Cellulose,the dominant natural polymer on Earth,features a distinct molecular structure with extraordinary mechanical properties and tunable characteristics,making it attractive for gel systems.Although significant pr...Cellulose,the dominant natural polymer on Earth,features a distinct molecular structure with extraordinary mechanical properties and tunable characteristics,making it attractive for gel systems.Although significant progress has been made,challenges remain in fully leveraging their functional potential and broadening practical applications.This review systematically examines the properties of cellulose and cellulose gels,exploring novel reinforcement strategies—across molecular,supramolecular network,and macroscale structure levels—to enhance mechanical,electrical,and thermal performance,while coordinating these properties for practical implementations.These advancements are exemplified in emerging fields such as flexible robotics,electronic skins,flexible energy storage devices,and human-machine interaction systems.This article thoroughly investigates the fundamental characteristics,multi-scale design approaches,performance enhancement mechanisms,and cutting-edge implementations of cellulose-based gels across diverse domains.It provides a comprehensive overview of these advanced materials and offers strategic insights and recommendations for future research and innovation.展开更多
Thermoresponsive hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAm)often undergo syneresis upon heating,and thus become irrecoverable in shape.To overcome this limitation,we copolymerize tetra-armed PNIPAm precurs...Thermoresponsive hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAm)often undergo syneresis upon heating,and thus become irrecoverable in shape.To overcome this limitation,we copolymerize tetra-armed PNIPAm precursor with tetra-armed poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)precursor.After incorporating the hydrophilic PEG components,the hydrogel samples exhibited recoverable swellability during repeated heating-cooling cycles,during which phase segregation occurred,and the water repelled from the PNIPAm-rich phase can be accommodated in the PEG-rich phase.As a result,recoverability relied on the swellability of the PEG-rich phase,which correlated quantitatively with the molar mass and concentration of the precursor solution.This study provides an effective protocol for the molecular design of stimuli-responsive hydrogels with a desired degree of shape recoverability.展开更多
Objective:To observed the effect of a curcumin-based vaginal gel combined with electroporation for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC)caused by Candida albicans.Methods:Temperature-sensitive in situ gels(IS...Objective:To observed the effect of a curcumin-based vaginal gel combined with electroporation for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC)caused by Candida albicans.Methods:Temperature-sensitive in situ gels(ISG)were prepared using poloxamers 407 and 188 as matrices.The mass ratio of poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 was 7:1 with a gelation temperature of approximately 29℃ and gelation time of 2.5 min.Results:Electroporation increased the transmucosal permeability of the model drug,doxorubicin and improved the antifungal effects of curcumin.In vitro antifungal experiments showed that the number of fungal colonies in curcumin ISG combined with electroporation was lower than that in pure curcumin ISG.In vivo pharmacodynamic experiments showed that,compared to the model group,curcumin ISG with electroporation inhibited the growth of C.albicans,alleviated vaginal mucosal edema,and reduced the inflammatory response.Conclusion:Curcumin ISG combined with electroporation has substantial potential for the efficient clinical treatment of VVC.展开更多
To understand the applicability of high-temperature preformed particle gel(HT-PPG)for control of short-circuiting in enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs),core flooding experiments were conducted on fractured granite core...To understand the applicability of high-temperature preformed particle gel(HT-PPG)for control of short-circuiting in enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs),core flooding experiments were conducted on fractured granite cores under varying fracture widths,gel particle sizes and swelling ratios.Key parameters such as injection pressure,water breakthrough pressure,and residual resistance factor were measured to evaluate HT-PPG performance.The gel exhibited strong injectability,entering granite fractures at pressure gradients as low as 0.656 MPa/m;HT-PPG yields a superior sealing performance by significantly reducing the permeability;and dehydration occurs during HT-PPG propagation,with a dehydration ratio ranging from 4.71%to 11.36%.This study reveals that HT-PPG can be injected into geothermal formations with minimal pressure yet provides strong resistance to breakthrough once in place.This balance of injectability and sealing strength makes HT-PPG effective for addressing thermal short-circuiting in EGS reservoirs.展开更多
With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power,flexible and wearable optical displays,the demand for electrochromic technology has surged.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs),a crucial c...With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power,flexible and wearable optical displays,the demand for electrochromic technology has surged.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs),a crucial component of electrochromic devices(ECDs),show great promise in applications.This is attributed to their efficient ion-transport capabilities,excellent mechanical properties and strong adhesion.All of these characteristics are conducive to enhancing the safety of the devices,streamlining the packaging process,significantly improving the electrochromic performance of ECDs and boosting their commercial application potential.This review provides a comprehensive overview of GPEs for ECDs,focusing on their basic designs,functional modifications and practical applications.Firstly,this review outlines the fundamental design of GPEs for ECDs,encompassing key performance index,classification,gelation mechanism and preparation methods.Building on this foundation,it provides an in-depth discussion of functionalized GPEs developed to enhance device performance or expand functionality,including electrochromic,temperature-responsive,photo-responsive and stretchable self-healing GPE.Furthermore,the integration of GPEs into various ECD applications,including smart windows,displays,energy storage devices and wearable electronic,are summarized to highlight the advantages that the design of GPEs brings to the practical application of ECDs.Finally,based on the summary of GPEs employed for ECDs,the challenges and development expectations in this direction were indicated.展开更多
The preparation of ionic liquid gel electrolyte can reduce the occurrence of side effects and extend battery life.In the DMSO-ILZE electrolyte composed of DMSO,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate(EMIMBF_(4))an...The preparation of ionic liquid gel electrolyte can reduce the occurrence of side effects and extend battery life.In the DMSO-ILZE electrolyte composed of DMSO,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate(EMIMBF_(4))and Zn(BF_(4))_(2),the supramolecular gelatorβ-cyclodextrin(β-CD)was added,and then a gel electrolyte(CD-ILZE)for zinc-ion batteries was prepared through host-vip interaction betweenβ-CD and DMSO-ILZE electrolyte.The gel electrolyte has good conductivity between-30 and 80℃,which is found by fitting the Arrhenius equation that the gel electrolyte satisfies the liquid law within this temperature range.In addition,the supramolecular gel electrolyte can effectively decrease hydrogen evolution corrosion and the formation of zinc dendrites.Compared with the battery prepared by DMSO-ILZE electrolyte(about 1100 h),the prepared Zn||Zn battery exhibits a more stable cycle(over 2800 h)at a current density of 0.5 m A·cm^(-2).At 0.1 A·g^(-1),the prepared Zn||V_(2)O_(5)gel electrolyte cell has a capacity of 30 m Ah·g^(-1)and a capacity retention rate of 85.17%after more than 1500 cycles.The CD-ILZE supramolecular gel electrolyte can inhibit the formation of hydrogen evolution corrosion and zinc dendrites,and improve the cycling performance of the battery.展开更多
The pursuit of high energy density and sustainable energy storage devices has been the target of many researchers.However,safety issues such as the susceptibility of conventional liquid electrolytes to leakage and fla...The pursuit of high energy density and sustainable energy storage devices has been the target of many researchers.However,safety issues such as the susceptibility of conventional liquid electrolytes to leakage and flammability,as well as performance degradation due to uncontrollable dendrite growth in liquid electrolytes,have been limiting the further development of energy storage devices.In this regard,gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)based on lignocellulosic(cellulose,hemicellulose,lignin)have attracted great interest due to their high thermal stability,excellent electrolyte wettability,and natural abundance.Therefore,in this critical review,a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by GPEs is presented,followed by a detailed description of the opportunities and advantages of lignocellulosic materials for the fabrication of GPEs for energy storage devices.Notably,the key properties and corresponding construction strategies of GPEs for energy storage are analyzed and discussed from the perspective of lignocellulose for the first time.Moreover,the future challenges and prospects of lignocellulose-mediated GPEs in energy storage applications are also critically reviewed and discussed.We sincerely hope this review will stimulate further research on lignocellulose-mediated GPEs in energy storage and provide meaningful directions for the strategy of designing advanced GPEs.展开更多
The changes and gastric digestive properties of gel were investigated for oxidiz ed myofibrillar protein(MP)(0–1 mmol/L H_(2)O_(2))treated by 30%substitution of NaCl with KCl,MgCl_(2),and KCl/MgCl_(2).Mild oxidation ...The changes and gastric digestive properties of gel were investigated for oxidiz ed myofibrillar protein(MP)(0–1 mmol/L H_(2)O_(2))treated by 30%substitution of NaCl with KCl,MgCl_(2),and KCl/MgCl_(2).Mild oxidation level(0.3 mmol/L H_(2)O_(2))facilitated the protein unfolding,and MgCl_(2)obviously intervened the protein selfassembly by forming the salt bridge and more disulfide bonds.At the same oxidation concentration,the sodium-reduced MP substituted with KCl formed dense network structure with better gel strength(increased by 6%–18%)and water retention in comparision to the gel without sodium reduction.The KCl-substituted gel chewing work was also relatively higher among the low-sodium samples at the first chewing cycle.Reversely,the relatively soft structure and lower gel viscosity in simulated oral chewing were found in MgCl_(2)-substituted gel.These changes decreased the contact limit between pepsin and protein for better gastric disintegration or pepsin diffusivity,and increased the proportion of small molecular weight peptides(25.83%,<5 kDa).Therefore,partial substitution of NaCl with other salt replacers could influence the physicochemical properties of low-sodium MP suspension or gel under different oxidation degree and the subsequent gastric digestion characteristics.展开更多
Aim To develop pluronic F127 （PF127） based formulations of penciclovir （PCV） aimed at enhancing its ocular bioavailability. Methods Thermosensitive in situ gels of penciclovir were prepared through combination of ...Aim To develop pluronic F127 （PF127） based formulations of penciclovir （PCV） aimed at enhancing its ocular bioavailability. Methods Thermosensitive in situ gels of penciclovir were prepared through combination of HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P and pluronic F127. Optimized formulations were examined through measuring gelation temperature, rheology speciality, drug release behavior, pharmacokinetics and ocular irritation. Results The gelation temperature was reduced by adding HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P, and the viscosity was enhanced slightly. Either HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P delayed the release of PCV from in situ gel. PCV was released by non-Fickian diffusion. The study of ocular irritation for different PCV formulations did not show any irritation or damage for the cornea. PCV bioavailability from combination of carbopol 934P and pluronic F127 gels was higher than that obtained from any other gels. Conclusion Pluronic F127 formulations of PCV can be used as liquid for administration by instilling into the eye. Facilitated by the appropriate eye temperature, the formulations were transformed to gel phase. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo results, PCV formulations containing HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P and low concentration of pluronic F127 （12%） showed potential for use as a drug delivery system with improved ocular bioavailability.展开更多
Silica gels with a high specific surface area and high adsorption activity ,which have high selectivity and high adsorption capacity for zirconium in acidic high level radioactive liquid waste (HLLW), have been prepar...Silica gels with a high specific surface area and high adsorption activity ,which have high selectivity and high adsorption capacity for zirconium in acidic high level radioactive liquid waste (HLLW), have been prepared from water-glass and hydrochloric acid through adding surfactants. The surfactant modifies the surface of the primary sol particles, thus suppresses the growth of the primary particle,but accelerates their agglomeration. The action of the surfactant is similar to that of the organic structure-directing agent and makes the sol cluster cross-linkage ring-like network in short order. The specific surface area of the silica gel is 998 m 2/g; the static adsorption capacity and the adsorption distribution coefficient for zirconium in HLLW are 32.6 mg/g and 56.1 mL/g, respectively.展开更多
In order to improve the substrate diffusion properties and stability of an immobilized enzyme alginate microgels modified with TiO2 nanoparticles were employed as the enzyme immobilizing support.Ionotropic gelation wa...In order to improve the substrate diffusion properties and stability of an immobilized enzyme alginate microgels modified with TiO2 nanoparticles were employed as the enzyme immobilizing support.Ionotropic gelation was applied for the preparation of hybrid gels while Ca2＋ Ce3＋ Ni2＋Cu2＋and Fe3＋were employed as the crosslinkers.Papain was selected as the model enzyme. UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to investigate the activity of papain to evaluate kinetics and stability.Analysis results show that the highest affinity the lowest Michaelis-Menten constant Km =11.0 mg/mL and the highest stability are obtained when using Cu2＋as the crosslinker.The effect of the mass ratio of TiO2 to papain on the stability and leakage of papain is also investigated and the results show that 10∶1 TiO2∶papain is optimal because the proper use of TiO2 can reduce enzyme leakage and ensure enzyme stability.Preparing Cu/alginate/TiO2 hybrid gels via ionotropic gelation can provide a satisfactory diffusion capability and enzyme stability.展开更多
An elastomeric gel is a mixture of a polymer network and a solvent. In response to changes in mechanical forces and in the chemical potential of the solvent in the environment, the gel evolves by two concurrent molecu...An elastomeric gel is a mixture of a polymer network and a solvent. In response to changes in mechanical forces and in the chemical potential of the solvent in the environment, the gel evolves by two concurrent molecular processes： the conformational change of the network, and the migration of the solvent. The two processes result in viscoelasticity and poroelasticity, and are characterized by two material-specific properties： the time of viscoelastic relaxation and the effective diffusivity of the solvent through the network. The two properties define a material- specific length. The material-specific time and length enable us to discuss macroscopic observations made over different lengths and times, and identify limiting conditions in which viscoelastic and poroelastic relaxations have either completed or yet started. We formulate a model of homogeneous deformation, and use several examples to illustrate viscoelasticity-limited solvent migration, where the migration of the solvent is pronounced, but the size of the gel is so small that the rate of change is limited by viscoelasticity. We further describe a theory that evolves a gel through inhomogeneous states. Both infinitesimal and finite deformation are considered.展开更多
A convenient technique is reported in this note for measuring elastic modulus of extremely soft material for cellular adhesion. Specimens of bending cylinder under gravity are used to avoid contact problem between tes...A convenient technique is reported in this note for measuring elastic modulus of extremely soft material for cellular adhesion. Specimens of bending cylinder under gravity are used to avoid contact problem between testing device and sample, and a beam model is presented for evaluating the curvatures of gel beams with large elastic deformation. A self-adaptive algorithm is also proposed to search for the best estimation of gels＇ elastic moduli by comparing the experimental bending curvatures with those computed from the beam model with preestimated moduli. Application to the measurement of the property of polyacrylamide gels indi- cates that the material compliance varies with the concentrations of bis-acrylamide, and the gels become softer after being immersed in a culture medium for a period of time, no matter to what extent they are polymerized.展开更多
The immobilized technique of manganese peroxidase(MnP) in gelatin-containing microemulsion-based gels and the effects of storage time and reuse times on its catalytic activity were studied. The results show that the M...The immobilized technique of manganese peroxidase(MnP) in gelatin-containing microemulsion-based gels and the effects of storage time and reuse times on its catalytic activity were studied. The results show that the MnP immobilized together with Mn 2+ and H_2O_2 could effectively oxidize syringaldazine in n-heptane. The immobilized MnP still had a high catalytic activity after one-month storage under a freezing condition. The reuse times have a relation to the amount of the immobilized H_2O_2. When the amount of the immobilized H_2O_2 is sufficient, the microemulsion-based gels containing MnP could be used many times.展开更多
In situ forming hydrogels with simple sol–gel transition are more practicable as injectable hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue regeneration. State-of-the-art in situ gelling systems can easily and efficiently be ...In situ forming hydrogels with simple sol–gel transition are more practicable as injectable hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue regeneration. State-of-the-art in situ gelling systems can easily and efficiently be formed by different mechanisms in situ. Chitosan is a kind of natural polysaccharide that is widely exploited for biomedical applications due to its good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and specific biological activities. Chitosan-based in situ gelling systems have already gained much attention as smart biomaterials in the development of several biomedical applications, such as for drug delivery systems and regeneration medicine. Herein, we review the typical in situ gelling systems based on chitosan and mechanisms involved in hydrogel forming, and report advances of chitosan-based in situ gels for the applications in drug delivery and tissue regeneration. Finally, development prospects of in situ forming hydrogels based on chitosan are also discussed in brief.展开更多
Conventional methods of DNA recovery from agarose gel generally require expensive equipment, extended elution times, or considerable handling of the sample after elution. We developed a simple protocol for a quick and...Conventional methods of DNA recovery from agarose gel generally require expensive equipment, extended elution times, or considerable handling of the sample after elution. We developed a simple protocol for a quick and effective recovery of DNA from agarose gels with good yield and quality. Using a Sephadex resin filled spin column, DNA fragments of 500 bp to 6 kb in an agarose gel slice were easily recovered by a 2 min centrifugation. The recovery efficiencies were over 40% -50% and the eluted DNA can be used directly for downstream application, such as polymerase chain reactions （PCR） and restriction enzyme digestion. This method could also be used to recover large DNA fragment （48 kb） without degradation. The use of Sephadex helps to remove small molecular impurities from agarose and it also reduces the chance of clogging the column filter caused by direct contact with agarose.展开更多
Introduction The formation of gelatin-containing mieroemulsionbased gels（MBGs） was first described in 1986 and the physical/structural characterization was carried out by a number of groups with a variety of techni...Introduction The formation of gelatin-containing mieroemulsionbased gels（MBGs） was first described in 1986 and the physical/structural characterization was carried out by a number of groups with a variety of techniques including tracer diffusion, electrical conductivity, NMR, X-ray and small angle neutron scattering. The MBGs were proposed to comprise an extensive, rigid, interconnected network of gelatin/water rods stabilized by a monolayer of surfactant, in coexistence with a po- pulation of conventional W/O microemulsion droplets.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32371823)the Liaoning Province Xingliao Talents Leading Talent Program(Grant No.XLYC2402043)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Woody Oil Resources Utilization(Grant No.SKLN EFU202517).
文摘Cellulose,the dominant natural polymer on Earth,features a distinct molecular structure with extraordinary mechanical properties and tunable characteristics,making it attractive for gel systems.Although significant progress has been made,challenges remain in fully leveraging their functional potential and broadening practical applications.This review systematically examines the properties of cellulose and cellulose gels,exploring novel reinforcement strategies—across molecular,supramolecular network,and macroscale structure levels—to enhance mechanical,electrical,and thermal performance,while coordinating these properties for practical implementations.These advancements are exemplified in emerging fields such as flexible robotics,electronic skins,flexible energy storage devices,and human-machine interaction systems.This article thoroughly investigates the fundamental characteristics,multi-scale design approaches,performance enhancement mechanisms,and cutting-edge implementations of cellulose-based gels across diverse domains.It provides a comprehensive overview of these advanced materials and offers strategic insights and recommendations for future research and innovation.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22173095)。
文摘Thermoresponsive hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAm)often undergo syneresis upon heating,and thus become irrecoverable in shape.To overcome this limitation,we copolymerize tetra-armed PNIPAm precursor with tetra-armed poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG)precursor.After incorporating the hydrophilic PEG components,the hydrogel samples exhibited recoverable swellability during repeated heating-cooling cycles,during which phase segregation occurred,and the water repelled from the PNIPAm-rich phase can be accommodated in the PEG-rich phase.As a result,recoverability relied on the swellability of the PEG-rich phase,which correlated quantitatively with the molar mass and concentration of the precursor solution.This study provides an effective protocol for the molecular design of stimuli-responsive hydrogels with a desired degree of shape recoverability.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L222126).
文摘Objective:To observed the effect of a curcumin-based vaginal gel combined with electroporation for the treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis(VVC)caused by Candida albicans.Methods:Temperature-sensitive in situ gels(ISG)were prepared using poloxamers 407 and 188 as matrices.The mass ratio of poloxamer 407 and poloxamer 188 was 7:1 with a gelation temperature of approximately 29℃ and gelation time of 2.5 min.Results:Electroporation increased the transmucosal permeability of the model drug,doxorubicin and improved the antifungal effects of curcumin.In vitro antifungal experiments showed that the number of fungal colonies in curcumin ISG combined with electroporation was lower than that in pure curcumin ISG.In vivo pharmacodynamic experiments showed that,compared to the model group,curcumin ISG with electroporation inhibited the growth of C.albicans,alleviated vaginal mucosal edema,and reduced the inflammatory response.Conclusion:Curcumin ISG combined with electroporation has substantial potential for the efficient clinical treatment of VVC.
基金Supported by the U.S.Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy(EERE)under the Geothermal Technologies Office(GTO)“Innovative Methods to Control Hydraulic Properties of Enhanced Geothermal Systems”(DE-EE0009790).
文摘To understand the applicability of high-temperature preformed particle gel(HT-PPG)for control of short-circuiting in enhanced geothermal systems(EGSs),core flooding experiments were conducted on fractured granite cores under varying fracture widths,gel particle sizes and swelling ratios.Key parameters such as injection pressure,water breakthrough pressure,and residual resistance factor were measured to evaluate HT-PPG performance.The gel exhibited strong injectability,entering granite fractures at pressure gradients as low as 0.656 MPa/m;HT-PPG yields a superior sealing performance by significantly reducing the permeability;and dehydration occurs during HT-PPG propagation,with a dehydration ratio ranging from 4.71%to 11.36%.This study reveals that HT-PPG can be injected into geothermal formations with minimal pressure yet provides strong resistance to breakthrough once in place.This balance of injectability and sealing strength makes HT-PPG effective for addressing thermal short-circuiting in EGS reservoirs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103299)。
文摘With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power,flexible and wearable optical displays,the demand for electrochromic technology has surged.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs),a crucial component of electrochromic devices(ECDs),show great promise in applications.This is attributed to their efficient ion-transport capabilities,excellent mechanical properties and strong adhesion.All of these characteristics are conducive to enhancing the safety of the devices,streamlining the packaging process,significantly improving the electrochromic performance of ECDs and boosting their commercial application potential.This review provides a comprehensive overview of GPEs for ECDs,focusing on their basic designs,functional modifications and practical applications.Firstly,this review outlines the fundamental design of GPEs for ECDs,encompassing key performance index,classification,gelation mechanism and preparation methods.Building on this foundation,it provides an in-depth discussion of functionalized GPEs developed to enhance device performance or expand functionality,including electrochromic,temperature-responsive,photo-responsive and stretchable self-healing GPE.Furthermore,the integration of GPEs into various ECD applications,including smart windows,displays,energy storage devices and wearable electronic,are summarized to highlight the advantages that the design of GPEs brings to the practical application of ECDs.Finally,based on the summary of GPEs employed for ECDs,the challenges and development expectations in this direction were indicated.
文摘The preparation of ionic liquid gel electrolyte can reduce the occurrence of side effects and extend battery life.In the DMSO-ILZE electrolyte composed of DMSO,1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate(EMIMBF_(4))and Zn(BF_(4))_(2),the supramolecular gelatorβ-cyclodextrin(β-CD)was added,and then a gel electrolyte(CD-ILZE)for zinc-ion batteries was prepared through host-vip interaction betweenβ-CD and DMSO-ILZE electrolyte.The gel electrolyte has good conductivity between-30 and 80℃,which is found by fitting the Arrhenius equation that the gel electrolyte satisfies the liquid law within this temperature range.In addition,the supramolecular gel electrolyte can effectively decrease hydrogen evolution corrosion and the formation of zinc dendrites.Compared with the battery prepared by DMSO-ILZE electrolyte(about 1100 h),the prepared Zn||Zn battery exhibits a more stable cycle(over 2800 h)at a current density of 0.5 m A·cm^(-2).At 0.1 A·g^(-1),the prepared Zn||V_(2)O_(5)gel electrolyte cell has a capacity of 30 m Ah·g^(-1)and a capacity retention rate of 85.17%after more than 1500 cycles.The CD-ILZE supramolecular gel electrolyte can inhibit the formation of hydrogen evolution corrosion and zinc dendrites,and improve the cycling performance of the battery.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32501592,32271814,32301530,32471806)Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by Cast(No.YESS20230242)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin(23JCZDJC00630,24JCZDJC00630)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M740563)Tianjin Enterprise Technology Commissioner Project(25YDTPJC00690)China Scholarship Council(202408120091,202408120105).
文摘The pursuit of high energy density and sustainable energy storage devices has been the target of many researchers.However,safety issues such as the susceptibility of conventional liquid electrolytes to leakage and flammability,as well as performance degradation due to uncontrollable dendrite growth in liquid electrolytes,have been limiting the further development of energy storage devices.In this regard,gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)based on lignocellulosic(cellulose,hemicellulose,lignin)have attracted great interest due to their high thermal stability,excellent electrolyte wettability,and natural abundance.Therefore,in this critical review,a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by GPEs is presented,followed by a detailed description of the opportunities and advantages of lignocellulosic materials for the fabrication of GPEs for energy storage devices.Notably,the key properties and corresponding construction strategies of GPEs for energy storage are analyzed and discussed from the perspective of lignocellulose for the first time.Moreover,the future challenges and prospects of lignocellulose-mediated GPEs in energy storage applications are also critically reviewed and discussed.We sincerely hope this review will stimulate further research on lignocellulose-mediated GPEs in energy storage and provide meaningful directions for the strategy of designing advanced GPEs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172257)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(DL2022163005L)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Program of Qingyuan(2022KJJH018)the Postdoctoral Innovative Talent Support Program(BX20230130)the 111 Project(B17018).
文摘The changes and gastric digestive properties of gel were investigated for oxidiz ed myofibrillar protein(MP)(0–1 mmol/L H_(2)O_(2))treated by 30%substitution of NaCl with KCl,MgCl_(2),and KCl/MgCl_(2).Mild oxidation level(0.3 mmol/L H_(2)O_(2))facilitated the protein unfolding,and MgCl_(2)obviously intervened the protein selfassembly by forming the salt bridge and more disulfide bonds.At the same oxidation concentration,the sodium-reduced MP substituted with KCl formed dense network structure with better gel strength(increased by 6%–18%)and water retention in comparision to the gel without sodium reduction.The KCl-substituted gel chewing work was also relatively higher among the low-sodium samples at the first chewing cycle.Reversely,the relatively soft structure and lower gel viscosity in simulated oral chewing were found in MgCl_(2)-substituted gel.These changes decreased the contact limit between pepsin and protein for better gastric disintegration or pepsin diffusivity,and increased the proportion of small molecular weight peptides(25.83%,<5 kDa).Therefore,partial substitution of NaCl with other salt replacers could influence the physicochemical properties of low-sodium MP suspension or gel under different oxidation degree and the subsequent gastric digestion characteristics.
文摘Aim To develop pluronic F127 （PF127） based formulations of penciclovir （PCV） aimed at enhancing its ocular bioavailability. Methods Thermosensitive in situ gels of penciclovir were prepared through combination of HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P and pluronic F127. Optimized formulations were examined through measuring gelation temperature, rheology speciality, drug release behavior, pharmacokinetics and ocular irritation. Results The gelation temperature was reduced by adding HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P, and the viscosity was enhanced slightly. Either HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P delayed the release of PCV from in situ gel. PCV was released by non-Fickian diffusion. The study of ocular irritation for different PCV formulations did not show any irritation or damage for the cornea. PCV bioavailability from combination of carbopol 934P and pluronic F127 gels was higher than that obtained from any other gels. Conclusion Pluronic F127 formulations of PCV can be used as liquid for administration by instilling into the eye. Facilitated by the appropriate eye temperature, the formulations were transformed to gel phase. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo results, PCV formulations containing HPMC K4M or carbopol 934P and low concentration of pluronic F127 （12%） showed potential for use as a drug delivery system with improved ocular bioavailability.
文摘Silica gels with a high specific surface area and high adsorption activity ,which have high selectivity and high adsorption capacity for zirconium in acidic high level radioactive liquid waste (HLLW), have been prepared from water-glass and hydrochloric acid through adding surfactants. The surfactant modifies the surface of the primary sol particles, thus suppresses the growth of the primary particle,but accelerates their agglomeration. The action of the surfactant is similar to that of the organic structure-directing agent and makes the sol cluster cross-linkage ring-like network in short order. The specific surface area of the silica gel is 998 m 2/g; the static adsorption capacity and the adsorption distribution coefficient for zirconium in HLLW are 32.6 mg/g and 56.1 mL/g, respectively.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21005016)the Foundation of Educational Commission of Jiangsu Province(No.JHB2011-2)
文摘In order to improve the substrate diffusion properties and stability of an immobilized enzyme alginate microgels modified with TiO2 nanoparticles were employed as the enzyme immobilizing support.Ionotropic gelation was applied for the preparation of hybrid gels while Ca2＋ Ce3＋ Ni2＋Cu2＋and Fe3＋were employed as the crosslinkers.Papain was selected as the model enzyme. UV-Vis spectroscopy was employed to investigate the activity of papain to evaluate kinetics and stability.Analysis results show that the highest affinity the lowest Michaelis-Menten constant Km =11.0 mg/mL and the highest stability are obtained when using Cu2＋as the crosslinker.The effect of the mass ratio of TiO2 to papain on the stability and leakage of papain is also investigated and the results show that 10∶1 TiO2∶papain is optimal because the proper use of TiO2 can reduce enzyme leakage and ensure enzyme stability.Preparing Cu/alginate/TiO2 hybrid gels via ionotropic gelation can provide a satisfactory diffusion capability and enzyme stability.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) (CMMI-0800161)Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) (W911NF-09-1-0476)the Materials Research Science and Engineering Center at Harvard University (DMR-0820484)
文摘An elastomeric gel is a mixture of a polymer network and a solvent. In response to changes in mechanical forces and in the chemical potential of the solvent in the environment, the gel evolves by two concurrent molecular processes： the conformational change of the network, and the migration of the solvent. The two processes result in viscoelasticity and poroelasticity, and are characterized by two material-specific properties： the time of viscoelastic relaxation and the effective diffusivity of the solvent through the network. The two properties define a material- specific length. The material-specific time and length enable us to discuss macroscopic observations made over different lengths and times, and identify limiting conditions in which viscoelastic and poroelastic relaxations have either completed or yet started. We formulate a model of homogeneous deformation, and use several examples to illustrate viscoelasticity-limited solvent migration, where the migration of the solvent is pronounced, but the size of the gel is so small that the rate of change is limited by viscoelasticity. We further describe a theory that evolves a gel through inhomogeneous states. Both infinitesimal and finite deformation are considered.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (2007CB935602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90607004, 10672005)
文摘A convenient technique is reported in this note for measuring elastic modulus of extremely soft material for cellular adhesion. Specimens of bending cylinder under gravity are used to avoid contact problem between testing device and sample, and a beam model is presented for evaluating the curvatures of gel beams with large elastic deformation. A self-adaptive algorithm is also proposed to search for the best estimation of gels＇ elastic moduli by comparing the experimental bending curvatures with those computed from the beam model with preestimated moduli. Application to the measurement of the property of polyacrylamide gels indi- cates that the material compliance varies with the concentrations of bis-acrylamide, and the gels become softer after being immersed in a culture medium for a period of time, no matter to what extent they are polymerized.
文摘The immobilized technique of manganese peroxidase(MnP) in gelatin-containing microemulsion-based gels and the effects of storage time and reuse times on its catalytic activity were studied. The results show that the MnP immobilized together with Mn 2+ and H_2O_2 could effectively oxidize syringaldazine in n-heptane. The immobilized MnP still had a high catalytic activity after one-month storage under a freezing condition. The reuse times have a relation to the amount of the immobilized H_2O_2. When the amount of the immobilized H_2O_2 is sufficient, the microemulsion-based gels containing MnP could be used many times.
文摘In situ forming hydrogels with simple sol–gel transition are more practicable as injectable hydrogels for drug delivery and tissue regeneration. State-of-the-art in situ gelling systems can easily and efficiently be formed by different mechanisms in situ. Chitosan is a kind of natural polysaccharide that is widely exploited for biomedical applications due to its good biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and specific biological activities. Chitosan-based in situ gelling systems have already gained much attention as smart biomaterials in the development of several biomedical applications, such as for drug delivery systems and regeneration medicine. Herein, we review the typical in situ gelling systems based on chitosan and mechanisms involved in hydrogel forming, and report advances of chitosan-based in situ gels for the applications in drug delivery and tissue regeneration. Finally, development prospects of in situ forming hydrogels based on chitosan are also discussed in brief.
文摘Conventional methods of DNA recovery from agarose gel generally require expensive equipment, extended elution times, or considerable handling of the sample after elution. We developed a simple protocol for a quick and effective recovery of DNA from agarose gels with good yield and quality. Using a Sephadex resin filled spin column, DNA fragments of 500 bp to 6 kb in an agarose gel slice were easily recovered by a 2 min centrifugation. The recovery efficiencies were over 40% -50% and the eluted DNA can be used directly for downstream application, such as polymerase chain reactions （PCR） and restriction enzyme digestion. This method could also be used to recover large DNA fragment （48 kb） without degradation. The use of Sephadex helps to remove small molecular impurities from agarose and it also reduces the chance of clogging the column filter caused by direct contact with agarose.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province in China(No.Y2003B01).
文摘Introduction The formation of gelatin-containing mieroemulsionbased gels（MBGs） was first described in 1986 and the physical/structural characterization was carried out by a number of groups with a variety of techniques including tracer diffusion, electrical conductivity, NMR, X-ray and small angle neutron scattering. The MBGs were proposed to comprise an extensive, rigid, interconnected network of gelatin/water rods stabilized by a monolayer of surfactant, in coexistence with a po- pulation of conventional W/O microemulsion droplets.
