The Service-based Architecture(SBA) is one of the key innovations of 5G architecture that leverage modularized, self-contained and independent services to provide flexible and cloud-native 5G network. In this paper, S...The Service-based Architecture(SBA) is one of the key innovations of 5G architecture that leverage modularized, self-contained and independent services to provide flexible and cloud-native 5G network. In this paper, SBA for Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network(SAGIN) is investigated to enable the 5G integration deployment. This paper proposes a novel Holistic Service-based Architecture(H-SBA)for SAGIN of 5G-Advanced and beyond, i.e., 6G. The H-SBA introduces the concept of end-to-end servicebased architecture design. The "Network Function Service", introduced in 5G SBA, is extended from Control Plane to User Plane, from core network to access network. Based on H-SBA, the new generation of protocol design is proposed, which proposes to use IETF QUIC and SRv6 to substitute 5G HTTP/2.0 and GTP-U. Testing results show that new protocols can achieve low latency and high throughput, making them promising candidate for H-SBA.展开更多
Cloud service-based applications are subject to reliability critical problem,as the reliability of the application relies on both the failed states and the probabilities of the failures.Classically,reliability analysi...Cloud service-based applications are subject to reliability critical problem,as the reliability of the application relies on both the failed states and the probabilities of the failures.Classically,reliability analysis approaches are lack of estimating unknown failure rate and non-exponentially distributed failure times.We propose a new framework for analyzing the reliability.The method is mainly decomposed in four successive steps:a non-Makovian stochastic Petri net(NMSPN)model which describes the failure behavior of underlying applications,a software reliability growth model(SRGM)which estimates the failure data of each basic service,a reachability graph which discoveries all the failure sequences,and a computation procedure which computes the occurrences of non-exponential failures.We assess and validate our method by conducting experiment on an actual application.The results demonstrate that the met hod is competitive compared to the existing approaches for reliability analysis,while providing a better reliability.This result is helpful to the managers in optimizing the overall quality of the cloud service-based application.展开更多
The transition from middle-income to high-income stage is fraught with risks of growth divergence. Economic transition is clouded by the following possibilities： （1）falling share of industrial seetor through indust...The transition from middle-income to high-income stage is fraught with risks of growth divergence. Economic transition is clouded by the following possibilities： （1）falling share of industrial seetor through industrial depression and weakening growth momentum caused by the large urbanization costs; （2） the subordination of service sector as a result of nearly irreversibly industrial professional, which falters the process of service sector transition and upgrading,＂ （3） inefficient knowledge production allocation and human capital upgrade due to the absence of incentivized compensation of knowledge consumption. We suggest that a country should reshape its efficiency model by upgrading knowledge factor and human capital as the pre-requisite. Given the dilemmas of transition, China should take the faetorization trend of service sector and reshape efficiency model through institutional reform, ensuring that service sector will develop in tandem with industrial sector.展开更多
Requirements of software systems tend to change over time. The speed of this tendency depends on the application domain the software system under consideration belongs to. If we consider novel contexts such as pervasi...Requirements of software systems tend to change over time. The speed of this tendency depends on the application domain the software system under consideration belongs to. If we consider novel contexts such as pervasive systems and systems supporting dynamic B2B interaction, requirements change so fast that the research community is studying how to build systems that are able to self-adapt on the fly to some of these changes. When this happens, the system does not need to undergo through a new development cycle thus increasing its availability and, to a certain extent, its robustness. So far, the research in the area of self-adaptive systems has been focusing on the definition of the mechanisms for supporting self-adaptation. We argue that what is missing now is a structured and robust design process associated to these mechanisms. This design process should include a Requirement Engineering (RE) phase that somewhat differs from the traditional one. However, the identification of requirements for adaptation requires a good knowledge of the context in which the system will be executed. In this work, we consider the modeling of such context as part of the RE phase and we particularly focus on Service-Based Applications (SBAs). We argue that RE activities should be supported at run-time to handle context changes and to support adaptation for SBAs. We survey the state of the art for what concerns the elicitation, modeling, and analysis of requirements and will highlight some issues and challenges in order to support adaptation for SBAs.展开更多
Task diversity is one of the biggest challenges for future sixth-generation(6G)networks.Taking the task as the center and driving the dynamic 6G radio access network(RAN)with artificial intelligence(AI)are necessary t...Task diversity is one of the biggest challenges for future sixth-generation(6G)networks.Taking the task as the center and driving the dynamic 6G radio access network(RAN)with artificial intelligence(AI)are necessary to accurately meet the personalized demands of users.However,AI can only configure the parameters of a monolithic RAN and cannot schedule the functions.The development trend of 6G RANs is to enhance dynamic capability and scheduling ease.In this paper,we propose a service-based RAN architecture that can deploy decoupled RAN functions and customize networks according to tasks.Protocol analysis shows that the interactive relationship between RAN control plane(CP)functions is complex and needs to be decoupled according to the principles of high cohesion and low coupling.Based on the graph theory rather than expert experience,we design a RAN decoupling scheme.The functional connection and interaction of the CP are represented by constructing an undirected weighted graph,followed by achieving decoupling of the CP through a minimum spanning tree.Then an integration decoupling scheme of a RAN-CN(core network)is introduced considering the duplicate and redundant functions of the RAN and CN.The granularity of decoupling in a service-based RAN is determined by analyzing the flexibility of decoupling,complexity of signaling,and processing delay.We find that it is more appropriate to decouple the RAN CP into four services.The integration decoupling of the RAN-CN resolves the technical bottleneck of low serial efficiency in the Ng interface,supporting AI-based global service scheduling.展开更多
Spatial equity in access to urban services is a significant element of sustainable urban planning.To date,a service-based index is used to measure service attractiveness,considering attractiveness as a static concept....Spatial equity in access to urban services is a significant element of sustainable urban planning.To date,a service-based index is used to measure service attractiveness,considering attractiveness as a static concept.While from the user side view,service attractiveness is a dynamic concept related to the variation of different opportunities of users to use the services and capacities.In this paper,a user-based method for measuring service attractiveness is proposed.In this approach,the attractiveness of service for a user is modeled as a function of the user's Travel Times(TT),Free Times(FTs),park size and relative positions of the user,local demanding population,and service.Then,the inequity of attractiveness of services for different users has been examined using three inequity indices including the Duration of Use(DU),Frequency of Visit(FV),and the Chance of Space Choice(CSC).The proposed method is applied to urban regional parks of Tehran municipality.Traffc Analysis Zones(TAZs)and regional parks are respectively regarded as the users and services.In addition to considering inequity of access to the first closest park,the additional cost of accessing to the other two closest parks is also considered.Results show that the proposed method leads to the exploration of the existing inequities of DU,FV,and CSC among residents in local scales,whereas in the service-based method,all users of a service are highlighted with a single value of attractiveness.Comparison of the user-based and service-based attractiveness indices show significant differences.As an example,user-based attractiveness values of about 14%and 20%of TAZs are respectively 5 and 3 square meters more than that of the service-based attractiveness index.However,the service-based method is suitable for regional-scale comparison of the inequities.Therefore,the proposed index can complement the service-based index for inequity mapping and management in varying scales.展开更多
China is setting out on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects after achieving moderate prosperity.Modern services are an important part of China’s economy,underpinning China’s developm...China is setting out on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects after achieving moderate prosperity.Modern services are an important part of China’s economy,underpinning China’s development towards a great modern socialist country.Globalization,industrial development,urbanization,innovation and income growth will drive China’s service sector development.By 2035,the service sector will account for 60.98%and 59.12%of total value-added and employment,respectively,and labor productivity in the service sector will rise from 145,500 yuan/person in 2019 to 282,300 yuan/person.The Fifth Plenum of the 19th CPC Central Committee called for“basically achieving the vision of socialist modernization by 2035.”According to the CPC Central Committee’s overall arrangements for the 2035 vision,we must identify a clear strategic position and tasks for the development of modern services as a key element of the modern industrial system,enhance service sector competitiveness,and achieve service sector modernization.To achieve this strategic goal,we must promote digitalized,intelligent,platform-based,standardized,and quality-oriented service sector development.We must give play to the decisive role of the market and the macro-regulatory role of the government in spurring service innovation,industry integration and clustering,and service sector reform and openness.展开更多
The Chinese economy is currently undergoing a digital transformation.New growth drivers are replacing old ones,creating a new development landscape.Countries with strong digital industries will be the first to reap th...The Chinese economy is currently undergoing a digital transformation.New growth drivers are replacing old ones,creating a new development landscape.Countries with strong digital industries will be the first to reap the benefits of digitalization.For China,the transformation to a digital economy is both of inevitability and heterogeneity fueled by dual circulations.Crowded out from more skill-based digitalized sectors,less-skilled labor moves to less digitalized sectors.New capital,industries and technology clusters emerge as new drivers of manufacturing and service sector development.With its large domestic market and industrial competitiveness,China has fostered a new development landscape of“dual circulations”.展开更多
5G is envisioned to guarantee high transmission rate,ultra-low latency,high reliability and massive connections.To satisfy the above requirements,the 5G architecture is designed with the properties of using service-ba...5G is envisioned to guarantee high transmission rate,ultra-low latency,high reliability and massive connections.To satisfy the above requirements,the 5G architecture is designed with the properties of using service-based architecture,cloud-native oriented,adopting IT-based API interfaces and introduction of the Network Repository Function.However,with the wide commercialization of 5G network and the exploration towards 6G,the 5G architecture exposes the disadvantages of high architecture complexity,difficult inter-interface communication,low cognitive capability,bad instantaneity,and deficient intelligence.To overcome these limitations,this paper investigates 6G network architecture,and proposes a cognitive intelligence based distributed 6G network architecture.This architecture consists of a physical network layer and an intelligent decision layer.The two layers coordinate through flexible service interfaces,supporting function decoupling and joint evolution of intelligence services and network services.With the above design,the proposed 6G architecture can be updated autonomously to deal with the future unpredicted complex services.展开更多
Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up during 1978-2018, China ＇S rapid economic growth has become a miracle in world economic history and reshaped the world economy. In the 40 years, China has successfully ...Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up during 1978-2018, China ＇S rapid economic growth has become a miracle in world economic history and reshaped the world economy. In the 40 years, China has successfully transformed from an isolated agricultural country into the world＇s largest industrial manufacturer. In 2018, China＇s urbanization rate is expected to reach 60% with per capita GDP expected to reach 9, 000 USD. After another 5 to 8 years, China will join the rank of high-income countries, successfully cross the middle-income trap and become a moderately prosperous economy in all respects. In its modernization drive, China will follow the new concept of ＂innovation, coordinated, green, open and shared development＂ and strive to achieve its ＂two centennial展开更多
5G takes the concept of service-oriented architecture to replace the priority principle of network efficiency in the Internet to meet requirements of the industrial Internet and smart cities,such as high reliability a...5G takes the concept of service-oriented architecture to replace the priority principle of network efficiency in the Internet to meet requirements of the industrial Internet and smart cities,such as high reliability and low latency.On the other hand,in order to adapt to the uncertainty of future business,5G features the openness of services and the Internet protocols,different from the closeness of traditional telecommunication networks.Although 5G tries to have the advantages of both the Internet and telecommunication network,its realization still faces many challenges.In this paper,ten major issues concerning 5G networking and service offering are discussed.展开更多
The sixth-generation(6G)mobile network implements the social vision of digital twins and ubiquitous intelligence.Contrary to the fifth-generation(5G)mobile network that focuses only on communications,6G mobile network...The sixth-generation(6G)mobile network implements the social vision of digital twins and ubiquitous intelligence.Contrary to the fifth-generation(5G)mobile network that focuses only on communications,6G mobile networks must natively support new capabilities such as sensing,computing,artificial intelligence(AI),big data,and security while facilitating Everything as a Service.Although 5G mobile network deployment has demonstrated that network automation and intelligence can simplify network operation and maintenance(O&M),the addition of external functionalities has resulted in low service efficiency and high operational costs.In this study,a technology framework for a 6G autonomous radio access network(RAN)is proposed to achieve a high-level network autonomy that embraces the design of native cloud,native AI,and network digital twin(NDT).First,a service-based architecture is proposed to re-architect the protocol stack of RAN,which flexibly orchestrates the services and functions on demand as well as customizes them into cloud-native services.Second,a native AI framework is structured to provide AI support for the diverse use cases of network O&M by orchestrating communications,AI models,data,and computing power demanded by AI use cases.Third,a digital twin network is developed as a virtual environment for the training,pre-validation,and tuning of AI algorithms and neural networks,avoiding possible unexpected losses of the network O&M caused by AI applications.The combination of native AI and NDT can facilitate network autonomy by building closed-loop management and optimization for RAN.展开更多
This paper critically reviews the progress in ecosystem integrity(health)assessment of inland waters and provides future directions for assessment.Current biotic integrity assessments mainly use multimetric indices an...This paper critically reviews the progress in ecosystem integrity(health)assessment of inland waters and provides future directions for assessment.Current biotic integrity assessments mainly use multimetric indices and predictive models to evaluate overall health status;the criteria largely rely on pristine reference sites,but such an approach is not applicable to unique natural waters and irreversibly modified waters.Biotic diagnostic assessments are still in the exploratory stage and can only diagnose possible stressor types and wide-ranges of their intensities through empirical models linking stressors and species-trait-indices.Current chemical integrity assessments mainly use criteria determined by small-scale ecotoxicity tests,rather than quantitative relationships developed between chemical factors and biotic effects in real ecosystems,thus potentially under or overestimating pollutant toxicity.Current physical integrity assessments focus on overall habitat quality,rather than quantitative habitat requirements,and thus cannot provide quantitative support for ecological restoration and conservation.Current hydrological integrity(environment flow)assessments largely depend on quantitative relationships between hydrological regimes with a few species and single groups,rather than with whole communities,and fail to comprehensively diagnose hydrological causes of biotic resource decline.In the future,integrity assessments need to be based on ecosystem integrity requirements of ecosystem service targets:first,there is a need to build quantitative relationships between biotic integrity and ecosystem services,assess requirements of community structure and function for service goals,and establish biotic integrity assessment methods;second,we must build quantitative relationships between biotic integrity and abiotic integrity in real ecosystems,assess chemical,physical,and hydrological integrity requirements of biotic needs,and establish diagnostic assessment methods.展开更多
基金funded by Tsinghua University-China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd. Joint Institute。
文摘The Service-based Architecture(SBA) is one of the key innovations of 5G architecture that leverage modularized, self-contained and independent services to provide flexible and cloud-native 5G network. In this paper, SBA for Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network(SAGIN) is investigated to enable the 5G integration deployment. This paper proposes a novel Holistic Service-based Architecture(H-SBA)for SAGIN of 5G-Advanced and beyond, i.e., 6G. The H-SBA introduces the concept of end-to-end servicebased architecture design. The "Network Function Service", introduced in 5G SBA, is extended from Control Plane to User Plane, from core network to access network. Based on H-SBA, the new generation of protocol design is proposed, which proposes to use IETF QUIC and SRv6 to substitute 5G HTTP/2.0 and GTP-U. Testing results show that new protocols can achieve low latency and high throughput, making them promising candidate for H-SBA.
基金the Special Fund of Major Information Platform Construction and Maintenance of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China(No.2130104)。
文摘Cloud service-based applications are subject to reliability critical problem,as the reliability of the application relies on both the failed states and the probabilities of the failures.Classically,reliability analysis approaches are lack of estimating unknown failure rate and non-exponentially distributed failure times.We propose a new framework for analyzing the reliability.The method is mainly decomposed in four successive steps:a non-Makovian stochastic Petri net(NMSPN)model which describes the failure behavior of underlying applications,a software reliability growth model(SRGM)which estimates the failure data of each basic service,a reachability graph which discoveries all the failure sequences,and a computation procedure which computes the occurrences of non-exponential failures.We assess and validate our method by conducting experiment on an actual application.The results demonstrate that the met hod is competitive compared to the existing approaches for reliability analysis,while providing a better reliability.This result is helpful to the managers in optimizing the overall quality of the cloud service-based application.
基金sponsored by major tendering projects of National Social Sciences Foundation "Study on Accelerating Economic Adjustment and Coordinated Development"(Grant No.12&ZD084) and "Study on Contribution of Consumption to Economic Growth under Shifting Demand Structure"(Grant No.15ZDC011)projects of National Social Sciences Foundation "Study on China's Structural Growth Deceleration,Transition Risks and Efficiency Improvement Path"(Grant No.14AJL006) and "Study on the Scale,Spatial Clustering and Management Model of Chinese Cities"(Grant No.15ZDC011)
文摘The transition from middle-income to high-income stage is fraught with risks of growth divergence. Economic transition is clouded by the following possibilities： （1）falling share of industrial seetor through industrial depression and weakening growth momentum caused by the large urbanization costs; （2） the subordination of service sector as a result of nearly irreversibly industrial professional, which falters the process of service sector transition and upgrading,＂ （3） inefficient knowledge production allocation and human capital upgrade due to the absence of incentivized compensation of knowledge consumption. We suggest that a country should reshape its efficiency model by upgrading knowledge factor and human capital as the pre-requisite. Given the dilemmas of transition, China should take the faetorization trend of service sector and reshape efficiency model through institutional reform, ensuring that service sector will develop in tandem with industrial sector.
文摘Requirements of software systems tend to change over time. The speed of this tendency depends on the application domain the software system under consideration belongs to. If we consider novel contexts such as pervasive systems and systems supporting dynamic B2B interaction, requirements change so fast that the research community is studying how to build systems that are able to self-adapt on the fly to some of these changes. When this happens, the system does not need to undergo through a new development cycle thus increasing its availability and, to a certain extent, its robustness. So far, the research in the area of self-adaptive systems has been focusing on the definition of the mechanisms for supporting self-adaptation. We argue that what is missing now is a structured and robust design process associated to these mechanisms. This design process should include a Requirement Engineering (RE) phase that somewhat differs from the traditional one. However, the identification of requirements for adaptation requires a good knowledge of the context in which the system will be executed. In this work, we consider the modeling of such context as part of the RE phase and we particularly focus on Service-Based Applications (SBAs). We argue that RE activities should be supported at run-time to handle context changes and to support adaptation for SBAs. We survey the state of the art for what concerns the elicitation, modeling, and analysis of requirements and will highlight some issues and challenges in order to support adaptation for SBAs.
基金funded by Institute of Computing Technology,Chinese Academy of Sciences–China Mobile Communications Group Co.,Ltd.Joint Institute。
文摘Task diversity is one of the biggest challenges for future sixth-generation(6G)networks.Taking the task as the center and driving the dynamic 6G radio access network(RAN)with artificial intelligence(AI)are necessary to accurately meet the personalized demands of users.However,AI can only configure the parameters of a monolithic RAN and cannot schedule the functions.The development trend of 6G RANs is to enhance dynamic capability and scheduling ease.In this paper,we propose a service-based RAN architecture that can deploy decoupled RAN functions and customize networks according to tasks.Protocol analysis shows that the interactive relationship between RAN control plane(CP)functions is complex and needs to be decoupled according to the principles of high cohesion and low coupling.Based on the graph theory rather than expert experience,we design a RAN decoupling scheme.The functional connection and interaction of the CP are represented by constructing an undirected weighted graph,followed by achieving decoupling of the CP through a minimum spanning tree.Then an integration decoupling scheme of a RAN-CN(core network)is introduced considering the duplicate and redundant functions of the RAN and CN.The granularity of decoupling in a service-based RAN is determined by analyzing the flexibility of decoupling,complexity of signaling,and processing delay.We find that it is more appropriate to decouple the RAN CP into four services.The integration decoupling of the RAN-CN resolves the technical bottleneck of low serial efficiency in the Ng interface,supporting AI-based global service scheduling.
文摘Spatial equity in access to urban services is a significant element of sustainable urban planning.To date,a service-based index is used to measure service attractiveness,considering attractiveness as a static concept.While from the user side view,service attractiveness is a dynamic concept related to the variation of different opportunities of users to use the services and capacities.In this paper,a user-based method for measuring service attractiveness is proposed.In this approach,the attractiveness of service for a user is modeled as a function of the user's Travel Times(TT),Free Times(FTs),park size and relative positions of the user,local demanding population,and service.Then,the inequity of attractiveness of services for different users has been examined using three inequity indices including the Duration of Use(DU),Frequency of Visit(FV),and the Chance of Space Choice(CSC).The proposed method is applied to urban regional parks of Tehran municipality.Traffc Analysis Zones(TAZs)and regional parks are respectively regarded as the users and services.In addition to considering inequity of access to the first closest park,the additional cost of accessing to the other two closest parks is also considered.Results show that the proposed method leads to the exploration of the existing inequities of DU,FV,and CSC among residents in local scales,whereas in the service-based method,all users of a service are highlighted with a single value of attractiveness.Comparison of the user-based and service-based attractiveness indices show significant differences.As an example,user-based attractiveness values of about 14%and 20%of TAZs are respectively 5 and 3 square meters more than that of the service-based attractiveness index.However,the service-based method is suitable for regional-scale comparison of the inequities.Therefore,the proposed index can complement the service-based index for inequity mapping and management in varying scales.
文摘China is setting out on a new journey of building a modern socialist country in all respects after achieving moderate prosperity.Modern services are an important part of China’s economy,underpinning China’s development towards a great modern socialist country.Globalization,industrial development,urbanization,innovation and income growth will drive China’s service sector development.By 2035,the service sector will account for 60.98%and 59.12%of total value-added and employment,respectively,and labor productivity in the service sector will rise from 145,500 yuan/person in 2019 to 282,300 yuan/person.The Fifth Plenum of the 19th CPC Central Committee called for“basically achieving the vision of socialist modernization by 2035.”According to the CPC Central Committee’s overall arrangements for the 2035 vision,we must identify a clear strategic position and tasks for the development of modern services as a key element of the modern industrial system,enhance service sector competitiveness,and achieve service sector modernization.To achieve this strategic goal,we must promote digitalized,intelligent,platform-based,standardized,and quality-oriented service sector development.We must give play to the decisive role of the market and the macro-regulatory role of the government in spurring service innovation,industry integration and clustering,and service sector reform and openness.
基金国家社科基金重大项目“新旧动能转换机制设计与路径选择”(批准号:18Z D A077)南京大学长江三角洲经济社会发展研究中心暨区域经济转型与管理变革协同创新中心联合招标重大项目“长三角区域世界级产业集聚培育和协调发展”(批准号:CYD-2020019)。
文摘The Chinese economy is currently undergoing a digital transformation.New growth drivers are replacing old ones,creating a new development landscape.Countries with strong digital industries will be the first to reap the benefits of digitalization.For China,the transformation to a digital economy is both of inevitability and heterogeneity fueled by dual circulations.Crowded out from more skill-based digitalized sectors,less-skilled labor moves to less digitalized sectors.New capital,industries and technology clusters emerge as new drivers of manufacturing and service sector development.With its large domestic market and industrial competitiveness,China has fostered a new development landscape of“dual circulations”.
基金funded by Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications-China Mobile Research Institute Joint Innovation Center,the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFE0205503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61902036,62032003,61922017)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities。
文摘5G is envisioned to guarantee high transmission rate,ultra-low latency,high reliability and massive connections.To satisfy the above requirements,the 5G architecture is designed with the properties of using service-based architecture,cloud-native oriented,adopting IT-based API interfaces and introduction of the Network Repository Function.However,with the wide commercialization of 5G network and the exploration towards 6G,the 5G architecture exposes the disadvantages of high architecture complexity,difficult inter-interface communication,low cognitive capability,bad instantaneity,and deficient intelligence.To overcome these limitations,this paper investigates 6G network architecture,and proposes a cognitive intelligence based distributed 6G network architecture.This architecture consists of a physical network layer and an intelligent decision layer.The two layers coordinate through flexible service interfaces,supporting function decoupling and joint evolution of intelligence services and network services.With the above design,the proposed 6G architecture can be updated autonomously to deal with the future unpredicted complex services.
基金This study is supported by key projects of the National Social Science Fund of China （NSSFC） ＂Study on Accelerating Economic Restructuring and Promoting Indigenous and Coordinated Economic Development＂ （Grant No. 12＆ZD084）, and ＂Strategic Adjustment of China＇s Economic Structure and Transformation of Growth Pattern＂ （Grant No. 06＆ZD004）.
文摘Over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up during 1978-2018, China ＇S rapid economic growth has become a miracle in world economic history and reshaped the world economy. In the 40 years, China has successfully transformed from an isolated agricultural country into the world＇s largest industrial manufacturer. In 2018, China＇s urbanization rate is expected to reach 60% with per capita GDP expected to reach 9, 000 USD. After another 5 to 8 years, China will join the rank of high-income countries, successfully cross the middle-income trap and become a moderately prosperous economy in all respects. In its modernization drive, China will follow the new concept of ＂innovation, coordinated, green, open and shared development＂ and strive to achieve its ＂two centennial
文摘5G takes the concept of service-oriented architecture to replace the priority principle of network efficiency in the Internet to meet requirements of the industrial Internet and smart cities,such as high reliability and low latency.On the other hand,in order to adapt to the uncertainty of future business,5G features the openness of services and the Internet protocols,different from the closeness of traditional telecommunication networks.Although 5G tries to have the advantages of both the Internet and telecommunication network,its realization still faces many challenges.In this paper,ten major issues concerning 5G networking and service offering are discussed.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFE0200600)。
文摘The sixth-generation(6G)mobile network implements the social vision of digital twins and ubiquitous intelligence.Contrary to the fifth-generation(5G)mobile network that focuses only on communications,6G mobile networks must natively support new capabilities such as sensing,computing,artificial intelligence(AI),big data,and security while facilitating Everything as a Service.Although 5G mobile network deployment has demonstrated that network automation and intelligence can simplify network operation and maintenance(O&M),the addition of external functionalities has resulted in low service efficiency and high operational costs.In this study,a technology framework for a 6G autonomous radio access network(RAN)is proposed to achieve a high-level network autonomy that embraces the design of native cloud,native AI,and network digital twin(NDT).First,a service-based architecture is proposed to re-architect the protocol stack of RAN,which flexibly orchestrates the services and functions on demand as well as customizes them into cloud-native services.Second,a native AI framework is structured to provide AI support for the diverse use cases of network O&M by orchestrating communications,AI models,data,and computing power demanded by AI use cases.Third,a digital twin network is developed as a virtual environment for the training,pre-validation,and tuning of AI algorithms and neural networks,avoiding possible unexpected losses of the network O&M caused by AI applications.The combination of native AI and NDT can facilitate network autonomy by building closed-loop management and optimization for RAN.
基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA23040402)National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFC3200103).
文摘This paper critically reviews the progress in ecosystem integrity(health)assessment of inland waters and provides future directions for assessment.Current biotic integrity assessments mainly use multimetric indices and predictive models to evaluate overall health status;the criteria largely rely on pristine reference sites,but such an approach is not applicable to unique natural waters and irreversibly modified waters.Biotic diagnostic assessments are still in the exploratory stage and can only diagnose possible stressor types and wide-ranges of their intensities through empirical models linking stressors and species-trait-indices.Current chemical integrity assessments mainly use criteria determined by small-scale ecotoxicity tests,rather than quantitative relationships developed between chemical factors and biotic effects in real ecosystems,thus potentially under or overestimating pollutant toxicity.Current physical integrity assessments focus on overall habitat quality,rather than quantitative habitat requirements,and thus cannot provide quantitative support for ecological restoration and conservation.Current hydrological integrity(environment flow)assessments largely depend on quantitative relationships between hydrological regimes with a few species and single groups,rather than with whole communities,and fail to comprehensively diagnose hydrological causes of biotic resource decline.In the future,integrity assessments need to be based on ecosystem integrity requirements of ecosystem service targets:first,there is a need to build quantitative relationships between biotic integrity and ecosystem services,assess requirements of community structure and function for service goals,and establish biotic integrity assessment methods;second,we must build quantitative relationships between biotic integrity and abiotic integrity in real ecosystems,assess chemical,physical,and hydrological integrity requirements of biotic needs,and establish diagnostic assessment methods.
