Identifying geohazards such as landslides and methane leakage is crucial during gas extraction from natural gas hydrate(NGH)reservoirs,and understanding reservoir settlement behavior is central to this assessment.Hori...Identifying geohazards such as landslides and methane leakage is crucial during gas extraction from natural gas hydrate(NGH)reservoirs,and understanding reservoir settlement behavior is central to this assessment.Horizontal wells can enlarge the pressure relief zone within the formation,improving single-well productivity,and are therefore considered a promising approach for NGH development.This study examines the settlement response of hydrate-bearing sediments during depressurization using horizontal wells.A fully coupled thermal,hydraulic,mechanical,and chemical(THMC)model with representative reservoir properties(Shenhu region in the South China Sea)is presented accordingly.The simulations show that lower production pressures,while increasing gas output,also intensify formation settlement.The maximum difference in settlement between the lowest and highest production pressures reaches 0.016 m,contributing to more pronounced differential subsidence.Optimal well placement,specifically targeting a low-saturation hydrate zone containing free gas and situated adjacent to a high-saturation hydrate layer,markedly improves both gas production rate and cumulative yield,while reducing overall settlement and limiting changes in effective stress.展开更多
The increasing complexity of China’s electricity market creates substantial challenges for settlement automation,data consistency,and operational scalability.Existing provincial settlement systems are fragmented,lack...The increasing complexity of China’s electricity market creates substantial challenges for settlement automation,data consistency,and operational scalability.Existing provincial settlement systems are fragmented,lack a unified data structure,and depend heavily on manual intervention to process high-frequency and retroactive transactions.To address these limitations,a graph-based unified settlement framework is proposed to enhance automation,flexibility,and adaptability in electricity market settlements.A flexible attribute-graph model is employed to represent heterogeneousmulti-market data,enabling standardized integration,rapid querying,and seamless adaptation to evolving business requirements.An extensible operator library is designed to support configurable settlement rules,and a suite of modular tools—including dataset generation,formula configuration,billing templates,and task scheduling—facilitates end-to-end automated settlement processing.A robust refund-clearing mechanism is further incorporated,utilizing sandbox execution,data-version snapshots,dynamic lineage tracing,and real-time changecapture technologies to enable rapid and accurate recalculations under dynamic policy and data revisions.Case studies based on real-world data from regional Chinese markets validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach,demonstrating marked improvements in computational efficiency,system robustness,and automation.Moreover,enhanced settlement accuracy and high temporal granularity improve price-signal fidelity,promote cost-reflective tariffs,and incentivize energy-efficient and demand-responsive behavior among market participants.The method not only supports equitable and transparent market operations but also provides a generalizable,scalable foundation for modern electricity settlement platforms in increasingly complex and dynamic market environments.展开更多
The existing 2D settlement monitoring systems for utility tunnels are heavily reliant on manual interpretation of deformation data and empirical predictionmodels.Consequently,early anomalies(e.g.,minor cracks)are ofte...The existing 2D settlement monitoring systems for utility tunnels are heavily reliant on manual interpretation of deformation data and empirical predictionmodels.Consequently,early anomalies(e.g.,minor cracks)are often misjudged,and warnings lag by about 24 h without automated spatial localization.This study establishes a technical framework for requirements analysis,architectural design,and data-integration protocols.Revit parametric modelling is used to build a 3D tunnel model with structural elements,pipelines and 18 monitoring points(for displacement and joint width).Custom Revit API code integrated real-time sensor data into the BIM platform via an automated pipeline.The system achieved a spatial accuracy of±1 mm in locating deformation hotspots.Notifications are triggered within 10 s of anomaly detection,and the system renders 3D risk propagation paths in real-time.Realtime 3D visualization of risk propagation paths is also facilitated.The efficacy of the solution was validated in a Ningbo utility tunnel project,where it was demonstrated that it eliminates human-dependent judgment errors and reduces warning latency by 99.9%compared to conventional methods.The BIM-IoT integrated approach,which enables millimetre-level precision in risk identification and near-instantaneous response,establishes a new paradigm for intelligent infrastructure safety management.展开更多
Many hydropower projects have been constructed in Southwest China with the strategic goal of achieving carbon neutrality.Most of these hydropower projects utilize concrete face rockfilldams(CFRDs)built on a deep overb...Many hydropower projects have been constructed in Southwest China with the strategic goal of achieving carbon neutrality.Most of these hydropower projects utilize concrete face rockfilldams(CFRDs)built on a deep overburden layer.The deep overburden layer causes uneven settlement between the overburden layer and the dam,which poses a serious threat to the safety of both the construction and operation of the dam.In this study,microseismic(MS)monitoring technology was employed for the firsttime in the fieldof dam fillingengineering,allowing for the real-time monitoring of microfracture in the bedrock during dam construction.The time-frequency analysis method was used to summarize the MS waveform characteristics induced by dam filling.The fracture mechanism of bedrock was revealed,and the relationships among slope deformation,dam settlement,and MS activity were analyzed.The following research results have been obtained.The MS signal induced by dam fillinghas low energy and amplitude,short duration,and high frequency.The fracture of the bedrock was mainly shear failure.MS monitoring can predict deformation during blasting excavation and capture the large settlement that may occur during dam fillingin advance.Research findingshave demonstrated the significantapplication value of MS monitoring technology in predicting the risk of dam settlement and provide a reference for similar projects.展开更多
Ensuring the provision of accessible,affordable,and high-quality public services to all individuals aligns with one of the paramount aims of the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In the face of esca ...Ensuring the provision of accessible,affordable,and high-quality public services to all individuals aligns with one of the paramount aims of the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In the face of esca lating urbanization and a dwindling rural populace in China,reconstructing rural settlements to enhance public service accessibility has become a fundamental strategy for achieving the SDGs in rural areas.However,few stud ies have examined the optimal methods for rural settlement reconstruction that ensure accessible and equitable public services while considering multiple existing facilities and service provisions.This paper focuses on rural settlement reconstruction in the context of the SDGs,employing an inverted MCLP-CC(maximal coverage loca tion problem for complementary coverage)model to identify optimal rural settlements and a rank-based method for their relocation.Conducted in Changyuan,a county-level city in Henan Province,China,this study observed significant enhancements in both accessibility and equity following rural settlement reconstruction by utilizing the MH3SFCA(modified Huff 3-step floating catchment area)and the spatial Lorenz curve method.Remarkably,these improvements were achieved without the addition of new facilities,with the accessibility increasing by 44.21%,4.97%,and 3.11%;Gini coefficients decreasing by 19.53%,1.64%,and 3.18%;Ricci-Schutz coef-ficients decreasing by 21.09%,2.09%,and 4.33%for educational,medical,and cultural and sports facilities,respectively.It indicated that rural settlement reconstruction can bolster the accessibility and equity of public ser-vices by leveraging existing facilities.This paper provides a new framework for stakeholders to better reconstruct rural settlements and promote sustainable development in rural areas in China.展开更多
A ground girder is laid on the preprocessed subgrade by gravity compaction and integrally uniformly supported by subgrade in maglev transit.The settlement of the maglev subgrade inevitably affects the vibration state ...A ground girder is laid on the preprocessed subgrade by gravity compaction and integrally uniformly supported by subgrade in maglev transit.The settlement of the maglev subgrade inevitably affects the vibration state of the medium and low speed maglev coupled system by the additional deformation of the maglev track.This study investigated the dynamic properties of the coupled vibration system affected by the subgrade settlement.First,a theoretical coupled vibration model of a maglev train-track-ground girder system with uneven subgrade settlement was proposed and verified.Then,the effect mechanism of the coupled system caused by the uneven subgrade settlement was explored.Finally,settlement types and subgrade support voiding were examined.The analysis showed that the uneven subgrade settlement considerably increased the dynamic responses of the levitation control system and maglev vehicle while having a minor influence on those of the track-ground girder.The influence of a single ground girder settling was the strongest,and adjacent sides’settling of two ground girders was the weakest for the vibration of a maglev train.An extremely large uneven settlement exceeding 6 mm led to active levitation control system instability.The subgrade support voiding enlarged the vehicle-induced vibration of the track ground girder.展开更多
The growth and scale of urbanisation in Indonesia poses various challenges,including the availability of affordable housing,which has forced many low-income people to live in informal settlements.Fires account for 15%...The growth and scale of urbanisation in Indonesia poses various challenges,including the availability of affordable housing,which has forced many low-income people to live in informal settlements.Fires account for 15%of all disasters in Indonesia,particularly in densely populated urban areas such as informal settlements.The nature of informal settlements,which lack basic services along with poor living conditions,increases the like-lihood of fire.The topic of informal settlement fires in Indonesia is relatively unresearched,especially studies tailored to waterfront informal settlements typologies which prevents an understanding of fire risk and its impact in the area.This study aims to investigate what aspects influence fire risk in the area and to increase the resilience of informal settlements to fire outbreaks with the intention of improving community resilience.A case study with mixed methods is employed in this study.Our study consists of two phases of data analysis.The first phase consists of spatial analysis,derivation of weight,risk assessment,sensitivity analysis,and identification of policy drivers.Meanwhile,the second phase of our data analysis consists of analysing conditions,challenges,and opportunities,resilient strategies development,and scenario testing.The results of this study revealed that the risk of fire in the area is considered high-to-very high,which is driven primarily by moderate hazard,high vulnerability,and low-to-very low capacity against fire.Primary drivers of fire risk in the area are building materials,electrical connection and equipment,road width,and building density.As a result,this study proposed nine physical and non-physical resilient strategies which has been categorised into three distinct aspects:development planning,development regulations,and risk management and response.Spatial analysis revealed that,if fully implemented and operationalised,these strategies could reclassify 90%of the area to moderate risk.Further research is should examine the causal factors of past fire incidents,the institutional capacity for fire management,and the socioeconomic conditions of the community.展开更多
A gigantic project named Gully Land Consolidation(GLC)was launched in the hillgully region of the Chinese Loess Plateau in 2011 to cope with land degradation and create new farmlands for cultivation.The dynamic change...A gigantic project named Gully Land Consolidation(GLC)was launched in the hillgully region of the Chinese Loess Plateau in 2011 to cope with land degradation and create new farmlands for cultivation.The dynamic change of groundwater table and loess subsidence in the backfilled farmland are the main causes of site disasters and soil disease,but there is a lack of research on these issues.Based on this,the Shijiagou(SJG)backfilled farmland which is a typical GLC engineering site located in Ansai District,Yan'an City,Shaanxi Province was selected as the study area in this paper.Field site monitoring was carried out in this area,including four aspects of monitoring:rainfall,groundwater table,soil moisture and soil settlement displacement.The following findings were obtained from the analysis of the monitoring data in 2019-2020:(1)The backfilled farmlands have suffered a significant groundwater table rise.And the percentage increase of groundwater table increased from the upstream of F-1(such as 49.2%,46.3%,26.4%)to the downstream of F-5(90.0%,52.3%,34.2%correspondingly),which is related to the terrain of the valley channel and dam seepage.It is also revealed that rainfall characteristics are positively correlated with the depth of water infiltration and groundwater table.(2)The influence depth of rainfall infiltration on soil moisture of the backfilled loess in the GLC study area is no more than 2.5 m,and that within 1.5 m depth is significantly affected by rainfall.In addition,the dramatic rise in the groundwater table led to a steep increase in soil moisture,thus the soil underwent collapse deformation due to water immersion,and the farmland experienced large subsidence displacement.(3)The backfilled loess of the GLC farmland was in a continuous consolidation and settlement stage after the filling completion.With the passage of time,the settlement displacement and settlement rate of the backfilled loess gradually decreased,from 1.0-1.9 mm/d in 2019 to 0.4-0.8 mm/d in 2020,which indicates the GLC farmland tended to be stable.This study reveals the hydrological evolution characteristics and settlement deformation laws of the backfilled loess,which is important for the stability of the farmland and the management of the GLC project.展开更多
This study focused on realizing Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)6 for inclusive clean water and sanitation;in particular Target 6.3,which aims to reduce untreated wastewater by 2030 while promoting circular wastewate...This study focused on realizing Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)6 for inclusive clean water and sanitation;in particular Target 6.3,which aims to reduce untreated wastewater by 2030 while promoting circular wastewater reuse and recycling globally.The main objective was to assess the adequacy and efficiency of communal septic tank systems in informal settlements while helping local planners and authorities in their decision-making regarding Target 6.3.Quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed with secondary data from previous researchers,and primary data were collected from field surveys,observations,and interviews with members of the local community.The research was delimited to two village administrative divisions known as Rukun Warga(Village Administrative Division,RW):RW 7 and RW 8 of Lebak Siliwangi Kampung in Coblong District,Bandung,West Java,Indonesia.The findings were also compared with situations in other informal settlements in Brazil,Bangladesh,and Nairobi.The results indicated the inadequacy of communal septic tanks in informal settlements due to factors such as substandard system design,limited support and communication between authorities and residents,and the gap between septic tank availability and capacity vis-a-vis demand.Other limiting factors included limited land availability and irregular geomorphology,the latter of which affected the siting and operation of septic tanks due a lack of room for upgrades or expansion in response to continuous population growth.These findings illustrate the need to complement communal septic systems with flexible centralized or decentralized systems to achieve Target 6.3 of SDG 6.展开更多
In contemporary geotechnical projects,various approaches are employed for forecasting the settlement of shallow foundations(S_(m)).However,achieving precise modeling of foundation behavior using certain techniques(suc...In contemporary geotechnical projects,various approaches are employed for forecasting the settlement of shallow foundations(S_(m)).However,achieving precise modeling of foundation behavior using certain techniques(such as analytical,numerical,and regression)is challenging and sometimes unattainable.This is primarily due to the inherent nonlinearity of the model,the intricate nature of geotechnical materials,the complex interaction between soil and foundation,and the inherent uncertainty in soil parameters.Therefore,thesemethods often introduce assumptions and simplifications,resulting in relationships that deviate from the actual problem’s reality.In addition,many of these methods demand significant investments of time and resources but neglect to account for the uncertainty inherent in soil/rock parameters.This study explores the application of innovative intelligent techniques to predict S_(m) to address these shortcomings.Specifically,two optimization algorithms,namely teaching-learning-based optimization(TLBO)and harmony search(HS),are harnessed for this purpose.The modeling process involves utilizing input parameters,such as thewidth of the footing(B),the pressure exerted on the footing(q),the count of SPT(Standard Penetration Test)blows(N),the ratio of footing embedment(Df/B),and the footing’s geometry(L/B),during the training phase with a dataset comprising 151 data points.Then,the models’accuracy is assessed during the testing phase using statistical metrics,including the coefficient of determination(R^(2)),mean square error(MSE),and rootmean square error(RMSE),based on a dataset of 38 data points.The findings of this investigation underscore the substantial efficacy of intelligent optimization algorithms as valuable tools for geotechnical engineers when estimating S_(m).In addition,a sensitivity analysis of the input parameters in S_(m) estimation is conducted using@RISK software,revealing that among the various input parameters,the N exerts the most pronounced influence on S_(m).展开更多
Sandy cobble soil exhibits pronounced heterogeneity.The assessment of the uncertainty surrounding its properties is crucial for the analysis of settlement characteristics resulting from volume loss during shield tunne...Sandy cobble soil exhibits pronounced heterogeneity.The assessment of the uncertainty surrounding its properties is crucial for the analysis of settlement characteristics resulting from volume loss during shield tunnelling.In this study,a series of probabilistic analyses of surface and subsurface settlements was conducted considering the spatial variability of the friction angle and reference stiffness modulus,under different volumetric block proportions(Pv)and tunnel volume loss rates(ηt).The non-intrusive random finite difference method was used to investigate the probabilistic characteristics of maximum surface settlement,width of subsurface settlement trough,maximum subsurface settlement,and subsurface soil volume loss rate through Monte Carlo simulations.Additionally,a comparison between stochastic and deterministic analysis results is presented to underscore the significance of probabilistic analysis.Parametric analyses were subsequently conducted to investigate the impacts of the key input parameters in random fields on the settlement characteristics.The results indicate that scenarios with higher Pv or greaterηt result in a higher dispersion of stochastic analysis results.Neglecting the spatial variability of soil properties and relying solely on the mean values of material parameters for deterministic analysis may result in an underestimation of surface and subsurface settlements.From a probabilistic perspective,deterministic analysis alone may prove inadequate in accurately capturing the volumetric deformation mode of the soil above the tunnel crown,potentially affecting the prediction of subsurface settlement.展开更多
Accurate prediction of ground surface settlement(GSS)adjacent to an excavation is important to prevent potential damage to the surrounding environment.Previous studies have extensively delved into this topic but all u...Accurate prediction of ground surface settlement(GSS)adjacent to an excavation is important to prevent potential damage to the surrounding environment.Previous studies have extensively delved into this topic but all under the limitations of either imprecise theories or insufficient data.In the present study,we proposed a physics-constrained neural network(PhyNN)for predicting excavation-induced GSS to fully integrate the theory of elasticity with observations and make full use of the strong fitting ability of neural networks(NNs).This model incorporates an analytical solution as an additional regularization term in the loss function to guide the training of NN.Moreover,we introduced three trainable parameters into the analytical solution so that it can be adaptively modified during the training process.The performance of the proposed PhyNN model is verified using data from a case study project.Results show that our PhyNN model achieves higher prediction accuracy,better generalization ability,and robustness than the purely data-driven NN model when confronted with data containing noise and outliers.Remarkably,by incorporating physical constraints,the admissible solution space of PhyNN is significantly narrowed,leading to a substantial reduction in the need for the amount of training data.The proposed PhyNN can be utilized as a general framework for integrating physical constraints into data-driven machine-learning models.展开更多
The implementation of the new revenue standard has a far-reaching impact on the accounting treatment of insurance enterprises,and the application of contract settlement accounts,as the key to connect business and fina...The implementation of the new revenue standard has a far-reaching impact on the accounting treatment of insurance enterprises,and the application of contract settlement accounts,as the key to connect business and financial accounting,needs to be standardized.This paper analyzes the core requirements of the new revenue standard,combines the special characteristics of insurance contracts with both service and financial attributes,and explains the logic of setting up and accounting methods of secondary accounts,such as insurance service income and investment component apportionment.In view of the practical pain points such as variable consideration apportionment and reclassification of inter-period contracts,the paper proposes strategies for system upgrading and internal control strengthening.The study shows that standardizing the application of accounts can help enterprises implement the requirements of the standard and improve the quality of financial information.展开更多
Subgrade settlement is a common issue in soil ground within earthquake-prone regions,posing a threat to the safe operation of train-slab track coupled system(TSCS)in high-speed railways(HSRs).This study aims to analyz...Subgrade settlement is a common issue in soil ground within earthquake-prone regions,posing a threat to the safe operation of train-slab track coupled system(TSCS)in high-speed railways(HSRs).This study aims to analyze the mechanical behavior evolution of TSCS under subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation.The refined numerical model of slab track under subgrade differential settlement is established.The short settlement wavelength of 10 m causes the separation between the base and subgrade.The dynamic model of TSCS under subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation is developed.The dynamic response of TSCS exhibits more pronounced fluctuations under the combined effects of subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation than under the effects of settlement or earthquake alone.The evaluation indexes for the running safety of train on slab track under different settlement wavelengths exhibit varying degrees of increase with settlement amplitude and are particularly sensitive to the short settlement wavelength of 10 m.The wheel unloading rate and derailment coefficient of TSCS increase with earthquake intensity.Under the settlement wavelength of 10 m and amplitude of 20 mm,the wheel unloading rate of TSCS exceeds the allowable limit when the earthquake intensity exceeds 0.17g,and the derailment coefficient exceeds the allowable limit when the earthquake intensity surpasses 0.29g.展开更多
Purpose–The deformation of the roadbed is easily influenced by the external environment to improve the accuracy of high-speed railway subgrade settlement prediction.Design/methodology/approach–A high-speed railway s...Purpose–The deformation of the roadbed is easily influenced by the external environment to improve the accuracy of high-speed railway subgrade settlement prediction.Design/methodology/approach–A high-speed railway subgrade settlement interval prediction method using the secretary bird optimization(SBOA)algorithm to optimize the BP neural network under the premise of gray relational analysis is proposed.Findings–Using the SBOA algorithm to optimize the BP neural network,the optimal weights and thresholds are obtained,and the best parameter prediction model is combined.The data were collected from the sensors deployed through the subgrade settlement monitoring system,and the gray relational analysis is used to verify that all four influencing factors had a great correlation to the subgrade settlement,and the collected data are verified using the model.Originality/value–The experimental results show that the SBOA-BP model has higher prediction accuracy than the BP model,and the SBOA-BP model has a wider range of prediction intervals for a given confidence level,which can provide higher guiding value for practical engineering applications.展开更多
The development of digital twins for geotechnical structures necessitates the real-time updates of threedimensional(3D)virtual models(e.g.numerical finite element method(FEM)model)to accurately predict time-varying ge...The development of digital twins for geotechnical structures necessitates the real-time updates of threedimensional(3D)virtual models(e.g.numerical finite element method(FEM)model)to accurately predict time-varying geotechnical responses(e.g.consolidation settlement)in a 3D spatial domain.However,traditional 3D numerical model updating approaches are computationally prohibitive and therefore difficult to update the 3D responses in real time.To address these challenges,this study proposes a novel machine learning framework called sparse dictionary learning(T-3D-SDL)for real-time updating of time-varying 3D geotechnical responses.In T-3D-SDL,a concerned dataset(e.g.time-varying 3D settlement)is approximated as a linear superposition of dictionary atoms generated from 3D random FEM analyses.Field monitoring data are then used to identify non-trivial atoms and estimate their weights within a Bayesian framework for model updating and prediction.The proposed approach enables the real-time update of temporally varying settlements with a high 3D spatial resolution and quantified uncertainty as field monitoring data evolve.The proposed approach is illustrated using an embankment construction project.The results show that the proposed approach effectively improves settlement predictions along temporal and 3D spatial dimensions,with minimal latency(e.g.within minutes),as monitoring data appear.In addition,the proposed approach requires only a reasonably small number of 3D FEM model evaluations,avoids the use of widely adopted yet often criticized surrogate models,and effectively addresses the limitations(e.g.computational inefficiency)of existing 3D model updating approaches.展开更多
The construction of human settlements plays a vital role in achieving sustainable development goals.With the growing population,both urban and rural planning—as well as the development of human settlements—on the Qi...The construction of human settlements plays a vital role in achieving sustainable development goals.With the growing population,both urban and rural planning—as well as the development of human settlements—on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China have received increasing attention.This study proposed a comprehensive framework to assess the quality of human settlements and identify their limiting factors of Nyingchi City,southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China.The framework integrated a region-specific evaluation system tailored to the plateau’s unique characteristics and utilized multi-source data collected through field-based questionnaires and remote sensing.Analytical methods employed include the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation(CRITIC)weighting method,difference analysis for evaluating spatial and categorical variations,and a novel approach introduced in this study for identifying limiting factors.In August 2021,a questionnaire-based survey was conducted in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,yielding 823 valid responses.The average evaluation score for human settlement quality(HSQ)was(6.96±0.94),indicating that settlement conditions were approaching the satisfaction threshold.Notably,the score for the health dimension was(6.28±1.41),reflecting relatively underdeveloped health services in the region.From the perspective of spatial patterns,despite its favorable natural conditions,the HSQ in Medog County was relatively backward,reflecting uncoordinated development that warrants attention.Significant differences were observed in the perceptions of human settlements among different groups in terms of ethnicity,income,and educational background.Low ratings for income and employment conditions represented a major limitation to the local HSQ.The development of human settlements in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau still needs further promotion due to population disparities and the challenges of creating a healthy environment in high-altitude regions.The results are valuable for improving human settlements in plateau regions,which can help make targeted policy recommendations.展开更多
基金supported by the State Key Research Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFC2800905-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52304208)。
文摘Identifying geohazards such as landslides and methane leakage is crucial during gas extraction from natural gas hydrate(NGH)reservoirs,and understanding reservoir settlement behavior is central to this assessment.Horizontal wells can enlarge the pressure relief zone within the formation,improving single-well productivity,and are therefore considered a promising approach for NGH development.This study examines the settlement response of hydrate-bearing sediments during depressurization using horizontal wells.A fully coupled thermal,hydraulic,mechanical,and chemical(THMC)model with representative reservoir properties(Shenhu region in the South China Sea)is presented accordingly.The simulations show that lower production pressures,while increasing gas output,also intensify formation settlement.The maximum difference in settlement between the lowest and highest production pressures reaches 0.016 m,contributing to more pronounced differential subsidence.Optimal well placement,specifically targeting a low-saturation hydrate zone containing free gas and situated adjacent to a high-saturation hydrate layer,markedly improves both gas production rate and cumulative yield,while reducing overall settlement and limiting changes in effective stress.
基金funded by the Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(5108-202355437A-3-2-ZN).
文摘The increasing complexity of China’s electricity market creates substantial challenges for settlement automation,data consistency,and operational scalability.Existing provincial settlement systems are fragmented,lack a unified data structure,and depend heavily on manual intervention to process high-frequency and retroactive transactions.To address these limitations,a graph-based unified settlement framework is proposed to enhance automation,flexibility,and adaptability in electricity market settlements.A flexible attribute-graph model is employed to represent heterogeneousmulti-market data,enabling standardized integration,rapid querying,and seamless adaptation to evolving business requirements.An extensible operator library is designed to support configurable settlement rules,and a suite of modular tools—including dataset generation,formula configuration,billing templates,and task scheduling—facilitates end-to-end automated settlement processing.A robust refund-clearing mechanism is further incorporated,utilizing sandbox execution,data-version snapshots,dynamic lineage tracing,and real-time changecapture technologies to enable rapid and accurate recalculations under dynamic policy and data revisions.Case studies based on real-world data from regional Chinese markets validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach,demonstrating marked improvements in computational efficiency,system robustness,and automation.Moreover,enhanced settlement accuracy and high temporal granularity improve price-signal fidelity,promote cost-reflective tariffs,and incentivize energy-efficient and demand-responsive behavior among market participants.The method not only supports equitable and transparent market operations but also provides a generalizable,scalable foundation for modern electricity settlement platforms in increasingly complex and dynamic market environments.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Projects of the Education Department of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.Y202454744)the Ningbo Public Welfare Science and Technology Project(Grant No.2024S077)+1 种基金International Sci-tech Cooperation Projects under the“Innovation Yongjiang 2035”Key R&D Programme(No.2024H019)the Ningbo Key R&D Program(Grant No.2024Z287).
文摘The existing 2D settlement monitoring systems for utility tunnels are heavily reliant on manual interpretation of deformation data and empirical predictionmodels.Consequently,early anomalies(e.g.,minor cracks)are often misjudged,and warnings lag by about 24 h without automated spatial localization.This study establishes a technical framework for requirements analysis,architectural design,and data-integration protocols.Revit parametric modelling is used to build a 3D tunnel model with structural elements,pipelines and 18 monitoring points(for displacement and joint width).Custom Revit API code integrated real-time sensor data into the BIM platform via an automated pipeline.The system achieved a spatial accuracy of±1 mm in locating deformation hotspots.Notifications are triggered within 10 s of anomaly detection,and the system renders 3D risk propagation paths in real-time.Realtime 3D visualization of risk propagation paths is also facilitated.The efficacy of the solution was validated in a Ningbo utility tunnel project,where it was demonstrated that it eliminates human-dependent judgment errors and reduces warning latency by 99.9%compared to conventional methods.The BIM-IoT integrated approach,which enables millimetre-level precision in risk identification and near-instantaneous response,establishes a new paradigm for intelligent infrastructure safety management.
基金support from the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42177143)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U23A2060).
文摘Many hydropower projects have been constructed in Southwest China with the strategic goal of achieving carbon neutrality.Most of these hydropower projects utilize concrete face rockfilldams(CFRDs)built on a deep overburden layer.The deep overburden layer causes uneven settlement between the overburden layer and the dam,which poses a serious threat to the safety of both the construction and operation of the dam.In this study,microseismic(MS)monitoring technology was employed for the firsttime in the fieldof dam fillingengineering,allowing for the real-time monitoring of microfracture in the bedrock during dam construction.The time-frequency analysis method was used to summarize the MS waveform characteristics induced by dam filling.The fracture mechanism of bedrock was revealed,and the relationships among slope deformation,dam settlement,and MS activity were analyzed.The following research results have been obtained.The MS signal induced by dam fillinghas low energy and amplitude,short duration,and high frequency.The fracture of the bedrock was mainly shear failure.MS monitoring can predict deformation during blasting excavation and capture the large settlement that may occur during dam fillingin advance.Research findingshave demonstrated the significantapplication value of MS monitoring technology in predicting the risk of dam settlement and provide a reference for similar projects.
基金funded by the National Nat-ural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.42371433,U2443214)National Key Project of High-Resolution Earth Observation System of China(Grant No.80Y50G19900122/23)Foundation of Key Laboratory of Soil andWater Conservation on the Loess Plateau ofMinistry ofWater Resources(Grant No.WSCLP202301).
文摘Ensuring the provision of accessible,affordable,and high-quality public services to all individuals aligns with one of the paramount aims of the United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).In the face of esca lating urbanization and a dwindling rural populace in China,reconstructing rural settlements to enhance public service accessibility has become a fundamental strategy for achieving the SDGs in rural areas.However,few stud ies have examined the optimal methods for rural settlement reconstruction that ensure accessible and equitable public services while considering multiple existing facilities and service provisions.This paper focuses on rural settlement reconstruction in the context of the SDGs,employing an inverted MCLP-CC(maximal coverage loca tion problem for complementary coverage)model to identify optimal rural settlements and a rank-based method for their relocation.Conducted in Changyuan,a county-level city in Henan Province,China,this study observed significant enhancements in both accessibility and equity following rural settlement reconstruction by utilizing the MH3SFCA(modified Huff 3-step floating catchment area)and the spatial Lorenz curve method.Remarkably,these improvements were achieved without the addition of new facilities,with the accessibility increasing by 44.21%,4.97%,and 3.11%;Gini coefficients decreasing by 19.53%,1.64%,and 3.18%;Ricci-Schutz coef-ficients decreasing by 21.09%,2.09%,and 4.33%for educational,medical,and cultural and sports facilities,respectively.It indicated that rural settlement reconstruction can bolster the accessibility and equity of public ser-vices by leveraging existing facilities.This paper provides a new framework for stakeholders to better reconstruct rural settlements and promote sustainable development in rural areas in China.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.52478467and 52108417Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant No.2024A1515012569the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi under Grant No.2021JQ-101。
文摘A ground girder is laid on the preprocessed subgrade by gravity compaction and integrally uniformly supported by subgrade in maglev transit.The settlement of the maglev subgrade inevitably affects the vibration state of the medium and low speed maglev coupled system by the additional deformation of the maglev track.This study investigated the dynamic properties of the coupled vibration system affected by the subgrade settlement.First,a theoretical coupled vibration model of a maglev train-track-ground girder system with uneven subgrade settlement was proposed and verified.Then,the effect mechanism of the coupled system caused by the uneven subgrade settlement was explored.Finally,settlement types and subgrade support voiding were examined.The analysis showed that the uneven subgrade settlement considerably increased the dynamic responses of the levitation control system and maglev vehicle while having a minor influence on those of the track-ground girder.The influence of a single ground girder settling was the strongest,and adjacent sides’settling of two ground girders was the weakest for the vibration of a maglev train.An extremely large uneven settlement exceeding 6 mm led to active levitation control system instability.The subgrade support voiding enlarged the vehicle-induced vibration of the track ground girder.
文摘The growth and scale of urbanisation in Indonesia poses various challenges,including the availability of affordable housing,which has forced many low-income people to live in informal settlements.Fires account for 15%of all disasters in Indonesia,particularly in densely populated urban areas such as informal settlements.The nature of informal settlements,which lack basic services along with poor living conditions,increases the like-lihood of fire.The topic of informal settlement fires in Indonesia is relatively unresearched,especially studies tailored to waterfront informal settlements typologies which prevents an understanding of fire risk and its impact in the area.This study aims to investigate what aspects influence fire risk in the area and to increase the resilience of informal settlements to fire outbreaks with the intention of improving community resilience.A case study with mixed methods is employed in this study.Our study consists of two phases of data analysis.The first phase consists of spatial analysis,derivation of weight,risk assessment,sensitivity analysis,and identification of policy drivers.Meanwhile,the second phase of our data analysis consists of analysing conditions,challenges,and opportunities,resilient strategies development,and scenario testing.The results of this study revealed that the risk of fire in the area is considered high-to-very high,which is driven primarily by moderate hazard,high vulnerability,and low-to-very low capacity against fire.Primary drivers of fire risk in the area are building materials,electrical connection and equipment,road width,and building density.As a result,this study proposed nine physical and non-physical resilient strategies which has been categorised into three distinct aspects:development planning,development regulations,and risk management and response.Spatial analysis revealed that,if fully implemented and operationalised,these strategies could reclassify 90%of the area to moderate risk.Further research is should examine the causal factors of past fire incidents,the institutional capacity for fire management,and the socioeconomic conditions of the community.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young People(No.41825018)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA23090402)the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41790442)。
文摘A gigantic project named Gully Land Consolidation(GLC)was launched in the hillgully region of the Chinese Loess Plateau in 2011 to cope with land degradation and create new farmlands for cultivation.The dynamic change of groundwater table and loess subsidence in the backfilled farmland are the main causes of site disasters and soil disease,but there is a lack of research on these issues.Based on this,the Shijiagou(SJG)backfilled farmland which is a typical GLC engineering site located in Ansai District,Yan'an City,Shaanxi Province was selected as the study area in this paper.Field site monitoring was carried out in this area,including four aspects of monitoring:rainfall,groundwater table,soil moisture and soil settlement displacement.The following findings were obtained from the analysis of the monitoring data in 2019-2020:(1)The backfilled farmlands have suffered a significant groundwater table rise.And the percentage increase of groundwater table increased from the upstream of F-1(such as 49.2%,46.3%,26.4%)to the downstream of F-5(90.0%,52.3%,34.2%correspondingly),which is related to the terrain of the valley channel and dam seepage.It is also revealed that rainfall characteristics are positively correlated with the depth of water infiltration and groundwater table.(2)The influence depth of rainfall infiltration on soil moisture of the backfilled loess in the GLC study area is no more than 2.5 m,and that within 1.5 m depth is significantly affected by rainfall.In addition,the dramatic rise in the groundwater table led to a steep increase in soil moisture,thus the soil underwent collapse deformation due to water immersion,and the farmland experienced large subsidence displacement.(3)The backfilled loess of the GLC farmland was in a continuous consolidation and settlement stage after the filling completion.With the passage of time,the settlement displacement and settlement rate of the backfilled loess gradually decreased,from 1.0-1.9 mm/d in 2019 to 0.4-0.8 mm/d in 2020,which indicates the GLC farmland tended to be stable.This study reveals the hydrological evolution characteristics and settlement deformation laws of the backfilled loess,which is important for the stability of the farmland and the management of the GLC project.
文摘This study focused on realizing Sustainable Development Goal(SDG)6 for inclusive clean water and sanitation;in particular Target 6.3,which aims to reduce untreated wastewater by 2030 while promoting circular wastewater reuse and recycling globally.The main objective was to assess the adequacy and efficiency of communal septic tank systems in informal settlements while helping local planners and authorities in their decision-making regarding Target 6.3.Quantitative and qualitative approaches were employed with secondary data from previous researchers,and primary data were collected from field surveys,observations,and interviews with members of the local community.The research was delimited to two village administrative divisions known as Rukun Warga(Village Administrative Division,RW):RW 7 and RW 8 of Lebak Siliwangi Kampung in Coblong District,Bandung,West Java,Indonesia.The findings were also compared with situations in other informal settlements in Brazil,Bangladesh,and Nairobi.The results indicated the inadequacy of communal septic tanks in informal settlements due to factors such as substandard system design,limited support and communication between authorities and residents,and the gap between septic tank availability and capacity vis-a-vis demand.Other limiting factors included limited land availability and irregular geomorphology,the latter of which affected the siting and operation of septic tanks due a lack of room for upgrades or expansion in response to continuous population growth.These findings illustrate the need to complement communal septic systems with flexible centralized or decentralized systems to achieve Target 6.3 of SDG 6.
文摘In contemporary geotechnical projects,various approaches are employed for forecasting the settlement of shallow foundations(S_(m)).However,achieving precise modeling of foundation behavior using certain techniques(such as analytical,numerical,and regression)is challenging and sometimes unattainable.This is primarily due to the inherent nonlinearity of the model,the intricate nature of geotechnical materials,the complex interaction between soil and foundation,and the inherent uncertainty in soil parameters.Therefore,thesemethods often introduce assumptions and simplifications,resulting in relationships that deviate from the actual problem’s reality.In addition,many of these methods demand significant investments of time and resources but neglect to account for the uncertainty inherent in soil/rock parameters.This study explores the application of innovative intelligent techniques to predict S_(m) to address these shortcomings.Specifically,two optimization algorithms,namely teaching-learning-based optimization(TLBO)and harmony search(HS),are harnessed for this purpose.The modeling process involves utilizing input parameters,such as thewidth of the footing(B),the pressure exerted on the footing(q),the count of SPT(Standard Penetration Test)blows(N),the ratio of footing embedment(Df/B),and the footing’s geometry(L/B),during the training phase with a dataset comprising 151 data points.Then,the models’accuracy is assessed during the testing phase using statistical metrics,including the coefficient of determination(R^(2)),mean square error(MSE),and rootmean square error(RMSE),based on a dataset of 38 data points.The findings of this investigation underscore the substantial efficacy of intelligent optimization algorithms as valuable tools for geotechnical engineers when estimating S_(m).In addition,a sensitivity analysis of the input parameters in S_(m) estimation is conducted using@RISK software,revealing that among the various input parameters,the N exerts the most pronounced influence on S_(m).
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(No.8222004),Chinathe National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51978019)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(No.252300420445),Chinathe Doctoral Research Initiation Fund of Henan University of Science and Technology(No.4007/13480062),Chinathe Henan Postdoctoral Foundation(No.13554005),Chinathe Joint Fund of Science and Technology R&D Program of Henan Province(No.232103810082),China。
文摘Sandy cobble soil exhibits pronounced heterogeneity.The assessment of the uncertainty surrounding its properties is crucial for the analysis of settlement characteristics resulting from volume loss during shield tunnelling.In this study,a series of probabilistic analyses of surface and subsurface settlements was conducted considering the spatial variability of the friction angle and reference stiffness modulus,under different volumetric block proportions(Pv)and tunnel volume loss rates(ηt).The non-intrusive random finite difference method was used to investigate the probabilistic characteristics of maximum surface settlement,width of subsurface settlement trough,maximum subsurface settlement,and subsurface soil volume loss rate through Monte Carlo simulations.Additionally,a comparison between stochastic and deterministic analysis results is presented to underscore the significance of probabilistic analysis.Parametric analyses were subsequently conducted to investigate the impacts of the key input parameters in random fields on the settlement characteristics.The results indicate that scenarios with higher Pv or greaterηt result in a higher dispersion of stochastic analysis results.Neglecting the spatial variability of soil properties and relying solely on the mean values of material parameters for deterministic analysis may result in an underestimation of surface and subsurface settlements.From a probabilistic perspective,deterministic analysis alone may prove inadequate in accurately capturing the volumetric deformation mode of the soil above the tunnel crown,potentially affecting the prediction of subsurface settlement.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52090082)support provided by the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202206260206).
文摘Accurate prediction of ground surface settlement(GSS)adjacent to an excavation is important to prevent potential damage to the surrounding environment.Previous studies have extensively delved into this topic but all under the limitations of either imprecise theories or insufficient data.In the present study,we proposed a physics-constrained neural network(PhyNN)for predicting excavation-induced GSS to fully integrate the theory of elasticity with observations and make full use of the strong fitting ability of neural networks(NNs).This model incorporates an analytical solution as an additional regularization term in the loss function to guide the training of NN.Moreover,we introduced three trainable parameters into the analytical solution so that it can be adaptively modified during the training process.The performance of the proposed PhyNN model is verified using data from a case study project.Results show that our PhyNN model achieves higher prediction accuracy,better generalization ability,and robustness than the purely data-driven NN model when confronted with data containing noise and outliers.Remarkably,by incorporating physical constraints,the admissible solution space of PhyNN is significantly narrowed,leading to a substantial reduction in the need for the amount of training data.The proposed PhyNN can be utilized as a general framework for integrating physical constraints into data-driven machine-learning models.
文摘The implementation of the new revenue standard has a far-reaching impact on the accounting treatment of insurance enterprises,and the application of contract settlement accounts,as the key to connect business and financial accounting,needs to be standardized.This paper analyzes the core requirements of the new revenue standard,combines the special characteristics of insurance contracts with both service and financial attributes,and explains the logic of setting up and accounting methods of secondary accounts,such as insurance service income and investment component apportionment.In view of the practical pain points such as variable consideration apportionment and reclassification of inter-period contracts,the paper proposes strategies for system upgrading and internal control strengthening.The study shows that standardizing the application of accounts can help enterprises implement the requirements of the standard and improve the quality of financial information.
基金Project(52078501)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2022-Major-14)supported by the Science and Technology Research and Development Program Project of China Railway Group LimitedProject(2023ZZTS0342)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘Subgrade settlement is a common issue in soil ground within earthquake-prone regions,posing a threat to the safe operation of train-slab track coupled system(TSCS)in high-speed railways(HSRs).This study aims to analyze the mechanical behavior evolution of TSCS under subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation.The refined numerical model of slab track under subgrade differential settlement is established.The short settlement wavelength of 10 m causes the separation between the base and subgrade.The dynamic model of TSCS under subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation is developed.The dynamic response of TSCS exhibits more pronounced fluctuations under the combined effects of subgrade settlement and earthquake excitation than under the effects of settlement or earthquake alone.The evaluation indexes for the running safety of train on slab track under different settlement wavelengths exhibit varying degrees of increase with settlement amplitude and are particularly sensitive to the short settlement wavelength of 10 m.The wheel unloading rate and derailment coefficient of TSCS increase with earthquake intensity.Under the settlement wavelength of 10 m and amplitude of 20 mm,the wheel unloading rate of TSCS exceeds the allowable limit when the earthquake intensity exceeds 0.17g,and the derailment coefficient exceeds the allowable limit when the earthquake intensity surpasses 0.29g.
文摘Purpose–The deformation of the roadbed is easily influenced by the external environment to improve the accuracy of high-speed railway subgrade settlement prediction.Design/methodology/approach–A high-speed railway subgrade settlement interval prediction method using the secretary bird optimization(SBOA)algorithm to optimize the BP neural network under the premise of gray relational analysis is proposed.Findings–Using the SBOA algorithm to optimize the BP neural network,the optimal weights and thresholds are obtained,and the best parameter prediction model is combined.The data were collected from the sensors deployed through the subgrade settlement monitoring system,and the gray relational analysis is used to verify that all four influencing factors had a great correlation to the subgrade settlement,and the collected data are verified using the model.Originality/value–The experimental results show that the SBOA-BP model has higher prediction accuracy than the BP model,and the SBOA-BP model has a wider range of prediction intervals for a given confidence level,which can provide higher guiding value for practical engineering applications.
基金supported by a grant from the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(Project No.11207724).
文摘The development of digital twins for geotechnical structures necessitates the real-time updates of threedimensional(3D)virtual models(e.g.numerical finite element method(FEM)model)to accurately predict time-varying geotechnical responses(e.g.consolidation settlement)in a 3D spatial domain.However,traditional 3D numerical model updating approaches are computationally prohibitive and therefore difficult to update the 3D responses in real time.To address these challenges,this study proposes a novel machine learning framework called sparse dictionary learning(T-3D-SDL)for real-time updating of time-varying 3D geotechnical responses.In T-3D-SDL,a concerned dataset(e.g.time-varying 3D settlement)is approximated as a linear superposition of dictionary atoms generated from 3D random FEM analyses.Field monitoring data are then used to identify non-trivial atoms and estimate their weights within a Bayesian framework for model updating and prediction.The proposed approach enables the real-time update of temporally varying settlements with a high 3D spatial resolution and quantified uncertainty as field monitoring data evolve.The proposed approach is illustrated using an embankment construction project.The results show that the proposed approach effectively improves settlement predictions along temporal and 3D spatial dimensions,with minimal latency(e.g.within minutes),as monitoring data appear.In addition,the proposed approach requires only a reasonably small number of 3D FEM model evaluations,avoids the use of widely adopted yet often criticized surrogate models,and effectively addresses the limitations(e.g.computational inefficiency)of existing 3D model updating approaches.
基金Under the auspices of the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP,No.2019QZKK0608)。
文摘The construction of human settlements plays a vital role in achieving sustainable development goals.With the growing population,both urban and rural planning—as well as the development of human settlements—on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China have received increasing attention.This study proposed a comprehensive framework to assess the quality of human settlements and identify their limiting factors of Nyingchi City,southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China.The framework integrated a region-specific evaluation system tailored to the plateau’s unique characteristics and utilized multi-source data collected through field-based questionnaires and remote sensing.Analytical methods employed include the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation(CRITIC)weighting method,difference analysis for evaluating spatial and categorical variations,and a novel approach introduced in this study for identifying limiting factors.In August 2021,a questionnaire-based survey was conducted in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,yielding 823 valid responses.The average evaluation score for human settlement quality(HSQ)was(6.96±0.94),indicating that settlement conditions were approaching the satisfaction threshold.Notably,the score for the health dimension was(6.28±1.41),reflecting relatively underdeveloped health services in the region.From the perspective of spatial patterns,despite its favorable natural conditions,the HSQ in Medog County was relatively backward,reflecting uncoordinated development that warrants attention.Significant differences were observed in the perceptions of human settlements among different groups in terms of ethnicity,income,and educational background.Low ratings for income and employment conditions represented a major limitation to the local HSQ.The development of human settlements in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau still needs further promotion due to population disparities and the challenges of creating a healthy environment in high-altitude regions.The results are valuable for improving human settlements in plateau regions,which can help make targeted policy recommendations.
