and excellent cycling stability(82%of capacity retention after 3000 cycles).These superior EC properties indicated that the PYS-NiO NSs was a promising candidate for high-performance EC devices.This work provides a new and feasible strategy for the efficient preparation of TMOs ECMs with good EC performance,especially fast switching speed.展开更多
Thermochromic smart windows have gained increasing popularity in light modulation and energy management in buildings.However,the fabrication of flexible thermochromic smart windows with high luminous transmittance(Tlu...Thermochromic smart windows have gained increasing popularity in light modulation and energy management in buildings.However,the fabrication of flexible thermochromic smart windows with high luminous transmittance(Tlum),tailorable critical temperature(τc),strong solar modulation ability(ΔTsol),and long-term durability remains a huge challenge.In this study,hydrogel-based thermochromic smart windows are fabricated by sandwiching thermochromic hydrogels of polyallylamine hydrochloride,polyacrylic acid,and carbonized polymer dots(CPDs)complexes between two pieces of transparent substrates.Benefiting from the incorporation of nanosized CPDs,the thermochromic hydrogel has an ultrahigh Tlum of~98.7%,a desirableτc of~24.2℃,aΔTsol of~89.3%and a rapid transition time of~3 s from opaque state to transparent state.Moreover,the thermochromic hydrogel exhibits excellent anti-freezing ability,tight adhesion toward various substrates,and excellent self-healing capability.The self-healing capability enables the fabrication of large-area smart windows by welding multiple hydrogel pieces.The smart windows retain their original thermochromic properties after being stored under ambient conditions for at least 147 days or undergoing 10,000 uninterrupted heating/cooling cycles.The model houses with smart windows can achieve a temperature reduction of 9.2℃,demonstrating the excellent indoor temperature modulation performance of the smart windows.展开更多
Electrochromic smart windows have attracted much attention in energy-saving buildings because of their ability to selectively modulate visible(VIS)and near-infrared(NIR)light transmittance.As is known,the NIR region a...Electrochromic smart windows have attracted much attention in energy-saving buildings because of their ability to selectively modulate visible(VIS)and near-infrared(NIR)light transmittance.As is known,the NIR region accounts for about 50%of the total solar radiation.Therefore,reducing the NIR transmittance of windows will play a crucial role in reducing the energy consumption of buildings.However,for most of the reported electrochromic materials(ECMs)-based windows,it remains a longlasting challenge about how to achieve a low NIR transmittance during the past decades.In this work,we synthesize oxygendeficient tungsten oxide(WO_(3−x))nanoflowers(NFs)by a simple and efficient method that is facile for their mass production.The WO_(3−x)NFs exhibit low NIR transmittance of only 4.11%,0.60%,and 0.19%at 1200,1600,and 1800 nm,respectively,due to the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)effect.Besides,the WO_(3−x)NFs exhibit an excellent dual-band modulating ability for both VIS and NIR light.They are able to operate in three distinct modes,including a bright mode,a cool mode,and a dark mode.Moreover,the WO_(3−x)NFs exhibit a fast bleaching/coloring time(1.54/6.67 s),and excellent cycling stability(97.75%of capacity retention after 4000 s).展开更多
Internationally,standards for electrochromic(EC)requirements in smart window applications have been established,with ongoing global initiatives aimed at elevating them to highly advanced levels.This paper covers a com...Internationally,standards for electrochromic(EC)requirements in smart window applications have been established,with ongoing global initiatives aimed at elevating them to highly advanced levels.This paper covers a comprehensive investigation of the structural,optical,morphological,and electrochemical properties of WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films.Simultaneously,an experimental analysis of WO_(3)/TiO_(2)was envisaged by a two-step process.Initially,WO_(3)thin films were hydrothermally deposited onto indium-doped tin oxide-coated glass substrates using an aqueous solution of Na_(2)WO_(4)·2H_(2)O at a pH value of 1.Subsequently,a layer of TiO_(2)was electrodeposited onto the WO_(3)thin films.X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful formation of WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films,with the WO_(3)phase exhibiting a hexagonal tunnel structure.Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of porous nanorods(NRs)of WO_(3),uniformly coated with TiO_(2),resulting in a porous morphology of the WO./TiO_(2)samples.The EC performance of the WO_(3)/TiO_(2)films was thoroughly assessed through cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements over a potential window ranging from-2.0 to+1.2 V(versus Ag/AgCl)in a 0.5 mol·L^(-1)LiClO_(4)-PC electrolyte.The WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films exhibited cathodic electrochromism,characterized by a reversible color change from dark blue to transparent.This improved EC performance in comparison to pure WO_(3)films is attributed to enhanced double ion/electron insertion and extraction efficiency.Furthermore,the WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films demonstrated excellent optical modulation properties,with a significant modulation at 633 nm(46.87%).The coloration efficiency reached a high value of 193.25 cm^(2)·C^(-1),indicating their potential for practical EC applications.Moreover,the WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films displayed exceptional EC stability,with no significant degradation observed over 2500 cyclic voltammetry cycles.This superior EC performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect between the hexagonal WO_(3)NRs and anatase TiO_(2).This study highlights the significance of the synthesis method and the unique structural characteristics of the composite in enhancing the EC performance.展开更多
Two viologen derivatives containing fluorine substituent(F)with an asymmetric structures,1,1'-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]dihexafluorophosphate(DFPV)and 1-benzyl-1'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)...Two viologen derivatives containing fluorine substituent(F)with an asymmetric structures,1,1'-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]dihexafluorophosphate(DFPV)and 1-benzyl-1'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]di-hexafluorophosphate(Bn-FPV),were synthesized.These viologen derivatives as active materials were used to assemble both flexible and rigid electrochromic devices(ECDs).ECDs based on DFPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to deep green and ECDs based on Bn-FPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to blue-green within applied voltage.It was found that the devices based on DFPV showed cycle stability,which could still maintain more than 90% after 1000 cycles.In addition,the modulation rate of the device to the solar irradiance is also calculated to characterize its application potential in smart windows.Among them,the rigid device(R-DFPV)based on the DFPV has a large solar irradiance modulation rate of 54.66%,which has the potential to be used as smart windows.展开更多
Zinc-anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs) are emerging as the next-generation energy-e cient transparent electronics. We report anatase W-doped TiO_(2) nanocrystals(NCs) as a Zn^(2+) active electrochromic materia...Zinc-anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs) are emerging as the next-generation energy-e cient transparent electronics. We report anatase W-doped TiO_(2) nanocrystals(NCs) as a Zn^(2+) active electrochromic material. It demonstrates that the W doping in TiO_(2) highly reduces the Zn^(2+) intercalation energy,thus triggering the electrochromism. The prototype ZECDs based on W-doped TiO_(2) NCs deliver a high optical modulation(66% at 550 nm),fast spectral response times(9/2.7 s at 550 nm for coloration/bleaching),and good electrochemical stability(8.2% optical modulation loss after 1000 cycles).展开更多
Functional materials may change color by heat and electricity separately or simultaneously in smart windows.These materials have not only demonstrated remarkable potential in the modulation of solar radiation but are ...Functional materials may change color by heat and electricity separately or simultaneously in smart windows.These materials have not only demonstrated remarkable potential in the modulation of solar radiation but are also leading to the development of indoor environments that are more comfortable and conducive to improving individuals'quality of life.Unfortunately,dual-responsive materials have not received ample research attention due to economic and technological challenges.As a consequence,the broader utilization of smart windows faces hindrances.To address this new generational multistimulus responsive chromic materials,our group has adopted a developmental strategy to create a poly(NIPAM)n-HV as a switchable material by anchoring active viologen(HV)onto a phase-changing poly(NIPAM)n-based smart material for better utility and activity.These constructed smart windows facilitate individualistic reversible switching,from a highly transparent state to an opaque state(thermochromic)and a red state(electrochromic),as well as facilitate a simultaneous dual-stimuli response reversible switching from a clear transparent state to a fully opaque(thermochromic)and orange(electrochromic)states.Absolute privacy can be attained in smart windows designed for exclusive settings by achieving zero transmittance.Each unique chromic mode operates independently and modulates visible and near-infrared(NIR)light in a distinct manner.Hence,these smart windows with thermal and electric dual-stimuli responsiveness demonstrate remarkable heat regulation capabilities,rendering them highly attractive for applications in building facades,energy harvesting,privacy protection,and color display.展开更多
Smart windows with tunable optical properties that respond to external environments are being developed to reduce energy consumption in buildings.In the present study,we introduce a new type of 3D printed hydrogel wit...Smart windows with tunable optical properties that respond to external environments are being developed to reduce energy consumption in buildings.In the present study,we introduce a new type of 3D printed hydrogel with amazing flexibility and stretchability(as large as 1500%),as well as tunable optical performance controlled by surrounding temperatures.The hydrogel on a PDMS substrate shows transparent-opaque transition with high solar modulation(ΔT_(sol))up to 79.332% around its lower critical solution temperature(L_(CST))while maintaining a high luminous transmittance(T_(lum))of 85.847% at 20℃.In addition,selective transparent-opaque transition above LCST can be achieved by patterned hydrogels which are precisely fabricated via a projection micro-stereolithography based 3D printing technique.Our hydrogel promises great potential applications for the next generation of soft smart windows.展开更多
Exploring materials with high electrochemical activity is of keen interest for electrochemistry-controlled optical and energy storage devices.However,it remains a great challenge for transition metal oxides to meet th...Exploring materials with high electrochemical activity is of keen interest for electrochemistry-controlled optical and energy storage devices.However,it remains a great challenge for transition metal oxides to meet this feature due to their low electron conductivity and insufficient reaction sites.Here,we propose a type of transition metal phosphate(NiHPO_(4)·3H_(2)O,NHP)by a facile and scalable electrodeposition method,which can achieve the capability of efficient ion accommodation and injection/extraction for electrochromic energy storage applications.Specifically,the NHP film with an ultra-high transmittance(approach to 100%)achieves a large optical modulation(90.8%at 500 nm),high coloration efficiency(75.4 cm^(2)C^(-1)at 500 nm),and a high specific capacity of 47.8 mAh g^(-1)at 0.4 A g^(-1).Furthermore,the transformation mechanism of NHP upon electrochemical reaction is systematically elucidated using in situ and ex situ techniques.Ultimately,a large-area electrochromic smart window with 100 cm^(2)is constructed based on the NHP electrode,displaying superior electrochromic energy storage performance in regulating natural light and storing electrical charges.Our findings may open up new strategies for developing advanced electrochromic energy storage materials and smart windows.展开更多
Addressing the dual challenges of global energy sustainability and dynamic optical management,we present an innovative flexible photochromic transparent fluorescent wood composite film(PT-FWF)with molecular-scale engi...Addressing the dual challenges of global energy sustainability and dynamic optical management,we present an innovative flexible photochromic transparent fluorescent wood composite film(PT-FWF)with molecular-scale engineered design,fabricated through in situ Eu^(3+)coordination on TEMPOoxidized cellulose scaffolds.This hierarchically structured material combines fluorescent wood film with hot-pressing,impregnation,and coating(PMMA/WO_(3))to achieve multimodal optical control.PT-FWF demonstrates exceptional multifunctionality:88%optical transparency,107.5°±1.0°hydrophobicity surface,and thermal insulation(ΔT≈5.5℃).A unique dual-mode photoresponsive mechanism enables through synergistic photochromicfluorescent effects:instantaneous fluorescence under UV light and coloring/bleaching with or without light-assisted(UV or simulated sunlight).The smart window model exhibits over 90%UV-blocking efficiency,and the transmittance of the smart window can be reversibly switched between 88%and 5%under prolonged light conditions,showing a high modulation of visible light(ΔT_(lum)=83%)at 1030 nm,enabling simultaneous daylight optimization and energy conservation.This molecular-scale engineered wood composite defines a transformative platform for adaptive optical materials,merging energyefficient architectural solutions with information encryption through sunlightregulated smart windows that simultaneously enable environmental protection and anti-counterfeiting.展开更多
To ensure the safety of residents’lives and property by using automatic opening and closing of ordinary windows,this article designs an intelligent window automatic monitoring system.The article proposes a software a...To ensure the safety of residents’lives and property by using automatic opening and closing of ordinary windows,this article designs an intelligent window automatic monitoring system.The article proposes a software and hardware design scheme for the system,which comprises a microcontroller control module,temperature and humidity detection module,harmful gas detection module,rainfall detection module,human thermal radiation induction module,Organic Light-Emitting Diode(OLED)display module,stepper motor drive module,Wi-Fi communication module,etc.Users use this system to monitor environmental data such as temperature,humidity,rainfall,harmful gas concentrations,and human health.Users can control the opening and closing of windows through manual,microcontroller,and mobile application(app)remote methods,providing users with a more convenient,comfortable,and safe living environment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51902064)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi(2022GXNSFFA0350325)+2 种基金the Scientific and Technological Bases and Talents of Guangxi(Guike AD20159073)the special fund for“Guangxi Bagui Scholars”the“Guangxi HundredTalent Program”。
文摘Dual-band electrochromic smart windows(DESWs)with independent control of the transmittance of near-infrared and visible light show great potential in the application of smart and energy-saving buildings.The current strategy for building DESWs is to screen materials for composite or prepare plasmonic nanocrystal films.These rigorous preparation processes seriously limit the further development of DESWs.Herein,we report a facile and effective sol-gel strategy using a foaming agent to achieve porous Ti-doped tungsten oxide film for the high performance of DESWs.The introduction of foaming agent polyvinylpyrrolidone during the film preparation can increase the specific surface area and free carrier concentration of the films and enhance their independent regulation ability of near-infrared electrochromism.As a result,the optimal film shows excellent dual-band electrochromic properties,including high optical modulation(84.9%at 633 nm and 90.3%at 1200 nm),high coloration efficiency(114.9 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 633 nm and 420.3 cm^(2) C^(-1) at 1200 nm),quick switching time,excellent bistability,and good cycle stability(the transmittance modulation losses at 633 and 1200 nm were 11%and 3.5%respectively after 1000 cycles).A demonstrated DESW fabricated by the sol-gel film showed effective management of heat and light of sunlight.This study represents a significant advance in the preparation of dual-band electrochromic films,which will shed new light on advancing electrochromic technology for future energy-saving smart buildings.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52372076,52073081,52203322,5252200843)Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2023YFB3812800)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-TP-25-073)。
文摘Energy-saving buildings(ESBs)are an emerging green technology that can significantly reduce building-associated cooling and heating energy consumption,catering to the desire for carbon neutrality and sustainable development of society.Smart photovoltaic windows(SPWs)offer a promising platform for designing ESBs because they present the capability to regulate and harness solar energy.With frequent outbreaks of extreme weather all over the world,the achievement of exceptional energy-saving effect under different weather conditions is an inevitable trend for the development of ESBs but is hardly achieved via existing SPWs.Here,we substantially reduce the driving voltage of polymerdispersed liquid crystals(PDLCs)by 28.1%via molecular engineering while maintaining their high solar transmittance(T_(sol)=83.8%,transparent state)and solar modulating ability(ΔT_(sol)=80.5%).By the assembly of perovskite solar cell and a broadband thermal-managing unit encompassing the electrical-responsive PDLCs,transparent high-emissivity SiO_(2) passive radiation-cooling,and Ag low-emissivity layers possesses,we present a tri-band regulation and split-type SPW possessing superb energy-saving effect in all-season.The perovskite solar cell can produce the electric power to stimulate the electrical-responsive behavior of the PDLCs,endowing the SPWs zero-energy input solar energy regulating characteristic,and compensate the daily energy consumption needed for ESBs.Moreover,the scalable manufacturing technology holds a great potential for the real-world applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52473083)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2024JC-TBZC-04)+4 种基金the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi(2024RS-CXTD-57)Foundation of Aeronautics Science Fund(2024Z054053002)Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2025JC-YBQN-587)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(D5000240067)Undergraduate Innovation&Business Program in Northwestern Polytechnical University(202510699268 and S202510699635).
文摘Thermal management smart windows can regulate indoor temperature by adjusting the intensity or spectral distribution of incoming solar radiation.This functionality helps reduce the energy demand of heating,ventilation,and air-conditioning(HVAC)systems,thereby contributing to energy conservation,emission reduction,and the achievement of carbon neutrality.Thermochromic hydrogels,with their intrinsic temperature responsiveness,broadband optical modulation capability,facile tunability,and low cost,have become ideal thermochromic materials for thermal management smart windows.This review focuses on thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows and introduces the research progress of intrinsic thermochromic hydrogels and their thermal management smart windows from the perspectives of chemical modification strategies and physical modification strategies.Then,the research progress of composite thermochromic hydrogels and their applications in thermal management smart windows is systematically reviewed,with particular emphasis on the incorporation of photothermal conversion fillers and thermochromic components.Moreover,current challenges and potential improvement strategies of thermochromic hydrogels for thermal management smart windows are identified and discussed.The aim of this review is to systematically summarize the optimization strategies for thermochromic hydrogels in thermal management smart windows and to provide guidance for future in-depth research,thereby promoting the advancement and application of thermochromic hydrogels for smart windows.
基金the funding by the ARC Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing with 2D Materials(ARC IH210100025)。
文摘Towards the development of highly efficient electrochromic coatings,the crystallinity,morphology(e.g.size and shape)of electrochromic nanomaterials,and their charge insertion capacities play a significant role.Herein,we report the structure-dependent colouration effciency in electrochromic coatings based on the use of 0D,1D and 2D tungsten trioxide(WO_(3))nanostructures.A series of WO_(3)with different nanostructures were prepared and used as working electrodes to fabricate electrochromic devices for smart windows applications.Facile spray coating was applied on fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)substrate to make~70%transparent working electrodes to investigate their charge insertion capacities,electrochromic active surface area,and colouration efficiency.Results showed that the 2D WO_(3)nanoflakes displayed the highest diffusion coefficient for the intercalation of 1.52×10^(-10)cm^(2)/s with an increased electrochemical active surface area of 25.10 mF/cm^(2),a large modulation of optical reflectance(42.63%)with 3.79 s shorter response time for bleaching and a greater colouration efficiency(CE)value(89.29 cm^(2)/C)at 700 nm compared to the CE value for 1D WO_(3)(of 22 cm^(2)/C)and 0D WO_(3)(8 cm^(2)/C).The outcome of this study provides a new insight and valuable contribution to design an efficient electrochromic coating by controlling and optimising the nanostructures of selective electrochromic materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52373169).
文摘Thermochromic hydrogel smart windows represent a significant breakthrough in the field of building energy conservation,offering a revolutionary solution for intelligent thermal environment management through their ability to dynamically regulate solar transmittance.This review systematically summarizes the thermoresponsive properties and technical bottlenecks of thermochromic hydrogels in smart window applications.A comprehensive analysis of the advantages and limitations of this class of material in terms of phase transition temperature,optical performance,stability,and response speed is provided,while the progresses made in optimizing their performance through various strategies are discussed.As a prospect,in the future,the development of thermochromic hydrogel smart windows must prioritize broad-temperature adaptability,cost-effectiveness,and multifunctional integration to address current challenges and facilitate their widespread adoption and scientific innovation in building energy conservation.
基金funding support from the Global STEM Professorship Scheme sponsored by the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative RegionStart-up funding from The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
文摘CONSPECTUS:Thermoresponsive hydrogels possess an inherent capacity for autonomous adjustment of their properties in response to temperature variations,eliminating the requirement for external power sources and rendering them suitable for diverse environmental applications.Our discourse commences by establishing a foundational comprehension of the two principal categories governing thermal transitions in thermoresponsive hydrogels,namely,the Lower Critical Solution Temperature(LCST)and the Upper Critical Solution Temperature(UCST).
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232022A-07)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52173157)。
文摘In recent years,thermochromic smart windows have played an important role in enhancing energy efficiency and contributing to carbon neutrality in building energy consumption.However,thermal-shielding smart windows with high visible light modulation and structural colors are rarely reported.This study focuses on the development of thermochromic smart windows utilizing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAm)-based nanogels,which exhibit dynamic solar modulation and high visible light transmission without additional energy input.Unlike traditional electrochromic materials such as tungsten trioxide,these smart windows achieve structural color states through the self-assembly of nanogels,eliminating the need for inorganic materials.The fabricated hydrogel contains thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-random-acrylic acid-random-N-tert-butyl acrylamide)P(NIPAm-r-AA-r-TBA)(PNTA)nanogels with tunable phase transition temperatures(Tp)that align with ambient conditions.These smart windows demonstrate excellent stability over 100 heating-cooling cycles and significant temperature regulation,achieving an indoor temperature modulation of 10℃and energy savings of 14.24 KJ m^(-3)compared with normal windows.The production process is simple and scalable,making it feasible for industrial applications.Furthermore,these smart windows offer additional functionalities such as information encryption,adding value to their practical application.
基金supported in part by funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Contract Nos.:51502268,51325203)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy,Shanghai University(SKLASS 2022e04)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(No.19DZ2270200)the Provincial and Ministerial Co-construction of Collaborative Innovation Center for Resource Materials(Contract No.:zycl202008).
文摘Smart windows are an important strategy to reduce the energy consumption in buildings,which accounts for as much as 30%e40%of the society's energy consumption.VO_(2)-based thermochromic materials can intelligently regulate the solar heat gains of building interiors.However,the unmatched thermal emissivity(ε)modulation of traditional VO_(2)/glass systems,i.e.,high emissivity at low temperatures and low emissivity at high temperatures,leads to additional heating and cooling energy loads in winter and summer,respectively.In this study,we propose a novel VO_(2)/polyacrylonitrile(PAN)/AgNW multilayer possessing flexible Ag nanowire supported FabryePerot cavities,which synchronously achieves high modulation abilities in both solar spectrum(DT_(sol) of 13.6%)and middle infrared region(D 3 of 0.50 at 8-13 mm).These achievements are the best among reports for pure VO_(2) smart windows.This study provides a flexible and effective protocol to dynamically enhance the light and heat utilization for practical building windows.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities (Grant No.2024-KYYWF-0141)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.52406076,52227813)+1 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2022YFE0133900)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No.2023M740905)。
文摘Visible lighting and energy-saving are dual needs of energy efficiency and occupant comfort in modern buildings.In this study,a smart window based on phase-change material VO_(2) is designed and optimized to address the critical challenges in building energy management.The proposed phase-adaptive radiative(PAR)coating is a multilayer nanostructure consisting of TiO/VO_(2)2/TiO/Ag_(2) and polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS).For different VO_(2) phases,visible transmittance T_(vis)>0.6 and emissivity difference in the atmospheric window Δε_(AW)=0.422 can be achieved,which means the PAR window can transfer interior heat to the outside through thermal radiation for cooling or minimize thermal emission for insulation,while ensuring the transmission of visible light for natural daylighting.Compared to normal glass,the PAR window has an average temperature drop of 14.8℃.The year-round energy-saving calculation for four different cities in China indicates that the PAR window can save 22%-32% of the annual cooling and heating energy consumption by seamlessly transitioning between two phases of VO_(2)modes.The multi-objective optimization of the phase-adaptive radiative smart window provides a potential strategy for energy saving.
基金supported by the Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Fund,National Key Research Program(grant Nos.2020YFA0210702 and 2020YFC2201103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant Nos.51872156 and 22075163)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(grant No.2022M721808).
文摘With the rapid development of optoelectronics,electrochromic(EC)materials(ECMs)with the advan-tages of low power consumption,easy viewing,high contrast ratio,etc have attached more and more attention from the fields of smart windows,electronic billboards,emerging wearable and portable electronics,and other next-generation displays.Nickel oxide(NiO)is a promising candidate for high-performance ECMs because of its neutral-colored states and low cost.However,NiO-based ECMs still face the problem of slow switching speed due to their low electrical conductivity and small lattice spacing.Metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)are promising candidates to fabricate hollow and porous transition metal oxides(TMOs)with high ion transport efficiency,excellent specific capacitance,and electrochemical activities.In this work,porous yolk-shell NiO nanospheres(PYS-NiO NSs)were syn-thesized via a solvothermal and subsequent calcination process of Ni-MOF,which exhibited outstanding EC performance.Because the large specific surface areas and hollow porous nanostructures were conducive to ionic transport,PYS-NiO NSs exhibited a fast coloring/bleaching speed(3.6/3.9 s per one coloring/bleaching cycle)and excellent cycling stability(82%of capacity retention after 3000 cycles).These superior EC properties indicated that the PYS-NiO NSs was a promising candidate for high-performance EC devices.This work provides a new and feasible strategy for the efficient preparation of TMOs ECMs with good EC performance,especially fast switching speed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.21935004).
文摘Thermochromic smart windows have gained increasing popularity in light modulation and energy management in buildings.However,the fabrication of flexible thermochromic smart windows with high luminous transmittance(Tlum),tailorable critical temperature(τc),strong solar modulation ability(ΔTsol),and long-term durability remains a huge challenge.In this study,hydrogel-based thermochromic smart windows are fabricated by sandwiching thermochromic hydrogels of polyallylamine hydrochloride,polyacrylic acid,and carbonized polymer dots(CPDs)complexes between two pieces of transparent substrates.Benefiting from the incorporation of nanosized CPDs,the thermochromic hydrogel has an ultrahigh Tlum of~98.7%,a desirableτc of~24.2℃,aΔTsol of~89.3%and a rapid transition time of~3 s from opaque state to transparent state.Moreover,the thermochromic hydrogel exhibits excellent anti-freezing ability,tight adhesion toward various substrates,and excellent self-healing capability.The self-healing capability enables the fabrication of large-area smart windows by welding multiple hydrogel pieces.The smart windows retain their original thermochromic properties after being stored under ambient conditions for at least 147 days or undergoing 10,000 uninterrupted heating/cooling cycles.The model houses with smart windows can achieve a temperature reduction of 9.2℃,demonstrating the excellent indoor temperature modulation performance of the smart windows.
基金the Tsinghua-Toyota Joint Research Fund,the National Key Research Program(Nos.2020YFA0210702 and 2020YFC2201103)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51872156 and 22075163)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(No.2022M721808).
文摘Electrochromic smart windows have attracted much attention in energy-saving buildings because of their ability to selectively modulate visible(VIS)and near-infrared(NIR)light transmittance.As is known,the NIR region accounts for about 50%of the total solar radiation.Therefore,reducing the NIR transmittance of windows will play a crucial role in reducing the energy consumption of buildings.However,for most of the reported electrochromic materials(ECMs)-based windows,it remains a longlasting challenge about how to achieve a low NIR transmittance during the past decades.In this work,we synthesize oxygendeficient tungsten oxide(WO_(3−x))nanoflowers(NFs)by a simple and efficient method that is facile for their mass production.The WO_(3−x)NFs exhibit low NIR transmittance of only 4.11%,0.60%,and 0.19%at 1200,1600,and 1800 nm,respectively,due to the localized surface plasmon resonance(LSPR)effect.Besides,the WO_(3−x)NFs exhibit an excellent dual-band modulating ability for both VIS and NIR light.They are able to operate in three distinct modes,including a bright mode,a cool mode,and a dark mode.Moreover,the WO_(3−x)NFs exhibit a fast bleaching/coloring time(1.54/6.67 s),and excellent cycling stability(97.75%of capacity retention after 4000 s).
基金supported by the Human Resources Development Program(No.20194030202470)of the Korea Institute of Energy Technology EvaluationPlanning(KETEP)with the support of the Korean Government Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energythe Department of Science and Technology,India,under the DST-FIST(SR/FST/PSI173/2012)program。
文摘Internationally,standards for electrochromic(EC)requirements in smart window applications have been established,with ongoing global initiatives aimed at elevating them to highly advanced levels.This paper covers a comprehensive investigation of the structural,optical,morphological,and electrochemical properties of WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films.Simultaneously,an experimental analysis of WO_(3)/TiO_(2)was envisaged by a two-step process.Initially,WO_(3)thin films were hydrothermally deposited onto indium-doped tin oxide-coated glass substrates using an aqueous solution of Na_(2)WO_(4)·2H_(2)O at a pH value of 1.Subsequently,a layer of TiO_(2)was electrodeposited onto the WO_(3)thin films.X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful formation of WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films,with the WO_(3)phase exhibiting a hexagonal tunnel structure.Scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of porous nanorods(NRs)of WO_(3),uniformly coated with TiO_(2),resulting in a porous morphology of the WO./TiO_(2)samples.The EC performance of the WO_(3)/TiO_(2)films was thoroughly assessed through cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements over a potential window ranging from-2.0 to+1.2 V(versus Ag/AgCl)in a 0.5 mol·L^(-1)LiClO_(4)-PC electrolyte.The WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films exhibited cathodic electrochromism,characterized by a reversible color change from dark blue to transparent.This improved EC performance in comparison to pure WO_(3)films is attributed to enhanced double ion/electron insertion and extraction efficiency.Furthermore,the WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films demonstrated excellent optical modulation properties,with a significant modulation at 633 nm(46.87%).The coloration efficiency reached a high value of 193.25 cm^(2)·C^(-1),indicating their potential for practical EC applications.Moreover,the WO_(3)/TiO_(2)composite films displayed exceptional EC stability,with no significant degradation observed over 2500 cyclic voltammetry cycles.This superior EC performance can be attributed to the synergistic effect between the hexagonal WO_(3)NRs and anatase TiO_(2).This study highlights the significance of the synthesis method and the unique structural characteristics of the composite in enhancing the EC performance.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(Nos.2014A030313241,2014B090901068,and 2016A010103003)。
文摘Two viologen derivatives containing fluorine substituent(F)with an asymmetric structures,1,1'-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]dihexafluorophosphate(DFPV)and 1-benzyl-1'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]di-hexafluorophosphate(Bn-FPV),were synthesized.These viologen derivatives as active materials were used to assemble both flexible and rigid electrochromic devices(ECDs).ECDs based on DFPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to deep green and ECDs based on Bn-FPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to blue-green within applied voltage.It was found that the devices based on DFPV showed cycle stability,which could still maintain more than 90% after 1000 cycles.In addition,the modulation rate of the device to the solar irradiance is also calculated to characterize its application potential in smart windows.Among them,the rigid device(R-DFPV)based on the DFPV has a large solar irradiance modulation rate of 54.66%,which has the potential to be used as smart windows.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51902064)the Scientific and Technological Bases and Talents of Guangxi (2019AC20198)+2 种基金Guangxi Natural Science Foundation (2017GXNSFGA198005)the special fund for “Guangxi Bagui Scholars”the “Guangxi Hundred-Talent Program”。
文摘Zinc-anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs) are emerging as the next-generation energy-e cient transparent electronics. We report anatase W-doped TiO_(2) nanocrystals(NCs) as a Zn^(2+) active electrochromic material. It demonstrates that the W doping in TiO_(2) highly reduces the Zn^(2+) intercalation energy,thus triggering the electrochromism. The prototype ZECDs based on W-doped TiO_(2) NCs deliver a high optical modulation(66% at 550 nm),fast spectral response times(9/2.7 s at 550 nm for coloration/bleaching),and good electrochemical stability(8.2% optical modulation loss after 1000 cycles).
基金supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF)grants funded by the Ministry of Education (2020R1A6A1A03038817),Republic of Korea。
文摘Functional materials may change color by heat and electricity separately or simultaneously in smart windows.These materials have not only demonstrated remarkable potential in the modulation of solar radiation but are also leading to the development of indoor environments that are more comfortable and conducive to improving individuals'quality of life.Unfortunately,dual-responsive materials have not received ample research attention due to economic and technological challenges.As a consequence,the broader utilization of smart windows faces hindrances.To address this new generational multistimulus responsive chromic materials,our group has adopted a developmental strategy to create a poly(NIPAM)n-HV as a switchable material by anchoring active viologen(HV)onto a phase-changing poly(NIPAM)n-based smart material for better utility and activity.These constructed smart windows facilitate individualistic reversible switching,from a highly transparent state to an opaque state(thermochromic)and a red state(electrochromic),as well as facilitate a simultaneous dual-stimuli response reversible switching from a clear transparent state to a fully opaque(thermochromic)and orange(electrochromic)states.Absolute privacy can be attained in smart windows designed for exclusive settings by achieving zero transmittance.Each unique chromic mode operates independently and modulates visible and near-infrared(NIR)light in a distinct manner.Hence,these smart windows with thermal and electric dual-stimuli responsiveness demonstrate remarkable heat regulation capabilities,rendering them highly attractive for applications in building facades,energy harvesting,privacy protection,and color display.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52006056)Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (2020B090923003)+1 种基金Civil Aerospace Technology Research Project (B0108)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan through Grant No. 2020JJ3012
文摘Smart windows with tunable optical properties that respond to external environments are being developed to reduce energy consumption in buildings.In the present study,we introduce a new type of 3D printed hydrogel with amazing flexibility and stretchability(as large as 1500%),as well as tunable optical performance controlled by surrounding temperatures.The hydrogel on a PDMS substrate shows transparent-opaque transition with high solar modulation(ΔT_(sol))up to 79.332% around its lower critical solution temperature(L_(CST))while maintaining a high luminous transmittance(T_(lum))of 85.847% at 20℃.In addition,selective transparent-opaque transition above LCST can be achieved by patterned hydrogels which are precisely fabricated via a projection micro-stereolithography based 3D printing technique.Our hydrogel promises great potential applications for the next generation of soft smart windows.
基金financially the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2004175,51902086 and 62222402)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2022M711036)the Key Scientific Research Project plan of the University in Henan Province(22A430002)。
文摘Exploring materials with high electrochemical activity is of keen interest for electrochemistry-controlled optical and energy storage devices.However,it remains a great challenge for transition metal oxides to meet this feature due to their low electron conductivity and insufficient reaction sites.Here,we propose a type of transition metal phosphate(NiHPO_(4)·3H_(2)O,NHP)by a facile and scalable electrodeposition method,which can achieve the capability of efficient ion accommodation and injection/extraction for electrochromic energy storage applications.Specifically,the NHP film with an ultra-high transmittance(approach to 100%)achieves a large optical modulation(90.8%at 500 nm),high coloration efficiency(75.4 cm^(2)C^(-1)at 500 nm),and a high specific capacity of 47.8 mAh g^(-1)at 0.4 A g^(-1).Furthermore,the transformation mechanism of NHP upon electrochemical reaction is systematically elucidated using in situ and ex situ techniques.Ultimately,a large-area electrochromic smart window with 100 cm^(2)is constructed based on the NHP electrode,displaying superior electrochromic energy storage performance in regulating natural light and storing electrical charges.Our findings may open up new strategies for developing advanced electrochromic energy storage materials and smart windows.
基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province,Grant/Award Number:BK20241898。
文摘Addressing the dual challenges of global energy sustainability and dynamic optical management,we present an innovative flexible photochromic transparent fluorescent wood composite film(PT-FWF)with molecular-scale engineered design,fabricated through in situ Eu^(3+)coordination on TEMPOoxidized cellulose scaffolds.This hierarchically structured material combines fluorescent wood film with hot-pressing,impregnation,and coating(PMMA/WO_(3))to achieve multimodal optical control.PT-FWF demonstrates exceptional multifunctionality:88%optical transparency,107.5°±1.0°hydrophobicity surface,and thermal insulation(ΔT≈5.5℃).A unique dual-mode photoresponsive mechanism enables through synergistic photochromicfluorescent effects:instantaneous fluorescence under UV light and coloring/bleaching with or without light-assisted(UV or simulated sunlight).The smart window model exhibits over 90%UV-blocking efficiency,and the transmittance of the smart window can be reversibly switched between 88%and 5%under prolonged light conditions,showing a high modulation of visible light(ΔT_(lum)=83%)at 1030 nm,enabling simultaneous daylight optimization and energy conservation.This molecular-scale engineered wood composite defines a transformative platform for adaptive optical materials,merging energyefficient architectural solutions with information encryption through sunlightregulated smart windows that simultaneously enable environmental protection and anti-counterfeiting.
文摘To ensure the safety of residents’lives and property by using automatic opening and closing of ordinary windows,this article designs an intelligent window automatic monitoring system.The article proposes a software and hardware design scheme for the system,which comprises a microcontroller control module,temperature and humidity detection module,harmful gas detection module,rainfall detection module,human thermal radiation induction module,Organic Light-Emitting Diode(OLED)display module,stepper motor drive module,Wi-Fi communication module,etc.Users use this system to monitor environmental data such as temperature,humidity,rainfall,harmful gas concentrations,and human health.Users can control the opening and closing of windows through manual,microcontroller,and mobile application(app)remote methods,providing users with a more convenient,comfortable,and safe living environment.
