Grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)is one of the main crops worldwide,and ultraviolet-B(UV-B,280-315 nm)radiation is emerging as a promising technical tool to enhance secondary metabolites that can contribute to the quality ...Grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)is one of the main crops worldwide,and ultraviolet-B(UV-B,280-315 nm)radiation is emerging as a promising technical tool to enhance secondary metabolites that can contribute to the quality and health-promoting properties of both grapes and the resulting wines.However,few studies have assessed the effectiveness of UV-B supplements under field conditions.Here,we compared the effects of two different field UV-B treatments(a single supplement applied at pre-harvest,and a double supplement applied at both veraison and pre-harvest)on the phenolic composition of Tempranillo grape skins and the resulting wines.The double supplement induced stronger changes than the single supplement,with responses being more pronounced in grape skins than in wines.In skins,UV-B supplements significantly increased flavonols,phenolic acids,and flavanols,consistent with previous reports highlighting flavonols as the most reliable UV-B-responsive compounds in grape skins.In wines,the clearest responses were increases in anthocyanins and color intensity.Overall,UV-B supplements improved grape and wine quality,although skin responses were only partially transmitted to the wines.Moreover,wine responses were more unpredictable than skin responses,likely reflecting not only the UV-B-induced changes in grape skins but also the complex chemical interactions among phenolic compounds(and also with other metabolites)during vinification.Further experimentation,particularly in the long term,is required to optimize the application of UV-B supplements as a viticultural and enological practice.展开更多
Recently,electronic skins and fl exible wearable devices have been developed for widespread applications in medical monitoring,artifi cial intelligence,human–machine interaction,and artifi cial prosthetics.Flexible p...Recently,electronic skins and fl exible wearable devices have been developed for widespread applications in medical monitoring,artifi cial intelligence,human–machine interaction,and artifi cial prosthetics.Flexible proximity sensors can accurately perceive external objects without contact,introducing a new way to achieve an ultrasensitive perception of objects.This article reviews the progress of fl exible capacitive proximity sensors,fl exible triboelectric proximity sensors,and fl exible gate-enhanced proximity sensors,focusing on their applications in the electronic skin fi eld.Herein,their working mechanism,materials,preparation methods,and research progress are discussed in detail.Finally,we summarize the future challenges in developing fl exible proximity sensors.展开更多
A category of chromium (Cr)-containing fertilizers is represented by the fertilizers deriving from byproducts of tanning process. Their use is widespread because of their good agronomic response due to the high conten...A category of chromium (Cr)-containing fertilizers is represented by the fertilizers deriving from byproducts of tanning process. Their use is widespread because of their good agronomic response due to the high content of slow release or- ganic nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). They do not represent an environmental hazard because only the non-toxic form of Cr(III) is present. Productive processes may involve chemical, enzymatic or thermal hydrolysis. The final product is characterized by different contents of peptides and free amino acids depending on the type of hydrolysis. Legislation concerning Cr-containing fertilizers is controversial because often do not consider any scientific evidences;nevertheless, the European Union, the United States and countries as Italy, do not set the restriction to Cr(III) and generally only the presence of the toxic form, Cr(VI), is limited. Depending on its two main oxidation forms, Cr issue has been studied for many years. Several authors confirmed that Cr(VI) is carcinogenic, while Cr(III) is an essential trace element in human and animal diet. In soil Cr(III) has low mobility, whereas Cr(VI) is highly water soluble. However Cr(VI) in soil is quickly reduced to Cr(III);on the contrary oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) is rarely possible because particular conditions must occur. Only a very small fraction of Cr in soil is available to plant uptake and its translocation in edible parts is limited because it is immobilized in roots as Cr(III). Therefore risks of environmental pollution using these fertilizers are negligible;on the contrary they have positive environmental and agronomical effects. The aim of this review is to deal with the category of the organic fertilizers containing Cr derived from tannery processes focusing on its chemical, productive, legislative, environmental and agronomical aspects. Special attention is given to the ambiguous issue of Cr briefly summarizing the most important studies of the last forty years.展开更多
Objective It aims to study potential genotoxicity of almond skins.Methods A bacterial reverse mutation assay was performed on S.typhimurium strains TA97,TA98,TA100,TA102,and TA1535 in the absence or presence of S-9 mi...Objective It aims to study potential genotoxicity of almond skins.Methods A bacterial reverse mutation assay was performed on S.typhimurium strains TA97,TA98,TA100,TA102,and TA1535 in the absence or presence of S-9 mixture at a dose range of 312.5 to 5 000 μg/plate.A micronucleus test and a mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration tests were performed in Swiss Albino （CD-1） mice at doses of 625,1 250,and 2 500 mg/kg bw used.Results Almond skins exerted no mutagenic activity in various bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in either the absence or the presence of metabolic activation at all doses tested.Various doses of almond skins did not affect the proportions of immature to total erythrocytes,the number of micronuclei in the immature erythrocytes,or the number of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations of Swiss albino mice.Conclusion Almond skins are not genotoxic under the conditions of the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay and two in vivo tests-micronucleus test and mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test,which supports the safety of almond skins for dietary consumption.展开更多
Fetal eutaneous wounds that oeeur in earlygestation heal without sear formation.Althoughmueh work has been done to eharaeterize the roleof transforming growth
Electronic skins can monitor minute physiological signal variations in the human skins and represent the body’s state,showing an emerging trend for alternative medical diagnostics and human-machine interfaces.In this...Electronic skins can monitor minute physiological signal variations in the human skins and represent the body’s state,showing an emerging trend for alternative medical diagnostics and human-machine interfaces.In this study,we designed a bioinspired directional moisture-wicking electronic skin(DMWES)based on the construction of heterogeneous fibrous membranes and the conductive MXene/CNTs electrospraying layer.Unidirectional moisture transfer was successfully realized by surface energy gradient and push-pull effect via the design of distinct hydrophobic-hydrophilic difference,which can spontaneously absorb sweat from the skin.The DMWES membrane showed excellent comprehensive pressure sensing performance,high sensitivity(maximum sensitivity of 548.09 kPa^(−1)),wide linear range,rapid response and recovery time.In addition,the single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator based on the DMWES can deliver a high areal power density of 21.6μW m^(−2) and good cycling stability in high pressure energy harvesting.Moreover,the superior pressure sensing and triboelectric performance enabled the DMWES for all-range healthcare sensing,including accurate pulse monitoring,voice recognition,and gait recognition.This work will help to boost the development of the next-generation breathable electronic skins in the applications of AI,human-machine interaction,and soft robots.展开更多
With the aging of society and the increase in people’s concern for personal health,long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life is in demand.In recent years,electronic skin(e-skin)for daily health monitori...With the aging of society and the increase in people’s concern for personal health,long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life is in demand.In recent years,electronic skin(e-skin)for daily health monitoring applications has achieved rapid development due to its advantages in high-quality physiological signals monitoring and suitability for system integrations.Among them,the breathable e-skin has developed rapidly in recent years because it adapts to the long-term and high-comfort wear requirements of monitoring physiological signals in daily life.In this review,the recent achievements of breathable e-skins for daily physiological monitoring are systematically introduced and discussed.By dividing them into breathable e-skin electrodes,breathable e-skin sensors,and breathable e-skin systems,we sort out their design ideas,manufacturing processes,performances,and applications and show their advantages in long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life.In addition,the development directions and challenges of the breathable e-skin are discussed and prospected.展开更多
The distribution and ultrastructure of pigment cells in skins of normal and albino adult turbots were examined with transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Three types of pigment cells of melanophore, iridophore and...The distribution and ultrastructure of pigment cells in skins of normal and albino adult turbots were examined with transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Three types of pigment cells of melanophore, iridophore and xanthophore have been recognized in adult turbot skins. The skin color depends mainly on the amount and distribution of melanophore and iridophore, as xanthophore is quite rare. No pigment cells can be found in the epidermis of the skins. In the pigmented ocular skin of the turbot, melanophore and iridophore are usually co-localized in the dermis. This is quite different from the distribution in larvae skin. In albino and white blind skins of adult turbots, however, only iridophore monolayer still exists, while the melanophore monolayer disappears. This cytological evidence explains why the albino adult turbot, unlike its larvae, could never resume its body color no matter what enviroumental and nutritional conditions were provided. Endocytosis is quite active in the cellular membrane of the iridophore. This might be related to the formation of reflective platelet and stability of the iridophore.展开更多
Acid-soluble collagen was extracted from the skins of surf smelt and characterized. The yield of collagen was high about 24.0% on a dry weight basis. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and CM-Toyopearl 650 M co...Acid-soluble collagen was extracted from the skins of surf smelt and characterized. The yield of collagen was high about 24.0% on a dry weight basis. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and CM-Toyopearl 650 M column chromatography, this collagen is a heterotrimer with a chain composition of α1α2α3. The denaturation temperature was 32.5℃, about 4.5℃ lower than that from porcine skin. Attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the percentage of secondary structural components in this collagen were 11% α-helix, 34% β-sheet, 19% β-turn, and 21% others. It suggests that the triple helical structure is present in the acid-soluble collagen from the skins of the surf smelt in comparison to that from the skin of porcine.展开更多
Eggplant fruits are known to contain different classes of phenolic phytochemicals (flavonols, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins) that can exert beneficial effects on human health. This study developed methods for the q...Eggplant fruits are known to contain different classes of phenolic phytochemicals (flavonols, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins) that can exert beneficial effects on human health. This study developed methods for the qualitative and quantitative composition analysis of phenolic compounds in the skin of eggplant fruits harvested following conventional and certified organic farming conditions. Eggplant skin was extracted using aqueous methanol prior to phenolic profiling with UHPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Eggplant skin extracts yielded a profile of 16 phenolic acids, 4 anthocyanins, and 11 flavonols, the first report of quercetin-3-diglucoside, myricetin-3-neohesperidoside, myricetin-3-galactoside, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, kaempferol-diglucoside and quercetin-3-rhamnoside. Polyphenolic extracts from all sources potently delayed the cupric ion-mediated lag-time for LDL lipid oxidation and protected Apo-B100 proteins against oxidative modification. Organic growing environment positively influences eggplant skin extract phenolic profile but not antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, eggplant skin has a robust profile of phenolic phytochemicals with excellent antioxidant properties.展开更多
Background:Skin cancer poses a significant global health threat,with early detection being essential for successful treatment.While deep learning algorithms have greatly enhanced the categorization of skin lesions,the...Background:Skin cancer poses a significant global health threat,with early detection being essential for successful treatment.While deep learning algorithms have greatly enhanced the categorization of skin lesions,the black-box nature of many models limits interpretability,posing challenges for dermatologists.Methods:To address these limitations,SkinSage XAI utilizes advanced explainable artificial intelligence(XAI)techniques for skin lesion categorization.A data set of around 50,000 images from the Customized HAM10000,selected for diversity,serves as the foundation.The Inception v3 model is used for classification,supported by gradient-weighted class activation mapping and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations algorithms,which provide clear visual explanations for model outputs.Results:SkinSage XAI demonstrated high performance,accurately categorizing seven types of skin lesions—dermatofibroma,benign keratosis,melanocytic nevus,vascular lesion,actinic keratosis,basal cell carcinoma,and melanoma.It achieved an accuracy of 96%,with precision at 96.42%,recall at 96.28%,F1 score at 96.14%,and an area under the curve of 99.83%.Conclusions:SkinSage XAI represents a significant advancement in dermatology and artificial intelligence by bridging gaps in accuracy and explainability.The system provides transparent,accurate diagnoses,improving decision-making for dermatologists and potentially enhancing patient outcomes.展开更多
The Smart Polymer Materials group led by Prof.CHEN Tao at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering(NIMTE)of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),has synthesized a supramolecular multicolor fluorescent ...The Smart Polymer Materials group led by Prof.CHEN Tao at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering(NIMTE)of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),has synthesized a supramolecular multicolor fluorescent polymeric hydrogel,which enables the realization of soft biomimetic skins with adaptive color-changing behaviors.The study was published in Advanced Functional Materials.展开更多
Objective:To observe the localization and expression characteristics of alpha-smooth muscle actin (AS-MA),basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF),epidermal growth factor (EGF),transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) isofo...Objective:To observe the localization and expression characteristics of alpha-smooth muscle actin (AS-MA),basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF),epidermal growth factor (EGF),transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) isoforms,and their receptors in fetal and adult skins in order to explore their potential biological significance.Methods;The expression and the distribution of ASMA,bFGF,EGF,TGF-βisoforms,and their receptors were de-tected with immunohistochemistry and histopathology methods in 36 skin specimens....展开更多
Polar exploration provides crucial insights into climate change,evolution,ancient civilizations,and extremophile survival [1].Despite formidable challenges,continuous efforts reveal valuable resources like ancient ice...Polar exploration provides crucial insights into climate change,evolution,ancient civilizations,and extremophile survival [1].Despite formidable challenges,continuous efforts reveal valuable resources like ancient ice,fossils,methane,and novel species [2].The extreme cold remains a primary barrier,as average Antarctic and Arctic temperatures range from-49 to-31.4℃,plunging as low as-78℃in the Arctic and proving lethal [3,4].展开更多
Flexible electronic skins hold great promise for biomedical applications,although challenges remain in achieving controllable interactions with the biological interface and accurate signal collection.Inspired by octop...Flexible electronic skins hold great promise for biomedical applications,although challenges remain in achieving controllable interactions with the biological interface and accurate signal collection.Inspired by octopuses and chameleons,we propose a novel electronic skin paradigm with on-demand adhesion and opto-electronic synergistic display capabilities.Our electronic skins are composed of a stretchable polyurethane(PU)inverse opal film integrated with a carbon nanotube(CNT)-hybridized polyacrylamide(PAAm)-gelatin double-network-hydrogel conductive flexible substrate and a temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAm)octopus-inspired hemispherical adhesive array.The device’s CNT hybrid double-network provides robust and sensitive monitoring of temperature and motion.Meanwhile,its flexible PU layer with an inverse opal structure allows for visual motion color sensing.Integrated neural network processing ensures accurate,wide-range,and independent multimodal display.Additionally,the integration of the photothermal effect of CNTs and the temperaturesensitive octopus-inspired PNIPAm adhesive array enables on-demand adhesion.The sensing and adhesion demonstrations ex vivo and in vivo showcase the proposed flexible electronic skin’s inspirational design and functional utilities.The potential applications of such a versatile device are vast,ranging from healthcare to human-machine interactions.展开更多
Flexible electronic devices with compliant mechanical deformability and electrical reliability have been a focal point of research over the past decade,particularly in the fields of wearable devices,brain-computer int...Flexible electronic devices with compliant mechanical deformability and electrical reliability have been a focal point of research over the past decade,particularly in the fields of wearable devices,brain-computer interfaces(BCIs),and electronic skins.These emerging applications impose stringent requirements on flexible sensors,necessitating not only their ability to withstand dynamic strains and conform to irregular surfaces but also to ensure long-term stable monitoring.To meet these demands,onedimensional nanowires,with high aspect ratios,large surface-to-volume ratios,and programmable geometric engineering,are widely regarded as ideal candidates for constructing high-performance flexible sensors.Various innovative assembly techniques have enabled the effective integration of these nanowires with flexible substrates.More excitingly,semiconductor nanowires,prepared through low-cost and efficient catalytic growth methods,have been successfully employed in the fabrication of highly flexible and stretchable nanoprobes for intracellular sensing.Additionally,nanowire arrays can be deployed on the cerebral cortex to record and analyze neural activity,opening new avenues for the treatment of neurological disorders.This review systematically examines recent advancements in nanowire-based flexible sensing technologies applied to wearable electronics,BCIs,and electronic skins,highlighting key design principles,operational mechanisms,and technological milestones achieved through growth,assembly,and transfer processes.These developments collectively advance high-performance health monitoring,deepen our understanding of neural activities,and facilitate the creation of novel,flexible,and stretchable electronic skins.Finally,we also present a summary and perspectives on the current challenges and future opportunities for nanowirebased flexible sensors.展开更多
The study of the mechanical behavior of skin tissue is essential for various biomedical applications,ranging from reconstructive surgery to the design of medical devices.This work compares hyperelastic energy models t...The study of the mechanical behavior of skin tissue is essential for various biomedical applications,ranging from reconstructive surgery to the design of medical devices.This work compares hyperelastic energy models to characterize the mechanical behavior of human and porcine skin tissue.The analysis is based on experimental data by Gunner et al.and Lim et al.,obtained from uniaxial extension tests of human and porcine skin respectively.The Beda-Chevalier step-by-step approach is combined with non-linear least squares to identify the rheological parameters of five hyperelastic energy models:Mooney-Rivlin,Yeoh,Ogden,Fung and Veronda-Westmann.The comparison between theoretical results and experimental data shows that,apart from the partial Mooney-Rivlin model,the other models offer good accuracy in representing the non-linearity of skin tissue.In particular,the Yeoh,Ogden and Veronda-Westmann models have the smallest mean errors,with values ranging from 0.029%to 0.127%for all the experimental data considered in this work.The results and conclusions provided demonstrate the importance of this study and its contribution to the choice of a hyperelastic model for skin tissue modelling,which has direct implications for biomechanics and clinical applications.展开更多
We constrain the symmetry energy slope L at the saturation density using the neutron skin values of ^(48)Ca,^(64)Ni,^(124)Sn,and ^(208)Pb determined by various experiments.The resulting L of 50(6)MeV is consistent wit...We constrain the symmetry energy slope L at the saturation density using the neutron skin values of ^(48)Ca,^(64)Ni,^(124)Sn,and ^(208)Pb determined by various experiments.The resulting L of 50(6)MeV is consistent with the worldaveraged value from different observables and methodologies.The implications of newly constrained L on the radius determinations of 1.4 solar-mass neutron stars are also discussed based on the established R_(1.4)-L linear relationships by the DD-ME2 and TW99 EoS families.展开更多
Smart fibers are considered as promising materials for the fabrication of wearable electronic skins owing to their features such as superior flexibility,light weight,high specific area,and ease of modification.Besides...Smart fibers are considered as promising materials for the fabrication of wearable electronic skins owing to their features such as superior flexibility,light weight,high specific area,and ease of modification.Besides,piezoelectric or triboelectric electronic skins can respond to mechanical stimulation and directly convert the mechanical energy into electrical power for self-use,thereby providing an attractive method for tactile sensing and motion perception.The incorporation of sensing capabilities into smart fibers could be a powerful approach to the development of self-powered electronic skins.Herein,we review several aspects of the recent advancements in the development of self-powered electronic skins constructed with smart fibers.The summarized aspects include functional material selection,structural design,pressure sensing mechanism,and proof-to-concept demonstration to practical application.In particular,various fabrication strategies and a wide range of practical applications have been systematically introduced.Finally,a critical assessment of the challenges and promising perspectives for the development of fiber-based electronic skins has been presented.展开更多
Recently,polymer materials have been at the forefront of other materials in building high-performance flexible electronic skin(e-skin)devices due to con-spicuous advantages including excellent mechanical flexibility,g...Recently,polymer materials have been at the forefront of other materials in building high-performance flexible electronic skin(e-skin)devices due to con-spicuous advantages including excellent mechanical flexibility,good compatibil-ity,and high plasticity.However,most research works just paid considerable attention and effort to the design,construction,and possible application of e-skins that reproduce the tactile perception of the human skin sensory system.Compared with tactile sensing devices,e-skins that aim to imitate the non-contact sensing features in the sensory system of human skin tend to avoid undesired issues such as bacteria spreading and mechanical wear.To further promote the development of e-skins to the human skin sensory system where tactile perception and non-contact sensing complement each other,significant progress and advances have been achieved in the field of polymer materials enabled e-skins for both tactile perception and non-contact sensing applications.In this review,the latest progress in polymer material-based e-skins with regard to tactile,non-contact sensing capabilities and their practical applications are introduced.The fabrication strategies of polymer materials and their role in building high-performance e-skins for tactile and non-contact sensing are highlighted.Furthermore,we also review the research works that integrated the polymer-based tactile and non-contact e-skins into robots and prostheses,smart gloves,and VR/AR devices and addressed some representative problems to dem-onstrate their suitability in practical applications in human–machine interac-tions.Finally,the current challenges in the construction of high-performance tactile and non-contact e-skins are highlighted and promising properties in this direction,by taking advantage of the polymer materials,are outlined.展开更多
基金the project PID2023-150695NB-I00,funded by MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER,UEAdditional funding from the Agencia de Desarrollo Economico de La Rioja(ADER,Government of La Rioja)through the Project S-UV-STAINABLE Rioja(2022-I-IDI-00064)is also acknowledged.
文摘Grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.)is one of the main crops worldwide,and ultraviolet-B(UV-B,280-315 nm)radiation is emerging as a promising technical tool to enhance secondary metabolites that can contribute to the quality and health-promoting properties of both grapes and the resulting wines.However,few studies have assessed the effectiveness of UV-B supplements under field conditions.Here,we compared the effects of two different field UV-B treatments(a single supplement applied at pre-harvest,and a double supplement applied at both veraison and pre-harvest)on the phenolic composition of Tempranillo grape skins and the resulting wines.The double supplement induced stronger changes than the single supplement,with responses being more pronounced in grape skins than in wines.In skins,UV-B supplements significantly increased flavonols,phenolic acids,and flavanols,consistent with previous reports highlighting flavonols as the most reliable UV-B-responsive compounds in grape skins.In wines,the clearest responses were increases in anthocyanins and color intensity.Overall,UV-B supplements improved grape and wine quality,although skin responses were only partially transmitted to the wines.Moreover,wine responses were more unpredictable than skin responses,likely reflecting not only the UV-B-induced changes in grape skins but also the complex chemical interactions among phenolic compounds(and also with other metabolites)during vinification.Further experimentation,particularly in the long term,is required to optimize the application of UV-B supplements as a viticultural and enological practice.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022 YFF 1202700 and 2022YFB3203500)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62225403,62375046,51973024,an d U19A2091)+2 种基金“111”Project(No.B13013)Natur al Sci ence Foundation of Jilin Pro vin ce(No.20230101113JC)the Funding from Jilin Pr ovince(No.20220502002GH).
文摘Recently,electronic skins and fl exible wearable devices have been developed for widespread applications in medical monitoring,artifi cial intelligence,human–machine interaction,and artifi cial prosthetics.Flexible proximity sensors can accurately perceive external objects without contact,introducing a new way to achieve an ultrasensitive perception of objects.This article reviews the progress of fl exible capacitive proximity sensors,fl exible triboelectric proximity sensors,and fl exible gate-enhanced proximity sensors,focusing on their applications in the electronic skin fi eld.Herein,their working mechanism,materials,preparation methods,and research progress are discussed in detail.Finally,we summarize the future challenges in developing fl exible proximity sensors.
文摘A category of chromium (Cr)-containing fertilizers is represented by the fertilizers deriving from byproducts of tanning process. Their use is widespread because of their good agronomic response due to the high content of slow release or- ganic nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). They do not represent an environmental hazard because only the non-toxic form of Cr(III) is present. Productive processes may involve chemical, enzymatic or thermal hydrolysis. The final product is characterized by different contents of peptides and free amino acids depending on the type of hydrolysis. Legislation concerning Cr-containing fertilizers is controversial because often do not consider any scientific evidences;nevertheless, the European Union, the United States and countries as Italy, do not set the restriction to Cr(III) and generally only the presence of the toxic form, Cr(VI), is limited. Depending on its two main oxidation forms, Cr issue has been studied for many years. Several authors confirmed that Cr(VI) is carcinogenic, while Cr(III) is an essential trace element in human and animal diet. In soil Cr(III) has low mobility, whereas Cr(VI) is highly water soluble. However Cr(VI) in soil is quickly reduced to Cr(III);on the contrary oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) is rarely possible because particular conditions must occur. Only a very small fraction of Cr in soil is available to plant uptake and its translocation in edible parts is limited because it is immobilized in roots as Cr(III). Therefore risks of environmental pollution using these fertilizers are negligible;on the contrary they have positive environmental and agronomical effects. The aim of this review is to deal with the category of the organic fertilizers containing Cr derived from tannery processes focusing on its chemical, productive, legislative, environmental and agronomical aspects. Special attention is given to the ambiguous issue of Cr briefly summarizing the most important studies of the last forty years.
文摘Objective It aims to study potential genotoxicity of almond skins.Methods A bacterial reverse mutation assay was performed on S.typhimurium strains TA97,TA98,TA100,TA102,and TA1535 in the absence or presence of S-9 mixture at a dose range of 312.5 to 5 000 μg/plate.A micronucleus test and a mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration tests were performed in Swiss Albino （CD-1） mice at doses of 625,1 250,and 2 500 mg/kg bw used.Results Almond skins exerted no mutagenic activity in various bacterial strains of Salmonella typhimurium in either the absence or the presence of metabolic activation at all doses tested.Various doses of almond skins did not affect the proportions of immature to total erythrocytes,the number of micronuclei in the immature erythrocytes,or the number of structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations of Swiss albino mice.Conclusion Almond skins are not genotoxic under the conditions of the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay and two in vivo tests-micronucleus test and mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test,which supports the safety of almond skins for dietary consumption.
文摘Fetal eutaneous wounds that oeeur in earlygestation heal without sear formation.Althoughmueh work has been done to eharaeterize the roleof transforming growth
基金support from the Contract Research(“Development of Breathable Fabrics with Nano-Electrospun Membrane,”CityU ref.:9231419)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(“Study of Multi-Responsive Shape Memory Polyurethane Nanocomposites Inspired by Natural Fibers,”Grant No.51673162)+1 种基金Startup Grant of CityU(“Laboratory of Wearable Materials for Healthcare,”Grant No.9380116)National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant No.52073241.
文摘Electronic skins can monitor minute physiological signal variations in the human skins and represent the body’s state,showing an emerging trend for alternative medical diagnostics and human-machine interfaces.In this study,we designed a bioinspired directional moisture-wicking electronic skin(DMWES)based on the construction of heterogeneous fibrous membranes and the conductive MXene/CNTs electrospraying layer.Unidirectional moisture transfer was successfully realized by surface energy gradient and push-pull effect via the design of distinct hydrophobic-hydrophilic difference,which can spontaneously absorb sweat from the skin.The DMWES membrane showed excellent comprehensive pressure sensing performance,high sensitivity(maximum sensitivity of 548.09 kPa^(−1)),wide linear range,rapid response and recovery time.In addition,the single-electrode triboelectric nanogenerator based on the DMWES can deliver a high areal power density of 21.6μW m^(−2) and good cycling stability in high pressure energy harvesting.Moreover,the superior pressure sensing and triboelectric performance enabled the DMWES for all-range healthcare sensing,including accurate pulse monitoring,voice recognition,and gait recognition.This work will help to boost the development of the next-generation breathable electronic skins in the applications of AI,human-machine interaction,and soft robots.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program 2021YFC3002201 of Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation(U20A20168,61874065,51861145202)of ChinaThe authors are also thankful for the support of the Research Fund from the Beijing Innovation Center for Future Chip,the Independent Research Program of Tsinghua University(20193080047).
文摘With the aging of society and the increase in people’s concern for personal health,long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life is in demand.In recent years,electronic skin(e-skin)for daily health monitoring applications has achieved rapid development due to its advantages in high-quality physiological signals monitoring and suitability for system integrations.Among them,the breathable e-skin has developed rapidly in recent years because it adapts to the long-term and high-comfort wear requirements of monitoring physiological signals in daily life.In this review,the recent achievements of breathable e-skins for daily physiological monitoring are systematically introduced and discussed.By dividing them into breathable e-skin electrodes,breathable e-skin sensors,and breathable e-skin systems,we sort out their design ideas,manufacturing processes,performances,and applications and show their advantages in long-term physiological signal monitoring in daily life.In addition,the development directions and challenges of the breathable e-skin are discussed and prospected.
基金High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No. AA2001628130)
文摘The distribution and ultrastructure of pigment cells in skins of normal and albino adult turbots were examined with transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Three types of pigment cells of melanophore, iridophore and xanthophore have been recognized in adult turbot skins. The skin color depends mainly on the amount and distribution of melanophore and iridophore, as xanthophore is quite rare. No pigment cells can be found in the epidermis of the skins. In the pigmented ocular skin of the turbot, melanophore and iridophore are usually co-localized in the dermis. This is quite different from the distribution in larvae skin. In albino and white blind skins of adult turbots, however, only iridophore monolayer still exists, while the melanophore monolayer disappears. This cytological evidence explains why the albino adult turbot, unlike its larvae, could never resume its body color no matter what enviroumental and nutritional conditions were provided. Endocytosis is quite active in the cellular membrane of the iridophore. This might be related to the formation of reflective platelet and stability of the iridophore.
文摘Acid-soluble collagen was extracted from the skins of surf smelt and characterized. The yield of collagen was high about 24.0% on a dry weight basis. By SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and CM-Toyopearl 650 M column chromatography, this collagen is a heterotrimer with a chain composition of α1α2α3. The denaturation temperature was 32.5℃, about 4.5℃ lower than that from porcine skin. Attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared analysis showed that the percentage of secondary structural components in this collagen were 11% α-helix, 34% β-sheet, 19% β-turn, and 21% others. It suggests that the triple helical structure is present in the acid-soluble collagen from the skins of the surf smelt in comparison to that from the skin of porcine.
文摘Eggplant fruits are known to contain different classes of phenolic phytochemicals (flavonols, phenolic acids, and anthocyanins) that can exert beneficial effects on human health. This study developed methods for the qualitative and quantitative composition analysis of phenolic compounds in the skin of eggplant fruits harvested following conventional and certified organic farming conditions. Eggplant skin was extracted using aqueous methanol prior to phenolic profiling with UHPLC-ESI-MS-MS. Eggplant skin extracts yielded a profile of 16 phenolic acids, 4 anthocyanins, and 11 flavonols, the first report of quercetin-3-diglucoside, myricetin-3-neohesperidoside, myricetin-3-galactoside, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, kaempferol-diglucoside and quercetin-3-rhamnoside. Polyphenolic extracts from all sources potently delayed the cupric ion-mediated lag-time for LDL lipid oxidation and protected Apo-B100 proteins against oxidative modification. Organic growing environment positively influences eggplant skin extract phenolic profile but not antioxidant capacity. In conclusion, eggplant skin has a robust profile of phenolic phytochemicals with excellent antioxidant properties.
文摘Background:Skin cancer poses a significant global health threat,with early detection being essential for successful treatment.While deep learning algorithms have greatly enhanced the categorization of skin lesions,the black-box nature of many models limits interpretability,posing challenges for dermatologists.Methods:To address these limitations,SkinSage XAI utilizes advanced explainable artificial intelligence(XAI)techniques for skin lesion categorization.A data set of around 50,000 images from the Customized HAM10000,selected for diversity,serves as the foundation.The Inception v3 model is used for classification,supported by gradient-weighted class activation mapping and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations algorithms,which provide clear visual explanations for model outputs.Results:SkinSage XAI demonstrated high performance,accurately categorizing seven types of skin lesions—dermatofibroma,benign keratosis,melanocytic nevus,vascular lesion,actinic keratosis,basal cell carcinoma,and melanoma.It achieved an accuracy of 96%,with precision at 96.42%,recall at 96.28%,F1 score at 96.14%,and an area under the curve of 99.83%.Conclusions:SkinSage XAI represents a significant advancement in dermatology and artificial intelligence by bridging gaps in accuracy and explainability.The system provides transparent,accurate diagnoses,improving decision-making for dermatologists and potentially enhancing patient outcomes.
文摘The Smart Polymer Materials group led by Prof.CHEN Tao at the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering(NIMTE)of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),has synthesized a supramolecular multicolor fluorescent polymeric hydrogel,which enables the realization of soft biomimetic skins with adaptive color-changing behaviors.The study was published in Advanced Functional Materials.
文摘Objective:To observe the localization and expression characteristics of alpha-smooth muscle actin (AS-MA),basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF),epidermal growth factor (EGF),transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) isoforms,and their receptors in fetal and adult skins in order to explore their potential biological significance.Methods;The expression and the distribution of ASMA,bFGF,EGF,TGF-βisoforms,and their receptors were de-tected with immunohistochemistry and histopathology methods in 36 skin specimens....
文摘Polar exploration provides crucial insights into climate change,evolution,ancient civilizations,and extremophile survival [1].Despite formidable challenges,continuous efforts reveal valuable resources like ancient ice,fossils,methane,and novel species [2].The extreme cold remains a primary barrier,as average Antarctic and Arctic temperatures range from-49 to-31.4℃,plunging as low as-78℃in the Arctic and proving lethal [3,4].
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4700100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(T2225003,52073060,81930048,82330061,and 61927805)+4 种基金the Nanjing Medical Science and Tech-nique Development Foundation(ZKX21019)the Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(2019BT02X105)the Hong Kong Research Grant Council General Research Fund(15217721 and 15125724)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Commission(JCYJ20220818100202005)the Hong Kong PolytechnicUniversity Fund(P0045680,P0043485,P0045762,and P0049101)。
文摘Flexible electronic skins hold great promise for biomedical applications,although challenges remain in achieving controllable interactions with the biological interface and accurate signal collection.Inspired by octopuses and chameleons,we propose a novel electronic skin paradigm with on-demand adhesion and opto-electronic synergistic display capabilities.Our electronic skins are composed of a stretchable polyurethane(PU)inverse opal film integrated with a carbon nanotube(CNT)-hybridized polyacrylamide(PAAm)-gelatin double-network-hydrogel conductive flexible substrate and a temperature-responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAm)octopus-inspired hemispherical adhesive array.The device’s CNT hybrid double-network provides robust and sensitive monitoring of temperature and motion.Meanwhile,its flexible PU layer with an inverse opal structure allows for visual motion color sensing.Integrated neural network processing ensures accurate,wide-range,and independent multimodal display.Additionally,the integration of the photothermal effect of CNTs and the temperaturesensitive octopus-inspired PNIPAm adhesive array enables on-demand adhesion.The sensing and adhesion demonstrations ex vivo and in vivo showcase the proposed flexible electronic skin’s inspirational design and functional utilities.The potential applications of such a versatile device are vast,ranging from healthcare to human-machine interactions.
基金support received from the National Key Research Program of China(No.92164201)National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.62325403)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20230498)Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2024ZB427)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61934004).
文摘Flexible electronic devices with compliant mechanical deformability and electrical reliability have been a focal point of research over the past decade,particularly in the fields of wearable devices,brain-computer interfaces(BCIs),and electronic skins.These emerging applications impose stringent requirements on flexible sensors,necessitating not only their ability to withstand dynamic strains and conform to irregular surfaces but also to ensure long-term stable monitoring.To meet these demands,onedimensional nanowires,with high aspect ratios,large surface-to-volume ratios,and programmable geometric engineering,are widely regarded as ideal candidates for constructing high-performance flexible sensors.Various innovative assembly techniques have enabled the effective integration of these nanowires with flexible substrates.More excitingly,semiconductor nanowires,prepared through low-cost and efficient catalytic growth methods,have been successfully employed in the fabrication of highly flexible and stretchable nanoprobes for intracellular sensing.Additionally,nanowire arrays can be deployed on the cerebral cortex to record and analyze neural activity,opening new avenues for the treatment of neurological disorders.This review systematically examines recent advancements in nanowire-based flexible sensing technologies applied to wearable electronics,BCIs,and electronic skins,highlighting key design principles,operational mechanisms,and technological milestones achieved through growth,assembly,and transfer processes.These developments collectively advance high-performance health monitoring,deepen our understanding of neural activities,and facilitate the creation of novel,flexible,and stretchable electronic skins.Finally,we also present a summary and perspectives on the current challenges and future opportunities for nanowirebased flexible sensors.
文摘The study of the mechanical behavior of skin tissue is essential for various biomedical applications,ranging from reconstructive surgery to the design of medical devices.This work compares hyperelastic energy models to characterize the mechanical behavior of human and porcine skin tissue.The analysis is based on experimental data by Gunner et al.and Lim et al.,obtained from uniaxial extension tests of human and porcine skin respectively.The Beda-Chevalier step-by-step approach is combined with non-linear least squares to identify the rheological parameters of five hyperelastic energy models:Mooney-Rivlin,Yeoh,Ogden,Fung and Veronda-Westmann.The comparison between theoretical results and experimental data shows that,apart from the partial Mooney-Rivlin model,the other models offer good accuracy in representing the non-linearity of skin tissue.In particular,the Yeoh,Ogden and Veronda-Westmann models have the smallest mean errors,with values ranging from 0.029%to 0.127%for all the experimental data considered in this work.The results and conclusions provided demonstrate the importance of this study and its contribution to the choice of a hyperelastic model for skin tissue modelling,which has direct implications for biomechanics and clinical applications.
基金Supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFA1606401)by the NSFC(12375115,12121005)。
文摘We constrain the symmetry energy slope L at the saturation density using the neutron skin values of ^(48)Ca,^(64)Ni,^(124)Sn,and ^(208)Pb determined by various experiments.The resulting L of 50(6)MeV is consistent with the worldaveraged value from different observables and methodologies.The implications of newly constrained L on the radius determinations of 1.4 solar-mass neutron stars are also discussed based on the established R_(1.4)-L linear relationships by the DD-ME2 and TW99 EoS families.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52073051,51925302,and 51873030)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232022 A-04)Shanghai Frontier Science Research Center for Modern Textiles,International Cooperation Fund of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality(21130750100).
文摘Smart fibers are considered as promising materials for the fabrication of wearable electronic skins owing to their features such as superior flexibility,light weight,high specific area,and ease of modification.Besides,piezoelectric or triboelectric electronic skins can respond to mechanical stimulation and directly convert the mechanical energy into electrical power for self-use,thereby providing an attractive method for tactile sensing and motion perception.The incorporation of sensing capabilities into smart fibers could be a powerful approach to the development of self-powered electronic skins.Herein,we review several aspects of the recent advancements in the development of self-powered electronic skins constructed with smart fibers.The summarized aspects include functional material selection,structural design,pressure sensing mechanism,and proof-to-concept demonstration to practical application.In particular,various fabrication strategies and a wide range of practical applications have been systematically introduced.Finally,a critical assessment of the challenges and promising perspectives for the development of fiber-based electronic skins has been presented.
基金National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Numbers:2018R1A6A1A03025242,2018R1D1A1A09083353。
文摘Recently,polymer materials have been at the forefront of other materials in building high-performance flexible electronic skin(e-skin)devices due to con-spicuous advantages including excellent mechanical flexibility,good compatibil-ity,and high plasticity.However,most research works just paid considerable attention and effort to the design,construction,and possible application of e-skins that reproduce the tactile perception of the human skin sensory system.Compared with tactile sensing devices,e-skins that aim to imitate the non-contact sensing features in the sensory system of human skin tend to avoid undesired issues such as bacteria spreading and mechanical wear.To further promote the development of e-skins to the human skin sensory system where tactile perception and non-contact sensing complement each other,significant progress and advances have been achieved in the field of polymer materials enabled e-skins for both tactile perception and non-contact sensing applications.In this review,the latest progress in polymer material-based e-skins with regard to tactile,non-contact sensing capabilities and their practical applications are introduced.The fabrication strategies of polymer materials and their role in building high-performance e-skins for tactile and non-contact sensing are highlighted.Furthermore,we also review the research works that integrated the polymer-based tactile and non-contact e-skins into robots and prostheses,smart gloves,and VR/AR devices and addressed some representative problems to dem-onstrate their suitability in practical applications in human–machine interac-tions.Finally,the current challenges in the construction of high-performance tactile and non-contact e-skins are highlighted and promising properties in this direction,by taking advantage of the polymer materials,are outlined.
