This paper will report on the development of a prototype of actively controlled facade module,which is capable of adapting its solar transmittance to changeable solar gains.Hence this new facade offers additional feat...This paper will report on the development of a prototype of actively controlled facade module,which is capable of adapting its solar transmittance to changeable solar gains.Hence this new facade offers additional features with respect to the most popular currently used glass facades,which have fixed solar transmittance indeed.The novel technology is made possible by the creation of an additional 1.5-mm-thick sliding shielding liquid,which flows internally,in order to dynamically adapt the window’s solar transmittance.As compared with competitive technologies,this shielding system has low manufacturing costs,is durable,is completely reversible and always transparent,irrespective of its transmittance state.Specifically,the manufacture of a full-size window prototype and the engineering of the window was carried out;moreover,glass pane bending when subject to hydrostatic pressure was eventually assessed.All this information has been used to set up the industrial process needed for its manufacturing.展开更多
Weather variations present a major challenge for photovoltaic(PV)systems in obtaining the optimal output during maximum power point tracking(MPPT),particularly under partial shadowing conditions(PSCs).Bypass diodes ar...Weather variations present a major challenge for photovoltaic(PV)systems in obtaining the optimal output during maximum power point tracking(MPPT),particularly under partial shadowing conditions(PSCs).Bypass diodes are typically installed across the series-connected PV modules to avoid the occurrence of the hotspots.Consequently,the power curve exhibits several local peaks(LPs)and one global peak(GP).The conventional MPPTs typically become stuck in one of these LPs,presenting a significant decrease in both the power output and overall efficiency of the PV system.A major constraint of several optimization techniques is their inability to differ-entiate between the irradiancefluctuations and load alterations.In this study,we analyze seven different methods for MPPT.These include:the team game algorithm(TGA),social ki driver algorithm(SSD),differential evolution(DE),grey wolf optimization(GWO),particle swarm optimization(PSO),cuckoo search(CS),and the perturb and observe(P&O)method.These algorithms were applied in practice,and their effectiveness was experimentally demonstrated under different amounts of solar irradiation while maintain-ing a constant temperature.The results indicate that the CS and TGA approaches can accurately track the MPPT across various posi-tions on the P-V curve.These methods achieve average efficiencies of 99.59%and 99.54%,respectively.Additionally,the TGA achieves superior performance with the shortest average tracking time of 0.92 s,outperforming the existing MPPT algorithms.展开更多
Chlorophyll fluorescence emission, pigment composition and photosynthetic rate of shade-grown cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were measured immediately after suddenly exposing to full sunlight and at regular in...Chlorophyll fluorescence emission, pigment composition and photosynthetic rate of shade-grown cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were measured immediately after suddenly exposing to full sunlight and at regular intervals there after within 15 d. Photoinhibition occurred in shade-grown cotton leaves immediately after exposed to full sunlight. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F-v/F-m and PhiPS II, which reflect the efficiency of PS II,obviously decreased in shade-grown leaves, much lower than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. On the contrary, F-o value was sharply increased. Neither of these parameters could completely recover till next morning. The photoinhibition was chronic and continued for about 4 d, while the F-v/F-m and the net photosynthetic rate ( P-n) continued to decline, then began to increase gradually 6 d later and turned stable after 10 - 12 d, appearing as an acclimation phenomenon. However, the final value of F-v/F-m and P-n did not reach the level as in those leaves grown in the full sunlight ever before. The final P-n was higher by 60% than that before exposure, but lower for more than 40% than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. The most notable response of chloroplast pigment composition was a pronounced increase in the pool size of carotenoids in xanthophyll cycle over a period of 3 d. The results indicated that when shade-grown cotton seedlings were suddenly transferred to the full sunlight, the decline of F-v/F-m and P-n might associate with the damage of the PS II reaction center. During the light acclimation, photoprotective mechanisms such as the xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation were increased, so that photodamage in leaves transferred from low to high light might be reduced.展开更多
Thirty genotypes from rice germplasm were identified under photooxidation and shading condition and divided into four basic types : (1) cultivars tolerant to both photooxidation and shading, (2) cultivars tolerant to...Thirty genotypes from rice germplasm were identified under photooxidation and shading condition and divided into four basic types : (1) cultivars tolerant to both photooxidation and shading, (2) cultivars tolerant to photooxidation but sensitive to shading, (3) cultivars tolerant to shading but sensitive to photooxidation, and (4) cultivars sensitive to photooxidation and shading. A comparative study of photosynthetic characteristics of a cultivar (cv. Wuyujing 3) that is tolerant and a cultivar (cv. Xiangxian) that is sensitive to both photoinhibition and shading showed that the photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ ( F v/F m ) and the content of PSⅡ_D1 protein in the tolerant cultivar “Wuyujing 3” decreased less under photoinhibition conditions as compared with “Xiangxian”. Under photooxidation conditions, superoxide dismutase was induced rapidly to a higher level and the active oxygen O - built up to a lower level in “Wuyujing 3” than in “Xiangxian”. At the same time, the photosynthetic rate decreased by 23% in “Wuyujing 3” vs. 64% in “Xiangxian”. Shading (20% natural light) during the booting stage caused only small decreases (7%-13%) in RuBisCO activity and the photosynthetic rate in “Wuyujing 3” but showed marked decreases (57%-64%) in “Xiangxian” which corresponded to the decreases in grain yield in the two cultivars (38% and 73%, respectively). The correlation analysis showed that the tolerance to photooxidation is mainly related to PSⅡ_D1 and that to shading is mainly related to RuBisCO activity. This study provided a simple and effective screening method and physiological basis for crop breeding in enhancing tolerance to both high and low radiation.展开更多
With annual Bischofia javanica seedlings as experimental material, the plasticity and comprehensive evaluation methods were employed to investigate the effects of different shading degrees （100% NS （natural sunshine...With annual Bischofia javanica seedlings as experimental material, the plasticity and comprehensive evaluation methods were employed to investigate the effects of different shading degrees （100% NS （natural sunshine）, 41.3% NS, 14.6% NS and 3.6% NS） on B. javanica seedlings growth, so as to obtain the shade toler- ance in B. javanica. The results showed that with the shading degree increasing, the seedling height increment, diameter increment, leaf area, fresh weights （above- ground part, underground part and whole plant） and dry weights （aboveground part, underground part and whole plant） of B. javanica seedlings all increased first and then decreased, and reached peak values under 41.3% NS, while the total root length, average root diameter, total surface area, total root volume and total root number all presented a decreasing trend. Also the comprehensive evaluation by subordinate function value method and plasticity analysis were carried out on these growth indexes. It was concluded that B. javanica seedlings have medium shade tol- erance from the comDrehensive analysis of growth indexes.展开更多
In the research, four shading treatments were set, including the treatments with shading degrees at 0, 40%, 60% and 70%, in order to explore storage rate and seedling growth of annual Phoebe bournei. The results showe...In the research, four shading treatments were set, including the treatments with shading degrees at 0, 40%, 60% and 70%, in order to explore storage rate and seedling growth of annual Phoebe bournei. The results showed that the storage rate is growing upon shading degree. In the research, for example, storage rate reached the peak with the shading degree at 70%, and only 42.2% with shading degree at 0. In addition, seedling height and ground diameter showed extremely significant differences among treatments, and the treatment with shading degree at 60% was the best.展开更多
通过对由医疗成像设备获取的二维灰度图像进行形状重建,得到的三维立体原型能帮助医学诊断人员确诊病情。介绍了Shape from Shading的实现原理和扫描电镜成像系统的简单构成,提出了一种基于线性逼近的用于解决SEM反射映射函数的实现方法...通过对由医疗成像设备获取的二维灰度图像进行形状重建,得到的三维立体原型能帮助医学诊断人员确诊病情。介绍了Shape from Shading的实现原理和扫描电镜成像系统的简单构成,提出了一种基于线性逼近的用于解决SEM反射映射函数的实现方法,并将之应用于红血细胞的三维图像重构,得到的细胞图形非常接近其真实形状。展开更多
[Objective]The study was conducted to investigate the effects of shading treatments on growth of Asimina triloba （L） Dunal seedlings and provided the theoretical basis for seedling production. [Method]70 day-old A. ...[Objective]The study was conducted to investigate the effects of shading treatments on growth of Asimina triloba （L） Dunal seedlings and provided the theoretical basis for seedling production. [Method]70 day-old A. triloba seedlings had similar stem diameter and plant height and good growth vigour were taken as tested materials in 2005. 4 light gradient treatments which were the natural light with 100% light intensity, one-layer, two-layer and three-layer black shading network with the light transmittance rate of 50%, 25% and 12.5% were set up to study the effects of different shading treatments on growth of A. triloba. [ Result] With the shading treatments of one-layer and two-layer net, the plants of A. triloba seedlings grew rapidly. As the intensity of illumination decreased, the cetents of chlorophyll a （ Chl. a）, chlorophyll b （ Chl. b） and total chlorophyll increased at first and then reduced. At the same time the chlorophyll a/b value became smaller. Under natural light, the plants tended to consume more water and the soil temperature at 15：00 p. m was higher. There was a smaller difference among various treatments. [ Conclusion]The suitable shading treatment to the growth of A. triloba seedlings was under the light transmittance rate of 50% and height and stem diameter of trees increased fast. Chlorophyll a （ Chl. a）, chlorophyll b （ Chl. b） content in leaves of A. triloba seedlings were highest comparing with those in other conditions.展开更多
Assuming uniform albedo and Lambertian surface for the imaging model, a new robust method for estimation of illuminant direction and albedo from shading is presented. If there is a singular point with maximum intensit...Assuming uniform albedo and Lambertian surface for the imaging model, a new robust method for estimation of illuminant direction and albedo from shading is presented. If there is a singular point with maximum intensity in an image, the method use shading information of the singular point and its neighbors to estimate directly the elevation of illuminant direction, surface albedo, and the bias brightness. Some experiment results on synthetic images are given to illustrate the new approach is accurate and robust.展开更多
"信息共享与防止冲突"(Shared Awareness and De-confliction)这一军事协调会议为国际社会开展多边合作打击索马里海盗提供了平台。通过分析会议期间所采集的语言素材,并结合护航协调人员英语培训班的教学实践,提出护航英语..."信息共享与防止冲突"(Shared Awareness and De-confliction)这一军事协调会议为国际社会开展多边合作打击索马里海盗提供了平台。通过分析会议期间所采集的语言素材,并结合护航协调人员英语培训班的教学实践,提出护航英语教学的新思路。展开更多
文摘This paper will report on the development of a prototype of actively controlled facade module,which is capable of adapting its solar transmittance to changeable solar gains.Hence this new facade offers additional features with respect to the most popular currently used glass facades,which have fixed solar transmittance indeed.The novel technology is made possible by the creation of an additional 1.5-mm-thick sliding shielding liquid,which flows internally,in order to dynamically adapt the window’s solar transmittance.As compared with competitive technologies,this shielding system has low manufacturing costs,is durable,is completely reversible and always transparent,irrespective of its transmittance state.Specifically,the manufacture of a full-size window prototype and the engineering of the window was carried out;moreover,glass pane bending when subject to hydrostatic pressure was eventually assessed.All this information has been used to set up the industrial process needed for its manufacturing.
基金supported by the Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE)of Malaysia through a research grant FRGS/1/2023/TK08/UNITEN/02/9.
文摘Weather variations present a major challenge for photovoltaic(PV)systems in obtaining the optimal output during maximum power point tracking(MPPT),particularly under partial shadowing conditions(PSCs).Bypass diodes are typically installed across the series-connected PV modules to avoid the occurrence of the hotspots.Consequently,the power curve exhibits several local peaks(LPs)and one global peak(GP).The conventional MPPTs typically become stuck in one of these LPs,presenting a significant decrease in both the power output and overall efficiency of the PV system.A major constraint of several optimization techniques is their inability to differ-entiate between the irradiancefluctuations and load alterations.In this study,we analyze seven different methods for MPPT.These include:the team game algorithm(TGA),social ki driver algorithm(SSD),differential evolution(DE),grey wolf optimization(GWO),particle swarm optimization(PSO),cuckoo search(CS),and the perturb and observe(P&O)method.These algorithms were applied in practice,and their effectiveness was experimentally demonstrated under different amounts of solar irradiation while maintain-ing a constant temperature.The results indicate that the CS and TGA approaches can accurately track the MPPT across various posi-tions on the P-V curve.These methods achieve average efficiencies of 99.59%and 99.54%,respectively.Additionally,the TGA achieves superior performance with the shortest average tracking time of 0.92 s,outperforming the existing MPPT algorithms.
文摘Chlorophyll fluorescence emission, pigment composition and photosynthetic rate of shade-grown cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were measured immediately after suddenly exposing to full sunlight and at regular intervals there after within 15 d. Photoinhibition occurred in shade-grown cotton leaves immediately after exposed to full sunlight. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter F-v/F-m and PhiPS II, which reflect the efficiency of PS II,obviously decreased in shade-grown leaves, much lower than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. On the contrary, F-o value was sharply increased. Neither of these parameters could completely recover till next morning. The photoinhibition was chronic and continued for about 4 d, while the F-v/F-m and the net photosynthetic rate ( P-n) continued to decline, then began to increase gradually 6 d later and turned stable after 10 - 12 d, appearing as an acclimation phenomenon. However, the final value of F-v/F-m and P-n did not reach the level as in those leaves grown in the full sunlight ever before. The final P-n was higher by 60% than that before exposure, but lower for more than 40% than that of the full sunlight-grown leaves. The most notable response of chloroplast pigment composition was a pronounced increase in the pool size of carotenoids in xanthophyll cycle over a period of 3 d. The results indicated that when shade-grown cotton seedlings were suddenly transferred to the full sunlight, the decline of F-v/F-m and P-n might associate with the damage of the PS II reaction center. During the light acclimation, photoprotective mechanisms such as the xanthophyll cycle-dependent energy dissipation were increased, so that photodamage in leaves transferred from low to high light might be reduced.
文摘Thirty genotypes from rice germplasm were identified under photooxidation and shading condition and divided into four basic types : (1) cultivars tolerant to both photooxidation and shading, (2) cultivars tolerant to photooxidation but sensitive to shading, (3) cultivars tolerant to shading but sensitive to photooxidation, and (4) cultivars sensitive to photooxidation and shading. A comparative study of photosynthetic characteristics of a cultivar (cv. Wuyujing 3) that is tolerant and a cultivar (cv. Xiangxian) that is sensitive to both photoinhibition and shading showed that the photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ ( F v/F m ) and the content of PSⅡ_D1 protein in the tolerant cultivar “Wuyujing 3” decreased less under photoinhibition conditions as compared with “Xiangxian”. Under photooxidation conditions, superoxide dismutase was induced rapidly to a higher level and the active oxygen O - built up to a lower level in “Wuyujing 3” than in “Xiangxian”. At the same time, the photosynthetic rate decreased by 23% in “Wuyujing 3” vs. 64% in “Xiangxian”. Shading (20% natural light) during the booting stage caused only small decreases (7%-13%) in RuBisCO activity and the photosynthetic rate in “Wuyujing 3” but showed marked decreases (57%-64%) in “Xiangxian” which corresponded to the decreases in grain yield in the two cultivars (38% and 73%, respectively). The correlation analysis showed that the tolerance to photooxidation is mainly related to PSⅡ_D1 and that to shading is mainly related to RuBisCO activity. This study provided a simple and effective screening method and physiological basis for crop breeding in enhancing tolerance to both high and low radiation.
文摘With annual Bischofia javanica seedlings as experimental material, the plasticity and comprehensive evaluation methods were employed to investigate the effects of different shading degrees （100% NS （natural sunshine）, 41.3% NS, 14.6% NS and 3.6% NS） on B. javanica seedlings growth, so as to obtain the shade toler- ance in B. javanica. The results showed that with the shading degree increasing, the seedling height increment, diameter increment, leaf area, fresh weights （above- ground part, underground part and whole plant） and dry weights （aboveground part, underground part and whole plant） of B. javanica seedlings all increased first and then decreased, and reached peak values under 41.3% NS, while the total root length, average root diameter, total surface area, total root volume and total root number all presented a decreasing trend. Also the comprehensive evaluation by subordinate function value method and plasticity analysis were carried out on these growth indexes. It was concluded that B. javanica seedlings have medium shade tol- erance from the comDrehensive analysis of growth indexes.
基金Supported by Forestry Science and Technology Project of Hunan Province(XLK201406)~~
文摘In the research, four shading treatments were set, including the treatments with shading degrees at 0, 40%, 60% and 70%, in order to explore storage rate and seedling growth of annual Phoebe bournei. The results showed that the storage rate is growing upon shading degree. In the research, for example, storage rate reached the peak with the shading degree at 70%, and only 42.2% with shading degree at 0. In addition, seedling height and ground diameter showed extremely significant differences among treatments, and the treatment with shading degree at 60% was the best.
文摘通过对由医疗成像设备获取的二维灰度图像进行形状重建,得到的三维立体原型能帮助医学诊断人员确诊病情。介绍了Shape from Shading的实现原理和扫描电镜成像系统的简单构成,提出了一种基于线性逼近的用于解决SEM反射映射函数的实现方法,并将之应用于红血细胞的三维图像重构,得到的细胞图形非常接近其真实形状。
基金Supported by the National"948"Import Program(2001-46)~~
文摘[Objective]The study was conducted to investigate the effects of shading treatments on growth of Asimina triloba （L） Dunal seedlings and provided the theoretical basis for seedling production. [Method]70 day-old A. triloba seedlings had similar stem diameter and plant height and good growth vigour were taken as tested materials in 2005. 4 light gradient treatments which were the natural light with 100% light intensity, one-layer, two-layer and three-layer black shading network with the light transmittance rate of 50%, 25% and 12.5% were set up to study the effects of different shading treatments on growth of A. triloba. [ Result] With the shading treatments of one-layer and two-layer net, the plants of A. triloba seedlings grew rapidly. As the intensity of illumination decreased, the cetents of chlorophyll a （ Chl. a）, chlorophyll b （ Chl. b） and total chlorophyll increased at first and then reduced. At the same time the chlorophyll a/b value became smaller. Under natural light, the plants tended to consume more water and the soil temperature at 15：00 p. m was higher. There was a smaller difference among various treatments. [ Conclusion]The suitable shading treatment to the growth of A. triloba seedlings was under the light transmittance rate of 50% and height and stem diameter of trees increased fast. Chlorophyll a （ Chl. a）, chlorophyll b （ Chl. b） content in leaves of A. triloba seedlings were highest comparing with those in other conditions.
文摘Assuming uniform albedo and Lambertian surface for the imaging model, a new robust method for estimation of illuminant direction and albedo from shading is presented. If there is a singular point with maximum intensity in an image, the method use shading information of the singular point and its neighbors to estimate directly the elevation of illuminant direction, surface albedo, and the bias brightness. Some experiment results on synthetic images are given to illustrate the new approach is accurate and robust.
