The pollen grain morphology and leaf epiderm shape and microstructural of Rye（ Secale cereal ）, common wheat and Octoploid Trititrigia were observed with the scanning electron microscope（SEM）. The results revealed...The pollen grain morphology and leaf epiderm shape and microstructural of Rye（ Secale cereal ）, common wheat and Octoploid Trititrigia were observed with the scanning electron microscope（SEM）. The results revealed that there were great differences between pollen and leaf epiderm microcosmic morphology in three species. Such characteristics of Octoploid tnticalwere between those of common wheat and Rye. The morphology of pollen grain and leaf epiderm shape counld be used as an index for taxonomy for genera and species, and had somewhat scientif- ic references to identify new multiploid species created by chromosome engineering.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of leaf size on fruit quality of kiwi and relevant mechanism. [Method] The correlation between leaf shape and fruit quality of kiwi was studied during 2013-2015. ...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of leaf size on fruit quality of kiwi and relevant mechanism. [Method] The correlation between leaf shape and fruit quality of kiwi was studied during 2013-2015. [Result] The results of statistical analysis showed that the sing weight, longitudinal diameter, width, thickness, shape index and juice sugar content of fruit were 75.86±1.68 g, 73.284± 0.70 mm, 41.18±0.51 mm, 35.30±0.25 mm, 1.92±0.01 and （15.66±0.26）%, respec- tively; the length, width, shape index and area of leaf were 14.77±0.20 cm, 14.25± 0.16 cm, 0.94±0.09 and 152.39±3.26 cm^2, respectively; and the length and diameter of petiole were 11.03±0.25 cm and （31.50±0.79 mm）/10, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that the single fruit weight of kiwi was strongly positively related to fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit width, fruit thickness and leaf shape index, was significantly positively related to leaf length, was weakly positively related to petiole length, was positively related to leaf area, was weakly negatively related to leaf width and petiole diameter, and was negatively related to juice sugar content. The results of regression analysis showed that there was significant difference be- tween single fruit weight and juice sugar content （F=0.851 8, P〈0.01）, instead of fruit longitudinal diameter （F=0.000 6, P〉0.05）, fruit width （F=0.001 4, P〉0.05） and fruit thickness （F=0.005 4, P〉0.05）; there was significant correlation between single fruit weight and leaf area （F=0.671 5, P〈0.01）, instead of leaf length （F=0.139 3, P〉0.05）, leaf width （F=0.358 5, P〉0.05） and leaf shape index （F=0.294 0, P〉0.05）; there were significant correlations between juice sugar content and leaf length （F= 0.816 1, P〈0.01）, leaf width （F=0.970 1, P〈0.01）, leaf area （F=0.560 6, P〈0.01） and leaf shape index （F=0.885 1, P〈0.05）. [Conclusion] Fruit single weight and oth- er quality properties could be predicted from leaf size, and leaf size can be used as the main basis for judging the quality of fruit.展开更多
One of the most important objectives for breeders is to develop high-yield cultivars.The increase in crop yield has met with bottlenecks after the first green revolution,and more recent efforts have been focusing on a...One of the most important objectives for breeders is to develop high-yield cultivars.The increase in crop yield has met with bottlenecks after the first green revolution,and more recent efforts have been focusing on achieving high photosynthetic efficiency traits in order to enhance the yield.Leaf shape is a significant agronomic trait of upland cotton that affects plant and canopy architecture,yield,and other production attributes.The major leaf shape types,including normal,sub-okra,okra,and super-okra,with varying levels of lobe severity,are controlled by a multiple allelic series of the D-genome locus L-D_(1).To analyze the effects of L-D_(1)alleles on leaf morphology,photosynthetic related traits and yield of cotton,two sets of near isogenic lines(NILs)with different alleles were constructed in Lumianyan 22(LMY22)and Lumianyan 28(LMY28)backgrounds.The analysis of morphological parameters and the results of virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)showed that the regulation of leaf shape by L-D_(1)alleles was similar to a gene-dosage effect.Compared with the normal leaf,deeper lobes of the sub-okra leaf improved plant canopy structure by decreasing the leaf area index(LAI)and increasing the light transmittance rate(LTR),and the mid-range LAI of sub-okra leaf also guaranteed the accumulation of cotton biomass.Although the chlorophyll content(SPAD)of sub-okra leaf was lower than those of the other two leaf shapes,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn)of sub-okra leaf was higher than those of okra leaf and normal leaf at most stages.Thus,the improvements in canopy structure,as well as photosynthetic and physiological characteristics,contributed to optimizing the light environment,thereby increasing the total biomass and yield in the lines with a sub-okra leaf shape.Our results suggest that the sub-okra leaf may have practical application in cultivating varieties,and could enhance sustainable and profitable cotton production.展开更多
Two mutants with rolled leaves, temporally designated as rl3（t）-I and rl3（t）-2, were served for exploring the mechanism underlying the rolled leaf characteristic. Except for having typical rolled leaves, the plant...Two mutants with rolled leaves, temporally designated as rl3（t）-I and rl3（t）-2, were served for exploring the mechanism underlying the rolled leaf characteristic. Except for having typical rolled leaves, the plant heights and panicle lengths of rl3（t）-1 and rl3（t）-2 significantly decreased, and the seed-setting rate also decreased when compared with wild type 93-11. Cytological analysis suggested that the rolled leaf phenotype might be caused by the changes of number and size of bulliform cells. Genetic analysis indicated rl3（t）-1 is allelic to rl3（t）-2, and controlled by a recessive gene. Gene mapping result indicated that RL3（t） gene resided in a 46-kb long region governed by the sequence tag site markers S3-39 and S3-36 on rice chromosome 3. The result provides an important clue for further cloning the RL3（t） and understanding the mechanism of rice leaf development.展开更多
To understand the responses of flag leaf shape in rice to elevated CO2 environment and their genetic characteristics, quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for flag leaf shape in rice were mapped onto the molecular marker ...To understand the responses of flag leaf shape in rice to elevated CO2 environment and their genetic characteristics, quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for flag leaf shape in rice were mapped onto the molecular marker linkage map of chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） derived from a cross between a japonica variety Asominori and an indica variety IR24 under free air carbon dioxide enrichment （FACE, 200 μmol/mol above current levels） and current CO2 concentration （Ambient, about 370 μmol/mol）. Three flag-leaf traits, flag-leaf length （LL）, width （LW） and the ratio of LL to LW （RLW）, were estimated for each CSSL and their parental varieties. The differences in LL, LW and RLW between parents and in LL and LW within IR24 between FACE and Ambient were significant at 1% level. The continuous distributions and transgressive segregations of LL, LW and RLW were also observed in CSSL population, showing that the three traits were quantitatively inherited under both FACE and Ambient. A total of 16 QTLs for the three traits were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 11 with LOD （Log10-1ikelihood ratio） scores ranging from 3.0 to 6.7. Among them, four QTLs （qLL-6＊, qLL-8＊ qLW-4＊ and qRLW-6＊） were commonly detected under both FACE and Ambient. Therefore, based on the different responses to elevated CO2 in comparison with current CO2 level, it can be suggested that the expressions of several QTLs associated with flag-leaf shape in rice could be induced by the high CO2 level.展开更多
To study the leaf variation and morphological diversity of Phoebe bournei,the leaves of two leaf types and one wild type in the same growth environment,which were marked as Type A,B,and C with wild type being marked a...To study the leaf variation and morphological diversity of Phoebe bournei,the leaves of two leaf types and one wild type in the same growth environment,which were marked as Type A,B,and C with wild type being marked as B,were used as testing materials.40 healthy mature leaves collected from healthy plants were taken as research samples and phenotypic characteristics,such as leaf shape,leaf length,leaf width,leaf area,and leaf vein were observed and analyzed.The leaves of Type A were oblanceolate,the base of the leaves was gradually narrow,and the tip of the leaves was gradually sharp.There were white pubescences on the back of the leaves,which were arranged in order.The pubescences were evenly distributed on the mesophyll and vein,in the same direction.The length,width,perimeter,and area of the leaves were smaller than those of the other two types.The leaves of Type B were narrow,oblanceolate,wedge-shaped at the base,long acuminate at the tip,with yellow brown villi on the back of the leaves,mainly distributed along the vein and the grid vein between the veins;the villi on the main veins were longer,and the villi between the mesophylls were less numerous and shorter.The length,perimeter,and aspect ratio of the blade were the largest of the three types and the whole blade was slender.Type C leaves were elliptical with a nearly truncated base and a sharp tip.There were white pubescences on the back of the leaves and less mesophyll pubescence along the veins.The length-width ratio of the blade was small,the width was large,and the whole blade was round.There were significant differences among the three leaf types of P.bournei and preliminary judgement was that Type A and Type C were spontaneous mutants.展开更多
In the present study,the variation patterns of leaf shape in different populations of individual Semiliquidambar cathayensis plants were analyzed to investigate the relationship among leaf shape variation,photosynthet...In the present study,the variation patterns of leaf shape in different populations of individual Semiliquidambar cathayensis plants were analyzed to investigate the relationship among leaf shape variation,photosynthetic properties,and active compounds to understand the genetic characteristics of S.cathayensis and screen elite germplasms.The leaf shape of 18 offspring from three natural S.cathayensis populations was analyzed to investigate the level of diversity and variation patterns of leaf shape.Furthermore,photosynthetic pigment content,physiological parameters of photosynthesis,and the active compounds in leaves of different shapes were determined.Statistical analysis showed that the leaf shape variation in S.cathayensis indicated a high level of genetic diversity among and within the populations.Cluster analysis showed that the three natural populations formed two clusters,one whose offspring was dominated by entire leaves and another characterized by palmately trifoliate leaves.The differences in photosynthetic characteristics and active compounds of leaves of three different shapes were comprehensively evaluated using principal component analysis.Two principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 92.768%were extracted,of which the highest comprehensive score was for asymmetrically lobed leaves.The leaf shape in different S.cathayensis germplasms exhibited distinct patterns,and there were some correlations between the photosynthetic properties and active compounds in leaves of different shapes.Thus,the leaf shape can be used to predict active compound content,and in turn,select varieties based on that purpose;it also provides a simple and effective method to classify S.cathayensis germplasms.展开更多
Leaf morphogenesis is strictly controlled not only by intrinsic genetic factors, such as transcriptional factors, but also by environmental cues, such as light, water and pathogens. Nevertheless, the molecular mechani...Leaf morphogenesis is strictly controlled not only by intrinsic genetic factors, such as transcriptional factors, but also by environmental cues, such as light, water and pathogens. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of how leaf morphogenesis is regulated by genetic programs and environmental cues is far from clear. Numerous series of events demonstrate that plant hormones, mostly small and simple molecules, play crucial roles in plant growth and development, and in responses of plants to environmental cues such as light. With more and more genetics and molecular evidence obtained from the model plant Arabidopsis, several fundamental aspects of leaf morphogenesis including the initiation of leaf primordia, the determination of leaf axes, the regulation of cell division and expansion in leaves have been gradually unveiled. Among these phytohormones, auxin is found to be essential in the regulation of leaf morphogenesis.展开更多
Leaf shape is highly variable within and among plant species,ranging from slender to oval shaped.This is largely determined by the proximodistal axis of growth.However,little is known about how proximal–distal growth...Leaf shape is highly variable within and among plant species,ranging from slender to oval shaped.This is largely determined by the proximodistal axis of growth.However,little is known about how proximal–distal growth is controlled to determine leaf shape.Here,we show that Arabidopsis leaf and sepal proximodistal growth is tuned by two phytohormones.Two class A AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs(ARFs),ARF6 and ARF8,activate the transcription of DWARF4,which encodes a key brassinosteroid(BR)biosynthetic enzyme.At the cellular level,the phytohormones promote more directional cell expansion along the proximodistal axis,as well as final cell sizes.BRs promote the demethyl-esterification of cell wall pectins,leading to isotropic in-plane cell wall loosening.Notably,numerical simulation showed that isotropic cell wall loosening could lead to directional cell and organ growth along the proximodistal axis.Taken together,we show that auxin acts through biosynthesis of BRs to determine cell wall mechanics and directional cell growth to generate leaves of variable roundness.展开更多
Leaves are the most important plant parts for photosynthesis and respiration. Many genes are involved in determining leaf shape;however, little is known about the effects of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling-pathway gene...Leaves are the most important plant parts for photosynthesis and respiration. Many genes are involved in determining leaf shape;however, little is known about the effects of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling-pathway genes on the development of leaf shape. Here, the brassinosteroid-responsive RING-H2 (BRH1) gene, which is suppressed by 24-epi-brassinolide treatment, was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. The amino acid sequence contained a highly conserved RING finger domain. In a phylogenetic analysis,BRH1 clustered closely with GLYMA11G02470.1. The leaves of brh1 mutant plants were not much different to those of the wild-type, while transgenic plants with high BRH1 expression levels had rounder rosette leaves. Mutants of the BR synthesis pathway also had a similar round leaf phenotype, and greater BRH1 expression levels. Moreover, the related marker genes KNAT1,AtHB13 and ROT4, which are known to control leaf shape, altered transcriptional levels in both transgenic BRH1 and BR-synthesis mutant lines. Thus, BRH1 may be involved in the BR signaling pathway and regulate the growth and development of rosette leaves. Research on BRH1 may prove valuable for understanding the regulatory mechanism of leaf shape and improving the leaf shapes of ornamental plants.展开更多
The leaf shape and leaf area measurement are crucial in plant growth modeling.The castor bean leaf is large,palm-shaped with multiple clefts.The leaf shape simulation and leaf area estimation were less studied.The cir...The leaf shape and leaf area measurement are crucial in plant growth modeling.The castor bean leaf is large,palm-shaped with multiple clefts.The leaf shape simulation and leaf area estimation were less studied.The circular model and nonrectangular hyperbolic model were developed to describe the standard leaf shape of castor bean in this study,providing a model for simulating the leaf shape and a nondestructive way for estimating the leaf area respectively.In addition,a formula was established to estimate the leaf area by the parameter of the standard leaf shape of castor bean.Based on validation results,the circular model fits the landmarks and nonrectangular hyperbolic model fits the lobe margins very well.The leaf area was accurately estimated by using the established formula.This study could provide a theoretical reference for leaf visualization,a nondestructive and easy way to estimate the leaf area for other complex leaves with multiple lobes.展开更多
Aims Leaf size and shape as objects of natural selection can play adaptive roles,and can change with the age of leaves.They can differ between sexes in dioecious species,and in most cases,females have larger leaves.Pr...Aims Leaf size and shape as objects of natural selection can play adaptive roles,and can change with the age of leaves.They can differ between sexes in dioecious species,and in most cases,females have larger leaves.Previous studies showed that sexes of Adriana tomentosa differed in their leaf lobing.In this study,we investigated whether there were other differences between sexes in leaf size,shape and ecophysiology,and if those differences were connected with adaptations and reproductive roles in the sexes of A.tomentosa.Methods Physical and chemical features of young and old leaves originating from female and male A.tomentosa plants growing in two disjunct populations in eastern Australia were measured.We determined leaf area,perimeter length,serration,circularity,aspect ratio(AR),roundness and the ecophysiological factors:specific leaf area,dry matter content,leaf moisture,relative water content,δ^(13)C,δ^(15)N isotope compositions,carbon and nitrogen contents and C:N ratio.Leaf lobing,the degree of lamina damage and the content of photosynthetic pigments were also determined.Important Findings In both populations studied,the sex of plants significantly influenced almost all parameters connected with leaf morphology such as area,perimeter length,circularity,AR and roundness.Contrary to expectations,males from both populations had a greater leaf area that was independent of leaf age.Male leaves were more lobed with a longer perimeter,but they were less elongated and less serrated.Only small differences between female and male leaves were observed for the ecophysiological factors.The degree of leaf damage differed between sexes but also with population.Differences between sexes in leaf area and shape were not compensated by measured ecophysiological factors.However,leaf area may be compensated by other ecophysiological mechanisms related to leaf morphology,because females had greater leaf serration in comparison to males despite the smaller leaf area.展开更多
Objective:In this study,we aimed to identify the genes involved in leaf margin serration in Perilla frutescens.P.frutescens(Family:Lamiaceae)is widely grown in Asian countries.Perilla leaf is the medicinal part stipul...Objective:In this study,we aimed to identify the genes involved in leaf margin serration in Perilla frutescens.P.frutescens(Family:Lamiaceae)is widely grown in Asian countries.Perilla leaf is the medicinal part stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.There are mainly two types of perilla leaves:one with serrated leaf margin which is the phenotype described in the pharmacopoeia and the other with smooth leaf margin.Methods:Transcriptome sequencing,co-expression analysis,and qRT-PCR analysis of six perilla tissues sampled from two different phenotypes(serrated and smooth leaves)were performed.Results:Forty-three differentially expressed genes(DEGs),which may potentially regulate leaf shape,were identified through de novo transcriptome sequencing between the two groups.Genes involved in leaf shape regulation were identified.Simultaneously,we validated five DEGs by qRT-PCR,and the results were consistent with the transcriptome data.In addition,1186 transcription factors(TFs)belonging to 45 TF families were identified.Moreover,the co-expression network of DEGs was constructed.Conclusion:The study identified the key genes that control leaf shape by comparing the transcriptomes.Our findings also provide basic data for further exploring P.frutescens,which can help study the mechanism of leaf shape development and molecular breeding.展开更多
文摘The pollen grain morphology and leaf epiderm shape and microstructural of Rye（ Secale cereal ）, common wheat and Octoploid Trititrigia were observed with the scanning electron microscope（SEM）. The results revealed that there were great differences between pollen and leaf epiderm microcosmic morphology in three species. Such characteristics of Octoploid tnticalwere between those of common wheat and Rye. The morphology of pollen grain and leaf epiderm shape counld be used as an index for taxonomy for genera and species, and had somewhat scientif- ic references to identify new multiploid species created by chromosome engineering.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effect of leaf size on fruit quality of kiwi and relevant mechanism. [Method] The correlation between leaf shape and fruit quality of kiwi was studied during 2013-2015. [Result] The results of statistical analysis showed that the sing weight, longitudinal diameter, width, thickness, shape index and juice sugar content of fruit were 75.86±1.68 g, 73.284± 0.70 mm, 41.18±0.51 mm, 35.30±0.25 mm, 1.92±0.01 and （15.66±0.26）%, respec- tively; the length, width, shape index and area of leaf were 14.77±0.20 cm, 14.25± 0.16 cm, 0.94±0.09 and 152.39±3.26 cm^2, respectively; and the length and diameter of petiole were 11.03±0.25 cm and （31.50±0.79 mm）/10, respectively. The results of correlation analysis showed that the single fruit weight of kiwi was strongly positively related to fruit longitudinal diameter, fruit width, fruit thickness and leaf shape index, was significantly positively related to leaf length, was weakly positively related to petiole length, was positively related to leaf area, was weakly negatively related to leaf width and petiole diameter, and was negatively related to juice sugar content. The results of regression analysis showed that there was significant difference be- tween single fruit weight and juice sugar content （F=0.851 8, P〈0.01）, instead of fruit longitudinal diameter （F=0.000 6, P〉0.05）, fruit width （F=0.001 4, P〉0.05） and fruit thickness （F=0.005 4, P〉0.05）; there was significant correlation between single fruit weight and leaf area （F=0.671 5, P〈0.01）, instead of leaf length （F=0.139 3, P〉0.05）, leaf width （F=0.358 5, P〉0.05） and leaf shape index （F=0.294 0, P〉0.05）; there were significant correlations between juice sugar content and leaf length （F= 0.816 1, P〈0.01）, leaf width （F=0.970 1, P〈0.01）, leaf area （F=0.560 6, P〈0.01） and leaf shape index （F=0.885 1, P〈0.05）. [Conclusion] Fruit single weight and oth- er quality properties could be predicted from leaf size, and leaf size can be used as the main basis for judging the quality of fruit.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology Open Fund,China(CB2021A18)the Youth Scientific Research Foundation of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(2016YQN09)+1 种基金the Improved Variety Project of Shandong Province,China(2020LZGC002)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-15-05).
文摘One of the most important objectives for breeders is to develop high-yield cultivars.The increase in crop yield has met with bottlenecks after the first green revolution,and more recent efforts have been focusing on achieving high photosynthetic efficiency traits in order to enhance the yield.Leaf shape is a significant agronomic trait of upland cotton that affects plant and canopy architecture,yield,and other production attributes.The major leaf shape types,including normal,sub-okra,okra,and super-okra,with varying levels of lobe severity,are controlled by a multiple allelic series of the D-genome locus L-D_(1).To analyze the effects of L-D_(1)alleles on leaf morphology,photosynthetic related traits and yield of cotton,two sets of near isogenic lines(NILs)with different alleles were constructed in Lumianyan 22(LMY22)and Lumianyan 28(LMY28)backgrounds.The analysis of morphological parameters and the results of virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)showed that the regulation of leaf shape by L-D_(1)alleles was similar to a gene-dosage effect.Compared with the normal leaf,deeper lobes of the sub-okra leaf improved plant canopy structure by decreasing the leaf area index(LAI)and increasing the light transmittance rate(LTR),and the mid-range LAI of sub-okra leaf also guaranteed the accumulation of cotton biomass.Although the chlorophyll content(SPAD)of sub-okra leaf was lower than those of the other two leaf shapes,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn)of sub-okra leaf was higher than those of okra leaf and normal leaf at most stages.Thus,the improvements in canopy structure,as well as photosynthetic and physiological characteristics,contributed to optimizing the light environment,thereby increasing the total biomass and yield in the lines with a sub-okra leaf shape.Our results suggest that the sub-okra leaf may have practical application in cultivating varieties,and could enhance sustainable and profitable cotton production.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31171158)the Ministry of Science and Technology (Grant No. 2011ZX08009-003-005)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK2012684)the Six Talent Peaks in Jiangsu Provincethe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Two mutants with rolled leaves, temporally designated as rl3（t）-I and rl3（t）-2, were served for exploring the mechanism underlying the rolled leaf characteristic. Except for having typical rolled leaves, the plant heights and panicle lengths of rl3（t）-1 and rl3（t）-2 significantly decreased, and the seed-setting rate also decreased when compared with wild type 93-11. Cytological analysis suggested that the rolled leaf phenotype might be caused by the changes of number and size of bulliform cells. Genetic analysis indicated rl3（t）-1 is allelic to rl3（t）-2, and controlled by a recessive gene. Gene mapping result indicated that RL3（t） gene resided in a 46-kb long region governed by the sequence tag site markers S3-39 and S3-36 on rice chromosome 3. The result provides an important clue for further cloning the RL3（t） and understanding the mechanism of rice leaf development.
基金The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, China （Grant Nos. 30270800 and 40231003）
文摘To understand the responses of flag leaf shape in rice to elevated CO2 environment and their genetic characteristics, quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for flag leaf shape in rice were mapped onto the molecular marker linkage map of chromosome segment substitution lines （CSSLs） derived from a cross between a japonica variety Asominori and an indica variety IR24 under free air carbon dioxide enrichment （FACE, 200 μmol/mol above current levels） and current CO2 concentration （Ambient, about 370 μmol/mol）. Three flag-leaf traits, flag-leaf length （LL）, width （LW） and the ratio of LL to LW （RLW）, were estimated for each CSSL and their parental varieties. The differences in LL, LW and RLW between parents and in LL and LW within IR24 between FACE and Ambient were significant at 1% level. The continuous distributions and transgressive segregations of LL, LW and RLW were also observed in CSSL population, showing that the three traits were quantitatively inherited under both FACE and Ambient. A total of 16 QTLs for the three traits were detected on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 11 with LOD （Log10-1ikelihood ratio） scores ranging from 3.0 to 6.7. Among them, four QTLs （qLL-6＊, qLL-8＊ qLW-4＊ and qRLW-6＊） were commonly detected under both FACE and Ambient. Therefore, based on the different responses to elevated CO2 in comparison with current CO2 level, it can be suggested that the expressions of several QTLs associated with flag-leaf shape in rice could be induced by the high CO2 level.
文摘To study the leaf variation and morphological diversity of Phoebe bournei,the leaves of two leaf types and one wild type in the same growth environment,which were marked as Type A,B,and C with wild type being marked as B,were used as testing materials.40 healthy mature leaves collected from healthy plants were taken as research samples and phenotypic characteristics,such as leaf shape,leaf length,leaf width,leaf area,and leaf vein were observed and analyzed.The leaves of Type A were oblanceolate,the base of the leaves was gradually narrow,and the tip of the leaves was gradually sharp.There were white pubescences on the back of the leaves,which were arranged in order.The pubescences were evenly distributed on the mesophyll and vein,in the same direction.The length,width,perimeter,and area of the leaves were smaller than those of the other two types.The leaves of Type B were narrow,oblanceolate,wedge-shaped at the base,long acuminate at the tip,with yellow brown villi on the back of the leaves,mainly distributed along the vein and the grid vein between the veins;the villi on the main veins were longer,and the villi between the mesophylls were less numerous and shorter.The length,perimeter,and aspect ratio of the blade were the largest of the three types and the whole blade was slender.Type C leaves were elliptical with a nearly truncated base and a sharp tip.There were white pubescences on the back of the leaves and less mesophyll pubescence along the veins.The length-width ratio of the blade was small,the width was large,and the whole blade was round.There were significant differences among the three leaf types of P.bournei and preliminary judgement was that Type A and Type C were spontaneous mutants.
基金funded by Changsha Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.kq2202356)Hunan Forestry Science and Technology Innovation Plan Project(Grant No.XLK202106-2).
文摘In the present study,the variation patterns of leaf shape in different populations of individual Semiliquidambar cathayensis plants were analyzed to investigate the relationship among leaf shape variation,photosynthetic properties,and active compounds to understand the genetic characteristics of S.cathayensis and screen elite germplasms.The leaf shape of 18 offspring from three natural S.cathayensis populations was analyzed to investigate the level of diversity and variation patterns of leaf shape.Furthermore,photosynthetic pigment content,physiological parameters of photosynthesis,and the active compounds in leaves of different shapes were determined.Statistical analysis showed that the leaf shape variation in S.cathayensis indicated a high level of genetic diversity among and within the populations.Cluster analysis showed that the three natural populations formed two clusters,one whose offspring was dominated by entire leaves and another characterized by palmately trifoliate leaves.The differences in photosynthetic characteristics and active compounds of leaves of three different shapes were comprehensively evaluated using principal component analysis.Two principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 92.768%were extracted,of which the highest comprehensive score was for asymmetrically lobed leaves.The leaf shape in different S.cathayensis germplasms exhibited distinct patterns,and there were some correlations between the photosynthetic properties and active compounds in leaves of different shapes.Thus,the leaf shape can be used to predict active compound content,and in turn,select varieties based on that purpose;it also provides a simple and effective method to classify S.cathayensis germplasms.
基金Publication of this paper is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30624808） and Science Publication Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Acknowledgements We thank Xianhui Hou （Peking University） for helpful suggestions and valuable discussions.
文摘Leaf morphogenesis is strictly controlled not only by intrinsic genetic factors, such as transcriptional factors, but also by environmental cues, such as light, water and pathogens. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism of how leaf morphogenesis is regulated by genetic programs and environmental cues is far from clear. Numerous series of events demonstrate that plant hormones, mostly small and simple molecules, play crucial roles in plant growth and development, and in responses of plants to environmental cues such as light. With more and more genetics and molecular evidence obtained from the model plant Arabidopsis, several fundamental aspects of leaf morphogenesis including the initiation of leaf primordia, the determination of leaf axes, the regulation of cell division and expansion in leaves have been gradually unveiled. Among these phytohormones, auxin is found to be essential in the regulation of leaf morphogenesis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)grants 31825002 and 31861143021the Key Research Project of the Frontier Science of CAS grant ZDBS-LY-SM012,and the Strategic Priority Research Program of CAS grant XDA24020203.Y.W.acknowledges the National Key R&D Program of China grant 2019YFA0903902 and NSFC grant 31871245.F.D.was supported by a Young Scientists Fund of NSFC(grant 32000507).C.T.was supported by NSFC grants 31961133010 and 31970805the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(award 2017139).
文摘Leaf shape is highly variable within and among plant species,ranging from slender to oval shaped.This is largely determined by the proximodistal axis of growth.However,little is known about how proximal–distal growth is controlled to determine leaf shape.Here,we show that Arabidopsis leaf and sepal proximodistal growth is tuned by two phytohormones.Two class A AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs(ARFs),ARF6 and ARF8,activate the transcription of DWARF4,which encodes a key brassinosteroid(BR)biosynthetic enzyme.At the cellular level,the phytohormones promote more directional cell expansion along the proximodistal axis,as well as final cell sizes.BRs promote the demethyl-esterification of cell wall pectins,leading to isotropic in-plane cell wall loosening.Notably,numerical simulation showed that isotropic cell wall loosening could lead to directional cell and organ growth along the proximodistal axis.Taken together,we show that auxin acts through biosynthesis of BRs to determine cell wall mechanics and directional cell growth to generate leaves of variable roundness.
基金supported by the Major Program of Joint Funds (Sinkiang) of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1303282)
文摘Leaves are the most important plant parts for photosynthesis and respiration. Many genes are involved in determining leaf shape;however, little is known about the effects of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling-pathway genes on the development of leaf shape. Here, the brassinosteroid-responsive RING-H2 (BRH1) gene, which is suppressed by 24-epi-brassinolide treatment, was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. The amino acid sequence contained a highly conserved RING finger domain. In a phylogenetic analysis,BRH1 clustered closely with GLYMA11G02470.1. The leaves of brh1 mutant plants were not much different to those of the wild-type, while transgenic plants with high BRH1 expression levels had rounder rosette leaves. Mutants of the BR synthesis pathway also had a similar round leaf phenotype, and greater BRH1 expression levels. Moreover, the related marker genes KNAT1,AtHB13 and ROT4, which are known to control leaf shape, altered transcriptional levels in both transgenic BRH1 and BR-synthesis mutant lines. Thus, BRH1 may be involved in the BR signaling pathway and regulate the growth and development of rosette leaves. Research on BRH1 may prove valuable for understanding the regulatory mechanism of leaf shape and improving the leaf shapes of ornamental plants.
基金This research was supported by the National Forestry Science Data Platform of China(2005DKA32200-12)the State’s Key R&D Project of China(Grant No.2017YFD0301507)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.2018JJ3227)the Key R&D Project in Hunan Province,China(No.2017NK2382 and 2017NK2222).
文摘The leaf shape and leaf area measurement are crucial in plant growth modeling.The castor bean leaf is large,palm-shaped with multiple clefts.The leaf shape simulation and leaf area estimation were less studied.The circular model and nonrectangular hyperbolic model were developed to describe the standard leaf shape of castor bean in this study,providing a model for simulating the leaf shape and a nondestructive way for estimating the leaf area respectively.In addition,a formula was established to estimate the leaf area by the parameter of the standard leaf shape of castor bean.Based on validation results,the circular model fits the landmarks and nonrectangular hyperbolic model fits the lobe margins very well.The leaf area was accurately estimated by using the established formula.This study could provide a theoretical reference for leaf visualization,a nondestructive and easy way to estimate the leaf area for other complex leaves with multiple lobes.
基金supported by the Department of Education and Training,Australian Government(Endeavour Research Fellowship,2017 to M.R.),the University of New England in Armidale,Australia and the Institute of Dendrology,Polish Academy of Sciences,Poland.
文摘Aims Leaf size and shape as objects of natural selection can play adaptive roles,and can change with the age of leaves.They can differ between sexes in dioecious species,and in most cases,females have larger leaves.Previous studies showed that sexes of Adriana tomentosa differed in their leaf lobing.In this study,we investigated whether there were other differences between sexes in leaf size,shape and ecophysiology,and if those differences were connected with adaptations and reproductive roles in the sexes of A.tomentosa.Methods Physical and chemical features of young and old leaves originating from female and male A.tomentosa plants growing in two disjunct populations in eastern Australia were measured.We determined leaf area,perimeter length,serration,circularity,aspect ratio(AR),roundness and the ecophysiological factors:specific leaf area,dry matter content,leaf moisture,relative water content,δ^(13)C,δ^(15)N isotope compositions,carbon and nitrogen contents and C:N ratio.Leaf lobing,the degree of lamina damage and the content of photosynthetic pigments were also determined.Important Findings In both populations studied,the sex of plants significantly influenced almost all parameters connected with leaf morphology such as area,perimeter length,circularity,AR and roundness.Contrary to expectations,males from both populations had a greater leaf area that was independent of leaf age.Male leaves were more lobed with a longer perimeter,but they were less elongated and less serrated.Only small differences between female and male leaves were observed for the ecophysiological factors.The degree of leaf damage differed between sexes but also with population.Differences between sexes in leaf area and shape were not compensated by measured ecophysiological factors.However,leaf area may be compensated by other ecophysiological mechanisms related to leaf morphology,because females had greater leaf serration in comparison to males despite the smaller leaf area.
基金This work was funded by National Natural Science Foundation for regional fund(31860391)Guizhou Province Science and Technology Plan Project(Qian science platform[2019]5656)National Major Project for Breeding New Transgenic Varieties(2016ZX08010-003).
文摘Objective:In this study,we aimed to identify the genes involved in leaf margin serration in Perilla frutescens.P.frutescens(Family:Lamiaceae)is widely grown in Asian countries.Perilla leaf is the medicinal part stipulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.There are mainly two types of perilla leaves:one with serrated leaf margin which is the phenotype described in the pharmacopoeia and the other with smooth leaf margin.Methods:Transcriptome sequencing,co-expression analysis,and qRT-PCR analysis of six perilla tissues sampled from two different phenotypes(serrated and smooth leaves)were performed.Results:Forty-three differentially expressed genes(DEGs),which may potentially regulate leaf shape,were identified through de novo transcriptome sequencing between the two groups.Genes involved in leaf shape regulation were identified.Simultaneously,we validated five DEGs by qRT-PCR,and the results were consistent with the transcriptome data.In addition,1186 transcription factors(TFs)belonging to 45 TF families were identified.Moreover,the co-expression network of DEGs was constructed.Conclusion:The study identified the key genes that control leaf shape by comparing the transcriptomes.Our findings also provide basic data for further exploring P.frutescens,which can help study the mechanism of leaf shape development and molecular breeding.
