This study focused on realizing Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)6 for inclusive clean water and sanitation;in particular Target 6.3,which aims to reduce untreated wastewater by 2030 while promoting circular wastewate...This study focused on realizing Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)6 for inclusive clean water and sanitation;in particular Target 6.3,which aims to reduce untreated wastewater by 2030 while promoting circular wastewater reuse and recycling globally.The main objective was to assess the adequacy and efficiency of communal septic tank systems in informal settlements while helping local planners and authorities in their decision-making regarding Target 6.3.Quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed with secondary data from previous researchers,and primary data were collected from field surveys,observations,and interviews with members of the local community.The research was delimited to two village administrative divisions known as Rukun Warga(Village Administrative Division,RW):RW 7 and RW 8 of Lebak Siliwangi Kampung in Coblong District,Bandung,West Java,Indonesia.The findings were also compared with situations in other informal settlements in Brazil,Bangladesh,and Nairobi.The results indicated the inadequacy of communal septic tanks in informal settlements due to factors such as substandard system design,limited support and communication between authorities and residents,and the gap between septic tank availability and capacity vis-a-vis demand.Other limiting factors included limited land availability and irregular geomorphology,the latter of which affected the siting and operation of septic tanks due a lack of room for upgrades or expansion in response to continuous population growth.These findings illustrate the need to complement communal septic systems with flexible centralized or decentralized systems to achieve Target 6.3 of SDG 6.展开更多
Rural settlement is the basic spatial unit for compact communities in rural area. Scientific exploration of spatial-temporal differentiation and its influencing factors is the premise of spatial layout rationalization...Rural settlement is the basic spatial unit for compact communities in rural area. Scientific exploration of spatial-temporal differentiation and its influencing factors is the premise of spatial layout rationalization. Based on land use data of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture(hereinafter referred to as Liangshan Prefecture) in Sichuan Province, China from 1980 to 2020, compactness index, fractal dimension, imbalance index, location entropy and the optimal parameters-based geographical detector(OPGD) model are used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of the morphological characteristics of rural settlements, and to explore the influence of natural geographical factors, socioeconomic factors, and policy factors on the spatial differentiation of rural settlements. The results show that:(1) From 1980 to 2020, the rural settlements area in Liangshan Prefecture increased by 15.96 km^(2). In space, the rural settlements are generally distributed in a local aggregation, dense in the middle and sparse around the periphery. In 2015, the spatial density and expansion index of rural settlements reached the peak.(2) From 1980 to 2020, the compactness index decreased from 0.7636 to 0.7496, the fractal dimension increased from 1.0283 to 1.0314, and the fragmentation index decreased from 0.1183 to 0.1047. The spatial morphological structure of rural settlements tended to be loose, the shape contour tended to be complex, the degree of fragmentation decreased, and the spatial distribution was significantly imbalanced.(3) The results of OPGD detection in 2015 show that the influence of each factor is slope(0.2371) > traffic accessibility(0.2098) > population(0.1403) > regional GDP(0.1325) > elevation(0.0987) > poverty alleviation(0). The results of OPGD detection in 2020 show that the influence of each factor is slope(0.2339) > traffic accessibility(0.2198) > population(0.1432) > regional GDP(0.1219) > poverty alleviation(0.0992) > elevation(0.093). Natural geographical factors(slope and elevation) are the basic factors affecting the spatial distribution of rural settlements, and rural settlements are widely distributed in the river valley plain and the second half mountain area. Socioeconomic factors(traffic accessibility, population, and regional GDP) have a greater impact on the spatial distribution of rural settlements, which is an important factor affecting the spatial distribution of rural settlements. Policy factors such as poverty alleviation relocation have an indispensable impact on the spatial distribution of rural settlements. The research results can provide decisionmaking basis for the spatial arrangement of rural settlements in Liangshan Prefecture, and optimize the implementation of rural revitalization policies.展开更多
For a long time,due to lack of accurate data covering large areas,it is difficult to capture the continuous spatial evolutionary trajectory of rural settlements shaped by rapid urbanization and rural land use policies...For a long time,due to lack of accurate data covering large areas,it is difficult to capture the continuous spatial evolutionary trajectory of rural settlements shaped by rapid urbanization and rural land use policies.To fill this gap,based on theoretical analysis this paper systemically detected the changing characteristics of scale,spatial morphology,distribution,and land use pattern of rural settlements in Southern Jiangsu in the past 20 years depending on the data of land resource survey in 2009 and 2019.The study suggests that the total area and per capita size of rural settlements declined by 30%and 2%respectively as a result of rural land consolidation and the influx of enormous immigrants from underdeveloped regions.The spatial density and average shape index dropped by 14%and 44%respectively in the recent decade,indicating an evident trend of decentralization in spatial distribution,and regularization in the spatial morphology.Furthermore,residential land within rural settlements decreased by 33%over the past decade while the land for industry and commercial service steadily increased,demonstrating that the function for manufacturing and diversified services had been strengthened.Considering the emerging issue of the aging population and new business opportunities in rural Southern Jiangsu,rural settlements regeneration might be the focus offutureresearch.展开更多
The classification of Chinese traditional settlements(CTSs)is extremely important for their differentiated development and protection.The innovative double-branch classification model developed in this study comprehen...The classification of Chinese traditional settlements(CTSs)is extremely important for their differentiated development and protection.The innovative double-branch classification model developed in this study comprehensively utilized the features of remote sensing(RS)images and building facade pictures(BFPs).This approach was able to overcome the limitations of previous methods that used only building facade images to classify settlements.First,the features of the roofs and walls were extracted using a double-branch structure,which consisted of an RS image branch and BFP branch.Then,a feature fusion module was designed to fuse the features of the roofs and walls.The precision,recall,and F1-score of the proposed model were improved by more than 4%compared with the classification model using only RS images or BFPs.The same three indexes of the proposed model were improved by more than 2%compared with other deep learning models.The results demonstrated that the proposed model performed well in the classification of architectural styles in CTSs.展开更多
Pseudo Human Settlements(PHS)are a fundamental element in human settlements geography,serving as an innovative frontier in the exploration of human–land relationships.Since entering the information age,PHS have emerg...Pseudo Human Settlements(PHS)are a fundamental element in human settlements geography,serving as an innovative frontier in the exploration of human–land relationships.Since entering the information age,PHS have emerged as a new catalyst for people's lives and urban development.Based on the Baidu Index,cold hot spot analysis and the Pearson correlation coefficient method were used to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the development of the quality of PHS at different levels in the three provinces of Northeast China(TPNC)during 2011–2022 and to characterize the influence of the system and factors.The results indicated that:1)temporally,PHS exhibits significant fluctuations,with an overall pattern of rapid increase followed by a gradual decline;2)spatially,PHS is marked by regional differentiation,with“three-core”dominance and a“cluster-like”distribution;3)systematically,the five major PHS systems generally exhibit an ascending and then a descending trend;4)in terms of influence,the socialization system serves as the core influence of PHS,with WeChat,JD.COM,and others are identified as the core influencing factors of subsystems.The findings of this study can provide scientific guidance for diversifying approaches to human settlements,promoting sustainable urban development,and revitalizing Northeast China.展开更多
Urban geography has always been concerned about the influence of human settlements on urban vitality,but few studies reveal the influence of human settlements on urban vitality at a micro-scale.This paper analyzes the...Urban geography has always been concerned about the influence of human settlements on urban vitality,but few studies reveal the influence of human settlements on urban vitality at a micro-scale.This paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of human settlements’quality and urban vitality at the micro-scale using Geodetectors and geographic weighted regression to analyze the relationship between human settlements and urban vitality.The results are shown as follows:there is still a significant development space for human settlements quality in Shahekou District,with obvious spatial dependence characteristics and significant gaps between various systems;the urban vitality of Shahekou District has obvious timeliness,and the urban vitality undergoes significant changes over time,which is related to the human settlements quality.The spatial distribution presents a single core spatial distribution structure with strong relative stability.The spatial distribution of cold and hot spots shows a pattern of“high in the north and low in the south,high in the east and low in the west”,with an increasing trend from southwest to northeast;the reachability of public transport has a significant impact on urban vitality.Its synergy with other variables is the leading force forming the spatial distribution of urban vitality.The environmental system,support system and social system are the significant factors affecting the urban vitality of Shahekou District.展开更多
Through literature research, field research and urban design analysis methods, based on the self-organization theory, the evolution characteristics of the settlement space of Anju Ancient Town with significant charact...Through literature research, field research and urban design analysis methods, based on the self-organization theory, the evolution characteristics of the settlement space of Anju Ancient Town with significant characteristics of traditional mountain settlements were analyzed, and then its internal and external influencing factors were summarized. Finally, appropriate protection and development strategies were proposed, such as reasonably planning functional zones, breaking through the single structure, and creating a good living cultural environment. The innovation of this study is that it integrates the self-organization theory into the cognition of traditional mountain settlement space, and discusses the connection between the mountain settlement space and the traditional regional context under the modern development concept, so as to seek the benign protection and reasonable development of traditional mountain settlement space.展开更多
Disparity in the quality of life of people living in rural and urban areas is among the major problems,often leading to greater depression among the rural population compared to those in urban areas who have access to...Disparity in the quality of life of people living in rural and urban areas is among the major problems,often leading to greater depression among the rural population compared to those in urban areas who have access to a high standard of living.The goal of this study was to identify the issues of the quality of life that are fundamental from the point of view of rural settlements and typical for the rural population in various regions of the Russian Federation with diverse geographical,socioeconomic,and demographic characteristics.The practical relevance of our study is based on the identification of the scope of typical problems related to the quality of life in rural areas.The fundamental value of this study is the significance of digital tracks,which can serve as a source of information.The data sources included messages and posts discussing various quality of life aspects of the rural population published by VKontakte.For this study,we used messages and posts with negative implications from communities in rural settlements in ten Russian regions.These issues include housing infrastructure and utilities,transportation,the environment,telecommunications,banking,healthcare,and education.展开更多
Settlement naming is an important carrier of settlement society and culture,carries regional culture,historical information,beliefs and other information,and is an important clue to understand regional culture and dev...Settlement naming is an important carrier of settlement society and culture,carries regional culture,historical information,beliefs and other information,and is an important clue to understand regional culture and development characteristics.In this paper,the naming of traditional mountain settlements in Mentougou in western Beijing was studied through literature review and field research,and the correlation between the naming and distribution characteristics of the settlements was discussed to provide reference for the protection and construction of mountain settlements in Mentougou.展开更多
While China and India have both experienced large-scale urbanization in recent decades,a substantial proportion of their urban population lives in various forms of informal settlements.The redevelopment of informal se...While China and India have both experienced large-scale urbanization in recent decades,a substantial proportion of their urban population lives in various forms of informal settlements.The redevelopment of informal settlements takes place in major cities of both countries,but the outcomes vary significantly.In Guangzhou,the redevelopment of urban villages often leads to upscale real estate development and significant improvement in the living conditions of villagers.In Mumbai,slum redevelopment provides free rehabilitation housing for slum dwellers,but their housing quality and service provision remain limited compared to middle-class residents.Drawing on comparative historical analysis and extensive fieldwork conducted in China and India from 2016 to 2019,this study demonstrates that the divergent outcomes of urban redevelopment are primarily shaped by the different models of urban governance in China and India.Whereas urban governance is coordinated in China,it is transactional in India.The two models of urban governance shape the policy process in distinct ways and lead to varied redevelopment outcomes.The comparison demonstrates that urban governance is a multilevel process shaped by the distribution of authority across governmental levels and the interaction between state and non-state actors.展开更多
With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization,human environment has attracted great attention worldwide.This paper sets up the Human Settlements Environment Index(HEI) model and evaluates the n...With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization,human environment has attracted great attention worldwide.This paper sets up the Human Settlements Environment Index(HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology.The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general,HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient(r) between them reaches 0.93,which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution.Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability.The total suitable area is 430.47×104 km2,which accounts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China,while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%.With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer,the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China.The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million.The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.展开更多
With western Jilin Province as the study region, spectral characteristics and texture features of remote sensing images were taken as the classification basis to construct a Decision Tree Model and extract information...With western Jilin Province as the study region, spectral characteristics and texture features of remote sensing images were taken as the classification basis to construct a Decision Tree Model and extract information about settlements in western Jilin Province, and the manually-extracted information about settlements in western Jilin Province was evaluated by confusion matrix. The results showed that Decision Tree Model was convenient for extracting settlements information by integrating spectral and texture features, and the accuracy of such a method was higher than that of the traditional Maximum Liklihood Method, in addition, calculation methods of extracting settlements information by this mean were concluded.展开更多
On basis of human settlements theory, the research explored status quo of human settlements theory in rural-urban fringe, and analyzed and concluded predicaments confronted by rural-urban fringe, laying foundation for...On basis of human settlements theory, the research explored status quo of human settlements theory in rural-urban fringe, and analyzed and concluded predicaments confronted by rural-urban fringe, laying foundation for human settle- ments theory of rural-urban fringe.展开更多
Targeted at the residence status in rural settlements of Hui people in central Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region, this research revealed that the construction of new countryside and the transformation of old c...Targeted at the residence status in rural settlements of Hui people in central Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region, this research revealed that the construction of new countryside and the transformation of old countryside all have to be on the basis of present topography, landform, environment, social-economic level, education, religion, customs, living habits and so on. The primary goal of this research was to find a method of ecology, low energy consumption and sustainable development to bring the green planning implementation strategies, to provide guidance for sustainable planning in the rural settlements of Hui Nationality in central Ningxia.展开更多
When the development level of a city is determined, its residents＇ level of participation and support to social organizations, especially the voluntarily participation to civil organizations, are taken into account, ...When the development level of a city is determined, its residents＇ level of participation and support to social organizations, especially the voluntarily participation to civil organizations, are taken into account, as well as, their level of utilization from city services. It is beneficial to organize civil groups who are sensitive to urban and environmental issues. In traditional Turkish settlements, it can be talked about the existence of such an organization as a natural process in social organizations including moral and humanistic values. The feeling of belonging had raised the environmental quality both physically and socially. Respect to the nature and human was the main principle of these settlements. Such organizations has displaced with the written rules and official or civil organizations in modern urban settlements. In these organizations, participation of the users to urban planning decisions is not directly, but indirectly. As people who live in modern settlements do not participate to the planning and building process, they have not felt themselves belong to the place. The environmental quality and respect to the nature and human have been lessened in these modern settlements. This study focuses on the participation of users on planning and building housing environments in traditional and modern Turkish settlements and the comparison of them with their positive and negative results with the examples given.展开更多
Rural tourism has become an important driving force of rural urbanization in China. As the main reception base and important tourism attraction, tourism village is the core element of the tourism destination system. I...Rural tourism has become an important driving force of rural urbanization in China. As the main reception base and important tourism attraction, tourism village is the core element of the tourism destination system. Integrating the method of PRA （Participatory Rural Assessment）, GIS technology and high-resolution remote sensing images, this study aims to analyze the spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism through a comparative study of three tourism villages in Yesanpo tourism area. The results suggest the emergence of a ＂core-periphery＂ pattern of the spatial evolution of rural settlements. The closer to the core scenic spot, the higher degree of land-use intensity the village shows, as well as the more mature tourism function and greater change in landscape pattern. In particular, Gougezhuang shows an increase of the floor area ratio from 0.17 to 0.44, with the most mature tourism function and the lowest authenticity index of 0.448. Liujiahe has gone through the largest increase in construction land area from 17.3564 ha to 34.1128 ha, with moderately mature tourism function and relatively stable authenticity index of 0.566. Shangzhuang has the lowest construction land scale and intensity, with the poorest tourism function and most well-preserved landscape authenticity index of 0.942. Overall, in terms of the spatial morphology, the three villages show the characteristics of ＂modern town＂, ＂semi-urbanization＂ and ＂traditional village＂ respectively, in corresponding to three land de- velopment types： ＂intensive reconstruction type＂, ＂enclave extension type＂ and ＂in situ utilization type＂. The spatial evolution patterns of these three villages imply the spatial characteristics of the touristization of traditional villages in different stages, and also have great representative value for the management of rural settlements in tourism areas in China.展开更多
Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GI...Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoen- vironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient set- tlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate condi- tions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.展开更多
Prediction of tunneling-induced ground settlements is an essential task,particularly for tunneling in urban settings.Ground settlements should be limited within a tolerable threshold to avoid damages to aboveground st...Prediction of tunneling-induced ground settlements is an essential task,particularly for tunneling in urban settings.Ground settlements should be limited within a tolerable threshold to avoid damages to aboveground structures.Machine learning(ML)methods are becoming popular in many fields,including tunneling and underground excavations,as a powerful learning and predicting technique.However,the available datasets collected from a tunneling project are usually small from the perspective of applying ML methods.Can ML algorithms effectively predict tunneling-induced ground settlements when the available datasets are small?In this study,seven ML methods are utilized to predict tunneling-induced ground settlement using 14 contributing factors measured before or during tunnel excavation.These methods include multiple linear regression(MLR),decision tree(DT),random forest(RF),gradient boosting(GB),support vector regression(SVR),back-propagation neural network(BPNN),and permutation importancebased BPNN(PI-BPNN)models.All methods except BPNN and PI-BPNN are shallow-structure ML methods.The effectiveness of these seven ML approaches on small datasets is evaluated using model accuracy and stability.The model accuracy is measured by the coefficient of determination(R2)of training and testing datasets,and the stability of a learning algorithm indicates robust predictive performance.Also,the quantile error(QE)criterion is introduced to assess model predictive performance considering underpredictions and overpredictions.Our study reveals that the RF algorithm outperforms all the other models with the highest model prediction accuracy(0.9)and stability(3.0210^(-27)).Deep-structure ML models do not perform well for small datasets with relatively low model accuracy(0.59)and stability(5.76).The PI-BPNN architecture is proposed and designed for small datasets,showing better performance than typical BPNN.Six important contributing factors of ground settlements are identified,including tunnel depth,the distance between tunnel face and surface monitoring points(DTM),weighted average soil compressibility modulus(ACM),grouting pressure,penetrating rate and thrust force.展开更多
To explore geographical differences in quantitative characteristics and spatial pattern of human settlements environmental suitability （HSES） in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area （TGRA）, terrain, climate, hydrology,...To explore geographical differences in quantitative characteristics and spatial pattern of human settlements environmental suitability （HSES） in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area （TGRA）, terrain, climate, hydrology, vegetation and other natural factors were selected to build the livable environmental evaluation, and the quantitative analysis was conducted through Remote Sensing（RS） and Geographic Informational System （GIS） to reveal geo- graphical characteristics and spatial patterns of HSES. The results are obtained as follows： （1） inhabitants of the TGRA of Chongqing are concentrated in the area with moderate h.igh HSES, which is 78% of the total population distributed in 48% of the study area; （2） the HSES is closely related to the terrain, and it forms an arc-banded spatial succession pattern： relatively low in the northeast and the southeast while comparatively high in the west and the south; （3） large numbers of people are distributed in the area with low suitability （with higher population density than the average of the western China）, but economic development level in these areas is quite low. Moreover, these areas are ecological sensitive and fragile, many kinds of eco-environmental problems have been caused by human activities. Therefore, population migration and layout are reasonable options for the development of these areas.展开更多
The topographical suitability assessment of human settlements(SAHS) creates a solid foundation for regional population distribution and socio-economic development. Local elevation range(LER) is an important factor tha...The topographical suitability assessment of human settlements(SAHS) creates a solid foundation for regional population distribution and socio-economic development. Local elevation range(LER) is an important factor that can be used to assess the suitability of different terrains for sustaining human settlements. However, current digital elevation model(DEM)-based LER products suffer from some challenges typically because of their subjectively selected neighborhood scales and coarser spatial resolution. In this study, we initially determined the optimal statistical window and then calculated the appropriate LER with the finer resolution data of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global DEM(ASTER GDEM) products for China. Then, the appropriate LER was used to evaluate the topographical SAHS and its correlations with the national gridded population distribution(1 km × 1 km) in 2010. The results show that the optimal statistical window for calculating a 1 arc-second(about 30 m) resolution GDEM LER for China can be determined using a 51 × 51 grid unit(width × height) within a rectangular neighborhood, corresponding to an area of about 2.34 km^2. Secondly, the LER values in the southern and western China were greater than those of the north and east, showing a trend which consistently reflects the general spatial features of landforms. Finally, the relationship between GDEM LER and population density was highly correlated with the R^2 value of 0.81. It showed that 85.22% of the Chinese population was located in areas where the LER is lower than 500 m. The topographically suitable area within China decreased from the southeastern coastal zone towards the northwestern inland areas due to transition from plains and basins to plateaus and mountains. The total area of moderate to high suitable level was 423.84 × 10~4 km^2, or 44.15% of the total land area, with 88.17% of the national population. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of appropriate LER in evaluating the topographical SAHS as well as its significant impact on population distribution.展开更多
文摘This study focused on realizing Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)6 for inclusive clean water and sanitation;in particular Target 6.3,which aims to reduce untreated wastewater by 2030 while promoting circular wastewater reuse and recycling globally.The main objective was to assess the adequacy and efficiency of communal septic tank systems in informal settlements while helping local planners and authorities in their decision-making regarding Target 6.3.Quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed with secondary data from previous researchers,and primary data were collected from field surveys,observations,and interviews with members of the local community.The research was delimited to two village administrative divisions known as Rukun Warga(Village Administrative Division,RW):RW 7 and RW 8 of Lebak Siliwangi Kampung in Coblong District,Bandung,West Java,Indonesia.The findings were also compared with situations in other informal settlements in Brazil,Bangladesh,and Nairobi.The results indicated the inadequacy of communal septic tanks in informal settlements due to factors such as substandard system design,limited support and communication between authorities and residents,and the gap between septic tank availability and capacity vis-a-vis demand.Other limiting factors included limited land availability and irregular geomorphology,the latter of which affected the siting and operation of septic tanks due a lack of room for upgrades or expansion in response to continuous population growth.These findings illustrate the need to complement communal septic systems with flexible centralized or decentralized systems to achieve Target 6.3 of SDG 6.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41971015)Doctoral research program of China West Normal University (Grant Nos.19E067)。
文摘Rural settlement is the basic spatial unit for compact communities in rural area. Scientific exploration of spatial-temporal differentiation and its influencing factors is the premise of spatial layout rationalization. Based on land use data of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture(hereinafter referred to as Liangshan Prefecture) in Sichuan Province, China from 1980 to 2020, compactness index, fractal dimension, imbalance index, location entropy and the optimal parameters-based geographical detector(OPGD) model are used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of the morphological characteristics of rural settlements, and to explore the influence of natural geographical factors, socioeconomic factors, and policy factors on the spatial differentiation of rural settlements. The results show that:(1) From 1980 to 2020, the rural settlements area in Liangshan Prefecture increased by 15.96 km^(2). In space, the rural settlements are generally distributed in a local aggregation, dense in the middle and sparse around the periphery. In 2015, the spatial density and expansion index of rural settlements reached the peak.(2) From 1980 to 2020, the compactness index decreased from 0.7636 to 0.7496, the fractal dimension increased from 1.0283 to 1.0314, and the fragmentation index decreased from 0.1183 to 0.1047. The spatial morphological structure of rural settlements tended to be loose, the shape contour tended to be complex, the degree of fragmentation decreased, and the spatial distribution was significantly imbalanced.(3) The results of OPGD detection in 2015 show that the influence of each factor is slope(0.2371) > traffic accessibility(0.2098) > population(0.1403) > regional GDP(0.1325) > elevation(0.0987) > poverty alleviation(0). The results of OPGD detection in 2020 show that the influence of each factor is slope(0.2339) > traffic accessibility(0.2198) > population(0.1432) > regional GDP(0.1219) > poverty alleviation(0.0992) > elevation(0.093). Natural geographical factors(slope and elevation) are the basic factors affecting the spatial distribution of rural settlements, and rural settlements are widely distributed in the river valley plain and the second half mountain area. Socioeconomic factors(traffic accessibility, population, and regional GDP) have a greater impact on the spatial distribution of rural settlements, which is an important factor affecting the spatial distribution of rural settlements. Policy factors such as poverty alleviation relocation have an indispensable impact on the spatial distribution of rural settlements. The research results can provide decisionmaking basis for the spatial arrangement of rural settlements in Liangshan Prefecture, and optimize the implementation of rural revitalization policies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42171211。
文摘For a long time,due to lack of accurate data covering large areas,it is difficult to capture the continuous spatial evolutionary trajectory of rural settlements shaped by rapid urbanization and rural land use policies.To fill this gap,based on theoretical analysis this paper systemically detected the changing characteristics of scale,spatial morphology,distribution,and land use pattern of rural settlements in Southern Jiangsu in the past 20 years depending on the data of land resource survey in 2009 and 2019.The study suggests that the total area and per capita size of rural settlements declined by 30%and 2%respectively as a result of rural land consolidation and the influx of enormous immigrants from underdeveloped regions.The spatial density and average shape index dropped by 14%and 44%respectively in the recent decade,indicating an evident trend of decentralization in spatial distribution,and regularization in the spatial morphology.Furthermore,residential land within rural settlements decreased by 33%over the past decade while the land for industry and commercial service steadily increased,demonstrating that the function for manufacturing and diversified services had been strengthened.Considering the emerging issue of the aging population and new business opportunities in rural Southern Jiangsu,rural settlements regeneration might be the focus offutureresearch.
基金The Science and Technology Project of Hebei Education Department,No.BJK2022031The Open Fund of Hebei Key Laboratory of Geological Resources and Environmental Monitoring and Protection,No.JCYKT202310。
文摘The classification of Chinese traditional settlements(CTSs)is extremely important for their differentiated development and protection.The innovative double-branch classification model developed in this study comprehensively utilized the features of remote sensing(RS)images and building facade pictures(BFPs).This approach was able to overcome the limitations of previous methods that used only building facade images to classify settlements.First,the features of the roofs and walls were extracted using a double-branch structure,which consisted of an RS image branch and BFP branch.Then,a feature fusion module was designed to fuse the features of the roofs and walls.The precision,recall,and F1-score of the proposed model were improved by more than 4%compared with the classification model using only RS images or BFPs.The same three indexes of the proposed model were improved by more than 2%compared with other deep learning models.The results demonstrated that the proposed model performed well in the classification of architectural styles in CTSs.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42471246,No.42201221Liaoning Province Natural Science,No.2023-MS-254+1 种基金Liaoning Province Social Science Planning Fund Project,No.L22CJY016Dalian Federation of Social Sciences,No.2022dlskzd037。
文摘Pseudo Human Settlements(PHS)are a fundamental element in human settlements geography,serving as an innovative frontier in the exploration of human–land relationships.Since entering the information age,PHS have emerged as a new catalyst for people's lives and urban development.Based on the Baidu Index,cold hot spot analysis and the Pearson correlation coefficient method were used to evaluate the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the development of the quality of PHS at different levels in the three provinces of Northeast China(TPNC)during 2011–2022 and to characterize the influence of the system and factors.The results indicated that:1)temporally,PHS exhibits significant fluctuations,with an overall pattern of rapid increase followed by a gradual decline;2)spatially,PHS is marked by regional differentiation,with“three-core”dominance and a“cluster-like”distribution;3)systematically,the five major PHS systems generally exhibit an ascending and then a descending trend;4)in terms of influence,the socialization system serves as the core influence of PHS,with WeChat,JD.COM,and others are identified as the core influencing factors of subsystems.The findings of this study can provide scientific guidance for diversifying approaches to human settlements,promoting sustainable urban development,and revitalizing Northeast China.
文摘Urban geography has always been concerned about the influence of human settlements on urban vitality,but few studies reveal the influence of human settlements on urban vitality at a micro-scale.This paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of human settlements’quality and urban vitality at the micro-scale using Geodetectors and geographic weighted regression to analyze the relationship between human settlements and urban vitality.The results are shown as follows:there is still a significant development space for human settlements quality in Shahekou District,with obvious spatial dependence characteristics and significant gaps between various systems;the urban vitality of Shahekou District has obvious timeliness,and the urban vitality undergoes significant changes over time,which is related to the human settlements quality.The spatial distribution presents a single core spatial distribution structure with strong relative stability.The spatial distribution of cold and hot spots shows a pattern of“high in the north and low in the south,high in the east and low in the west”,with an increasing trend from southwest to northeast;the reachability of public transport has a significant impact on urban vitality.Its synergy with other variables is the leading force forming the spatial distribution of urban vitality.The environmental system,support system and social system are the significant factors affecting the urban vitality of Shahekou District.
基金the General Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51778078)General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing City(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1055).
文摘Through literature research, field research and urban design analysis methods, based on the self-organization theory, the evolution characteristics of the settlement space of Anju Ancient Town with significant characteristics of traditional mountain settlements were analyzed, and then its internal and external influencing factors were summarized. Finally, appropriate protection and development strategies were proposed, such as reasonably planning functional zones, breaking through the single structure, and creating a good living cultural environment. The innovation of this study is that it integrates the self-organization theory into the cognition of traditional mountain settlement space, and discusses the connection between the mountain settlement space and the traditional regional context under the modern development concept, so as to seek the benign protection and reasonable development of traditional mountain settlement space.
基金TSU Development Program(Priority-2030,GrantNo.:2.3.3.22).
文摘Disparity in the quality of life of people living in rural and urban areas is among the major problems,often leading to greater depression among the rural population compared to those in urban areas who have access to a high standard of living.The goal of this study was to identify the issues of the quality of life that are fundamental from the point of view of rural settlements and typical for the rural population in various regions of the Russian Federation with diverse geographical,socioeconomic,and demographic characteristics.The practical relevance of our study is based on the identification of the scope of typical problems related to the quality of life in rural areas.The fundamental value of this study is the significance of digital tracks,which can serve as a source of information.The data sources included messages and posts discussing various quality of life aspects of the rural population published by VKontakte.For this study,we used messages and posts with negative implications from communities in rural settlements in ten Russian regions.These issues include housing infrastructure and utilities,transportation,the environment,telecommunications,banking,healthcare,and education.
文摘Settlement naming is an important carrier of settlement society and culture,carries regional culture,historical information,beliefs and other information,and is an important clue to understand regional culture and development characteristics.In this paper,the naming of traditional mountain settlements in Mentougou in western Beijing was studied through literature review and field research,and the correlation between the naming and distribution characteristics of the settlements was discussed to provide reference for the protection and construction of mountain settlements in Mentougou.
文摘While China and India have both experienced large-scale urbanization in recent decades,a substantial proportion of their urban population lives in various forms of informal settlements.The redevelopment of informal settlements takes place in major cities of both countries,but the outcomes vary significantly.In Guangzhou,the redevelopment of urban villages often leads to upscale real estate development and significant improvement in the living conditions of villagers.In Mumbai,slum redevelopment provides free rehabilitation housing for slum dwellers,but their housing quality and service provision remain limited compared to middle-class residents.Drawing on comparative historical analysis and extensive fieldwork conducted in China and India from 2016 to 2019,this study demonstrates that the divergent outcomes of urban redevelopment are primarily shaped by the different models of urban governance in China and India.Whereas urban governance is coordinated in China,it is transactional in India.The two models of urban governance shape the policy process in distinct ways and lead to varied redevelopment outcomes.The comparison demonstrates that urban governance is a multilevel process shaped by the distribution of authority across governmental levels and the interaction between state and non-state actors.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.40771204No.40801223National Key Technology R&D Program,No.2006BAC18B01
文摘With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization,human environment has attracted great attention worldwide.This paper sets up the Human Settlements Environment Index(HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology.The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general,HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient(r) between them reaches 0.93,which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution.Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability.The total suitable area is 430.47×104 km2,which accounts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China,while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%.With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer,the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China.The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million.The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.
基金Supported by Financial Support of China Geological Survey(1212010916048)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(200903046)~~
文摘With western Jilin Province as the study region, spectral characteristics and texture features of remote sensing images were taken as the classification basis to construct a Decision Tree Model and extract information about settlements in western Jilin Province, and the manually-extracted information about settlements in western Jilin Province was evaluated by confusion matrix. The results showed that Decision Tree Model was convenient for extracting settlements information by integrating spectral and texture features, and the accuracy of such a method was higher than that of the traditional Maximum Liklihood Method, in addition, calculation methods of extracting settlements information by this mean were concluded.
文摘On basis of human settlements theory, the research explored status quo of human settlements theory in rural-urban fringe, and analyzed and concluded predicaments confronted by rural-urban fringe, laying foundation for human settle- ments theory of rural-urban fringe.
基金Supported by the Project of Natural Science Fund of Ningxia in 2009(NZ0943)the Project of College Science Research of Ningxia in 2008~~
文摘Targeted at the residence status in rural settlements of Hui people in central Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region, this research revealed that the construction of new countryside and the transformation of old countryside all have to be on the basis of present topography, landform, environment, social-economic level, education, religion, customs, living habits and so on. The primary goal of this research was to find a method of ecology, low energy consumption and sustainable development to bring the green planning implementation strategies, to provide guidance for sustainable planning in the rural settlements of Hui Nationality in central Ningxia.
文摘When the development level of a city is determined, its residents＇ level of participation and support to social organizations, especially the voluntarily participation to civil organizations, are taken into account, as well as, their level of utilization from city services. It is beneficial to organize civil groups who are sensitive to urban and environmental issues. In traditional Turkish settlements, it can be talked about the existence of such an organization as a natural process in social organizations including moral and humanistic values. The feeling of belonging had raised the environmental quality both physically and socially. Respect to the nature and human was the main principle of these settlements. Such organizations has displaced with the written rules and official or civil organizations in modern urban settlements. In these organizations, participation of the users to urban planning decisions is not directly, but indirectly. As people who live in modern settlements do not participate to the planning and building process, they have not felt themselves belong to the place. The environmental quality and respect to the nature and human have been lessened in these modern settlements. This study focuses on the participation of users on planning and building housing environments in traditional and modern Turkish settlements and the comparison of them with their positive and negative results with the examples given.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.40971299
文摘Rural tourism has become an important driving force of rural urbanization in China. As the main reception base and important tourism attraction, tourism village is the core element of the tourism destination system. Integrating the method of PRA （Participatory Rural Assessment）, GIS technology and high-resolution remote sensing images, this study aims to analyze the spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism through a comparative study of three tourism villages in Yesanpo tourism area. The results suggest the emergence of a ＂core-periphery＂ pattern of the spatial evolution of rural settlements. The closer to the core scenic spot, the higher degree of land-use intensity the village shows, as well as the more mature tourism function and greater change in landscape pattern. In particular, Gougezhuang shows an increase of the floor area ratio from 0.17 to 0.44, with the most mature tourism function and the lowest authenticity index of 0.448. Liujiahe has gone through the largest increase in construction land area from 17.3564 ha to 34.1128 ha, with moderately mature tourism function and relatively stable authenticity index of 0.566. Shangzhuang has the lowest construction land scale and intensity, with the poorest tourism function and most well-preserved landscape authenticity index of 0.942. Overall, in terms of the spatial morphology, the three villages show the characteristics of ＂modern town＂, ＂semi-urbanization＂ and ＂traditional village＂ respectively, in corresponding to three land de- velopment types： ＂intensive reconstruction type＂, ＂enclave extension type＂ and ＂in situ utilization type＂. The spatial evolution patterns of these three villages imply the spatial characteristics of the touristization of traditional villages in different stages, and also have great representative value for the management of rural settlements in tourism areas in China.
基金Major Program of Natural Science Research at University of Anhui Province, No.ZD200908 National Sci ence and Technology Support Program, No.2010BAK67B02+1 种基金 National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41010104005 No.40971115This work is supported by the Tracing Origin Project of Chinese Civilization. We thank Dr. An Ran and Dr. Heim. Jordan in Purdue University, USA, for their kind help and valuable discussions.
文摘Based on the temporal-spatial distribution features of ancient settlement sites from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han dynasty in the Chaohu Lake Basin of Anhui Province, East China, using the methods of GIS combined with the reconstructed paleoen- vironment by the records of lake sediment since Holocene, the transmutation of ancient set- tlements with response to environmental changes in this area has been discussed. Studies show that the main feature of transmutation of ancient settlements from the middle and late Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty was that the distribution of settlements in this area changed from high altitudes to low ones and kept approaching the Chaohu Lake with the passage of time. These could be the response to the climate change from warm-moist to a relatively warm-dry condition during the middle Holocene, leading to the lake level fluctuations. The large area of exposed land provided enough space for human activities. These indicate that the above changes in geomorphologic evolution and hydrology influenced by climate condi- tions affected the transmutation of ancient settlements greatly. The distribution pattern of settlement sites was that the number of sites in the west was more than in the east. This pattern may be related to the geomorphologic conditions such as frequent channel shifting of the Yangtze River as well as flood disasters during the Holocene optimum. Therefore, climate change was the inducement of the transmutation of ancient settlements in the Chaohu Lake Basin, which exerted great influence on the distribution, expansion and development of the ancient settlements.
基金funded by the University Transportation Center for Underground Transportation Infrastructure(UTC-UTI)at the Colorado School of Mines under Grant No.69A3551747118 from the US Department of Transportation(DOT).
文摘Prediction of tunneling-induced ground settlements is an essential task,particularly for tunneling in urban settings.Ground settlements should be limited within a tolerable threshold to avoid damages to aboveground structures.Machine learning(ML)methods are becoming popular in many fields,including tunneling and underground excavations,as a powerful learning and predicting technique.However,the available datasets collected from a tunneling project are usually small from the perspective of applying ML methods.Can ML algorithms effectively predict tunneling-induced ground settlements when the available datasets are small?In this study,seven ML methods are utilized to predict tunneling-induced ground settlement using 14 contributing factors measured before or during tunnel excavation.These methods include multiple linear regression(MLR),decision tree(DT),random forest(RF),gradient boosting(GB),support vector regression(SVR),back-propagation neural network(BPNN),and permutation importancebased BPNN(PI-BPNN)models.All methods except BPNN and PI-BPNN are shallow-structure ML methods.The effectiveness of these seven ML approaches on small datasets is evaluated using model accuracy and stability.The model accuracy is measured by the coefficient of determination(R2)of training and testing datasets,and the stability of a learning algorithm indicates robust predictive performance.Also,the quantile error(QE)criterion is introduced to assess model predictive performance considering underpredictions and overpredictions.Our study reveals that the RF algorithm outperforms all the other models with the highest model prediction accuracy(0.9)and stability(3.0210^(-27)).Deep-structure ML models do not perform well for small datasets with relatively low model accuracy(0.59)and stability(5.76).The PI-BPNN architecture is proposed and designed for small datasets,showing better performance than typical BPNN.Six important contributing factors of ground settlements are identified,including tunnel depth,the distance between tunnel face and surface monitoring points(DTM),weighted average soil compressibility modulus(ACM),grouting pressure,penetrating rate and thrust force.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40801077 Key Scientific Research Projects of the Ministry of Education, No.209100+1 种基金 Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, No.CSTC, 2008BB7367 Science ＆ Technology Research Project Supported by Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, No.K J070811
文摘To explore geographical differences in quantitative characteristics and spatial pattern of human settlements environmental suitability （HSES） in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area （TGRA）, terrain, climate, hydrology, vegetation and other natural factors were selected to build the livable environmental evaluation, and the quantitative analysis was conducted through Remote Sensing（RS） and Geographic Informational System （GIS） to reveal geo- graphical characteristics and spatial patterns of HSES. The results are obtained as follows： （1） inhabitants of the TGRA of Chongqing are concentrated in the area with moderate h.igh HSES, which is 78% of the total population distributed in 48% of the study area; （2） the HSES is closely related to the terrain, and it forms an arc-banded spatial succession pattern： relatively low in the northeast and the southeast while comparatively high in the west and the south; （3） large numbers of people are distributed in the area with low suitability （with higher population density than the average of the western China）, but economic development level in these areas is quite low. Moreover, these areas are ecological sensitive and fragile, many kinds of eco-environmental problems have been caused by human activities. Therefore, population migration and layout are reasonable options for the development of these areas.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (Grand No. 2016YFC0503506)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grand No. 41430861)
文摘The topographical suitability assessment of human settlements(SAHS) creates a solid foundation for regional population distribution and socio-economic development. Local elevation range(LER) is an important factor that can be used to assess the suitability of different terrains for sustaining human settlements. However, current digital elevation model(DEM)-based LER products suffer from some challenges typically because of their subjectively selected neighborhood scales and coarser spatial resolution. In this study, we initially determined the optimal statistical window and then calculated the appropriate LER with the finer resolution data of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global DEM(ASTER GDEM) products for China. Then, the appropriate LER was used to evaluate the topographical SAHS and its correlations with the national gridded population distribution(1 km × 1 km) in 2010. The results show that the optimal statistical window for calculating a 1 arc-second(about 30 m) resolution GDEM LER for China can be determined using a 51 × 51 grid unit(width × height) within a rectangular neighborhood, corresponding to an area of about 2.34 km^2. Secondly, the LER values in the southern and western China were greater than those of the north and east, showing a trend which consistently reflects the general spatial features of landforms. Finally, the relationship between GDEM LER and population density was highly correlated with the R^2 value of 0.81. It showed that 85.22% of the Chinese population was located in areas where the LER is lower than 500 m. The topographically suitable area within China decreased from the southeastern coastal zone towards the northwestern inland areas due to transition from plains and basins to plateaus and mountains. The total area of moderate to high suitable level was 423.84 × 10~4 km^2, or 44.15% of the total land area, with 88.17% of the national population. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of appropriate LER in evaluating the topographical SAHS as well as its significant impact on population distribution.
