In order to expand the advantages of strong durability and high compressive strength of calcium silicate hydrates(C-S-H),at the same time to make up for the poor early mechanical strength of magnesium silicate hydrate...In order to expand the advantages of strong durability and high compressive strength of calcium silicate hydrates(C-S-H),at the same time to make up for the poor early mechanical strength of magnesium silicate hydrates (M-S-H),we present the features and advantages of C-S-H and M-S-H and a comprehensive review of the progress on CaO-MgO-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O.Moreover,we systematically describe natural calcium and magnesium silicate minerals and thermodynamic properties of CaO-MgO-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O.The effect of magnesium on C-S-H and calcium on M-S-H is summarized deeply;the formation and structural feature of CaO-MgO-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O is also explained in detail.Finally,the development of calcium and magnesium silicate hydrates in the future is pointed out,and the further research is discussed and estimated.展开更多
The properties of low-modulus(m≤1)sodium silicate and pre-desilication solutions in alkali systems were studied by measuring their electrical conductivity,viscosity,and surface tension.The results show that the prope...The properties of low-modulus(m≤1)sodium silicate and pre-desilication solutions in alkali systems were studied by measuring their electrical conductivity,viscosity,and surface tension.The results show that the property of high concentration pre-desilication solution is similar to that of sodium silicate solution.The electrical conductivity of sodium silicate solution increases with increasing the temperature and silica concentration but decreases with increasing the modulus.Further,the viscosity of the solution increases with increasing the silica concentration and linearly decreases with increasing the temperature,whereas its surface tension gradually decreases with increasing silica concentration and temperature,indicating that the sodium silicate solution is an oligomer with strong surface activity.At room temperature,the electrical conductivity and surface tension of sodium silicate solution are higher than those of pre-desilication solution,whereas its viscosity is smaller than that of pre-desilication solution.A turning point exists at a silica concentration of 44.7 g/L.When the silica concentration is less than 44.7 g/L,the ionic structure of the solution is dominated by monomeric silicate ions.In contrast,when the silica concentration changes from 44.7 to 50 g/L,the migration number of silicate anions significantly decreases.展开更多
The effects of melt composition,temperature and pressure on the solubility of fluorite(CaF2),i.e.,fluorine concentration in silicate melts in equilibrium with fluorite,are summarized in this paper.The authors present ...The effects of melt composition,temperature and pressure on the solubility of fluorite(CaF2),i.e.,fluorine concentration in silicate melts in equilibrium with fluorite,are summarized in this paper.The authors present a statistic study based on experimental data in literature and propose a predictive model to estimate F concentration in melt at the saturation of fluorite(CFin melt^Fl-sat).The modeling indicates that the compositional effect of melt cations on the variation in can be expressed quantitatively as one parameter FSI(fluorite saturation index):FSI=(3Al^NM+Fe^2++6Mg+Ca+1.5Na-K)/(Si+Ti+Al^NF+Fe^3+),in which all cations are in mole,and Al^NF and Al^NM are A1 as network-forming and network-modifying cations,respectively.The dependence of CFin melt^Fl-sat on FSI is regressed as:CFin melt^Fl-sat=1.130-2.014·exp(1000/T)+2.747·exp(P/T)+0.111·CmeltH2O+17.641·FSI,in which T is temperature in Kelvin,P is pressure in MPa,CmeltH2O is melt H2O content in wt.%,and CFin melt^Fl-sat is in wt.%(normalized to anhydrous basis).The reference dataset used to establish the expression for conditions within 540-1010℃,50-500 MPa,0-7 wt.%melt H2O content,0.4 to 1.7 for A/CNK,0.3 wt.%-7.0 wt.%for CFin melt^Fl-sat.The discrepancy of CFin melt^Fl-sat between calculated and measured values is less than±0.62 wt.%with a confidence interval of 95%.The expression of FSI and its effect on CFin melt^Fl-sat indicate that fluorine incorporation in silicate melts is largely controlled by bonding with network-modifying cations,favorably with Mg,Al^NM,Na,Ca and Fe^2+in a decreasing order.The proposed model for predicting CFin melt^Fl-sat is also supported by our new experiments saturated with magmatic fluorite performed at 100-200 MPa and 800-900℃.The modeling of magma fractional crystallization emphasizes that the saturation of fluorite is dependent on both the compositions of primary magmas and their initial F contents.展开更多
To screen for additional treatment targets against tongue cancer, we evaluated the contributions of extracellular signal-related kinase(ERK), AKT and ezrin in cancer development. Immunohistochemical staining showed th...To screen for additional treatment targets against tongue cancer, we evaluated the contributions of extracellular signal-related kinase(ERK), AKT and ezrin in cancer development. Immunohistochemical staining showed that ERK and ezrin expressions were significantly higher in invasive squamous cell carcinoma than in carcinoma in situ. To investigate the roles of ERK and ezrin in cancer development, we used the non-woven silica fibre sheet Cellbedwith a structure resembling the loose connective tissue morphology in a novel 3 D culture system. We confirmed that the 3 D system using CellbedTMaccurately mimicked cancer cell morphology in vivo. Furthermore, cell projections were much more apparent in 3 D-cultured tongue cancer cell lines than in 2 D cultures. Typically, under conventional 2 D culture conditions, F-actin and cortactin are colocalized in the form of puncta within cells.However, in the 3 D-cultured cells, colocalization was mainly observed at the cell margins, including the projections. Projections containing F-actin and cortactin colocalization were predicted to be invadopodia. Although suppressing ezrin expression with small interfering RNA transfection caused no marked changes in morphology, cell projection formation was decreased, and the tumour thickness in vertical sections after 3 D culture was markedly decreased after suppressing ERK activity because both the invasion ability and proliferation were inhibited. An association between cortactin activation as well as ERK activity and invadopodia formation was detected. Our novel 3 D culture systems using Cellbed? are simple and useful for in vitro studies before conducting animal experiments. ERK contributes to tongue cancer development by increasing both cancer cell proliferation and migration via cortactin activation.展开更多
In Na_2O–CaO–SiO_2–H_2O system,systematic investigations of phase and morphology of calcium silicate in hydrothermal conditions were concisely conducted for high-value utilization of silicon resource in high-alumin...In Na_2O–CaO–SiO_2–H_2O system,systematic investigations of phase and morphology of calcium silicate in hydrothermal conditions were concisely conducted for high-value utilization of silicon resource in high-alumina fly ash(HAFA).The results show that crystal composition and phase may be affected by relatively low concentration of NaOH,and sodium ions are rearranged into the structure to form NaCaHSiO_4 and Na_2Ca_3H_8Si_2O_(12) with different C/S ratio at high concentration of Na OH.In addition,phases in wollastonite group possess the morphology of nano fiber.Formation of nano fiber is attributed to the difference of surface energies between axial and radial direction,and higher temperatures lead to easier growth along radial direction.The preparation of C–S–H with different phases and morphologies can guide for the application of silicate solution with high alkalinity with different purposes.展开更多
Conductivity of glasses in the systems SiO2.PbO.RO, (where R=Ca, Sr or Ba) was investigated between room temperature and 530 K. The dependence of log resistivity as well as the activation energy on the PbO content has...Conductivity of glasses in the systems SiO2.PbO.RO, (where R=Ca, Sr or Ba) was investigated between room temperature and 530 K. The dependence of log resistivity as well as the activation energy on the PbO content has been studied. Based on the present experimental results, the possible different conduction mechanisms in such glasses are discussed. It was postulated that Pb2+ ions may represent the major charge carrying species in these glasses. This assumption was confirmed by the calculations of the mean distance between the interstitial Pb2+ ions and the effective center of the O2- ions in the glass networks. The variation in the values of the density and the molar volume with PbO content is also discussed in view of the obtained activation energies for the studied glass-systems.展开更多
Efficient lubrication of magnesium alloys is a highly challenging topic in the field of tribology.In this study,magnesium silicate hydroxide(MSH)nanotubes with serpentine structures were synthesized.The tribological b...Efficient lubrication of magnesium alloys is a highly challenging topic in the field of tribology.In this study,magnesium silicate hydroxide(MSH)nanotubes with serpentine structures were synthesized.The tribological behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy rubbed against GCr15 steel was studied under lubricating oil with surface-modified MSH nanotubes as additives.The effects of the concentration,applied load,and reciprocating frequency on the friction and wear of the AZ91D alloy were studied using an SRV-4 sliding wear tester.Results show a decrease of 18.7–68.5%in friction coefficient,and a reduction of 19.4–54.3%in wear volume of magnesium alloy can be achieved by applying the synthetic serpentine additive under different conditions.A suspension containing 0.3 wt.%MSH was most efficient in reducing wear and friction.High frequency and medium load were more conducive to improving the tribological properties of magnesium alloys.A series of beneficial physical and chemical processes occurring at the AZ91D alloy/steel interface can be used to explain friction and wear reduction based on the characterization of the morphology,chemical composition,chemical state,microstructure,and nanomechanical properties of the worn surface.The synthetic MSH,with serpentine structure and nanotube morphology,possesses excellent adsorbability,high chemical activity,and good self-lubrication and catalytic activity.Therefore,physical polishing,tribochemical reactions,and physicalchemical depositions can occur easily on the sliding contacts.A dense tribolayer with a complex composition and composite structure was formed on the worn surface.Its high hardness,good toughness and plasticity,and prominent lubricity resulted in the improvement of friction and wear,making the synthetic MSH a promising efficient oil additive for magnesium alloys under boundary and mixed lubrication.展开更多
This study aims to develop a chloride diffusion simulation method that considers the hydration microstructure and pore solution properties during the hydration of tricalcium silicate(C3S).The method combines the hydra...This study aims to develop a chloride diffusion simulation method that considers the hydration microstructure and pore solution properties during the hydration of tricalcium silicate(C3S).The method combines the hydration simulation,thermodynamic calculation,and finite element analysis to examine the effects of pore solution,including effect of electrochemical potential,effect of chemical activity,and effect of mechanical interactions between ions,on the chloride effective diffusion coefficient of hydrated C3S paste.The results indicate that the effect of electrochemical potential on chloride diffusion becomes stronger with increasing hydration age due to the increase in the content of hydrated calcium silicate;as the hydration age increases,the effect of chemical activity on chloride diffusion weakens when the number of diffusible elements decreases;the effect of mechanical interactions between ions on chloride diffusion decreases with the increase of hydration age.展开更多
Sm^(3+)-doped materials exhibit red and orange emissions in the visible light region,showing broad applica⁃tion prospects in both laser and display material fields.However,the inherent small emission and absorption cr...Sm^(3+)-doped materials exhibit red and orange emissions in the visible light region,showing broad applica⁃tion prospects in both laser and display material fields.However,the inherent small emission and absorption cross-sections of Sm^(3+)result in low luminous efficiency,posing challenges for achieving high-quality solid-state lighting.Here,the excellent white emission of Sm^(3+)doped lithium aluminum silicate(LAS)glass was realized by introducing the Ag aggregates through Ag ion exchange.Under 395 nm excitation,the Ag-doped samples exhibit significant fluo⁃rescence enhancement with color coordinates close to the equal energy white point E(0.33,0.33)and a color ren⁃dering index(CRI)of 81.8.The study reveals that the surface plasmon resonance(SPR)effect of Ag nanoparticles enhances the luminescence of Sm^(3+),while the energy transfer mechanism between Ag^(+)and Sm^(3+)also promotes fluores⁃cence enhancement.By adjusting the concentration of AgNO_(3) and the exchange time,a series of high-quality full-spectrum white light emissions were obtained,indicating that the Ag ion-exchanged Sm^(3+)-doped LAS glass has good application potential in the development of solid-state lighting devices.Moreover,variations in the excitation wave⁃length can effectively tune the emission color,further demonstrating the tunability and practicality of this material in optoelectronic applications.展开更多
A novel method for scandium recovery is proposed through high-surface area silanol-rich silica sorbents which were prepared with calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H) as raw material.Two types of silanol-rich silica particl...A novel method for scandium recovery is proposed through high-surface area silanol-rich silica sorbents which were prepared with calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H) as raw material.Two types of silanol-rich silica particles,i.e.,LAC-S(silica derived from acid leaching of amorphous C-S-H) and LLC-S(silica derived from acid leaching of low-crystallinity C-S-H) are obtained after calcium ions are removed from both amorphous and low-crystallinity forms of C-S-H through a facile acid leaching process(3 mol/L,25℃,24 h).(29)^Si NMR spectroscopy reveals that the proportion of silicon atoms carrying silanol groups increases from less than 43% to over 80% when silica particles are transferred from a dry state to an aqueous solution.Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance and selectivity of these silica sorbents toward Sc(Ⅲ).The scandium sorption capacities of LAC-S and LLC-S at an equilibrium pH of 4.2 are 174.45 and 129.57 mg/g,respectively.The separation factors(SFSc/Ln) of both silica particles exceed 1000 in the initial pH range of 3.5-5.The loaded scandium ions are recovered with 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid and the sorbents exhibit good reusability.This strategy provides an efficient and green method for recovering scandium from aqueous solutions.展开更多
An in-depth understanding of the hydration mechanism of tricalcium silicate is an important basis for optimizing cement strength development.In this study,the adsorption of water molecules onto the M3-C3S(001)surface ...An in-depth understanding of the hydration mechanism of tricalcium silicate is an important basis for optimizing cement strength development.In this study,the adsorption of water molecules onto the M3-C3S(001)surface at different water coverage levels(θ=1/5,2/5,3/5,4/5,and 1)was investigated using first-principles calculations.The results demonstrate that the conclusions obtained for single water molecule adsorption cannot be fully applied to multiple water molecule adsorption.The total adsorption energies become more negative with increasing water coverage,while the average adsorption energy of each water molecule becomes more positive with increasing water coverage.The water–water interactions reduce the water–surface interactions and are responsible for the anticooperative adsorption of multiple water molecules onto M3-C_(3)S(001).The formation of Ca–OH(–Ca)bonds favors the detachment of Ca from co-valent oxygen,which reveals the significant role of dissociative adsorption.This work aims to extend the water adsorption study on M3-C3S(001)from single water molecule adsorption to multiple water molecule adsorption,providing more detailed insights into the initial water reaction on the C3S surface.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-based energy storage systems offer high theoretical specific capacity,low cost,intrinsic safety,and environmental compatibility,positioning them as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage ...Aqueous zinc-based energy storage systems offer high theoretical specific capacity,low cost,intrinsic safety,and environmental compatibility,positioning them as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage and conversion technologies.However,issues such as zinc dendrite growth,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),and surface passivation hinder their practical deployment.To address these challenges,a hollow nanotubular magnesium silicate(denoted MgSi)interfacial layer was constructed on the zinc metal anode(Zn@MgSi).The unique layer structure and negatively charged surface of MgSi facilitate the desolvation of[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+)by stripping water molecules,while temporarily immobilizing Zn^(2+)to suppress random diffusion.The combined effects of the electric field-guided Zn^(2+)distribution and rapid ion transport through the layer structure co-regulate Zn^(2+)flux,leading to uniform,dendrite-free zinc deposition.Consequently,the Zn@MgSi symmetric cell demonstrates a high Zn^(2+)transference number(0.64),extended cycling life exceeding 1600 h at 1 mA cm^(−2),and stable operation for 200 h at 5 mA cm^(−2).Furthermore,zinc-ion hybrid capacitors employing Zn@MgSi electrodes exhibit excellent cycling stability over 5000 cycles.This work highlights the efficacy of artificial interfacial layers in stabilizing zinc metal anodes and provides valuable insights into the development of advanced aqueous zinc-ion energy storage systems.展开更多
Heavy metal-contaminated sites are primarily treated via solidification and adsorption.Calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H)is generated during the soil stabilization process and contributes significantly to the strength an...Heavy metal-contaminated sites are primarily treated via solidification and adsorption.Calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H)is generated during the soil stabilization process and contributes significantly to the strength and durability of the stabilized soil.To understand how the soil moisture content and heavy metal concentration affect the transport of heavy metals and the tensile strength of C-S-H,this study performed molecular dynamics(MD)simulations under different moisture and concentration levels.The results showed that Pb2+presented the highest adsorption to the surface of C-S-H due to its strong electrostatic interaction energy.The adsorption density peaks of Pb2+were 1.5–5 times greater than those of Cd2+and Zn2+.Zn2+and Cd2+ions were more likely to be adsorbed onto water molecules and form a larger hydrated radius than Pb2+.The adsorption of heavy metals onto C-S-H initially increased as the metal concentration increased and then decreased because of the limited sorption sites on C-S-H.The diffusion coefficients of the multicomponent metals in C-S-H showed no consistent trends.The maximum tensile strength of C-S-H decreased with increasing soil moisture and heavy metal concentrations.The tensile stress increased approximately linearly with strain until it reached a peak,after which it gradually declined but remained above zero,indicating good ductility and toughness under unsaturated conditions.These findings offer valuable molecular insights into the interactions between C-S-H and heavy metals and soil moisture,thereby advancing our understanding of their combined effects on soil stabilization.展开更多
The emission wavelength of current near-infrared phosphors activated by Cr^(3+)is generally smaller than 900 nm in near-infrared(NIR)Ⅰ region,and it is extremely challenging and is of great practical significance to ...The emission wavelength of current near-infrared phosphors activated by Cr^(3+)is generally smaller than 900 nm in near-infrared(NIR)Ⅰ region,and it is extremely challenging and is of great practical significance to realize emission towards NIR-Ⅱ region.In this study,a novel Cr^(3+)excited KSrScSi_(2)O_(7)silicate broad-band phosphor was prepared using the traditional solid-state method.Cr^(3+)resides in a weak crystal field in the KSrScSi_(2)O_(7)lattice and exhibits broad-band near-infrared emission at 984 nm,longer than those of most Cr^(3+)activated phosphors,under 493 nm blue light excitation.This is due to the stro ng charge polarization caused by the unique local coordination environment of the silicate matrix,which leads to a reduction in the crystal field splitting energy of the[ScO_(6)]octahedron where Cr^(3+)is located and the downward shift of the^(4)T_(2)energy level.The optimal doping concentration of Cr^(3+)is found to be 2 mol%,and the quenching mechanism is dipole-dipole interaction.Compared to the phosphors with similar emission wavelengths(λ_(em)>900 nm),KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):Cr^(3+)demonstrates outstanding advantages in various aspects of luminescent performance.The fabricated phosphor-converted light-emitting diode(pc-LED)is shown to have the potential for night vision and non-invasive imaging.Novel application of KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):xCr^(3+)as stable green ceramic pigments is also explored.The KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):xCr^(3+)powders show a bright yellowish green appearance,and the KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):0.02Cr^(3+)typical composition has chromaticity values of L^(*)=82.73,a^(*)=-8.53,b^(*)=7.97.Remarkably,the glazing samples using KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):xCr^(3+)as pigments well retain the bright color after 1200℃sintering in different atmospheres.Therefore,multifunctional applications of KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):xCr^(3+)for near-infrared spectroscopy and as ceramic pigments are achieved in this work.展开更多
Pure compounds and kaolin were employed to investigate the reaction behavior of ferric oxide in thetrinarysystem Fe2O3?SiO2?Al2O3 during reductive sintering process. The thermodynamic analyses and reductive sintering ...Pure compounds and kaolin were employed to investigate the reaction behavior of ferric oxide in thetrinarysystem Fe2O3?SiO2?Al2O3 during reductive sintering process. The thermodynamic analyses and reductive sintering experimental results show that ferrous oxide generated from the reduction of ferric oxide by carbon can react with silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide to form ferrous silicate and hercynite at 1173 K, respectively. In the trinary system Fe2O3?SiO2?Al2O3, ferrous oxide obtained from ferric oxide reduction preferentially reacts with aluminum oxide to form hercynite, and the reaction of ferrous oxide with silicon dioxide occurs only when there is surplus ferrous oxide after the exhaustion of aluminum oxide. When sintering temperature rises to 1473 K, hercynite further reacts with silicon dioxide to form mullite and ferrous oxide. Results presented in this work may throw a new light upon the separation of alumina and silica present in Al/Fe-bearing materials with low mass ratio of alumina to silica in alumina production.展开更多
The leaching kinetics of zinc silicate in ammonium chloride solution was investigated. The effects of stirring speed （150？400 r/min）, leaching temperature （95-108 ℃, particle size of zinc silicate （61-150 μm...The leaching kinetics of zinc silicate in ammonium chloride solution was investigated. The effects of stirring speed （150？400 r/min）, leaching temperature （95-108 ℃, particle size of zinc silicate （61-150 μm） and the concentration of ammonium chloride （3.5-5.5 mol/L） on leaching rate of zinc were studied. The results show that decreasing the particle size of zinc silicate and increasing the leaching temperature and concentration of ammonium chloride can obviously enhance the leaching rate of zinc. Among the kinetic models of the porous solids tested, the grain model with porous diffusion control can well describe the zinc leaching kinetics. The apparent activation energy of the leaching reaction is 161.26 kJ/mol and the reaction order with respect to ammonium chloride is 3.5.展开更多
The adsorption isotherm of sodium polyacrylate on dicalcium silicate（2CaO-SiO2） in sodium aluminate solution at 80 ℃ was studied.The type of surface adsorption of sodium polyacrylate is saturated adsorption,and the...The adsorption isotherm of sodium polyacrylate on dicalcium silicate（2CaO-SiO2） in sodium aluminate solution at 80 ℃ was studied.The type of surface adsorption of sodium polyacrylate is saturated adsorption,and the adsorption behavior belongs to L-type,according with the monolayer adsorption model of Langmuir equation.The surface coverage of sodium polyacrylate is 1.06 mol/μm2.The relation curve between the surface pressure and the molecular area of adsorption film was obtained by Gibbs formula.The variation of interfacial energy caused by adsorption as well as the relationship between the relation curve and the type of adsorption was discussed.展开更多
Silicate sol post-treatment was applied to form a complete composite coating on the phosphated zinc layer. The chemical compositions of the coatings were investigated using XPS. The coated samples were firstly scratch...Silicate sol post-treatment was applied to form a complete composite coating on the phosphated zinc layer. The chemical compositions of the coatings were investigated using XPS. The coated samples were firstly scratched and then exposed to the neutral salt spray(NSS) chamber for different time. The microstructure and chemical compositions of the scratches were studied using SEM and EDS. And the non-scratched coated samples were compared. The self-healing mechanism of the composite coatings was discussed. The results show that during corrosion, the self-healing ions in composite coatings dissolve, diffuse and transfer to the scratches or the defects, and then recombine with Zn2+ to form insoluble compound, which deposits and covers the exposed zinc. The corrosion products on the scratches contain silicon, phosphorous, oxygen, chloride and zinc, and they are compact, fine, needle and flake, effectively inhibiting the corrosion formation and expansion of the exposed zinc layer. The composite coatings have good self-healing ability.展开更多
The influences of sodium silicate on manganese electrodeposition in sulfate solution were investigated. Manganese electrodeposition experiments indicate that a certain amount of sodium silicate can improve cathode cur...The influences of sodium silicate on manganese electrodeposition in sulfate solution were investigated. Manganese electrodeposition experiments indicate that a certain amount of sodium silicate can improve cathode current efficiency and initial pH 7.0?8.0 is the optimized pH for high cathode current efficiency. The analyses of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate the compact morphology and nanocrystalline structure of electrodeposits. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) analysis shows that the elements of Mn, Si and O exist in the deposit. The solution chemistry calculations of sulfate electrolyte and sodium silicate solution indicate that species of Mn2+, MnSO4, Mn(SO4)2?2 , Mn2+, MnSiO3, Mn(NH3)2+, SiO32?and HSiO3? are the main active species during the process of manganese electrodeposition. The reaction trend between Mn2+ and Si-containing ions is confirmed by the thermodynamic analysis. In addition, polarization curve tests confirm that sodium silicate can increase the overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction, and then indirectly improve the cathode current efficiency.展开更多
The distributions of local structural units of calcium silicate melts were quantified by means of classical molecular dynamics simulation and a newly constructed structural thermodynamic model. The distribution of fiv...The distributions of local structural units of calcium silicate melts were quantified by means of classical molecular dynamics simulation and a newly constructed structural thermodynamic model. The distribution of five kinds of Si-O tetrahedra Qi from these two methods was compared with each other and also with the experimental Raman spectra, an excellent agreement was achieved. These not only displayed the panorama distribution of microstructural units in the whole composition range, but also proved that the thermodynamic model is suitable for the utilization as the subsequent application model of spectral experiments for the thermodynamic calculation. Meanwhile, the five refined regions mastered by different disproportionating reactions were obtained. Finally, the distributions of two kinds of connections between Qi were obtained, denoted as Qi-Ca-Qj and Qi-[Ob]-Qj, from the thermodynamic model, and a theoretical verification was given that the dominant connections for any composition are equivalent connections.展开更多
基金Funded by Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (Nos.2021JQ-500, 2021GY-203, 2023-JCYB-096)Shaanxi Provincial Education Department of Key Scientific Research Plan (No.20JS079)Shaanxi Provincial Education Department of Normal Scientific Research Plan (No.20JK0727)。
文摘In order to expand the advantages of strong durability and high compressive strength of calcium silicate hydrates(C-S-H),at the same time to make up for the poor early mechanical strength of magnesium silicate hydrates (M-S-H),we present the features and advantages of C-S-H and M-S-H and a comprehensive review of the progress on CaO-MgO-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O.Moreover,we systematically describe natural calcium and magnesium silicate minerals and thermodynamic properties of CaO-MgO-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O.The effect of magnesium on C-S-H and calcium on M-S-H is summarized deeply;the formation and structural feature of CaO-MgO-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O is also explained in detail.Finally,the development of calcium and magnesium silicate hydrates in the future is pointed out,and the further research is discussed and estimated.
基金The authors are grateful for the financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51874372).
文摘The properties of low-modulus(m≤1)sodium silicate and pre-desilication solutions in alkali systems were studied by measuring their electrical conductivity,viscosity,and surface tension.The results show that the property of high concentration pre-desilication solution is similar to that of sodium silicate solution.The electrical conductivity of sodium silicate solution increases with increasing the temperature and silica concentration but decreases with increasing the modulus.Further,the viscosity of the solution increases with increasing the silica concentration and linearly decreases with increasing the temperature,whereas its surface tension gradually decreases with increasing silica concentration and temperature,indicating that the sodium silicate solution is an oligomer with strong surface activity.At room temperature,the electrical conductivity and surface tension of sodium silicate solution are higher than those of pre-desilication solution,whereas its viscosity is smaller than that of pre-desilication solution.A turning point exists at a silica concentration of 44.7 g/L.When the silica concentration is less than 44.7 g/L,the ionic structure of the solution is dominated by monomeric silicate ions.In contrast,when the silica concentration changes from 44.7 to 50 g/L,the migration number of silicate anions significantly decreases.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41902052)the German Research Foundation(DFG)(No.BE 1720/40).
文摘The effects of melt composition,temperature and pressure on the solubility of fluorite(CaF2),i.e.,fluorine concentration in silicate melts in equilibrium with fluorite,are summarized in this paper.The authors present a statistic study based on experimental data in literature and propose a predictive model to estimate F concentration in melt at the saturation of fluorite(CFin melt^Fl-sat).The modeling indicates that the compositional effect of melt cations on the variation in can be expressed quantitatively as one parameter FSI(fluorite saturation index):FSI=(3Al^NM+Fe^2++6Mg+Ca+1.5Na-K)/(Si+Ti+Al^NF+Fe^3+),in which all cations are in mole,and Al^NF and Al^NM are A1 as network-forming and network-modifying cations,respectively.The dependence of CFin melt^Fl-sat on FSI is regressed as:CFin melt^Fl-sat=1.130-2.014·exp(1000/T)+2.747·exp(P/T)+0.111·CmeltH2O+17.641·FSI,in which T is temperature in Kelvin,P is pressure in MPa,CmeltH2O is melt H2O content in wt.%,and CFin melt^Fl-sat is in wt.%(normalized to anhydrous basis).The reference dataset used to establish the expression for conditions within 540-1010℃,50-500 MPa,0-7 wt.%melt H2O content,0.4 to 1.7 for A/CNK,0.3 wt.%-7.0 wt.%for CFin melt^Fl-sat.The discrepancy of CFin melt^Fl-sat between calculated and measured values is less than±0.62 wt.%with a confidence interval of 95%.The expression of FSI and its effect on CFin melt^Fl-sat indicate that fluorine incorporation in silicate melts is largely controlled by bonding with network-modifying cations,favorably with Mg,Al^NM,Na,Ca and Fe^2+in a decreasing order.The proposed model for predicting CFin melt^Fl-sat is also supported by our new experiments saturated with magmatic fluorite performed at 100-200 MPa and 800-900℃.The modeling of magma fractional crystallization emphasizes that the saturation of fluorite is dependent on both the compositions of primary magmas and their initial F contents.
文摘To screen for additional treatment targets against tongue cancer, we evaluated the contributions of extracellular signal-related kinase(ERK), AKT and ezrin in cancer development. Immunohistochemical staining showed that ERK and ezrin expressions were significantly higher in invasive squamous cell carcinoma than in carcinoma in situ. To investigate the roles of ERK and ezrin in cancer development, we used the non-woven silica fibre sheet Cellbedwith a structure resembling the loose connective tissue morphology in a novel 3 D culture system. We confirmed that the 3 D system using CellbedTMaccurately mimicked cancer cell morphology in vivo. Furthermore, cell projections were much more apparent in 3 D-cultured tongue cancer cell lines than in 2 D cultures. Typically, under conventional 2 D culture conditions, F-actin and cortactin are colocalized in the form of puncta within cells.However, in the 3 D-cultured cells, colocalization was mainly observed at the cell margins, including the projections. Projections containing F-actin and cortactin colocalization were predicted to be invadopodia. Although suppressing ezrin expression with small interfering RNA transfection caused no marked changes in morphology, cell projection formation was decreased, and the tumour thickness in vertical sections after 3 D culture was markedly decreased after suppressing ERK activity because both the invasion ability and proliferation were inhibited. An association between cortactin activation as well as ERK activity and invadopodia formation was detected. Our novel 3 D culture systems using Cellbed? are simple and useful for in vitro studies before conducting animal experiments. ERK contributes to tongue cancer development by increasing both cancer cell proliferation and migration via cortactin activation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51304184)the Coal Based Key Scientific and Technological Project of Shanxi Province(MC2014-06)
文摘In Na_2O–CaO–SiO_2–H_2O system,systematic investigations of phase and morphology of calcium silicate in hydrothermal conditions were concisely conducted for high-value utilization of silicon resource in high-alumina fly ash(HAFA).The results show that crystal composition and phase may be affected by relatively low concentration of NaOH,and sodium ions are rearranged into the structure to form NaCaHSiO_4 and Na_2Ca_3H_8Si_2O_(12) with different C/S ratio at high concentration of Na OH.In addition,phases in wollastonite group possess the morphology of nano fiber.Formation of nano fiber is attributed to the difference of surface energies between axial and radial direction,and higher temperatures lead to easier growth along radial direction.The preparation of C–S–H with different phases and morphologies can guide for the application of silicate solution with high alkalinity with different purposes.
文摘Conductivity of glasses in the systems SiO2.PbO.RO, (where R=Ca, Sr or Ba) was investigated between room temperature and 530 K. The dependence of log resistivity as well as the activation energy on the PbO content has been studied. Based on the present experimental results, the possible different conduction mechanisms in such glasses are discussed. It was postulated that Pb2+ ions may represent the major charge carrying species in these glasses. This assumption was confirmed by the calculations of the mean distance between the interstitial Pb2+ ions and the effective center of the O2- ions in the glass networks. The variation in the values of the density and the molar volume with PbO content is also discussed in view of the obtained activation energies for the studied glass-systems.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 52075544)Innovation Funds of Jihua Laboratory(X220971UZ230)+1 种基金Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(2022A1515110649)Funds from Research Platforms of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes(2022ZDJS038).
文摘Efficient lubrication of magnesium alloys is a highly challenging topic in the field of tribology.In this study,magnesium silicate hydroxide(MSH)nanotubes with serpentine structures were synthesized.The tribological behavior of AZ91D magnesium alloy rubbed against GCr15 steel was studied under lubricating oil with surface-modified MSH nanotubes as additives.The effects of the concentration,applied load,and reciprocating frequency on the friction and wear of the AZ91D alloy were studied using an SRV-4 sliding wear tester.Results show a decrease of 18.7–68.5%in friction coefficient,and a reduction of 19.4–54.3%in wear volume of magnesium alloy can be achieved by applying the synthetic serpentine additive under different conditions.A suspension containing 0.3 wt.%MSH was most efficient in reducing wear and friction.High frequency and medium load were more conducive to improving the tribological properties of magnesium alloys.A series of beneficial physical and chemical processes occurring at the AZ91D alloy/steel interface can be used to explain friction and wear reduction based on the characterization of the morphology,chemical composition,chemical state,microstructure,and nanomechanical properties of the worn surface.The synthetic MSH,with serpentine structure and nanotube morphology,possesses excellent adsorbability,high chemical activity,and good self-lubrication and catalytic activity.Therefore,physical polishing,tribochemical reactions,and physicalchemical depositions can occur easily on the sliding contacts.A dense tribolayer with a complex composition and composite structure was formed on the worn surface.Its high hardness,good toughness and plasticity,and prominent lubricity resulted in the improvement of friction and wear,making the synthetic MSH a promising efficient oil additive for magnesium alloys under boundary and mixed lubrication.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20241529)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2024M750736)。
文摘This study aims to develop a chloride diffusion simulation method that considers the hydration microstructure and pore solution properties during the hydration of tricalcium silicate(C3S).The method combines the hydration simulation,thermodynamic calculation,and finite element analysis to examine the effects of pore solution,including effect of electrochemical potential,effect of chemical activity,and effect of mechanical interactions between ions,on the chloride effective diffusion coefficient of hydrated C3S paste.The results indicate that the effect of electrochemical potential on chloride diffusion becomes stronger with increasing hydration age due to the increase in the content of hydrated calcium silicate;as the hydration age increases,the effect of chemical activity on chloride diffusion weakens when the number of diffusible elements decreases;the effect of mechanical interactions between ions on chloride diffusion decreases with the increase of hydration age.
文摘Sm^(3+)-doped materials exhibit red and orange emissions in the visible light region,showing broad applica⁃tion prospects in both laser and display material fields.However,the inherent small emission and absorption cross-sections of Sm^(3+)result in low luminous efficiency,posing challenges for achieving high-quality solid-state lighting.Here,the excellent white emission of Sm^(3+)doped lithium aluminum silicate(LAS)glass was realized by introducing the Ag aggregates through Ag ion exchange.Under 395 nm excitation,the Ag-doped samples exhibit significant fluo⁃rescence enhancement with color coordinates close to the equal energy white point E(0.33,0.33)and a color ren⁃dering index(CRI)of 81.8.The study reveals that the surface plasmon resonance(SPR)effect of Ag nanoparticles enhances the luminescence of Sm^(3+),while the energy transfer mechanism between Ag^(+)and Sm^(3+)also promotes fluores⁃cence enhancement.By adjusting the concentration of AgNO_(3) and the exchange time,a series of high-quality full-spectrum white light emissions were obtained,indicating that the Ag ion-exchanged Sm^(3+)-doped LAS glass has good application potential in the development of solid-state lighting devices.Moreover,variations in the excitation wave⁃length can effectively tune the emission color,further demonstrating the tunability and practicality of this material in optoelectronic applications.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52064002)Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project(AA23073018)。
文摘A novel method for scandium recovery is proposed through high-surface area silanol-rich silica sorbents which were prepared with calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H) as raw material.Two types of silanol-rich silica particles,i.e.,LAC-S(silica derived from acid leaching of amorphous C-S-H) and LLC-S(silica derived from acid leaching of low-crystallinity C-S-H) are obtained after calcium ions are removed from both amorphous and low-crystallinity forms of C-S-H through a facile acid leaching process(3 mol/L,25℃,24 h).(29)^Si NMR spectroscopy reveals that the proportion of silicon atoms carrying silanol groups increases from less than 43% to over 80% when silica particles are transferred from a dry state to an aqueous solution.Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption performance and selectivity of these silica sorbents toward Sc(Ⅲ).The scandium sorption capacities of LAC-S and LLC-S at an equilibrium pH of 4.2 are 174.45 and 129.57 mg/g,respectively.The separation factors(SFSc/Ln) of both silica particles exceed 1000 in the initial pH range of 3.5-5.The loaded scandium ions are recovered with 3 mol/L hydrochloric acid and the sorbents exhibit good reusability.This strategy provides an efficient and green method for recovering scandium from aqueous solutions.
基金supported by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2023QNRC001)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(No.2024JJ2074)supported in part by the High Performance Computing Center of Central South University,China and the Pawsey Supercomputing Centre with funding from the Australian Government and the Government of Western Australia.
文摘An in-depth understanding of the hydration mechanism of tricalcium silicate is an important basis for optimizing cement strength development.In this study,the adsorption of water molecules onto the M3-C3S(001)surface at different water coverage levels(θ=1/5,2/5,3/5,4/5,and 1)was investigated using first-principles calculations.The results demonstrate that the conclusions obtained for single water molecule adsorption cannot be fully applied to multiple water molecule adsorption.The total adsorption energies become more negative with increasing water coverage,while the average adsorption energy of each water molecule becomes more positive with increasing water coverage.The water–water interactions reduce the water–surface interactions and are responsible for the anticooperative adsorption of multiple water molecules onto M3-C_(3)S(001).The formation of Ca–OH(–Ca)bonds favors the detachment of Ca from co-valent oxygen,which reveals the significant role of dissociative adsorption.This work aims to extend the water adsorption study on M3-C3S(001)from single water molecule adsorption to multiple water molecule adsorption,providing more detailed insights into the initial water reaction on the C3S surface.
基金the Doctoral Research Startup Fund of Hubei University of Science and Technology(Grant No.BK202504)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(Grant No.2023-MS-115).
文摘Aqueous zinc-based energy storage systems offer high theoretical specific capacity,low cost,intrinsic safety,and environmental compatibility,positioning them as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage and conversion technologies.However,issues such as zinc dendrite growth,hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),and surface passivation hinder their practical deployment.To address these challenges,a hollow nanotubular magnesium silicate(denoted MgSi)interfacial layer was constructed on the zinc metal anode(Zn@MgSi).The unique layer structure and negatively charged surface of MgSi facilitate the desolvation of[Zn(H_(2)O)_(6)]^(2+)by stripping water molecules,while temporarily immobilizing Zn^(2+)to suppress random diffusion.The combined effects of the electric field-guided Zn^(2+)distribution and rapid ion transport through the layer structure co-regulate Zn^(2+)flux,leading to uniform,dendrite-free zinc deposition.Consequently,the Zn@MgSi symmetric cell demonstrates a high Zn^(2+)transference number(0.64),extended cycling life exceeding 1600 h at 1 mA cm^(−2),and stable operation for 200 h at 5 mA cm^(−2).Furthermore,zinc-ion hybrid capacitors employing Zn@MgSi electrodes exhibit excellent cycling stability over 5000 cycles.This work highlights the efficacy of artificial interfacial layers in stabilizing zinc metal anodes and provides valuable insights into the development of advanced aqueous zinc-ion energy storage systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42030710 and 52308345)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFC3707903).
文摘Heavy metal-contaminated sites are primarily treated via solidification and adsorption.Calcium silicate hydrate(C-S-H)is generated during the soil stabilization process and contributes significantly to the strength and durability of the stabilized soil.To understand how the soil moisture content and heavy metal concentration affect the transport of heavy metals and the tensile strength of C-S-H,this study performed molecular dynamics(MD)simulations under different moisture and concentration levels.The results showed that Pb2+presented the highest adsorption to the surface of C-S-H due to its strong electrostatic interaction energy.The adsorption density peaks of Pb2+were 1.5–5 times greater than those of Cd2+and Zn2+.Zn2+and Cd2+ions were more likely to be adsorbed onto water molecules and form a larger hydrated radius than Pb2+.The adsorption of heavy metals onto C-S-H initially increased as the metal concentration increased and then decreased because of the limited sorption sites on C-S-H.The diffusion coefficients of the multicomponent metals in C-S-H showed no consistent trends.The maximum tensile strength of C-S-H decreased with increasing soil moisture and heavy metal concentrations.The tensile stress increased approximately linearly with strain until it reached a peak,after which it gradually declined but remained above zero,indicating good ductility and toughness under unsaturated conditions.These findings offer valuable molecular insights into the interactions between C-S-H and heavy metals and soil moisture,thereby advancing our understanding of their combined effects on soil stabilization.
基金Project supported by the Natural Science Foundation of The Educational Department of Liaoning Province(JYTMS20231627)。
文摘The emission wavelength of current near-infrared phosphors activated by Cr^(3+)is generally smaller than 900 nm in near-infrared(NIR)Ⅰ region,and it is extremely challenging and is of great practical significance to realize emission towards NIR-Ⅱ region.In this study,a novel Cr^(3+)excited KSrScSi_(2)O_(7)silicate broad-band phosphor was prepared using the traditional solid-state method.Cr^(3+)resides in a weak crystal field in the KSrScSi_(2)O_(7)lattice and exhibits broad-band near-infrared emission at 984 nm,longer than those of most Cr^(3+)activated phosphors,under 493 nm blue light excitation.This is due to the stro ng charge polarization caused by the unique local coordination environment of the silicate matrix,which leads to a reduction in the crystal field splitting energy of the[ScO_(6)]octahedron where Cr^(3+)is located and the downward shift of the^(4)T_(2)energy level.The optimal doping concentration of Cr^(3+)is found to be 2 mol%,and the quenching mechanism is dipole-dipole interaction.Compared to the phosphors with similar emission wavelengths(λ_(em)>900 nm),KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):Cr^(3+)demonstrates outstanding advantages in various aspects of luminescent performance.The fabricated phosphor-converted light-emitting diode(pc-LED)is shown to have the potential for night vision and non-invasive imaging.Novel application of KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):xCr^(3+)as stable green ceramic pigments is also explored.The KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):xCr^(3+)powders show a bright yellowish green appearance,and the KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):0.02Cr^(3+)typical composition has chromaticity values of L^(*)=82.73,a^(*)=-8.53,b^(*)=7.97.Remarkably,the glazing samples using KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):xCr^(3+)as pigments well retain the bright color after 1200℃sintering in different atmospheres.Therefore,multifunctional applications of KSrScSi_(2)O_(7):xCr^(3+)for near-infrared spectroscopy and as ceramic pigments are achieved in this work.
基金Project(51274243)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Pure compounds and kaolin were employed to investigate the reaction behavior of ferric oxide in thetrinarysystem Fe2O3?SiO2?Al2O3 during reductive sintering process. The thermodynamic analyses and reductive sintering experimental results show that ferrous oxide generated from the reduction of ferric oxide by carbon can react with silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide to form ferrous silicate and hercynite at 1173 K, respectively. In the trinary system Fe2O3?SiO2?Al2O3, ferrous oxide obtained from ferric oxide reduction preferentially reacts with aluminum oxide to form hercynite, and the reaction of ferrous oxide with silicon dioxide occurs only when there is surplus ferrous oxide after the exhaustion of aluminum oxide. When sintering temperature rises to 1473 K, hercynite further reacts with silicon dioxide to form mullite and ferrous oxide. Results presented in this work may throw a new light upon the separation of alumina and silica present in Al/Fe-bearing materials with low mass ratio of alumina to silica in alumina production.
基金Project(2014CB643404)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProject(51374254)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The leaching kinetics of zinc silicate in ammonium chloride solution was investigated. The effects of stirring speed （150？400 r/min）, leaching temperature （95-108 ℃, particle size of zinc silicate （61-150 μm） and the concentration of ammonium chloride （3.5-5.5 mol/L） on leaching rate of zinc were studied. The results show that decreasing the particle size of zinc silicate and increasing the leaching temperature and concentration of ammonium chloride can obviously enhance the leaching rate of zinc. Among the kinetic models of the porous solids tested, the grain model with porous diffusion control can well describe the zinc leaching kinetics. The apparent activation energy of the leaching reaction is 161.26 kJ/mol and the reaction order with respect to ammonium chloride is 3.5.
基金Project(50974036)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The adsorption isotherm of sodium polyacrylate on dicalcium silicate（2CaO-SiO2） in sodium aluminate solution at 80 ℃ was studied.The type of surface adsorption of sodium polyacrylate is saturated adsorption,and the adsorption behavior belongs to L-type,according with the monolayer adsorption model of Langmuir equation.The surface coverage of sodium polyacrylate is 1.06 mol/μm2.The relation curve between the surface pressure and the molecular area of adsorption film was obtained by Gibbs formula.The variation of interfacial energy caused by adsorption as well as the relationship between the relation curve and the type of adsorption was discussed.
基金Project(2012J05099)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,ChinaProject(YKJ10021R)supported by the Scientific Research Project of Xiamen University of Technology
文摘Silicate sol post-treatment was applied to form a complete composite coating on the phosphated zinc layer. The chemical compositions of the coatings were investigated using XPS. The coated samples were firstly scratched and then exposed to the neutral salt spray(NSS) chamber for different time. The microstructure and chemical compositions of the scratches were studied using SEM and EDS. And the non-scratched coated samples were compared. The self-healing mechanism of the composite coatings was discussed. The results show that during corrosion, the self-healing ions in composite coatings dissolve, diffuse and transfer to the scratches or the defects, and then recombine with Zn2+ to form insoluble compound, which deposits and covers the exposed zinc. The corrosion products on the scratches contain silicon, phosphorous, oxygen, chloride and zinc, and they are compact, fine, needle and flake, effectively inhibiting the corrosion formation and expansion of the exposed zinc layer. The composite coatings have good self-healing ability.
基金Project(2015BAB17B01)supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program of ChinaProject(21376273)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘The influences of sodium silicate on manganese electrodeposition in sulfate solution were investigated. Manganese electrodeposition experiments indicate that a certain amount of sodium silicate can improve cathode current efficiency and initial pH 7.0?8.0 is the optimized pH for high cathode current efficiency. The analyses of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate the compact morphology and nanocrystalline structure of electrodeposits. X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) analysis shows that the elements of Mn, Si and O exist in the deposit. The solution chemistry calculations of sulfate electrolyte and sodium silicate solution indicate that species of Mn2+, MnSO4, Mn(SO4)2?2 , Mn2+, MnSiO3, Mn(NH3)2+, SiO32?and HSiO3? are the main active species during the process of manganese electrodeposition. The reaction trend between Mn2+ and Si-containing ions is confirmed by the thermodynamic analysis. In addition, polarization curve tests confirm that sodium silicate can increase the overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction, and then indirectly improve the cathode current efficiency.
基金Project(2012CB722805)supported by the National Basic Research Program of ChinaProjects(50504010,50974083,51174131,51374141)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China+1 种基金Project(50774112)supported by the Joint Fund of NSFC and Baosteel,ChinaProject(07QA4021)supported by the Shanghai"Phosphor"Science Foundation,China
文摘The distributions of local structural units of calcium silicate melts were quantified by means of classical molecular dynamics simulation and a newly constructed structural thermodynamic model. The distribution of five kinds of Si-O tetrahedra Qi from these two methods was compared with each other and also with the experimental Raman spectra, an excellent agreement was achieved. These not only displayed the panorama distribution of microstructural units in the whole composition range, but also proved that the thermodynamic model is suitable for the utilization as the subsequent application model of spectral experiments for the thermodynamic calculation. Meanwhile, the five refined regions mastered by different disproportionating reactions were obtained. Finally, the distributions of two kinds of connections between Qi were obtained, denoted as Qi-Ca-Qj and Qi-[Ob]-Qj, from the thermodynamic model, and a theoretical verification was given that the dominant connections for any composition are equivalent connections.
