Spectacles are vital for correcting vision.Individuals who need vision correction can choose to wear spectacles or contact lenses. Alternatively, they may choose to have a vision-correcting operation.Therefore,researc...Spectacles are vital for correcting vision.Individuals who need vision correction can choose to wear spectacles or contact lenses. Alternatively, they may choose to have a vision-correcting operation.Therefore,researchers focus on vision science and spectacle design.Although some studies have compared spectacles and contact lenses for better visual quality, there is no consensus regarding which are better for the correction of vision. With the development of technology and the improvement of living standards, the design and production of spectacles will focus on personalized style, lenses, and frames. In this paper, we introduced trends in spectacles and studies of the relationship between frame sizes and face sizes,attempting to provide a feasible program for the personalization of spectacles-the Personalized Spectacles Program.Furthermore, certain limitations, such as non-personalized and misused spectacles,which have elevated the importance of the design and production of personalized spectacles were discussed.展开更多
The measurement of the spectacles frame parameters has substantial effects on both the production and ex- port of spectacles products.In fact,this measurement is the measurement of related three-dimensional trajectory...The measurement of the spectacles frame parameters has substantial effects on both the production and ex- port of spectacles products.In fact,this measurement is the measurement of related three-dimensional trajectory. The working principles of the measurement apparatus developed based on capacitive grating technology are introduced in this paper.Capacitive grating technology is a precision length measurement method.Its advantages are small vol- ume,low price,low production cost,and easy to obtain precise readings of the measured data.The measurement apparatus is composed of one industrial control computer,two microcontrollers and corresponding circuits.The sys- tem stability is guaranteed during the design of the circuit with the practical situation of its industry application taken into account.The software is divided into lower layer and upper layer.Each layer has different emphasis.The cau- ses of system errors and the method of error elimination are also analyzed.The analysis of the data obtained from ex- periments and the operating results of prototype apparatus both indicate that the proposed measurement apparatus has achieved outstanding competitive technical level of same kind products in international market and thus has ideal im- plications for mass production.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the effects of microlens design of peripheral defocus modifying spectacle lenses(PDMSLs)and non-microlens design of PDMSLs on controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents.METHODS:A system...AIM:To evaluate the effects of microlens design of peripheral defocus modifying spectacle lenses(PDMSLs)and non-microlens design of PDMSLs on controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents.METHODS:A systematic search was carried out in the PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase,CNKI,and Web of Science databases.The search targeted randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and cohort studies(CTs)that explored the effects of PDMSLs on myopia control among children and adolescents.The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were employed to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies.The published biases of the included studies were evaluated using Egger’s test.RESULTS:Nine studies(7 RCTs,2 CTs)were included,involving 4332 participants in the PDMSLs group and 7317 participants in the single vision lenses(SVLs)group.Metaanalysis showed that PDMSLs with microlens design had lower change in spherical equivalent refraction(SER)than SVLs at 6,12,18,and 24mo after wearing glasses,with reductions of 0.19 D(95%CI:0.14 to 0.24,P<0.00001),0.36 D(95%CI:0.25 to 0.46,P<0.00001),0.43 D(95%CI:0.32 to 0.55,P<0.00001),and 0.51 D(95%CI:0.33 to 0.69,P<0.00001),respectively.The changes in axial length(AL)were also lower in PDMSLs compared to SVLs,with reductions of-0.09 mm(95%CI:-0.13 to-0.04,P=0.0002),-0.15 mm(95%CI:-0.21 to-0.08,P<0.00001),-0.27 mm(95%CI:-0.34 to-0.20,P<0.00001),and-0.29 mm(95%CI:-0.38 to-0.20,P<0.00001),respectively.There was no significant difference between the non-microlens group and SVLs in controlling the changes of SER and AL in myopia(both P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The synthesized evidence indicates superior myopia management outcomes with microlens design of PDMSLs compared to both SVLs and nonmicrolens design of PDMSLs in children and adolescents.展开更多
AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of peripheral defocus spectacle lenses(PDLs) in myopia control. METHODS: Literature retrieval on Pub Med, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases, and the search time ...AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of peripheral defocus spectacle lenses(PDLs) in myopia control. METHODS: Literature retrieval on Pub Med, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases, and the search time limit was from the establishment of each database to December 29, 2021 were conducted. Change of spherical equivalent refraction(SER) and axial change(AL) were extracted from the literatures that met the inclusion criteria, and Rev Man5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 4 randomized controlled trials(RCTs) were included in this Meta-analysis, involving 770 myopic children. The results showed that PDLs could delay the progression of myopia in children with myopia compared with single vision spectacle lenses(SVLs;WMD=0.21 D, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.41, P=0.04). However, there was no significant difference in controlling the growth of axial length(AL) in myopic children(WMD=-0.10 mm, 95%CI:-0.21, 0.01, P=0.07). The results of the effectiveness of myopia control between the two spectacle lenses showed that PDLs were more effective in controlling the progression of myopia(OR=5.73, 95%CI: 2.58, 12.70, P<0.001) and delaying the growth of AL(OR=44.25, 95%CI: 8.84, 221.58, P<0.001) than SVLs, and the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: PDLs can control the progression of myopia compared with SVLs, but cannot delay the growth of AL, and the effectiveness of PDLs in myopia control better than SVLs.展开更多
AIM： To determine the main visual symptoms in a Brazilian population sample, associated to refractive errors（REs） and spectacle need to suggest priorities in preventive programs.METHODS： A cross-sectional study wa...AIM： To determine the main visual symptoms in a Brazilian population sample, associated to refractive errors（REs） and spectacle need to suggest priorities in preventive programs.METHODS： A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine counties of the southeast region of Brazil, using a systematic sampling of households, between March 2004 and July 2005. The population was defined as individuals aged between 1 and 96 y, inhabitants of 3600 residences to be evaluated and 3012 households were included,corresponding to 8010 subjects considered for participation in the survey, of whom 7654 underwent ophthalmic examinations. The individuals were evaluated according their demographic data, eye complaints and eye examination including the RE and the need to prescribe spectacles according to age. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software package and descriptive analysis using 95% confidence intervals（P〈0.05）. RESULTS： The main symptom detected was asthenopia, most frequent in the 2ndand 3rddecades of life, with a significant decline after the 4thdecade.Astigmatism was the RE most associated with asthenopia. Reduced near vision sight was more frequent in those ≥40y with a progressive decline thereafter.Spectacles were most frequently required in subjects of≥40 years of age.CONCLUSION： The main symptom related to the vision was asthenopia and was associated to astigmatism. The greatest need for spectacles prescription occurred after40＇s, mainly to correct near vision. Subjects of ≥40years old were determined to be at high risk of uncorrected REs. These observations can guide intervention programs for the Brazilian population.展开更多
Objective: To test the effects of corrective spectacles in hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. Methods: Visual acuity, refraction and the amount of heterophoria on near (33 cm) fixation were measured befor...Objective: To test the effects of corrective spectacles in hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. Methods: Visual acuity, refraction and the amount of heterophoria on near (33 cm) fixation were measured before and after 3 weeks of spectacle-wearing in 30 hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. The control group consisted of 20 emmetropic children age-matched to the patients. Results: Uncorrected eyes displayed hyperopic amblyopia accompanied by heterophoria. Corrective spectacles not only attenuated the hyperopia and amblyopia, but also changed the heterophoria to orthophoria. The amount of heterophoria before wearing spectacles was significantly different from that in emmetropic children; but after correction with spectacles, it was the same as that in the emmetropic controls. Conclusion: Correction with spectacles is effective for the treatment of heterophoria in hyperopic children with amblyopia.展开更多
As an important optical constant of optical properties for spectacle lens,the refractive index measurement is studied using V prism refractometer. In the experiment,according to various factors inducing measurement er...As an important optical constant of optical properties for spectacle lens,the refractive index measurement is studied using V prism refractometer. In the experiment,according to various factors inducing measurement error,the experimental results are analyzed,which include right angle deviation,contact liquid,curvature,and focusing accuracy. The study results show that focusing accuracy is the most important factor of influence for measurement,consists of contact liquid wettability,sample shape,and effective width of light transmission. In addition,the refractive index measurement is less affected by angle deviation of sample and the refractive index deviation of contact liquid. On the basis of the experimental data analysis,it is possible to relax the deviation of right angle of the sample to 1' or 2'.展开更多
In Tennessee Williams’masterpiece The Glass Menagerie,the most remarkable feature is considered to be the successful employment of symbolism.Through the textual analysis,this paper thus gives a systematic analysis of...In Tennessee Williams’masterpiece The Glass Menagerie,the most remarkable feature is considered to be the successful employment of symbolism.Through the textual analysis,this paper thus gives a systematic analysis of some important symbolic images in stage spectacle,including"lighting","screen","fire-escape","unicorn,""Jonquil"and"father’s photo."These symbols effectively highlight the theme—the collision between reality and dream,which vividly exposes the tragic living situation of the lower class in America during the Great Depression.展开更多
Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Man of the Crowd” delineates metropolitan visual experiences that relate to urban scenery and people. The anonymous first-person narrator, preoccupied with the social and psycholo...Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Man of the Crowd” delineates metropolitan visual experiences that relate to urban scenery and people. The anonymous first-person narrator, preoccupied with the social and psychological correlations between the city and wandering crowd, interprets his perception of the crowd as an inexhaustible spectacle. As the narrator experiences different phases of spectatorship, he ultimately realizes the inscrutability and impenetrability of the city through his observation of the old man of the crowd. This paper suggests that the narrator’s failure in seeing and reading the old man of the crowd renders an uncanny effect of urban spectatorship.展开更多
The National Day Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of the People’s Republic of China showed the moment of“the most powerful China in history”and inspired the patriotic sentiment of the people.In accordance with t...The National Day Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of the People’s Republic of China showed the moment of“the most powerful China in history”and inspired the patriotic sentiment of the people.In accordance with the emotional path of“spectacle-situation”,the celebration takes the huge spectacles of advanced weapons,sophisticated troops,life scenes,and literary and artistic expressions as the entrance.Through specific narrative strategies as“emotional map”,the joint construction constitutes the“state-nation-government”identity.The National Day Celebration is the process of zoning,and all kinds of visual and auditory means of communication have been comprehensively applied,but the new national narrative method has become the key to the situation-the natural integration of individualistic narrative and nationalist narrative,which has promoted the concept of patriotism.Deepening and softening,the process of emotional mobilization was completed.This paper attempts to analyze how the country achieves the construction of patriotic situations and achieves the emotional identity of the people through large-scale spectacles(ceremonies)and innovative national narratives.展开更多
The surge in popularity of rustic videos has spawned a great number of Internet memes, such as Internet trendy words growing from dialects and strange pronunciations, picture memes made from video screenshots, and mes...The surge in popularity of rustic videos has spawned a great number of Internet memes, such as Internet trendy words growing from dialects and strange pronunciations, picture memes made from video screenshots, and mesmerizing music with a vernacular flavor. Due to their reproducibility, social interaction, and involvement, these rustic videos adhere to the fundamental logic of the propagation of online memes. Rustic videos are widely disseminated as online memes on TikTok (the Chinese version), are often reproduced and used by young people in social contact, and have become a unique linguistic symbol in modern internet culture. As a symbolic carrier that transports the consciousness of the video creator and viewer, it is widely employed in the communication and engagement of young people on a regular basis, progressively altering their linguistic expression. This specific semiotic interaction has deconstructed and recreated the conventional media culture spectacle. This research examines the influence of rustic videos on TikTok on the linguistic expressions of modern youth from the perspectives of meme theory and semiotics, as well as the impact of rustic videos on the media spectacle from the standpoint of media spectacle theory. It also examines in depth the effects of the popularity of rustic videos on China’s economy and culture.展开更多
文摘Spectacles are vital for correcting vision.Individuals who need vision correction can choose to wear spectacles or contact lenses. Alternatively, they may choose to have a vision-correcting operation.Therefore,researchers focus on vision science and spectacle design.Although some studies have compared spectacles and contact lenses for better visual quality, there is no consensus regarding which are better for the correction of vision. With the development of technology and the improvement of living standards, the design and production of spectacles will focus on personalized style, lenses, and frames. In this paper, we introduced trends in spectacles and studies of the relationship between frame sizes and face sizes,attempting to provide a feasible program for the personalization of spectacles-the Personalized Spectacles Program.Furthermore, certain limitations, such as non-personalized and misused spectacles,which have elevated the importance of the design and production of personalized spectacles were discussed.
文摘The measurement of the spectacles frame parameters has substantial effects on both the production and ex- port of spectacles products.In fact,this measurement is the measurement of related three-dimensional trajectory. The working principles of the measurement apparatus developed based on capacitive grating technology are introduced in this paper.Capacitive grating technology is a precision length measurement method.Its advantages are small vol- ume,low price,low production cost,and easy to obtain precise readings of the measured data.The measurement apparatus is composed of one industrial control computer,two microcontrollers and corresponding circuits.The sys- tem stability is guaranteed during the design of the circuit with the practical situation of its industry application taken into account.The software is divided into lower layer and upper layer.Each layer has different emphasis.The cau- ses of system errors and the method of error elimination are also analyzed.The analysis of the data obtained from ex- periments and the operating results of prototype apparatus both indicate that the proposed measurement apparatus has achieved outstanding competitive technical level of same kind products in international market and thus has ideal im- plications for mass production.
基金Supported by Sichuan Province Science and Technology Plan(No.2023YFS0506)Medical Research Project of Jinniu District,Chengdu,Sichuan Province(No.JNKY2024-94)Xinglin Scholar Program at Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.ZYTS2023028).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the effects of microlens design of peripheral defocus modifying spectacle lenses(PDMSLs)and non-microlens design of PDMSLs on controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents.METHODS:A systematic search was carried out in the PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase,CNKI,and Web of Science databases.The search targeted randomized controlled trials(RCTs)and cohort studies(CTs)that explored the effects of PDMSLs on myopia control among children and adolescents.The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were employed to evaluate the risk of bias in the included studies.The published biases of the included studies were evaluated using Egger’s test.RESULTS:Nine studies(7 RCTs,2 CTs)were included,involving 4332 participants in the PDMSLs group and 7317 participants in the single vision lenses(SVLs)group.Metaanalysis showed that PDMSLs with microlens design had lower change in spherical equivalent refraction(SER)than SVLs at 6,12,18,and 24mo after wearing glasses,with reductions of 0.19 D(95%CI:0.14 to 0.24,P<0.00001),0.36 D(95%CI:0.25 to 0.46,P<0.00001),0.43 D(95%CI:0.32 to 0.55,P<0.00001),and 0.51 D(95%CI:0.33 to 0.69,P<0.00001),respectively.The changes in axial length(AL)were also lower in PDMSLs compared to SVLs,with reductions of-0.09 mm(95%CI:-0.13 to-0.04,P=0.0002),-0.15 mm(95%CI:-0.21 to-0.08,P<0.00001),-0.27 mm(95%CI:-0.34 to-0.20,P<0.00001),and-0.29 mm(95%CI:-0.38 to-0.20,P<0.00001),respectively.There was no significant difference between the non-microlens group and SVLs in controlling the changes of SER and AL in myopia(both P>0.05).CONCLUSION:The synthesized evidence indicates superior myopia management outcomes with microlens design of PDMSLs compared to both SVLs and nonmicrolens design of PDMSLs in children and adolescents.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81960177)Jiangxi Provincial Science and Technology Grant(No.20192BAB205049)+2 种基金A research grant from Jiangxi Provincial Health Commission(No.202210723)Postgraduate Innovation Special Fund Project of Jiangxi Province(No.YC2021-S077)。
文摘AIM: To evaluate the effectiveness of peripheral defocus spectacle lenses(PDLs) in myopia control. METHODS: Literature retrieval on Pub Med, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases, and the search time limit was from the establishment of each database to December 29, 2021 were conducted. Change of spherical equivalent refraction(SER) and axial change(AL) were extracted from the literatures that met the inclusion criteria, and Rev Man5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 4 randomized controlled trials(RCTs) were included in this Meta-analysis, involving 770 myopic children. The results showed that PDLs could delay the progression of myopia in children with myopia compared with single vision spectacle lenses(SVLs;WMD=0.21 D, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.41, P=0.04). However, there was no significant difference in controlling the growth of axial length(AL) in myopic children(WMD=-0.10 mm, 95%CI:-0.21, 0.01, P=0.07). The results of the effectiveness of myopia control between the two spectacle lenses showed that PDLs were more effective in controlling the progression of myopia(OR=5.73, 95%CI: 2.58, 12.70, P<0.001) and delaying the growth of AL(OR=44.25, 95%CI: 8.84, 221.58, P<0.001) than SVLs, and the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: PDLs can control the progression of myopia compared with SVLs, but cannot delay the growth of AL, and the effectiveness of PDLs in myopia control better than SVLs.
文摘AIM： To determine the main visual symptoms in a Brazilian population sample, associated to refractive errors（REs） and spectacle need to suggest priorities in preventive programs.METHODS： A cross-sectional study was conducted in nine counties of the southeast region of Brazil, using a systematic sampling of households, between March 2004 and July 2005. The population was defined as individuals aged between 1 and 96 y, inhabitants of 3600 residences to be evaluated and 3012 households were included,corresponding to 8010 subjects considered for participation in the survey, of whom 7654 underwent ophthalmic examinations. The individuals were evaluated according their demographic data, eye complaints and eye examination including the RE and the need to prescribe spectacles according to age. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software package and descriptive analysis using 95% confidence intervals（P〈0.05）. RESULTS： The main symptom detected was asthenopia, most frequent in the 2ndand 3rddecades of life, with a significant decline after the 4thdecade.Astigmatism was the RE most associated with asthenopia. Reduced near vision sight was more frequent in those ≥40y with a progressive decline thereafter.Spectacles were most frequently required in subjects of≥40 years of age.CONCLUSION： The main symptom related to the vision was asthenopia and was associated to astigmatism. The greatest need for spectacles prescription occurred after40＇s, mainly to correct near vision. Subjects of ≥40years old were determined to be at high risk of uncorrected REs. These observations can guide intervention programs for the Brazilian population.
文摘Objective: To test the effects of corrective spectacles in hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. Methods: Visual acuity, refraction and the amount of heterophoria on near (33 cm) fixation were measured before and after 3 weeks of spectacle-wearing in 30 hyperopic amblyopic children with heterophoria. The control group consisted of 20 emmetropic children age-matched to the patients. Results: Uncorrected eyes displayed hyperopic amblyopia accompanied by heterophoria. Corrective spectacles not only attenuated the hyperopia and amblyopia, but also changed the heterophoria to orthophoria. The amount of heterophoria before wearing spectacles was significantly different from that in emmetropic children; but after correction with spectacles, it was the same as that in the emmetropic controls. Conclusion: Correction with spectacles is effective for the treatment of heterophoria in hyperopic children with amblyopia.
文摘As an important optical constant of optical properties for spectacle lens,the refractive index measurement is studied using V prism refractometer. In the experiment,according to various factors inducing measurement error,the experimental results are analyzed,which include right angle deviation,contact liquid,curvature,and focusing accuracy. The study results show that focusing accuracy is the most important factor of influence for measurement,consists of contact liquid wettability,sample shape,and effective width of light transmission. In addition,the refractive index measurement is less affected by angle deviation of sample and the refractive index deviation of contact liquid. On the basis of the experimental data analysis,it is possible to relax the deviation of right angle of the sample to 1' or 2'.
文摘In Tennessee Williams’masterpiece The Glass Menagerie,the most remarkable feature is considered to be the successful employment of symbolism.Through the textual analysis,this paper thus gives a systematic analysis of some important symbolic images in stage spectacle,including"lighting","screen","fire-escape","unicorn,""Jonquil"and"father’s photo."These symbols effectively highlight the theme—the collision between reality and dream,which vividly exposes the tragic living situation of the lower class in America during the Great Depression.
文摘Edgar Allan Poe’s short story “The Man of the Crowd” delineates metropolitan visual experiences that relate to urban scenery and people. The anonymous first-person narrator, preoccupied with the social and psychological correlations between the city and wandering crowd, interprets his perception of the crowd as an inexhaustible spectacle. As the narrator experiences different phases of spectatorship, he ultimately realizes the inscrutability and impenetrability of the city through his observation of the old man of the crowd. This paper suggests that the narrator’s failure in seeing and reading the old man of the crowd renders an uncanny effect of urban spectatorship.
文摘The National Day Celebration of the 70th Anniversary of the People’s Republic of China showed the moment of“the most powerful China in history”and inspired the patriotic sentiment of the people.In accordance with the emotional path of“spectacle-situation”,the celebration takes the huge spectacles of advanced weapons,sophisticated troops,life scenes,and literary and artistic expressions as the entrance.Through specific narrative strategies as“emotional map”,the joint construction constitutes the“state-nation-government”identity.The National Day Celebration is the process of zoning,and all kinds of visual and auditory means of communication have been comprehensively applied,but the new national narrative method has become the key to the situation-the natural integration of individualistic narrative and nationalist narrative,which has promoted the concept of patriotism.Deepening and softening,the process of emotional mobilization was completed.This paper attempts to analyze how the country achieves the construction of patriotic situations and achieves the emotional identity of the people through large-scale spectacles(ceremonies)and innovative national narratives.
文摘The surge in popularity of rustic videos has spawned a great number of Internet memes, such as Internet trendy words growing from dialects and strange pronunciations, picture memes made from video screenshots, and mesmerizing music with a vernacular flavor. Due to their reproducibility, social interaction, and involvement, these rustic videos adhere to the fundamental logic of the propagation of online memes. Rustic videos are widely disseminated as online memes on TikTok (the Chinese version), are often reproduced and used by young people in social contact, and have become a unique linguistic symbol in modern internet culture. As a symbolic carrier that transports the consciousness of the video creator and viewer, it is widely employed in the communication and engagement of young people on a regular basis, progressively altering their linguistic expression. This specific semiotic interaction has deconstructed and recreated the conventional media culture spectacle. This research examines the influence of rustic videos on TikTok on the linguistic expressions of modern youth from the perspectives of meme theory and semiotics, as well as the impact of rustic videos on the media spectacle from the standpoint of media spectacle theory. It also examines in depth the effects of the popularity of rustic videos on China’s economy and culture.
