The authors regret corrections in the Figure captions as below.1.Fig.1 Caption Current version:Fig.1.The content of substances in Sour tea solu-tions at different stages of digestion(A-C)1.0 mg/mL solution:(A)TP,(B)TF...The authors regret corrections in the Figure captions as below.1.Fig.1 Caption Current version:Fig.1.The content of substances in Sour tea solu-tions at different stages of digestion(A-C)1.0 mg/mL solution:(A)TP,(B)TF,(C)FAA.(D-H)1.5 mg/mL solution:(D)CAF,(E)GA,(F)quercetin,(G)myricetin,(H)catechins.Different letters(a-c)indicate significant differences among digestion stages as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's test.Data are presented as mean±SD(n=X).Different lowercase letters above the bars/points indicate signifi-cant differences among groups according to one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test(p<0.05).展开更多
Exopolysaccharides(EPSs)from lactic acid bacteria(LAB)play important roles in food,pharmaceutical,and medical applications.The aims of this study were to explore the digestive characteristics of Leuconostoc mesenteroi...Exopolysaccharides(EPSs)from lactic acid bacteria(LAB)play important roles in food,pharmaceutical,and medical applications.The aims of this study were to explore the digestive characteristics of Leuconostoc mesenteroides RSG7 EPS and its effects on the gut microbiota.RSG7 EPS could not be digested using salivary,gastric,or intestinal in vitro models of digestion.However,after fecal fermentation,the molecular weight(Mw)of RSG7 EPS decreased by 50.91±3.18%,and the surface morphology changed remarkably,developing wrinkles and dense fragments.These results indicated that RSG7 EPS could be degraded and consumed by human gut microbiota.Notably,in a fecal fermentation model,RSG7 EPS promoted the increase of beneficial bacteria,including Phascolarctobacterium with an abundance of 0.127±0.011 at 24 h and 0.149±0.021 at 48 h and Faecalicoccus with an abundance of 0.037±0.003 at 24 h and 0.016±0.003 at 48 h.In particular,the concentrations of propionic acid(24.176±0.978 mM),valeric acid(0.453±0.033 mM),and total short-chain fatty acids(57.378±2.027 mM,SCFAs)were significantly increased after 48 h in vitro fecal fermentation of RSG7 EPS.This study suggests that RSG7 EPS could be developed as a prebiotic to improve human intestinal health.展开更多
Phycocyanin(PC)has significant anti-diabetic activity.However,research on the impact of digestion on the antidiabetic properties of PC is still rare.In this study,we successfully extracted food-grade PC with a purity ...Phycocyanin(PC)has significant anti-diabetic activity.However,research on the impact of digestion on the antidiabetic properties of PC is still rare.In this study,we successfully extracted food-grade PC with a purity of 1.64±0.06 from Ge Xian Mi.The results of antioxidant and enzyme activity inhibition experiments indicate that the biological activity of PC is positively correlated with its purity.Fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed the degradation of apolipoprotein and chromophore structures in PC during digestion.During digestion,the characteristic peaks of chromophores gradually disappeared,accompanied by a continuous decrease in antioxidant activity.The results of secondary structure determination indicate that after 0.5 h of digestion,the α-helix content decreased by approximately 50%,while the β-sheet content decreased by 6.87%.At the end of digestion,the α-helix structure was completely lost.The inhibitory effect of PC on the two enzymes decreased by approximately 20% after digestion started,followed by a rebound at 1.0 h,and then declined again at 3.0 h.At the end of digestion,the inhibition rates against α-amylase andα-glucosidase were only 22.09% and 25.76%,respectively.Digestion significantly decreased the antidiabetic ability of PC.展开更多
This study systematically evaluated the stability,bioaccessibility,and gut microecological regulatory potential of lightly fermented sour tea(ST)polyphenols during in vitro simulated digestion.While ST maintained comp...This study systematically evaluated the stability,bioaccessibility,and gut microecological regulatory potential of lightly fermented sour tea(ST)polyphenols during in vitro simulated digestion.While ST maintained compo-sitional and functional stability in the gastric phase,colonic fermentation drastically diminished bioactivities(p<0.05),with average decreases of 28.88%,51.16%,and 66.92%in ABTS,DPPH,and FRAP scavenging activ-ities,respectively,and a 67.45%decline inα-glucosidase inhibition.However,ST exhibited powerful prebiotic effects by modulating gut microbiota in a concentration-dependent manner.The 1.0 mg/mL treatment yielded the most favorable outcomes,possessing the highest number of unique OTUs and optimal community diversity.Notably,this concentration significantly reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio and enriched beneficial SCFA-producers:Bacteroides abundance surged from 0.34%in the control to 12.42%(p<0.05),while Phasco-larctobacterium increased from 0.15%to 3.72%(p<0.05).Furthermore,functional prediction suggested a specific upregulation in carbohydrate degradation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways.These findings suggested that ST exhibits excellent stability and functional activity during digestion and holds promise as a natural dietary intervention for enhancing gut microecology and promoting host health.展开更多
The objective of this experimentwas to develop a new computer-controlled simulated digestion system to predict the digestible energy(DE)and metabolizable energy(ME)of unconventional plant protein meals for growing pig...The objective of this experimentwas to develop a new computer-controlled simulated digestion system to predict the digestible energy(DE)and metabolizable energy(ME)of unconventional plant protein meals for growing pigs.Nine meals tested included 1 source of rapeseed meal,4 sources of cottonseed meal,2 sources of sunflower meal,and 2 sources of peanut meal.Twenty growing pigs(Duroc[LandraceLarge White])with an initial body weight(BW)of 41.7±2.6 kg were allotted to a replicated 103 incomplete Latin square design to determine the DE and ME of 1 basal diet and 9 experimental diets formulated with 9 unconventional plant protein meals.The DE andMEvalues of unconventional plant protein meals were calculated by the difference method.The in vitro digestible energy(IVDE)of 1 basal diet,9 experimental diets,and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were determined with 5 replicates of each sample in a complete randomized arrangement.The IVDE/DE or IVDE/ME ranged from 0.96 to 0.98 or 1.00 to 1.01,and the correlation coefficient between IVDE and DE or MEwas 0.97 or 0.98 in 10 experimental diets.Accordingly,the IVDE/DE or IVDE/ME ranged from 0.86 to 1.05 or 0.96 to 1.20,and the correlation coefficient between IVDE and DE orME was 0.92 or 0.91 in 9 unconventional plant protein meals.The coefficient of variation(CV)of IVDE was less than that of DE and ME in the experimental diets(0.43%,0.80%,and 0.97%for CV of IVDE,DE and ME,respectively)and unconventional plant protein meals(0.92%,4.84%,and 6.33%for CV of IVDE,DE and ME,respectively).The regression equations to predict DE from IVDE in 10 experimental diets and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were DE=0.8851IVDE t539(R^(2)=0.9411,residual standard deviation[RSD]=23 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01)and DE=0.9880IVDE t 166(R^(2)=0.8428,RSD=182 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01),respectively.Therewas no statistical difference in the slopes(P=0.82)or intercepts(P=1.00)of these 2 equations.Thus,10 diets and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were pooled to establish the regression equation of DE on IVDE as:DE=0.9813IVDE t187(R^(2)=0.9120,RSD=118 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01).The regression equations to predictME from IVDE in 10 experimental diets and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were ME=0.9559IVDE t146(R^(2)=0.9697,RSD=18 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01)and ME=0.9388IVDEt3(R^(2)=0.8282,RSD=182 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01),respectively.Therewas no statistical difference in slopes(P=0.97)but significant difference between the intercepts(P=0.02)of these 2 equations.Our results indicate IVDE has similar response to the DE but different response to the ME in 10 experimental diets and 9 unconventional plant protein meals.Therefore,IVDE is moresuitable to predict DE than ME of diets and unconventional plant protein meals for growing pigs.展开更多
Lutein is a nutraceutical compound that promotes human eye health and prevents neurodegenerative diseases.The oral bioavailability of lutein is affected by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the host.Although hyd...Lutein is a nutraceutical compound that promotes human eye health and prevents neurodegenerative diseases.The oral bioavailability of lutein is affected by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the host.Although hydrophobicity of the compound is further challenging,its lipophilicity can be utilized to micellize and thereby improve its oral bioavailability.Currently,available data on the effects of dietary fats on lutein micellization and permeation is limited and needs further exploration.In this study,the influence of 17 carrier type edible oils on lutein micellization and permeation,was investigated in a simulated digestion model.The overall effectiveness of these oils to permeate micellized lutein was attributed to its Fatty Acid(FA)profile.While 94%of the edible oils exhibited a positive influence on the permeation of micellized lutein,the micellization and permeation efficiency of these oils were significantly(p≤0.05)modulated by the saturation of FA in the order Saturated(SFA)>Mono-Unsaturated(MUFA)>Poly-Unsaturated(PUFA).The highest apparent permeability coefficient was exhibited by lutein micellized in ghee(3.01×10^(-6) cm/s)and butter(2.93×10^(-6) cm/s),which was 1.28 and 1.24 folds higher than lutein alone(2.35×10^(-6) cm/s)respectively.Exceptionally MUFA rich olive oil and PUFA rich flaxseed oil improved lutein permeation by 1.19(2.80×10^(-6) cm/s)and 1.14 folds(2.69×10^(-6) cm/s)respectively.This study is the first to report the influence of saturated fatty acids on micellization and permeation of lutein.Furthermore,the outcomes of this study offer the field of lutein delivery systems a fresh perspective.展开更多
The release patterns of phenolics in digestive tract was elucidated using a simulated digestion protocol,in which the delivery route of rutin was revealed,and the availability of released phenolics was also evaluated ...The release patterns of phenolics in digestive tract was elucidated using a simulated digestion protocol,in which the delivery route of rutin was revealed,and the availability of released phenolics was also evaluated using a dialysis membrane absorption model.The results showed that phenolic compounds such as rutin,quercetin,3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(DA),2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid(TA)and chlorogenic acid(CA)were released from Tartary buckwheat under simulated digestion.The contents of released phenolic compounds in oral-gastrointestinal digestion were significantly higher(p<0.05)than that in oral and oral-stomach digestion phases.Besides,in oral-gastrointestinal digestion,the proportion of available contents of rutin,DA,TA and CA to corresponding released contents were 71.8%,73.7%,68.6% and 100%,and the great majority of rutin was sufficiently degraded into quercetin.The contribution of antioxidant activity of available compounds to corresponding total activity were between 62.2%and 68.9%.These results indicated that phenolics in Tartary buckwheat can be adequately released in oral-gastrointestinal digestion,and a great majority of these phenolics are available.This study illustrates the potential bioavailability of phenolic compounds in Tartary buckwheat during gastrointestinal digestion.展开更多
In this study,naringin was encapsulated in microspheres and its simulated digestive behavior in vitro was examined.Then naringin microspheres was added in yogurt to investigate the rheology and antioxidant activities....In this study,naringin was encapsulated in microspheres and its simulated digestive behavior in vitro was examined.Then naringin microspheres was added in yogurt to investigate the rheology and antioxidant activities.The results indicated that encapsulating naringin in microspheres delayed its digestion in the stomach,allowing more release in the intestinal part.All kinds of yogurt were solid-like in nature and the addition of microspheres increased the elastic modulus and viscosity.The naringin and microspheres incorporation enhanced the total phenolic content of the yogurt to 6.7 and 8.8 mg of gallic acid equivalent/mL,respectively.All kinds of yogurt demonstrated more than 80%scavenging ability for hydroxyl radicals at 20μL whey/mL.The addition of microspheres improved the DPPH radical scavenging ability of yogurt.This study provides a new idea for the application of polyphenols in food and the development of functional yogurt.展开更多
Milk fat globules(MFG)are the primary source of energy and functional factor in dairy-based products.To evaluate the suitability of commercial MFG substitutes for infant and adult consumers,the lipolysis properties an...Milk fat globules(MFG)are the primary source of energy and functional factor in dairy-based products.To evaluate the suitability of commercial MFG substitutes for infant and adult consumers,the lipolysis properties and regulatory factors in digesting bovine,caprine,and human MFG were compared.The lipolysis kinetic models of bovine and caprine MFG are comparable,with bovine MFG displaying the highest degree of lipolysis(50.21%)during gastric digestion in infants,resulting in the production short-chain saturated fatty acids.Caprine MFG has a high rate of lipolysis due to its weak phospholipid-glycoprotein layer,which is prominent in both infants'and adults'digestion.The effects of consuming bovine and caprine MFG for adults are comparable in terms of lipolysis properties and nutritional value of fatty acid.After gastrointestinal digestion,human MFG has the highest digestibility(93.98%).The advantages of human MFG include its phospholipid structure,exogenous lipase,and lipolysis-regulating proteins.This study provides recommendation for the selection of milk fat substitutes and improvements in commercial dairy.展开更多
Immunoglobulin Y(Ig Y)is an effective orally administered antibody used to protect against various intestinal pathogens,but which cannot tolerate the acidic gastric environment.In this study,Ig Y was microencapsulated...Immunoglobulin Y(Ig Y)is an effective orally administered antibody used to protect against various intestinal pathogens,but which cannot tolerate the acidic gastric environment.In this study,Ig Y was microencapsulated by alginate(ALG)and coated with chitooligosaccharide(COS).A response surface methodology was used to optimize the formulation,and a simulated gastrointestinal(GI)digestion(SGID)system to evaluate the controlled release of microencapsulated Ig Y.The microcapsule formulation was optimized as an ALG concentration of 1.56%(15.6 g/L),COS level of 0.61%(6.1 g/L),and Ig Y/ALG ratio of 62.44%(mass ratio).The microcapsules prepared following this formulation had an encapsulation efficiency of 65.19%,a loading capacity of 33.75%,and an average particle size of 588.75μm.Under this optimum formulation,the coating of COS provided a less porous and more continuous microstructure by filling the cracks on the surface,and thus the GI release rate of encapsulated Ig Y was significantly reduced.The release of encapsulated Ig Y during simulated gastric and intestinal digestion well fitted the zero-order and first-order kinetics functions,respectively.The microcapsule also allowed the Ig Y to retain 84.37%immune-activity after 4 h simulated GI digestion,significantly higher than that for unprotected Ig Y(5.33%).This approach could provide an efficient way to preserve Ig Y and improve its performance in the GI tract.展开更多
To examine the effect of mechanical processing for plant-based materials on antioxidant properties during digestion,relationships between the size of pulverized plant tissue and changes in antioxidant activities durin...To examine the effect of mechanical processing for plant-based materials on antioxidant properties during digestion,relationships between the size of pulverized plant tissue and changes in antioxidant activities during simulated in vitro digestion were investigated.The citrus peel tissue was pulverized and classified into four powder fractions followed their particle size distributions as 125−180m,180−355m,355−500m and 500−710m.These fractions were regarded as a plant tissue model with various degrees of cell damages.Powder samples were collected during the digestion and measured their particle sizes and colors.Besides,total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of digested fluid were also evaluated.The results showed that the powder color of smaller particles were significantly changed than the bigger ones.The bio-properties of digested fluid for the bigger particle sizes comparatively retained more than smaller ones at the simulated gastric stage.It also showed mostly stable during simulated gastric or small intestinal digestion stage.This suggested that the release of bioactive compounds from plant tissues during digestion could be related to their structural attributes such as degrees of cell damages which could be affected by processing methods and conditions.展开更多
Peptides from Alcalase-hydrolyzed soybean protein hydrolysate(SPH)may hold the potential as natural antioxidants.In addition,the effect of human gastrointestinal(GI)tract on peptide bioavailability needs to be explore...Peptides from Alcalase-hydrolyzed soybean protein hydrolysate(SPH)may hold the potential as natural antioxidants.In addition,the effect of human gastrointestinal(GI)tract on peptide bioavailability needs to be explored.In this study,the impact of simulated GI digestion and transepithelial transport on various antioxidant properties of SPH were investigated.SPH displayed DPPH radical scavenging(IC50=4.22 mg/m L),ABTS·+radical scavenging(IC50=2.93 mg/m L),reducing power and metal ion-chelating activities(IC50=0.67 mg/m L).Furthermore,SPH significantly(P<0.05)inhibited the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)in Caco-2 cells.After simulated GI digestion,the antioxidant properties of SPH were enhanced,except for a decrease in ABTS·+radical scavenging activity.After transepithelial transport,the permeates maintained partial antioxidant activity and the LC-MS/MS data further identified the absorbed soybean peptides.These results suggest that SPH contains the antioxidant peptides that are potentially bioavailable and can be regarded as a promising source of functional food ingredients.展开更多
OBJECTIVE Epimedium is rich in a variety of beneficial active ingredients,and has been widely used in the ethnopharmacological practices,however,its biotransformation in gastrointestinal digestions remain unclear.This...OBJECTIVE Epimedium is rich in a variety of beneficial active ingredients,and has been widely used in the ethnopharmacological practices,however,its biotransformation in gastrointestinal digestions remain unclear.This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes of components and biological activity of Epimedium in the in vitro simulated digestion and subsequent human faecal fermentation.METHODS The models of in vitro simulated saliva,gastric and intestinal digestion,as well as colonic fermentation were constructed to simulate the digestion process of Epimedium.The dynamic changes of components of Epimedium during the simulated digestions in vitro and subsequent human faecal fermentation were investigated by UPLC-MS,HPLC-DAD combined with principal component analysis(PCA)and multi-ingredient quantitative analysis.RESULTS A variety of metabolites with high contents were produced after 0.5 h of intestinal digestion and colonic fermentation 0.5 h.Application of PCA to HPLC data showed the obvious separation of colonic fermentation 0.5 h stage samples from other colonic fermentation stages samples(24,48 and 72 h).Additionally,non-digestion and saliva digestion stage samples clustered together,and there was obvious separation between intestinal digestion samples and gastric digestion samples.The contents of epimedium C,icariin and baohuside I all increased significantly after intestinal digestion[58.70±7.08,47.15±5.68 and(12.78±0.55)mg·g^(-1)]compared with gastric digestion[29.00±5.65,17.40±4.55 and(2.77±0.19)mg·g^(-1)].There were significant differences between sample after 0.5 h of colonic fermentation[64.22±9.32,51.26±6.33 and(16.68±3.19)mg·g^(-1)]and other time points(24,48 and 72 h)in components and the contents of active ingredient,and the content of these components all decreased with the fermentation time.The ability of scavenging ABTS free radicals[IC50=(0.29±0.02)g·L^(-1)]increased significantly compared with gastric digestion[(1.57±0.02)g·L^(-1)],and after 0.5 h of colonic fermentation,the ability also increased significantly.CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal digestion had a significant impact on the contents of active components in Epimedium,and the metabolism of these components mainly occurred in the colon.The intestinal digestion and colonic fermentation significantly improved the anti-ABTS activity of epimedium.展开更多
Poria cocos(PC)is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and a widely used healthcare ingredient,which has antiobesity,enhancing immunity and improving sleep effects.Traditionally,only water-soluble poria polysacch...Poria cocos(PC)is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and a widely used healthcare ingredient,which has antiobesity,enhancing immunity and improving sleep effects.Traditionally,only water-soluble poria polysaccharide(WSP)is extracted and applied for clinical application,while insoluble polysaccharide(alkali-soluble poria polysaccharide,ASP)is discarded as herb residue.However,the whole PC has also been historically utilized as functional herbal food.Considering the beneficial role of dietary fiber and the traditional use of PC,ASP may also contribute substantially to the therapy function of PC.Compared to WSP,little attention has been paid to ASP and ASP modified product carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide(CMP)which has been used as an antitumor adjuvant drug.In this study,the oil,cholesterol,metal ions and polyphenols adsorption ability,in vitro simulated digestive and the gut microbiota fermentation characteristics of WSP,ASP and CMP were studied to evaluate the functional values of three P.cocos polysaccharides(PCPs).The results showed that all three PCPs had good adsorption capacity on cholesterol,polyphenols and metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+)/Mg^(2+)),among which ASP showed the highest capacity than WSP and CMP.The adsorption capacity of all three PCPs on heavy metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+))was stronger than that of non-heavy metal ions(Mg^(2+));The in vitro digestibility of all three PCPs was very low,but WSP was slightly higher than ASP and CMP;Moreover,the indigestible residue of all three PCPs could improve the richness and diversity of gut microbiota,among which ASP had the greatest influence.In general,ASP and CMP could significantly promote the proliferation of some probiotics and inhibit the growth of some harmful bacteria.The gut microbiota diversity of CMP was reduced,but the richness of probiotics,especially Parabacteroides distasonis was significantly enhanced compared with the ASP group,and the growth of harmful bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was inhibited after CMP treatment.The short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)analysis results showed that all three PCPs could significantly promote the production of acetic acid,propionic acid and the total acid content compared with blank control group,and SCFAs producing activity was positively correlated with the proliferative capacity of probiotics.Taken together,the good adsorption characteristics and gut microbiota regulatory activity of ASP may lay foundation for its lipid-lowering and immune-improving function.Additionally,the probiotic effect of CMP and ASP indicated that except for only use the water extract of PC in clinic,CMP and ASP also can be used in healthcare to take full advantage of this valuable medicine.展开更多
An isotope dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously detect two typical kinds ofα,β-unsaturated aldehydes,namely 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal(...An isotope dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously detect two typical kinds ofα,β-unsaturated aldehydes,namely 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal(4-HHE)and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal(4-HNE),in foods.The proposed method exhibited a linear range of 10-1000 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.1-2.0 ng/g and a limit of quantification of 0.3-5.0 ng/g.The recovery rates of these typical toxic aldehydes(i.e.,4-HHE,4-HNE)and their d3-labeled analogues were 91.54%-105.12%with a low matrix effect.Furthermore,this proposed method was successfully applied to a real frying system and a simulated digestion system,wherein the contents of 4-HHE and 4-HNE were determined for both.Overall,the obtained results provide strong support for further research into the production of 4-HHE and 4-HNE resulting from foods during oil digestion and frying.展开更多
To investigate the in vitro digestion and fermentation properties of soybean oligosaccharides(SBOS)extracted from defatted soybean meal,the changes in monosaccharide composition and molecular mass were analyzed.Subseq...To investigate the in vitro digestion and fermentation properties of soybean oligosaccharides(SBOS)extracted from defatted soybean meal,the changes in monosaccharide composition and molecular mass were analyzed.Subsequently,the effect of SBOS on microbial community structure and metabolites was studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results showed that SBOS was not easily enzymolyzed during simulated digestion and could reach the large intestine through the digestive system.The significant decrease in the molecular mass of SBOS after in vitro fermentation indicated its utilization by the gut microbiota,which increased the contents of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid,thereby reducing the pH of the fermentation broth.Moreover,the core community was found to consist of Blautia,Lactobacillaceae,and Pediococcus.SBOS up-regulated beneficial differential metabolites such as myo-inositol,lactose,and glucose,which were closely related to galactose,amino sugar,and nucleotide sugar metabolism.This study will provide a reference for exploring the relationship between the gut microbiota and the metabolites of SBOS,and provide a basis for the development and application of SBOS as an ingredient for functional products.展开更多
Palm kernel cake(PKC),a major by-product of the palm oil industry,is rich in non-starch polysaccharides.In this study,two polysaccharide fractions,precipitated with acetic acid(PPA)and ethanol(PPE),respectively,were e...Palm kernel cake(PKC),a major by-product of the palm oil industry,is rich in non-starch polysaccharides.In this study,two polysaccharide fractions,precipitated with acetic acid(PPA)and ethanol(PPE),respectively,were extracted from PKC using a 2 mol/L NaOH solution.The molecular weight,sugar composition,structural characteristics,morphology,antioxidant activity,as well as in vitro stimulated digestion were investigated in detail.The results revealed that due to its poor solubility of PPA in water,the detected molecular weight of PPA was only 2040 g/mol,which was significantly lower than that of PPE(65,300 g/mol).Although PPA and PPE had a similar sugar composition with varying contents,mannose was the predominant monosaccharide in both,accounting for 87.71%and 60.40%,respectively.Both PPA and PPE were primarily composed of crystalline mannan,consisting of mannopyranosyl units linked by(1→4)-β-glycosidic bonds,along with a small amount of lignin.PPA possibly contained a higher proportion of crystalline mannan,whereas PPE had a larger amount of arabinoxylan and galactomannan.Atomic force microscope revealed a stacked morphology for both PPA and PPE.PPA exhibited a higher scavenging rate against DPPH•and ABTS^(+)•but a weaker HO•scavenging activity and reducing power compared with PPE.Within the polysaccharide concentration range of 0.5-5.0 mg/mL,PPA and PPB demonstrated the strongest scavenging activity against ABTS^(+)•,with the highest scavenging rates exceeding 91%.However,PPA and PPB exhibited the weakest scavenging activity against HO•,with their highest HO•scavenging rates reaching only 44.91%and 55.86%,respectively.The antioxidant activities of both PPA and PPE were weaker than that of ascorbic acid.PPA remained almost stable in the in vitro simulated saliva fluid,while PPE exhibited weaker resistance to it.Both PPA and PPE exhibited weak resistance to the in vitro simulated gastric digestion fluids,but remained relatively stable in the in vitro simulated small-intestinal digestion fluid.The differences in physicochemical properties between PPA and PPE likely played an important role in their distinct biological activities.These findings suggest potential utilization of PKC in exploring dietary polysaccharides with favorable antioxidant activity and unique digestive characteristics.展开更多
Sesamin,a lignan with antioxidative,anti-fatigue,and anti-ageing properties,has gained popularity as a commercial supplement.However,its low aqueous solubility results in poor bioavailability,limiting its applications...Sesamin,a lignan with antioxidative,anti-fatigue,and anti-ageing properties,has gained popularity as a commercial supplement.However,its low aqueous solubility results in poor bioavailability,limiting its applications.To address this issue,we developed sesamin-loaded sodium caseinate nanoparticles,an edible protein,using the simple coacervation method.The physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles were examined,and their in vitro digestion was assessed through micellarization efficiencies in simulated gastrointestinal fluid.Additionally,molecular docking was utilized to investigate the interaction between sesamin and sodium caseinate.The optimised nanoparticles exhibited favourable characteristics,with a size of 137 nm,a polydispersity index of 0.20,a zeta potential of15.6 mV,and an encapsulation efficiency of 90%.Additionally,the sesamin content in the nanoparticles remained above 90%after 28 days,indicating that the nanoparticles could protect sesamin from degradation.Notably,the micellarization efficiencies of the nanoparticles increased by 488%and 310%in the in vitro digestion study under simulated gastric and intestinal phases,respectively,demonstrating their potential as effective carriers of sesamin.Furthermore,sesamin was well-complexed with sodium caseinate,with a free binding energy of36.6 kcal/mol through van der Waals,hydrophobic forces,Coulomb,and hydrogen bonds.Three hydrogen bonds between sesamin and Pro 56,Arg 89,and Asn 92 of sodium caseinate were discovered to strengthen the combination.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to report the encapsulation of sesamin in sodium caseinate.展开更多
Previous studies systematically characterized the structural features,digestion,and fermentation properties of Pleurotus eryngii protein and its complex with oatβ-glucan(W-PEP-OG).The results indicated that,compared ...Previous studies systematically characterized the structural features,digestion,and fermentation properties of Pleurotus eryngii protein and its complex with oatβ-glucan(W-PEP-OG).The results indicated that,compared with the protein alone,W-PEP-OG exerts more favorable modulatory effects on gut health and may improve intestinal barrier function.In this study,a co-culture model of HT-29 and Caco-2 cells was employed to simulate the small intestinal and colonic barriers,and dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)was used to induce ulcerative colitis-like injury.The protective effects of sterile-filtered fractions derived from digested and fermented W-PEP-OG(D-W and F-W)on barrier integrity were systematically evaluated,along with their regulation of gut microbial metabolites.Both D-W and F-W alleviated DSS-induced barrier damage,as evidenced by reductions in inflam-mation and oxidative stress,accompanied by upregulation of mucins(MUC2 and MUC4),goblet cell-secreted factors(TFF3 and RELMβ),and tight junction proteins(ZO-1,occludin,and claudin-1).Untargeted metab-olomic analysis revealed that W-PEP-OG could modulate gut microbial pathways involved in tryptophan metabolism,histidine metabolism,and arginine biosynthesis,thereby promoting the production of metabolites such as tryptophan,indole-3-ethanol,and histamine,previously implicated in the regulation of intestinal barrier function.These findings provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of W-PEP-OG in mitigating intestinal barrier damage associated with ulcerative colitis.展开更多
Mercury（Hg）, mainly in cinnabar species, has been used in medicine for thousands of years in China, and worldwide concern has been raised on its toxicity. In this work, the amount of bioaccessible mercury in 16 Chin...Mercury（Hg）, mainly in cinnabar species, has been used in medicine for thousands of years in China, and worldwide concern has been raised on its toxicity. In this work, the amount of bioaccessible mercury in 16 Chinese patent medicines（CPMs） was measured by using an in vitro simulated digestion system, consisting of simulated gastric and intestinal fluid, to investigate the bioavailability of mercury in CPMs and evaluate its potential risk to human health. Total mercury and mercury in the gastrointestinal extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The levels of total Hg in 16 CPMs ranged from not detected to 11.89 mg/g, with a mean value of 1.13 mg/g, while the extractable Hg ranged from not detected to 4.37 μg/g, with a mean value of 0.42 μg/g.Mercury bioaccessibility varied significantly in the investigated CPMs, depending on the ingredient. Compared to the CPMs without cinnabar（2.5%–30.9%）, the percentage of mercury in the gastrointestinal supernatants for CPMs with cinnabar was quite a bit lower（0.037%）. By comparing with the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives（FAO/WHO） safety guideline, the average daily intake dose（ADD） of Hg in the medicines was then calculated to access the risk of mercury to human health from taking CPMs.展开更多
文摘The authors regret corrections in the Figure captions as below.1.Fig.1 Caption Current version:Fig.1.The content of substances in Sour tea solu-tions at different stages of digestion(A-C)1.0 mg/mL solution:(A)TP,(B)TF,(C)FAA.(D-H)1.5 mg/mL solution:(D)CAF,(E)GA,(F)quercetin,(G)myricetin,(H)catechins.Different letters(a-c)indicate significant differences among digestion stages as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's test.Data are presented as mean±SD(n=X).Different lowercase letters above the bars/points indicate signifi-cant differences among groups according to one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test(p<0.05).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 32101923)the Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province(grant number 20210302124066)+1 种基金Research award fund for the outstanding doctor of the Department of Finance of Shanxi Province,China(grant numbers 0110/02010008,0503/02010189)the Doctoral initial fund of Shanxi Normal University(grant numbers 0505/02070532,0505/02070485).
文摘Exopolysaccharides(EPSs)from lactic acid bacteria(LAB)play important roles in food,pharmaceutical,and medical applications.The aims of this study were to explore the digestive characteristics of Leuconostoc mesenteroides RSG7 EPS and its effects on the gut microbiota.RSG7 EPS could not be digested using salivary,gastric,or intestinal in vitro models of digestion.However,after fecal fermentation,the molecular weight(Mw)of RSG7 EPS decreased by 50.91±3.18%,and the surface morphology changed remarkably,developing wrinkles and dense fragments.These results indicated that RSG7 EPS could be degraded and consumed by human gut microbiota.Notably,in a fecal fermentation model,RSG7 EPS promoted the increase of beneficial bacteria,including Phascolarctobacterium with an abundance of 0.127±0.011 at 24 h and 0.149±0.021 at 48 h and Faecalicoccus with an abundance of 0.037±0.003 at 24 h and 0.016±0.003 at 48 h.In particular,the concentrations of propionic acid(24.176±0.978 mM),valeric acid(0.453±0.033 mM),and total short-chain fatty acids(57.378±2.027 mM,SCFAs)were significantly increased after 48 h in vitro fecal fermentation of RSG7 EPS.This study suggests that RSG7 EPS could be developed as a prebiotic to improve human intestinal health.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD2100104).
文摘Phycocyanin(PC)has significant anti-diabetic activity.However,research on the impact of digestion on the antidiabetic properties of PC is still rare.In this study,we successfully extracted food-grade PC with a purity of 1.64±0.06 from Ge Xian Mi.The results of antioxidant and enzyme activity inhibition experiments indicate that the biological activity of PC is positively correlated with its purity.Fluorescence and UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed the degradation of apolipoprotein and chromophore structures in PC during digestion.During digestion,the characteristic peaks of chromophores gradually disappeared,accompanied by a continuous decrease in antioxidant activity.The results of secondary structure determination indicate that after 0.5 h of digestion,the α-helix content decreased by approximately 50%,while the β-sheet content decreased by 6.87%.At the end of digestion,the α-helix structure was completely lost.The inhibitory effect of PC on the two enzymes decreased by approximately 20% after digestion started,followed by a rebound at 1.0 h,and then declined again at 3.0 h.At the end of digestion,the inhibition rates against α-amylase andα-glucosidase were only 22.09% and 25.76%,respectively.Digestion significantly decreased the antidiabetic ability of PC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32302107,32572586).
文摘This study systematically evaluated the stability,bioaccessibility,and gut microecological regulatory potential of lightly fermented sour tea(ST)polyphenols during in vitro simulated digestion.While ST maintained compo-sitional and functional stability in the gastric phase,colonic fermentation drastically diminished bioactivities(p<0.05),with average decreases of 28.88%,51.16%,and 66.92%in ABTS,DPPH,and FRAP scavenging activ-ities,respectively,and a 67.45%decline inα-glucosidase inhibition.However,ST exhibited powerful prebiotic effects by modulating gut microbiota in a concentration-dependent manner.The 1.0 mg/mL treatment yielded the most favorable outcomes,possessing the highest number of unique OTUs and optimal community diversity.Notably,this concentration significantly reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio and enriched beneficial SCFA-producers:Bacteroides abundance surged from 0.34%in the control to 12.42%(p<0.05),while Phasco-larctobacterium increased from 0.15%to 3.72%(p<0.05).Furthermore,functional prediction suggested a specific upregulation in carbohydrate degradation and secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways.These findings suggested that ST exhibits excellent stability and functional activity during digestion and holds promise as a natural dietary intervention for enhancing gut microecology and promoting host health.
基金theCentral Public-Interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.2021-YWF-ZYSQ-09)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(ASTIP-IAS07)Wen’s Food Group Co.Ltd(2018-YF-01).
文摘The objective of this experimentwas to develop a new computer-controlled simulated digestion system to predict the digestible energy(DE)and metabolizable energy(ME)of unconventional plant protein meals for growing pigs.Nine meals tested included 1 source of rapeseed meal,4 sources of cottonseed meal,2 sources of sunflower meal,and 2 sources of peanut meal.Twenty growing pigs(Duroc[LandraceLarge White])with an initial body weight(BW)of 41.7±2.6 kg were allotted to a replicated 103 incomplete Latin square design to determine the DE and ME of 1 basal diet and 9 experimental diets formulated with 9 unconventional plant protein meals.The DE andMEvalues of unconventional plant protein meals were calculated by the difference method.The in vitro digestible energy(IVDE)of 1 basal diet,9 experimental diets,and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were determined with 5 replicates of each sample in a complete randomized arrangement.The IVDE/DE or IVDE/ME ranged from 0.96 to 0.98 or 1.00 to 1.01,and the correlation coefficient between IVDE and DE or MEwas 0.97 or 0.98 in 10 experimental diets.Accordingly,the IVDE/DE or IVDE/ME ranged from 0.86 to 1.05 or 0.96 to 1.20,and the correlation coefficient between IVDE and DE orME was 0.92 or 0.91 in 9 unconventional plant protein meals.The coefficient of variation(CV)of IVDE was less than that of DE and ME in the experimental diets(0.43%,0.80%,and 0.97%for CV of IVDE,DE and ME,respectively)and unconventional plant protein meals(0.92%,4.84%,and 6.33%for CV of IVDE,DE and ME,respectively).The regression equations to predict DE from IVDE in 10 experimental diets and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were DE=0.8851IVDE t539(R^(2)=0.9411,residual standard deviation[RSD]=23 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01)and DE=0.9880IVDE t 166(R^(2)=0.8428,RSD=182 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01),respectively.Therewas no statistical difference in the slopes(P=0.82)or intercepts(P=1.00)of these 2 equations.Thus,10 diets and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were pooled to establish the regression equation of DE on IVDE as:DE=0.9813IVDE t187(R^(2)=0.9120,RSD=118 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01).The regression equations to predictME from IVDE in 10 experimental diets and 9 unconventional plant protein meals were ME=0.9559IVDE t146(R^(2)=0.9697,RSD=18 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01)and ME=0.9388IVDEt3(R^(2)=0.8282,RSD=182 kcal/kg DM,P<0.01),respectively.Therewas no statistical difference in slopes(P=0.97)but significant difference between the intercepts(P=0.02)of these 2 equations.Our results indicate IVDE has similar response to the DE but different response to the ME in 10 experimental diets and 9 unconventional plant protein meals.Therefore,IVDE is moresuitable to predict DE than ME of diets and unconventional plant protein meals for growing pigs.
基金The authors express their sincere gratitude to Prof.Dr.Praveenkumar Shetty,Director(R&D),Nitte(DU)and Prof.Dr.Anirban Chakraborty,Director(NUCSER),Nitte(DU)for providing research facilities.The authors are grateful to Prof.Dr.Indrani Karunasagar,Director(DST-NUTEC),Nitte(DU)and Prof.Dr.Iddya Karunasagar,Advisor(Research and Patent),Nitte(DU)for their constant support and guidance.The authors also extend their gratitude to Prof.KK Bhat,Former HOD,Sensory Science Dept.,CFTRI,Mysore for his valuable suggestions.The authors acknowledge the Indian Council of Medical Research,New Delhi,India for funding this study.
文摘Lutein is a nutraceutical compound that promotes human eye health and prevents neurodegenerative diseases.The oral bioavailability of lutein is affected by both extrinsic and intrinsic factors in the host.Although hydrophobicity of the compound is further challenging,its lipophilicity can be utilized to micellize and thereby improve its oral bioavailability.Currently,available data on the effects of dietary fats on lutein micellization and permeation is limited and needs further exploration.In this study,the influence of 17 carrier type edible oils on lutein micellization and permeation,was investigated in a simulated digestion model.The overall effectiveness of these oils to permeate micellized lutein was attributed to its Fatty Acid(FA)profile.While 94%of the edible oils exhibited a positive influence on the permeation of micellized lutein,the micellization and permeation efficiency of these oils were significantly(p≤0.05)modulated by the saturation of FA in the order Saturated(SFA)>Mono-Unsaturated(MUFA)>Poly-Unsaturated(PUFA).The highest apparent permeability coefficient was exhibited by lutein micellized in ghee(3.01×10^(-6) cm/s)and butter(2.93×10^(-6) cm/s),which was 1.28 and 1.24 folds higher than lutein alone(2.35×10^(-6) cm/s)respectively.Exceptionally MUFA rich olive oil and PUFA rich flaxseed oil improved lutein permeation by 1.19(2.80×10^(-6) cm/s)and 1.14 folds(2.69×10^(-6) cm/s)respectively.This study is the first to report the influence of saturated fatty acids on micellization and permeation of lutein.Furthermore,the outcomes of this study offer the field of lutein delivery systems a fresh perspective.
基金financially supported by Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province(Qian Ke He Jichu[2019]1071,Qian Ke He zhicheng[2020]1Y171,Qian Ke He zhicheng[2022]zhongdian007)Establishment of Guizhou Modern Agriculture Industry Technical System(Characteristic Coarse Cereals)(Qian Cai Nong[2018]81).
文摘The release patterns of phenolics in digestive tract was elucidated using a simulated digestion protocol,in which the delivery route of rutin was revealed,and the availability of released phenolics was also evaluated using a dialysis membrane absorption model.The results showed that phenolic compounds such as rutin,quercetin,3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid(DA),2,3,4-trihydroxybenzoic acid(TA)and chlorogenic acid(CA)were released from Tartary buckwheat under simulated digestion.The contents of released phenolic compounds in oral-gastrointestinal digestion were significantly higher(p<0.05)than that in oral and oral-stomach digestion phases.Besides,in oral-gastrointestinal digestion,the proportion of available contents of rutin,DA,TA and CA to corresponding released contents were 71.8%,73.7%,68.6% and 100%,and the great majority of rutin was sufficiently degraded into quercetin.The contribution of antioxidant activity of available compounds to corresponding total activity were between 62.2%and 68.9%.These results indicated that phenolics in Tartary buckwheat can be adequately released in oral-gastrointestinal digestion,and a great majority of these phenolics are available.This study illustrates the potential bioavailability of phenolic compounds in Tartary buckwheat during gastrointestinal digestion.
基金funded by the People’s Livelihood Plan Project of Department of Science and Technology of Liaoning Province(2021JH2/10300069,2019-ZD-0845)the Department of Education of Liaoning Province(Natural Science,Strategic Industrialization Project,LJ212410163061)the Liaoning Province College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(S202410163077).
文摘In this study,naringin was encapsulated in microspheres and its simulated digestive behavior in vitro was examined.Then naringin microspheres was added in yogurt to investigate the rheology and antioxidant activities.The results indicated that encapsulating naringin in microspheres delayed its digestion in the stomach,allowing more release in the intestinal part.All kinds of yogurt were solid-like in nature and the addition of microspheres increased the elastic modulus and viscosity.The naringin and microspheres incorporation enhanced the total phenolic content of the yogurt to 6.7 and 8.8 mg of gallic acid equivalent/mL,respectively.All kinds of yogurt demonstrated more than 80%scavenging ability for hydroxyl radicals at 20μL whey/mL.The addition of microspheres improved the DPPH radical scavenging ability of yogurt.This study provides a new idea for the application of polyphenols in food and the development of functional yogurt.
基金supported by the Young Scientists Fund in National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901650)Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China(2016YFD0401404)Innovation Fund of Tianjin University of Science and Technology for Young Teachers(2017LG01)。
文摘Milk fat globules(MFG)are the primary source of energy and functional factor in dairy-based products.To evaluate the suitability of commercial MFG substitutes for infant and adult consumers,the lipolysis properties and regulatory factors in digesting bovine,caprine,and human MFG were compared.The lipolysis kinetic models of bovine and caprine MFG are comparable,with bovine MFG displaying the highest degree of lipolysis(50.21%)during gastric digestion in infants,resulting in the production short-chain saturated fatty acids.Caprine MFG has a high rate of lipolysis due to its weak phospholipid-glycoprotein layer,which is prominent in both infants'and adults'digestion.The effects of consuming bovine and caprine MFG for adults are comparable in terms of lipolysis properties and nutritional value of fatty acid.After gastrointestinal digestion,human MFG has the highest digestibility(93.98%).The advantages of human MFG include its phospholipid structure,exogenous lipase,and lipolysis-regulating proteins.This study provides recommendation for the selection of milk fat substitutes and improvements in commercial dairy.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFD0400305)the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System of China(No.CARS-40-K26)the“One Belt and One Road”International Science and Technology Cooperation Program of Zhejiang,China(No.2019C04022)。
文摘Immunoglobulin Y(Ig Y)is an effective orally administered antibody used to protect against various intestinal pathogens,but which cannot tolerate the acidic gastric environment.In this study,Ig Y was microencapsulated by alginate(ALG)and coated with chitooligosaccharide(COS).A response surface methodology was used to optimize the formulation,and a simulated gastrointestinal(GI)digestion(SGID)system to evaluate the controlled release of microencapsulated Ig Y.The microcapsule formulation was optimized as an ALG concentration of 1.56%(15.6 g/L),COS level of 0.61%(6.1 g/L),and Ig Y/ALG ratio of 62.44%(mass ratio).The microcapsules prepared following this formulation had an encapsulation efficiency of 65.19%,a loading capacity of 33.75%,and an average particle size of 588.75μm.Under this optimum formulation,the coating of COS provided a less porous and more continuous microstructure by filling the cracks on the surface,and thus the GI release rate of encapsulated Ig Y was significantly reduced.The release of encapsulated Ig Y during simulated gastric and intestinal digestion well fitted the zero-order and first-order kinetics functions,respectively.The microcapsule also allowed the Ig Y to retain 84.37%immune-activity after 4 h simulated GI digestion,significantly higher than that for unprotected Ig Y(5.33%).This approach could provide an efficient way to preserve Ig Y and improve its performance in the GI tract.
文摘To examine the effect of mechanical processing for plant-based materials on antioxidant properties during digestion,relationships between the size of pulverized plant tissue and changes in antioxidant activities during simulated in vitro digestion were investigated.The citrus peel tissue was pulverized and classified into four powder fractions followed their particle size distributions as 125−180m,180−355m,355−500m and 500−710m.These fractions were regarded as a plant tissue model with various degrees of cell damages.Powder samples were collected during the digestion and measured their particle sizes and colors.Besides,total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of digested fluid were also evaluated.The results showed that the powder color of smaller particles were significantly changed than the bigger ones.The bio-properties of digested fluid for the bigger particle sizes comparatively retained more than smaller ones at the simulated gastric stage.It also showed mostly stable during simulated gastric or small intestinal digestion stage.This suggested that the release of bioactive compounds from plant tissues during digestion could be related to their structural attributes such as degrees of cell damages which could be affected by processing methods and conditions.
基金the financial support received from National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31430067 and 31601475)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project(No.2017M610200)Postdoctoral Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(No.LBH-Z17011)
文摘Peptides from Alcalase-hydrolyzed soybean protein hydrolysate(SPH)may hold the potential as natural antioxidants.In addition,the effect of human gastrointestinal(GI)tract on peptide bioavailability needs to be explored.In this study,the impact of simulated GI digestion and transepithelial transport on various antioxidant properties of SPH were investigated.SPH displayed DPPH radical scavenging(IC50=4.22 mg/m L),ABTS·+radical scavenging(IC50=2.93 mg/m L),reducing power and metal ion-chelating activities(IC50=0.67 mg/m L).Furthermore,SPH significantly(P<0.05)inhibited the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species(ROS)in Caco-2 cells.After simulated GI digestion,the antioxidant properties of SPH were enhanced,except for a decrease in ABTS·+radical scavenging activity.After transepithelial transport,the permeates maintained partial antioxidant activity and the LC-MS/MS data further identified the absorbed soybean peptides.These results suggest that SPH contains the antioxidant peptides that are potentially bioavailable and can be regarded as a promising source of functional food ingredients.
基金Incubation Project on State Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Ecological Environment of Qinba Areas,China(SLGPT2019KF04-04)and the ERDF through the COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização(POCI),Portugal。
文摘OBJECTIVE Epimedium is rich in a variety of beneficial active ingredients,and has been widely used in the ethnopharmacological practices,however,its biotransformation in gastrointestinal digestions remain unclear.This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes of components and biological activity of Epimedium in the in vitro simulated digestion and subsequent human faecal fermentation.METHODS The models of in vitro simulated saliva,gastric and intestinal digestion,as well as colonic fermentation were constructed to simulate the digestion process of Epimedium.The dynamic changes of components of Epimedium during the simulated digestions in vitro and subsequent human faecal fermentation were investigated by UPLC-MS,HPLC-DAD combined with principal component analysis(PCA)and multi-ingredient quantitative analysis.RESULTS A variety of metabolites with high contents were produced after 0.5 h of intestinal digestion and colonic fermentation 0.5 h.Application of PCA to HPLC data showed the obvious separation of colonic fermentation 0.5 h stage samples from other colonic fermentation stages samples(24,48 and 72 h).Additionally,non-digestion and saliva digestion stage samples clustered together,and there was obvious separation between intestinal digestion samples and gastric digestion samples.The contents of epimedium C,icariin and baohuside I all increased significantly after intestinal digestion[58.70±7.08,47.15±5.68 and(12.78±0.55)mg·g^(-1)]compared with gastric digestion[29.00±5.65,17.40±4.55 and(2.77±0.19)mg·g^(-1)].There were significant differences between sample after 0.5 h of colonic fermentation[64.22±9.32,51.26±6.33 and(16.68±3.19)mg·g^(-1)]and other time points(24,48 and 72 h)in components and the contents of active ingredient,and the content of these components all decreased with the fermentation time.The ability of scavenging ABTS free radicals[IC50=(0.29±0.02)g·L^(-1)]increased significantly compared with gastric digestion[(1.57±0.02)g·L^(-1)],and after 0.5 h of colonic fermentation,the ability also increased significantly.CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal digestion had a significant impact on the contents of active components in Epimedium,and the metabolism of these components mainly occurred in the colon.The intestinal digestion and colonic fermentation significantly improved the anti-ABTS activity of epimedium.
基金supported by the Province Natural Science Foundation of Hunan,China (2022JJ5410)Special Project on Modern Agricultural Industrial Technology System Construction of Hunan,China (2022-67)。
文摘Poria cocos(PC)is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and a widely used healthcare ingredient,which has antiobesity,enhancing immunity and improving sleep effects.Traditionally,only water-soluble poria polysaccharide(WSP)is extracted and applied for clinical application,while insoluble polysaccharide(alkali-soluble poria polysaccharide,ASP)is discarded as herb residue.However,the whole PC has also been historically utilized as functional herbal food.Considering the beneficial role of dietary fiber and the traditional use of PC,ASP may also contribute substantially to the therapy function of PC.Compared to WSP,little attention has been paid to ASP and ASP modified product carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide(CMP)which has been used as an antitumor adjuvant drug.In this study,the oil,cholesterol,metal ions and polyphenols adsorption ability,in vitro simulated digestive and the gut microbiota fermentation characteristics of WSP,ASP and CMP were studied to evaluate the functional values of three P.cocos polysaccharides(PCPs).The results showed that all three PCPs had good adsorption capacity on cholesterol,polyphenols and metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+)/Mg^(2+)),among which ASP showed the highest capacity than WSP and CMP.The adsorption capacity of all three PCPs on heavy metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+))was stronger than that of non-heavy metal ions(Mg^(2+));The in vitro digestibility of all three PCPs was very low,but WSP was slightly higher than ASP and CMP;Moreover,the indigestible residue of all three PCPs could improve the richness and diversity of gut microbiota,among which ASP had the greatest influence.In general,ASP and CMP could significantly promote the proliferation of some probiotics and inhibit the growth of some harmful bacteria.The gut microbiota diversity of CMP was reduced,but the richness of probiotics,especially Parabacteroides distasonis was significantly enhanced compared with the ASP group,and the growth of harmful bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was inhibited after CMP treatment.The short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)analysis results showed that all three PCPs could significantly promote the production of acetic acid,propionic acid and the total acid content compared with blank control group,and SCFAs producing activity was positively correlated with the proliferative capacity of probiotics.Taken together,the good adsorption characteristics and gut microbiota regulatory activity of ASP may lay foundation for its lipid-lowering and immune-improving function.Additionally,the probiotic effect of CMP and ASP indicated that except for only use the water extract of PC in clinic,CMP and ASP also can be used in healthcare to take full advantage of this valuable medicine.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(32001622)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Research Foundation(2021A1515011060)+1 种基金the Fundamental and Applied Basic Research Fund for Young Scholars of Guangdong Province(2019A1515110823)the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Lingnan Specialty Foods(2021B1212040013).
文摘An isotope dilution ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously detect two typical kinds ofα,β-unsaturated aldehydes,namely 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal(4-HHE)and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal(4-HNE),in foods.The proposed method exhibited a linear range of 10-1000 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.1-2.0 ng/g and a limit of quantification of 0.3-5.0 ng/g.The recovery rates of these typical toxic aldehydes(i.e.,4-HHE,4-HNE)and their d3-labeled analogues were 91.54%-105.12%with a low matrix effect.Furthermore,this proposed method was successfully applied to a real frying system and a simulated digestion system,wherein the contents of 4-HHE and 4-HNE were determined for both.Overall,the obtained results provide strong support for further research into the production of 4-HHE and 4-HNE resulting from foods during oil digestion and frying.
文摘To investigate the in vitro digestion and fermentation properties of soybean oligosaccharides(SBOS)extracted from defatted soybean meal,the changes in monosaccharide composition and molecular mass were analyzed.Subsequently,the effect of SBOS on microbial community structure and metabolites was studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results showed that SBOS was not easily enzymolyzed during simulated digestion and could reach the large intestine through the digestive system.The significant decrease in the molecular mass of SBOS after in vitro fermentation indicated its utilization by the gut microbiota,which increased the contents of short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid,thereby reducing the pH of the fermentation broth.Moreover,the core community was found to consist of Blautia,Lactobacillaceae,and Pediococcus.SBOS up-regulated beneficial differential metabolites such as myo-inositol,lactose,and glucose,which were closely related to galactose,amino sugar,and nucleotide sugar metabolism.This study will provide a reference for exploring the relationship between the gut microbiota and the metabolites of SBOS,and provide a basis for the development and application of SBOS as an ingredient for functional products.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22068025).
文摘Palm kernel cake(PKC),a major by-product of the palm oil industry,is rich in non-starch polysaccharides.In this study,two polysaccharide fractions,precipitated with acetic acid(PPA)and ethanol(PPE),respectively,were extracted from PKC using a 2 mol/L NaOH solution.The molecular weight,sugar composition,structural characteristics,morphology,antioxidant activity,as well as in vitro stimulated digestion were investigated in detail.The results revealed that due to its poor solubility of PPA in water,the detected molecular weight of PPA was only 2040 g/mol,which was significantly lower than that of PPE(65,300 g/mol).Although PPA and PPE had a similar sugar composition with varying contents,mannose was the predominant monosaccharide in both,accounting for 87.71%and 60.40%,respectively.Both PPA and PPE were primarily composed of crystalline mannan,consisting of mannopyranosyl units linked by(1→4)-β-glycosidic bonds,along with a small amount of lignin.PPA possibly contained a higher proportion of crystalline mannan,whereas PPE had a larger amount of arabinoxylan and galactomannan.Atomic force microscope revealed a stacked morphology for both PPA and PPE.PPA exhibited a higher scavenging rate against DPPH•and ABTS^(+)•but a weaker HO•scavenging activity and reducing power compared with PPE.Within the polysaccharide concentration range of 0.5-5.0 mg/mL,PPA and PPB demonstrated the strongest scavenging activity against ABTS^(+)•,with the highest scavenging rates exceeding 91%.However,PPA and PPB exhibited the weakest scavenging activity against HO•,with their highest HO•scavenging rates reaching only 44.91%and 55.86%,respectively.The antioxidant activities of both PPA and PPE were weaker than that of ascorbic acid.PPA remained almost stable in the in vitro simulated saliva fluid,while PPE exhibited weaker resistance to it.Both PPA and PPE exhibited weak resistance to the in vitro simulated gastric digestion fluids,but remained relatively stable in the in vitro simulated small-intestinal digestion fluid.The differences in physicochemical properties between PPA and PPE likely played an important role in their distinct biological activities.These findings suggest potential utilization of PKC in exploring dietary polysaccharides with favorable antioxidant activity and unique digestive characteristics.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Council,Taiwan,R.O.C.[Grant No.MOST110-2410-H-037-008-MY2 and no.NSTC112-2410-H-037-016-MY2]partly by Kaohsiung Medical University,Taiwan,R.O.C.[Grant No.KMU-TB114005].
文摘Sesamin,a lignan with antioxidative,anti-fatigue,and anti-ageing properties,has gained popularity as a commercial supplement.However,its low aqueous solubility results in poor bioavailability,limiting its applications.To address this issue,we developed sesamin-loaded sodium caseinate nanoparticles,an edible protein,using the simple coacervation method.The physicochemical characteristics of the nanoparticles were examined,and their in vitro digestion was assessed through micellarization efficiencies in simulated gastrointestinal fluid.Additionally,molecular docking was utilized to investigate the interaction between sesamin and sodium caseinate.The optimised nanoparticles exhibited favourable characteristics,with a size of 137 nm,a polydispersity index of 0.20,a zeta potential of15.6 mV,and an encapsulation efficiency of 90%.Additionally,the sesamin content in the nanoparticles remained above 90%after 28 days,indicating that the nanoparticles could protect sesamin from degradation.Notably,the micellarization efficiencies of the nanoparticles increased by 488%and 310%in the in vitro digestion study under simulated gastric and intestinal phases,respectively,demonstrating their potential as effective carriers of sesamin.Furthermore,sesamin was well-complexed with sodium caseinate,with a free binding energy of36.6 kcal/mol through van der Waals,hydrophobic forces,Coulomb,and hydrogen bonds.Three hydrogen bonds between sesamin and Pro 56,Arg 89,and Asn 92 of sodium caseinate were discovered to strengthen the combination.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study to report the encapsulation of sesamin in sodium caseinate.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32372324)the Key Research and Development Program of Jiangsu Province(BE2022378).
文摘Previous studies systematically characterized the structural features,digestion,and fermentation properties of Pleurotus eryngii protein and its complex with oatβ-glucan(W-PEP-OG).The results indicated that,compared with the protein alone,W-PEP-OG exerts more favorable modulatory effects on gut health and may improve intestinal barrier function.In this study,a co-culture model of HT-29 and Caco-2 cells was employed to simulate the small intestinal and colonic barriers,and dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)was used to induce ulcerative colitis-like injury.The protective effects of sterile-filtered fractions derived from digested and fermented W-PEP-OG(D-W and F-W)on barrier integrity were systematically evaluated,along with their regulation of gut microbial metabolites.Both D-W and F-W alleviated DSS-induced barrier damage,as evidenced by reductions in inflam-mation and oxidative stress,accompanied by upregulation of mucins(MUC2 and MUC4),goblet cell-secreted factors(TFF3 and RELMβ),and tight junction proteins(ZO-1,occludin,and claudin-1).Untargeted metab-olomic analysis revealed that W-PEP-OG could modulate gut microbial pathways involved in tryptophan metabolism,histidine metabolism,and arginine biosynthesis,thereby promoting the production of metabolites such as tryptophan,indole-3-ethanol,and histamine,previously implicated in the regulation of intestinal barrier function.These findings provide a theoretical basis for the potential application of W-PEP-OG in mitigating intestinal barrier damage associated with ulcerative colitis.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program (973) of China (No. 2013CB430004)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21120102040, 21075130)
文摘Mercury（Hg）, mainly in cinnabar species, has been used in medicine for thousands of years in China, and worldwide concern has been raised on its toxicity. In this work, the amount of bioaccessible mercury in 16 Chinese patent medicines（CPMs） was measured by using an in vitro simulated digestion system, consisting of simulated gastric and intestinal fluid, to investigate the bioavailability of mercury in CPMs and evaluate its potential risk to human health. Total mercury and mercury in the gastrointestinal extracts were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The levels of total Hg in 16 CPMs ranged from not detected to 11.89 mg/g, with a mean value of 1.13 mg/g, while the extractable Hg ranged from not detected to 4.37 μg/g, with a mean value of 0.42 μg/g.Mercury bioaccessibility varied significantly in the investigated CPMs, depending on the ingredient. Compared to the CPMs without cinnabar（2.5%–30.9%）, the percentage of mercury in the gastrointestinal supernatants for CPMs with cinnabar was quite a bit lower（0.037%）. By comparing with the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives（FAO/WHO） safety guideline, the average daily intake dose（ADD） of Hg in the medicines was then calculated to access the risk of mercury to human health from taking CPMs.
