Objective:Serological tests are widely used for scrub typhus diagnosis;however,their limitations are evident.This study aims to assess their practical value in clinical settings.Methods:We analyzed the data of adult p...Objective:Serological tests are widely used for scrub typhus diagnosis;however,their limitations are evident.This study aims to assess their practical value in clinical settings.Methods:We analyzed the data of adult patients with suspected scrub typhus who visited a tertiary care hospital in the Republic of Korea from September to December from 2019 to 2021.The included patients had an acute fever and at least one of the following ten secondary findings:myalgia,skin rash,eschar,headache,thrombocytopenia,increased liver enzyme levels,lymphadenopathy,hepatomegaly,splenomegaly,and pleural effusion.The diagnoses were grouped as scrub typhus or other diseases by two infectious disease physicians.Results:Among 136 patients who met the eligibility criteria,109 had scrub typhus and 27 had different diseases.Single and paired total antibodies using immunofluorescence assay(IFA),and total antibodies using immunochromatography-based rapid diagnostic testing(ICT)were measured in 98%,22%,and 75%of all patients,respectively.Confirmation using paired samples for scrub typhus was established at a median of 11[interquartile range(IQR)10-16]days following the first visit.Among the 82 admitted patients,the median admission time was 9(IQR 7-13)days.According to IFA,58(55%)patients with scrub typhus had total immunoglobulin titers≥1:320,while 23(85%)patients with other disease had titers<1:320.Positive ICT results were observed in 64(74%)patients with scrub typhus and 10(67%)patients with other diseases showed negative ICT results.Conclusions:Serological testing for scrub typhus is currently insufficient for decision-making in clinical practice.展开更多
BACKGROUND At the end of December 2019,the world faced severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which led to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),associated with respiratory issues.Thi...BACKGROUND At the end of December 2019,the world faced severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which led to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),associated with respiratory issues.This virus has shown significant challenges,especially for senior citizens,patients with other underlying illnesses,or those with a sedentary lifestyle.Serological tests conducted early on have helped identify how the virus is transmitted and how to curb its spread.The study hypothesis was that the rapid serological test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could indicate the immunoreactive profile during the COVID-19 pandemic in a university population.AIM To conduct active surveillance for serological expression of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals within a university setting during the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS This sectional study by convenience sampling was conducted in a large university in Niteroi-RJ,Brazil,from March 2021 to July 2021.The study population consisted of students,faculty,and administrative staff employed by the university.A total of 3433 faculty members,60703 students,and 3812 administrative staff were invited to participate.Data were gathered through rapid serological tests to detect immunoglobulin(Ig)M and IgG against SARS-CoV-2.Theχ²or Fisher's exact test was used to conduct statistical analysis.A 0.20 significance level was adopted for variable selection in a multiple logistic regression model to evaluate associations.RESULTS A total of 1648 individuals were enrolled in the study.The proportion of COVID-19 positivity was 164/1648(9.8%).The adjusted logistic model indicate a positive association between the expression of IgM or IgG and age[odds ratio(OR)=1.16,95%CI:1.02-1.31](P<0.0024),individuals who had been in contact with a COVID-19-positive case(OR=3.49,95%CI:2.34-5.37)(P<0.001),those who had received the COVID-19 vaccine(OR=2.33,95%CI:1.61-3.35)(P<0.001)and social isolation(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.41-0.84)(P<0.004).The likelihood of showing a positive result increased by 16%with every ten-year increment.Conversely,adherence to social distancing measures decreased the likelihood by 41%.CONCLUSION These findings evidenced that the population became more exposed to the virus as individuals discontinued social distancing practices,thereby increasing the risk of infection for themselves.展开更多
Objective:To explore the application value of liver function and serological index detection in diagnosing fatty liver.Methods:Ninety patients with fatty liver disease(disease group)and ninety healthy subjects(healthy...Objective:To explore the application value of liver function and serological index detection in diagnosing fatty liver.Methods:Ninety patients with fatty liver disease(disease group)and ninety healthy subjects(healthy group)were selected as the subjects of this study.They all underwent liver function index testing and serological index testing.Test results were compared,and the diagnostic accuracy of single and combined tests was evaluated.Results:Liver function indicators of patients in the disease group were higher than those in the healthy group,with severe patients exhibiting higher levels than moderate patients and mild patients(P<0.05).Serological indicators in patients in the disease group were higher than those in the healthy group,with severe patients showing higher levels than moderate patients and mild patients(P<0.05).The diagnostic accuracy of liver function index testing was higher than that of serological index testing,and the accuracy of combined testing was higher than that of single testing(P<0.05).Conclusion:In diagnosing fatty liver,combining liver function testing and serological testing enables the initial diagnosis of the disease and facilitates the accurate assessment of its severity.展开更多
Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection induces pathological changes via chronic inflammation and virulence factors,thereby increasing the risk of gastric cancer development.Compared with invasive examination methods,H...Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection induces pathological changes via chronic inflammation and virulence factors,thereby increasing the risk of gastric cancer development.Compared with invasive examination methods,H.pylori-related serum indicators are cost-effective and valuable for the early detection of gastric cancer(GC);however,large-scale clinical validation and sufficient understanding of the specific molecular mechanisms involved are lacking.Therefore,a comprehensive review and analysis of recent advances in this field is necessary.In this review,we systematically analyze the relationship between H.pylori and GC and discuss the application of new molecular biomarkers in GC screening.We also summarize the screening potential and application of anti-H.pylori immunoglobulin G and virulence factor-related serum antibodies for identifying GC risk.These indicators provide early warning of infection and enhance screening accuracy.Additionally,we discuss the potential combination of multiple screening indicators for the comprehensive analysis and development of emerging testing methods to improve the accuracy and efficiency of GC screening.Although this review may lack sufficient evidence due to limitations in existing studies,including small sample sizes,regional variations,and inconsistent testing methods,it contributes to advancing personalized precision medicine in high-risk populations and developing GC screening strategies.展开更多
Correction to“Freire de Melo F,Martins Oliveira Diniz L,Nélio Januário J,Fernando Gonçalves Ferreira J,Dórea RSDM,de Brito BB,Marques HS,Lemos FFB,Silva Luz M,Rocha Pinheiro SL,de Magalhães Q...Correction to“Freire de Melo F,Martins Oliveira Diniz L,Nélio Januário J,Fernando Gonçalves Ferreira J,Dórea RSDM,de Brito BB,Marques HS,Lemos FFB,Silva Luz M,Rocha Pinheiro SL,de Magalhães Queiroz DM.Performance of a serological IgM and IgG qualitative test for COVID-19 diagnosis:An experimental study in Brazil.World J Exp Med 2022;12(5):100-103[PMID:36196438 DOI:10.5493/wjem.v12.i5.100]”.In this article,we identified an issue with the“Acknowledgments”section.Here,we then provide a recognition section for our supporting institutions.展开更多
Rice stripe mosaic virus(RSMV) is a rhabdovirus recently found in southern part of China and can cause severe reduction in rice production. To establish serological methods for RSMV epidemiological studies and to esta...Rice stripe mosaic virus(RSMV) is a rhabdovirus recently found in southern part of China and can cause severe reduction in rice production. To establish serological methods for RSMV epidemiological studies and to establish a control strategy for this virus, we first purified RSMV virions from infected rice plants and then used them as an immunogen to produce four RSMV-specific monoclonal antibodies(MAbs)(i.e.,1D4, 4A8, 8E4 and 11F11). With these MAbs, we have developed a highly specific and sensitive antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ACP-ELISA), a Dot-ELISA and a Tissue print-ELISA for rapid detections of RSMV infection in rice plants or in leafhoppers. Our results showed that RSMV can be readily detected in RSMV-infected rice plant tissue crude extracts diluted at 1:20,971,520(w/v, g/m L)through ACP-ELISA or diluted at 1:327,680(w/v, g/m L) through Dot-ELISA. Both ACP-ELISA and Dot-ELISA can also be used to detect RSMV infection in individual RSMV viruliferous leafhopper(Recilia dorsalis) homogenate diluted at 1:307,200 and 1:163,840(individual leafhopper/l L), respectively. Detection of RSMV infection in field-collected rice samples or in RSMV viruliferous leafhoppers indicated that the three serological methods can produce same results with that produced by RT-PCR(19 of the 33 rice samples and 5 of the 16 leafhoppers were RSMV-positive). We consider that the four MAbs produced in this study are very specific and sensitive, and the three new serological methods are very useful for detections of RSMV infection in rice plants or in leafhoppers and the establishment of the disease control strategies.展开更多
The immense patient number caused by coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)global pandemic brings the urge for more knowledge about its immunological features,including the profile of basic immune parameters.In this study...The immense patient number caused by coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)global pandemic brings the urge for more knowledge about its immunological features,including the profile of basic immune parameters.In this study,eighty-eight reported COVID-19 patients in Wuhan were recruited from January to February,2020,including 32 severe/critical cases and56 mild/moderate cases.Their mean age was 56.43 years(range 17–83)and gender ratio(male/female)was 43:45.We tested SARS-CoV-2 RNA with commercial kits,investigated the level of serologic IgM and IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)using magnetic particle chemiluminescence immunoassays,and compared the results of serologic tests and nucleic acid test(NAT).Among 88 patients,95.45%were confirmed as positive by the combination of NAT and antibody test,which was significantly higher(P<0.001)than by single nucleic acid test(73.86%)or serologic test(65.91%).Then the correlation between temporal profile and the level of antibody response was analyzed.It showed that seroconversion started on day 5 after disease onset and IgG level was rose earlier than IgM.Comparison between patients with different disease severity suggested early seroconversion and high antibody titer were linked with less severe clinical symptoms.These results supported the combination of serologic testing and NAT in routine COVID-19 diagnosis and provided evidence on the temporal profile of antibody response in patients with different disease severity.展开更多
Objective： To understand the changes in syphilis serology after regular treatment. Methods： Patients with clinical evidence and credible medical history of syphilis were treated regularly. Their serologic tests were...Objective： To understand the changes in syphilis serology after regular treatment. Methods： Patients with clinical evidence and credible medical history of syphilis were treated regularly. Their serologic tests were followed for two years. Results： At the end of half a year, 22.95% of patients had a negative USR but 26.23% remained positive even after 2 years. More than 3% of patients had a negative FTA-ABS result. These patients tended to be under 40 with a disease course of less than 2 years. Conclusion： The resolution rate was high for patients who were young, had a shorter course of disease and reacted strongly to the infection. In patients older than 40 with a long course of disease, the resolution rate was low.展开更多
Pepino mosaic virus （PepMV）, monopartite RNA virus, 6,500 pb, belonging to Flexiviridae and Potexvirus group, is highly infectious and easily transmissible. Its economic impact is major for the tomato producer＇s co...Pepino mosaic virus （PepMV）, monopartite RNA virus, 6,500 pb, belonging to Flexiviridae and Potexvirus group, is highly infectious and easily transmissible. Its economic impact is major for the tomato producer＇s countries. Prevention, based on early virus detection is the only effective control measure. Monoclonal antibodies appeared to be very useful tool. The authors used for the production of monoclonal antibodies hybridomas technique, by fusing spleen cells of immunized BALB/c mice to PepMV and SP2/O cancerous cells. The aim of this work is to produce hybridomas producers of Mab that could be used for ELISA in Morocco. At the same time, these efforts will serve to decrease expenses of producers concerning phytosanitory control. We obtained 16 hybridomas lines producers of Mab specific for PepMV. They were tested for efficiencies in ELISA and two lines were retained for production of Mab on large scale （1B 11-G 10 and 5A l-G5）. Isotyping of these two lines showed that they are belonging to IgG 1 class and easily purified by affinity chromatography in agarose column by protein A. The conjugation of these two antibodies to alkaline phosphatase has been verified by DAS-ELISA. These antibodies will enable to diagnose the disease from infected tomato plants, integrating several serological tests to control it and target the actions of struggles.展开更多
Qualitative antibody tests are an easy,point-of-care diagnostic method that is useful in diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019,especially in situations where reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is negative.H...Qualitative antibody tests are an easy,point-of-care diagnostic method that is useful in diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019,especially in situations where reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is negative.However,some factors are able to affect its sensitivity and accuracy,which may contribute to these tests not being used as a first-line diagnostic tool.展开更多
Objective: to compare and analyze the application effect of chemiluminescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in hepatitis B virus serological test. Methods: fifty patients with hepatitis B virus carriers admitt...Objective: to compare and analyze the application effect of chemiluminescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in hepatitis B virus serological test. Methods: fifty patients with hepatitis B virus carriers admitted to our hospital from August 2019 to September 2021 were enrolled. Peripheral blood was collected in fasting state in the morning after admission and sent to the laboratory for serological examination. Two detection techniques, namely chemiluminescence and enzymic immunosorbent assay, were used to evaluate and compare the specific detection results. Results: the positive rate of HBeAg, HBsAg, anti-HBE and other serological markers detected by chemiluminescence was higher than that by ELISA, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: chemiluminescence is better than elisa in the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus serology.展开更多
Background and Objective: HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are very widespread in the world, however, less than 20% of the people affected are diagnosed and treated. This study aimed to determi...Background and Objective: HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are very widespread in the world, however, less than 20% of the people affected are diagnosed and treated. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV co-infections in pregnant women at Bangui Community University Hospital and the cost of screening. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving consenting pregnant women who came for antenatal care was performed. HIV, HCV antibodies and HBV antigens were detected using Exacto Triplex<sup>?</sup> HIV/HCV/HBsAg rapid test, cross-validated by ELISA tests. Sociodemographic and professional data, the modes of transmission and prevention of HIV and both hepatitis viruses were collected in a standard sheet and analyzed using the Epi-Info software version 7. Results: Pregnant women aged 15 to 24 were the most affected (45.3%);high school girls (46.0%), and pregnant women living in cohabitation (65.3%) were the most represented. Twenty-five (16.7%) worked in the formal sector, 12.7% were unemployed housewives and the remainder in the informal sector. The prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV viruses was 11.8%, 21.9% and 22.2%, respectively. The prevalence of co-infections was 8.6% for HIV-HBV, 10.2% for HIV-HCV, 14.7% for HBV-HCV and 6.5% for HIV-HBV-HCV. All positive results and 10% of negative results by the rapid test were confirmed by ELISA tests. The serology of the three viruses costs 39,000 FCFA (60 Euros) by ELISA compared to 10,000 FCFA (15.00 Euros) with Exacto Triplex<sup>?</sup> HIV/HCV/AgHBs (BioSynex, Strasbourg, France). Conclusion: The low level of education and awareness of hepatitis are barriers to development and indicate the importance of improving the literacy rate of women in the Central African Republic (CAR). Likewise, the high prevalence of the three viruses shows the need for the urgent establishment of a national program to combat viral hepatitis in the CAR.展开更多
AIM:To study the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori(H pylori) infection through the determination of serum levels of anti- H pylori IgG and IgA antibodies,and the levels of anti-H pylori IgA antibodies in duodenal fluid...AIM:To study the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori(H pylori) infection through the determination of serum levels of anti- H pylori IgG and IgA antibodies,and the levels of anti-H pylori IgA antibodies in duodenal fluid. METHODS:Data were collected from 93 patients submitted to upper digestive endoscopy due to dyspeptic symptoms. The patients were either negative(group A)or positive (group B)to H pylori by means of both histological detection and urease tests.Before endoscopy,peripheral blood was collected for the investigation of anti-H pylori IgG and IgA antibodies.To perform the urease test,biopsies were obtained from the gastric antrum.For the histological evaluation,biopsies were collected from the gastric antrum (greater and lesser curvatures)and the gastric body. Following this,duodenal fluid was collected from the first and second portions of the duodenum.For the serological assaying of anti-Hpylori IgG and IgA,and anti-Hpylori IgA in duodenal fluids,the ELISA method was utilized. RESULTS:The concentration of serum IgG showed sensitivity of 64.0%,specificity of 83.7%,positive predictive value of 82.0%,negative predictive value of 66.6% and accuracy of 73.1% for the diagnosis of H pylori infection.For the same purpose,serum IgA showed sensitivity of 72.0%, specificity of 65.9%,positive predictive value of 72.0%, negative predictive value of 67.4% and accuracy of 69.8%. If the serological tests were considered together,i.e.when both were positive or negative,the accuracy was 80.0%, sensitivity was 86.6%,specificity was 74.2%,positive predictive value was 74.2% and negative predictive value was 86.6%.When values obtained in the test for detecting IgA in the duodenal fluid were analyzed,no significant difference(P=0.43)was observed between the values obtained from patients with or without H pylori infection. CONCLUSION:The results of serum IgG and IgA tests for H pylori detection when used simultaneously,are more efficient in accuracy,sensitivity and negative predictive value, than those when used alone.The concentration of IgA antibodies in duodenal fluid is not useful in identifying patients with or without H pylori.展开更多
Recent advances in our understanding of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and the associated acute respiratory distress syndrome might approximate the cytokine release syndrome of severe immune-mediated disease.Import...Recent advances in our understanding of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and the associated acute respiratory distress syndrome might approximate the cytokine release syndrome of severe immune-mediated disease.Importantly,this presumption provides the rationale for utilization of therapy,until recently reserved mostly for autoimmune diseases(ADs),in the management of COVID-19 hyperinflammation condition and has led to an extensive discussion for the potential benefits and detriments of immunosuppression.Our paper intends to examine the available recommendations,complexities in diagnosis and management when dealing with patients with ADs amidst the COVID-19 crisis.Mimicking a flare of an underlying AD,overlapping pathological lung patterns,probability of higher rates of false-positive antibody test,and lack of concrete data are only a part of the detrimental and specific characteristics of COVID-19 outbreak among the population with ADs.The administration of pharmaceutical therapy should not undermine the physical and psychological status of the patient with the maximum utilization of telemedicine.Researchers and clinicians should be vigilant for upcoming research for insight and perspective to fine-tune the clinical guidelines and practice and to weigh the potential benefits and detrimental effects of the applied immunomodulating therapy.展开更多
Zika virus(ZIKV) has two lineages:African and Asian.Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are thought to replicate initially in dendritic cells and then spread to lymph nodes and the blood stream.Risk for infection through bloo...Zika virus(ZIKV) has two lineages:African and Asian.Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are thought to replicate initially in dendritic cells and then spread to lymph nodes and the blood stream.Risk for infection through blood transfusion,sexual practices and perinatal transmission exists.The possible routes of perinatal transmission are during delivery,breastfeeding and by close contact between the mother and her newborn.Also,mucocutaneous exposures to the virus by infected blood or monkey bite,organ transplantation or hemodialysis are the other routes of ZIKV transmission.There are two types of ZIKV infection;Zika fever and congenital infection.Clinical presentation of Zika fever varies from asymptomatic infections to a self-limiting febrile disease with low grade fever,conjunctivitis,maculopapular rash,headache,retro-orbital pain and arthritis/arthralgia with periarticular edema,myalgia,vertigo,vomiting and asthenia.This clinical feature could be mistaken for dengue or chikungunya fevers.Microcephaly is the most important and frequently reported clinical picture of suspected congenital Zika syndrome.Laboratory tests are needed for diagnosis of ZIKV infection,because there is no known pathognomonic clinical,biochemical or radiological features.RT-PCR is the most wellliked assay.Serum samples are tested by immunoglobulin G ELISA with ZIKV antigen.Samples are also tested by immunoglobulin M ELISA.There is no certified vaccine or therapeutic medication.In asymptomatic or uncomplicated patients,treatment is not necessary.展开更多
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 170 million individuals worldwide. Prevention of HCV infection complications is based on antiviral therapy with the combination of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin....Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 170 million individuals worldwide. Prevention of HCV infection complications is based on antiviral therapy with the combination of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin. The use of serological and virological tests has become essential in the management of HCV infection in order to diagnose infection, guide treatment decisions and assess the virological response to antiviral therapy. Anti- HCV antibody testing and HCV RNA testing are used to diagnose acute and chronic hepatitis C. The HCV genotype should be systematically determined before treatment, as it determines the indication, the duration of treatment, the dose of ribavirin and the virological monitoring procedure. HCV RNA monitoring during therapy is used to tailor treatment duration in HCV genotype 1 infection, and molecular assays are used to assess the end-of-treatment and, most importantly the sustained virological response, i.e. the endpoint of therapy.展开更多
To evaluate maternal hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA as risk for perinatal HBV infection among infants of HBV-infected women in California. METHODSRetrospective analysis among infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (...To evaluate maternal hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA as risk for perinatal HBV infection among infants of HBV-infected women in California. METHODSRetrospective analysis among infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothers who received post vaccination serologic testing (PVST) between 2005 and 2011 in California. Demographic information was collected from the California Department of Public Health Perinatal Hepatitis B Program databaseand matched to birth certificate records. HBV DNA level and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status were obtained from three large commercial laboratories in California and provider records if available and matched to mother infant pairs. Univariate analysis compared infected and uninfected infants. Multivariate analysis was restricted to infected infants and controls with complete maternal HBV DNA results using a predefined high HBV DNA level of > 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> IU/mL, a 5:1 ratio of cases to controls and a two-sided confidence level of 95%. RESULTSA total of 17687 infants were born to HBsAg positive mothers in California between Jan 1 2005 and Dec 31, 2011. Among 11473 infants with PVST, only 125 (1.1%) were found to be HBV infected. Among these infected infants, lapses in Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) occurred in only 9 infants. However, PEP errors were not significantly different between infected and uninfected infants. Among the 347 uninfected and infected infants who had maternal HBeAg and HBV DNA level, case-control analysis found HBeAg positivity (70.4% vs 28.9%, OR = 46.76, 95%CI: 6.05-361.32, P < 0.001) and a maternal HBV DNA level ≥ 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> IU/mL (92.6% vs 18.5%, OR = 54.5, 95%CI: 12.22-247.55, P < 0.001) were associated with perinatal HBV infection. In multivariate logistic regression, maternal HBV DNA level ≥ 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> IU/mL was the only significant independent predictor of perinatal HBV infection. CONCLUSIONIn California, transmission is low and most infected infants receive appropriate PEP and vaccination. Maternal HBV DNA ≥ 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> IU/mL is associated with high risk of perinatal infection.展开更多
Diagnostic testing plays a fundamental role in the mitigation and containment of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),as it enables immediate quarantine of those who are infected and contagious and is essential for the ...Diagnostic testing plays a fundamental role in the mitigation and containment of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),as it enables immediate quarantine of those who are infected and contagious and is essential for the epidemiological characterization of the virus and estimating the number of infected cases worldwide.Confirmation of viral infections,such as COVID-19,can be achieved through two general approaches:nucleic acid amplification tests(NAATs)or molecular tests,and serological or antibody-based tests.The genetic material of the pathogen is detected in NAAT,and in serological tests,host antibodies produced in response to the pathogen are identified.Other methods of diagnosing COVID-19 include radiological imaging of the lungs and in vitro detection of viral antigens.This review covers different approaches available to diagnosing COVID-19 by outlining their advantages and shortcomings,as well as appropriate indications for more accurate testing.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span><span style="font-family:""><span st...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To evaluate the diagnostic value of (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan and mannan assay for invasive candidiasis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods</span></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A retrospective study was conducted on 32 cases in the disease group (18 proven invasive candidiasis and 14 probable invasive candidiasis) and 48 cases in the control group. The subjects were recruited from January 2018 to March 2019 in Clinical Laboratory of Hainan General Hospital. All subjects were detected by (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan and mannan assay. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results</span></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The mean concentration of (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan in the disease group was 97.45 (43.23, 224.35) pg/ml and it was significantly higher than the mean concentration of the control group which was 49.85(41.91, 56.07) pg/ml (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.005). The mean concentration of mannan in the disease group and the control group were 161.36 (34.96, 224.49) pg/ml and 25.80 (25.00, 29.31) pg/ml, respectively, which were significantly different (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan assay were 59.38%, 89.58%, 79.17%, 76.79%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of mannan assay were 65.63%, 95.83%, 91.30%, 80.70%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of combination of two types of assays were 81.25%, 85.42%, 78.79% and 87.23%, respectively. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions</span></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Combination of (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan and mannan assay can improve diagnostic specificity and it has essential clinical diagnostic value for invasive candidiasis</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.展开更多
Background Both population-level epidemiological data and individual-level biological data are needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Population-level data are widely available and efforts to...Background Both population-level epidemiological data and individual-level biological data are needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Population-level data are widely available and efforts to combat COVID-19 have generated proliferate data on the biology and immunoresponse to the causative pathogen,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).However,there remains a paucity of systemized data on this subject.Objective In this review,we attempt to extract systemized data on the biology and immuno-response to SARS-CoV-2 from the most up-to-date peer-reviewed studies.We will focus on the biology of the virus and immunological variations that are key for determining long-term immunity,transmission potential,and prognosis.Data Sources and Methods Peer-reviewed articles were sourced from the PubMed database and by snowballing search of selected publications.Search terms included:“Novel Coronavirus”OR“COVID-19”OR“SARS-CoV-2”OR“2019-nCoV”AND“Immunity”OR“Immune Response”OR“Antibody Response”OR“Immunologic Response”.Studies published from December 31,2019 to December 31,2020 were included.To ensure validity,papers in pre-print were excluded.Results Of 2889 identified papers,36 were included.Evidence from these studies suggests early seroconversion in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.Antibody titers appear to markedly increase two weeks after infection,followed by a plateau.A more robust immune response is seen in patients with severe COVID-19 as opposed to mild or asymptomatic presentations.This trend persists with regard to the length of antibody maintenance.However,overall immunity appears to wane within two to three months post-infection.Conclusion Findings of this study indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 follow the general pattern of viral infection.Immunity generated through natural infection appears to be short,suggesting a need for long-term efforts to control the pandemic.Antibody testing will be essential to gauge the epidemic and inform decision-making on effective strategies for treatment and prevention.Further research is needed to illustrate immunoglobulin-specific roles and neutralizing antibody activity.展开更多
基金the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute(KHIDI),funded by the Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(grant no.HI22C0306).
文摘Objective:Serological tests are widely used for scrub typhus diagnosis;however,their limitations are evident.This study aims to assess their practical value in clinical settings.Methods:We analyzed the data of adult patients with suspected scrub typhus who visited a tertiary care hospital in the Republic of Korea from September to December from 2019 to 2021.The included patients had an acute fever and at least one of the following ten secondary findings:myalgia,skin rash,eschar,headache,thrombocytopenia,increased liver enzyme levels,lymphadenopathy,hepatomegaly,splenomegaly,and pleural effusion.The diagnoses were grouped as scrub typhus or other diseases by two infectious disease physicians.Results:Among 136 patients who met the eligibility criteria,109 had scrub typhus and 27 had different diseases.Single and paired total antibodies using immunofluorescence assay(IFA),and total antibodies using immunochromatography-based rapid diagnostic testing(ICT)were measured in 98%,22%,and 75%of all patients,respectively.Confirmation using paired samples for scrub typhus was established at a median of 11[interquartile range(IQR)10-16]days following the first visit.Among the 82 admitted patients,the median admission time was 9(IQR 7-13)days.According to IFA,58(55%)patients with scrub typhus had total immunoglobulin titers≥1:320,while 23(85%)patients with other disease had titers<1:320.Positive ICT results were observed in 64(74%)patients with scrub typhus and 10(67%)patients with other diseases showed negative ICT results.Conclusions:Serological testing for scrub typhus is currently insufficient for decision-making in clinical practice.
文摘BACKGROUND At the end of December 2019,the world faced severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which led to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),associated with respiratory issues.This virus has shown significant challenges,especially for senior citizens,patients with other underlying illnesses,or those with a sedentary lifestyle.Serological tests conducted early on have helped identify how the virus is transmitted and how to curb its spread.The study hypothesis was that the rapid serological test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could indicate the immunoreactive profile during the COVID-19 pandemic in a university population.AIM To conduct active surveillance for serological expression of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in individuals within a university setting during the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS This sectional study by convenience sampling was conducted in a large university in Niteroi-RJ,Brazil,from March 2021 to July 2021.The study population consisted of students,faculty,and administrative staff employed by the university.A total of 3433 faculty members,60703 students,and 3812 administrative staff were invited to participate.Data were gathered through rapid serological tests to detect immunoglobulin(Ig)M and IgG against SARS-CoV-2.Theχ²or Fisher's exact test was used to conduct statistical analysis.A 0.20 significance level was adopted for variable selection in a multiple logistic regression model to evaluate associations.RESULTS A total of 1648 individuals were enrolled in the study.The proportion of COVID-19 positivity was 164/1648(9.8%).The adjusted logistic model indicate a positive association between the expression of IgM or IgG and age[odds ratio(OR)=1.16,95%CI:1.02-1.31](P<0.0024),individuals who had been in contact with a COVID-19-positive case(OR=3.49,95%CI:2.34-5.37)(P<0.001),those who had received the COVID-19 vaccine(OR=2.33,95%CI:1.61-3.35)(P<0.001)and social isolation(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.41-0.84)(P<0.004).The likelihood of showing a positive result increased by 16%with every ten-year increment.Conversely,adherence to social distancing measures decreased the likelihood by 41%.CONCLUSION These findings evidenced that the population became more exposed to the virus as individuals discontinued social distancing practices,thereby increasing the risk of infection for themselves.
文摘Objective:To explore the application value of liver function and serological index detection in diagnosing fatty liver.Methods:Ninety patients with fatty liver disease(disease group)and ninety healthy subjects(healthy group)were selected as the subjects of this study.They all underwent liver function index testing and serological index testing.Test results were compared,and the diagnostic accuracy of single and combined tests was evaluated.Results:Liver function indicators of patients in the disease group were higher than those in the healthy group,with severe patients exhibiting higher levels than moderate patients and mild patients(P<0.05).Serological indicators in patients in the disease group were higher than those in the healthy group,with severe patients showing higher levels than moderate patients and mild patients(P<0.05).The diagnostic accuracy of liver function index testing was higher than that of serological index testing,and the accuracy of combined testing was higher than that of single testing(P<0.05).Conclusion:In diagnosing fatty liver,combining liver function testing and serological testing enables the initial diagnosis of the disease and facilitates the accurate assessment of its severity.
文摘Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)infection induces pathological changes via chronic inflammation and virulence factors,thereby increasing the risk of gastric cancer development.Compared with invasive examination methods,H.pylori-related serum indicators are cost-effective and valuable for the early detection of gastric cancer(GC);however,large-scale clinical validation and sufficient understanding of the specific molecular mechanisms involved are lacking.Therefore,a comprehensive review and analysis of recent advances in this field is necessary.In this review,we systematically analyze the relationship between H.pylori and GC and discuss the application of new molecular biomarkers in GC screening.We also summarize the screening potential and application of anti-H.pylori immunoglobulin G and virulence factor-related serum antibodies for identifying GC risk.These indicators provide early warning of infection and enhance screening accuracy.Additionally,we discuss the potential combination of multiple screening indicators for the comprehensive analysis and development of emerging testing methods to improve the accuracy and efficiency of GC screening.Although this review may lack sufficient evidence due to limitations in existing studies,including small sample sizes,regional variations,and inconsistent testing methods,it contributes to advancing personalized precision medicine in high-risk populations and developing GC screening strategies.
文摘Correction to“Freire de Melo F,Martins Oliveira Diniz L,Nélio Januário J,Fernando Gonçalves Ferreira J,Dórea RSDM,de Brito BB,Marques HS,Lemos FFB,Silva Luz M,Rocha Pinheiro SL,de Magalhães Queiroz DM.Performance of a serological IgM and IgG qualitative test for COVID-19 diagnosis:An experimental study in Brazil.World J Exp Med 2022;12(5):100-103[PMID:36196438 DOI:10.5493/wjem.v12.i5.100]”.In this article,we identified an issue with the“Acknowledgments”section.Here,we then provide a recognition section for our supporting institutions.
基金Project was supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of China(No.2016ZX08009003-001)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFD0300706)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31571976)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(No.nycytx-001).
文摘Rice stripe mosaic virus(RSMV) is a rhabdovirus recently found in southern part of China and can cause severe reduction in rice production. To establish serological methods for RSMV epidemiological studies and to establish a control strategy for this virus, we first purified RSMV virions from infected rice plants and then used them as an immunogen to produce four RSMV-specific monoclonal antibodies(MAbs)(i.e.,1D4, 4A8, 8E4 and 11F11). With these MAbs, we have developed a highly specific and sensitive antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ACP-ELISA), a Dot-ELISA and a Tissue print-ELISA for rapid detections of RSMV infection in rice plants or in leafhoppers. Our results showed that RSMV can be readily detected in RSMV-infected rice plant tissue crude extracts diluted at 1:20,971,520(w/v, g/m L)through ACP-ELISA or diluted at 1:327,680(w/v, g/m L) through Dot-ELISA. Both ACP-ELISA and Dot-ELISA can also be used to detect RSMV infection in individual RSMV viruliferous leafhopper(Recilia dorsalis) homogenate diluted at 1:307,200 and 1:163,840(individual leafhopper/l L), respectively. Detection of RSMV infection in field-collected rice samples or in RSMV viruliferous leafhoppers indicated that the three serological methods can produce same results with that produced by RT-PCR(19 of the 33 rice samples and 5 of the 16 leafhoppers were RSMV-positive). We consider that the four MAbs produced in this study are very specific and sensitive, and the three new serological methods are very useful for detections of RSMV infection in rice plants or in leafhoppers and the establishment of the disease control strategies.
基金supported by the Emergency Scientific Research Project for COVID-19 from Wuhan City(Grant No.2020020101010008)。
文摘The immense patient number caused by coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)global pandemic brings the urge for more knowledge about its immunological features,including the profile of basic immune parameters.In this study,eighty-eight reported COVID-19 patients in Wuhan were recruited from January to February,2020,including 32 severe/critical cases and56 mild/moderate cases.Their mean age was 56.43 years(range 17–83)and gender ratio(male/female)was 43:45.We tested SARS-CoV-2 RNA with commercial kits,investigated the level of serologic IgM and IgG antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)using magnetic particle chemiluminescence immunoassays,and compared the results of serologic tests and nucleic acid test(NAT).Among 88 patients,95.45%were confirmed as positive by the combination of NAT and antibody test,which was significantly higher(P<0.001)than by single nucleic acid test(73.86%)or serologic test(65.91%).Then the correlation between temporal profile and the level of antibody response was analyzed.It showed that seroconversion started on day 5 after disease onset and IgG level was rose earlier than IgM.Comparison between patients with different disease severity suggested early seroconversion and high antibody titer were linked with less severe clinical symptoms.These results supported the combination of serologic testing and NAT in routine COVID-19 diagnosis and provided evidence on the temporal profile of antibody response in patients with different disease severity.
文摘Objective： To understand the changes in syphilis serology after regular treatment. Methods： Patients with clinical evidence and credible medical history of syphilis were treated regularly. Their serologic tests were followed for two years. Results： At the end of half a year, 22.95% of patients had a negative USR but 26.23% remained positive even after 2 years. More than 3% of patients had a negative FTA-ABS result. These patients tended to be under 40 with a disease course of less than 2 years. Conclusion： The resolution rate was high for patients who were young, had a shorter course of disease and reacted strongly to the infection. In patients older than 40 with a long course of disease, the resolution rate was low.
文摘Pepino mosaic virus （PepMV）, monopartite RNA virus, 6,500 pb, belonging to Flexiviridae and Potexvirus group, is highly infectious and easily transmissible. Its economic impact is major for the tomato producer＇s countries. Prevention, based on early virus detection is the only effective control measure. Monoclonal antibodies appeared to be very useful tool. The authors used for the production of monoclonal antibodies hybridomas technique, by fusing spleen cells of immunized BALB/c mice to PepMV and SP2/O cancerous cells. The aim of this work is to produce hybridomas producers of Mab that could be used for ELISA in Morocco. At the same time, these efforts will serve to decrease expenses of producers concerning phytosanitory control. We obtained 16 hybridomas lines producers of Mab specific for PepMV. They were tested for efficiencies in ELISA and two lines were retained for production of Mab on large scale （1B 11-G 10 and 5A l-G5）. Isotyping of these two lines showed that they are belonging to IgG 1 class and easily purified by affinity chromatography in agarose column by protein A. The conjugation of these two antibodies to alkaline phosphatase has been verified by DAS-ELISA. These antibodies will enable to diagnose the disease from infected tomato plants, integrating several serological tests to control it and target the actions of struggles.
文摘Qualitative antibody tests are an easy,point-of-care diagnostic method that is useful in diagnosing coronavirus disease 2019,especially in situations where reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction is negative.However,some factors are able to affect its sensitivity and accuracy,which may contribute to these tests not being used as a first-line diagnostic tool.
文摘Objective: to compare and analyze the application effect of chemiluminescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in hepatitis B virus serological test. Methods: fifty patients with hepatitis B virus carriers admitted to our hospital from August 2019 to September 2021 were enrolled. Peripheral blood was collected in fasting state in the morning after admission and sent to the laboratory for serological examination. Two detection techniques, namely chemiluminescence and enzymic immunosorbent assay, were used to evaluate and compare the specific detection results. Results: the positive rate of HBeAg, HBsAg, anti-HBE and other serological markers detected by chemiluminescence was higher than that by ELISA, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: chemiluminescence is better than elisa in the diagnosis of hepatitis B virus serology.
文摘Background and Objective: HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are very widespread in the world, however, less than 20% of the people affected are diagnosed and treated. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV, HCV and HBV co-infections in pregnant women at Bangui Community University Hospital and the cost of screening. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving consenting pregnant women who came for antenatal care was performed. HIV, HCV antibodies and HBV antigens were detected using Exacto Triplex<sup>?</sup> HIV/HCV/HBsAg rapid test, cross-validated by ELISA tests. Sociodemographic and professional data, the modes of transmission and prevention of HIV and both hepatitis viruses were collected in a standard sheet and analyzed using the Epi-Info software version 7. Results: Pregnant women aged 15 to 24 were the most affected (45.3%);high school girls (46.0%), and pregnant women living in cohabitation (65.3%) were the most represented. Twenty-five (16.7%) worked in the formal sector, 12.7% were unemployed housewives and the remainder in the informal sector. The prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV viruses was 11.8%, 21.9% and 22.2%, respectively. The prevalence of co-infections was 8.6% for HIV-HBV, 10.2% for HIV-HCV, 14.7% for HBV-HCV and 6.5% for HIV-HBV-HCV. All positive results and 10% of negative results by the rapid test were confirmed by ELISA tests. The serology of the three viruses costs 39,000 FCFA (60 Euros) by ELISA compared to 10,000 FCFA (15.00 Euros) with Exacto Triplex<sup>?</sup> HIV/HCV/AgHBs (BioSynex, Strasbourg, France). Conclusion: The low level of education and awareness of hepatitis are barriers to development and indicate the importance of improving the literacy rate of women in the Central African Republic (CAR). Likewise, the high prevalence of the three viruses shows the need for the urgent establishment of a national program to combat viral hepatitis in the CAR.
文摘AIM:To study the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori(H pylori) infection through the determination of serum levels of anti- H pylori IgG and IgA antibodies,and the levels of anti-H pylori IgA antibodies in duodenal fluid. METHODS:Data were collected from 93 patients submitted to upper digestive endoscopy due to dyspeptic symptoms. The patients were either negative(group A)or positive (group B)to H pylori by means of both histological detection and urease tests.Before endoscopy,peripheral blood was collected for the investigation of anti-H pylori IgG and IgA antibodies.To perform the urease test,biopsies were obtained from the gastric antrum.For the histological evaluation,biopsies were collected from the gastric antrum (greater and lesser curvatures)and the gastric body. Following this,duodenal fluid was collected from the first and second portions of the duodenum.For the serological assaying of anti-Hpylori IgG and IgA,and anti-Hpylori IgA in duodenal fluids,the ELISA method was utilized. RESULTS:The concentration of serum IgG showed sensitivity of 64.0%,specificity of 83.7%,positive predictive value of 82.0%,negative predictive value of 66.6% and accuracy of 73.1% for the diagnosis of H pylori infection.For the same purpose,serum IgA showed sensitivity of 72.0%, specificity of 65.9%,positive predictive value of 72.0%, negative predictive value of 67.4% and accuracy of 69.8%. If the serological tests were considered together,i.e.when both were positive or negative,the accuracy was 80.0%, sensitivity was 86.6%,specificity was 74.2%,positive predictive value was 74.2% and negative predictive value was 86.6%.When values obtained in the test for detecting IgA in the duodenal fluid were analyzed,no significant difference(P=0.43)was observed between the values obtained from patients with or without H pylori infection. CONCLUSION:The results of serum IgG and IgA tests for H pylori detection when used simultaneously,are more efficient in accuracy,sensitivity and negative predictive value, than those when used alone.The concentration of IgA antibodies in duodenal fluid is not useful in identifying patients with or without H pylori.
文摘Recent advances in our understanding of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and the associated acute respiratory distress syndrome might approximate the cytokine release syndrome of severe immune-mediated disease.Importantly,this presumption provides the rationale for utilization of therapy,until recently reserved mostly for autoimmune diseases(ADs),in the management of COVID-19 hyperinflammation condition and has led to an extensive discussion for the potential benefits and detriments of immunosuppression.Our paper intends to examine the available recommendations,complexities in diagnosis and management when dealing with patients with ADs amidst the COVID-19 crisis.Mimicking a flare of an underlying AD,overlapping pathological lung patterns,probability of higher rates of false-positive antibody test,and lack of concrete data are only a part of the detrimental and specific characteristics of COVID-19 outbreak among the population with ADs.The administration of pharmaceutical therapy should not undermine the physical and psychological status of the patient with the maximum utilization of telemedicine.Researchers and clinicians should be vigilant for upcoming research for insight and perspective to fine-tune the clinical guidelines and practice and to weigh the potential benefits and detrimental effects of the applied immunomodulating therapy.
基金Supported by Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences(Grant No.95-06-01)
文摘Zika virus(ZIKV) has two lineages:African and Asian.Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are thought to replicate initially in dendritic cells and then spread to lymph nodes and the blood stream.Risk for infection through blood transfusion,sexual practices and perinatal transmission exists.The possible routes of perinatal transmission are during delivery,breastfeeding and by close contact between the mother and her newborn.Also,mucocutaneous exposures to the virus by infected blood or monkey bite,organ transplantation or hemodialysis are the other routes of ZIKV transmission.There are two types of ZIKV infection;Zika fever and congenital infection.Clinical presentation of Zika fever varies from asymptomatic infections to a self-limiting febrile disease with low grade fever,conjunctivitis,maculopapular rash,headache,retro-orbital pain and arthritis/arthralgia with periarticular edema,myalgia,vertigo,vomiting and asthenia.This clinical feature could be mistaken for dengue or chikungunya fevers.Microcephaly is the most important and frequently reported clinical picture of suspected congenital Zika syndrome.Laboratory tests are needed for diagnosis of ZIKV infection,because there is no known pathognomonic clinical,biochemical or radiological features.RT-PCR is the most wellliked assay.Serum samples are tested by immunoglobulin G ELISA with ZIKV antigen.Samples are also tested by immunoglobulin M ELISA.There is no certified vaccine or therapeutic medication.In asymptomatic or uncomplicated patients,treatment is not necessary.
文摘Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects approximately 170 million individuals worldwide. Prevention of HCV infection complications is based on antiviral therapy with the combination of pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin. The use of serological and virological tests has become essential in the management of HCV infection in order to diagnose infection, guide treatment decisions and assess the virological response to antiviral therapy. Anti- HCV antibody testing and HCV RNA testing are used to diagnose acute and chronic hepatitis C. The HCV genotype should be systematically determined before treatment, as it determines the indication, the duration of treatment, the dose of ribavirin and the virological monitoring procedure. HCV RNA monitoring during therapy is used to tailor treatment duration in HCV genotype 1 infection, and molecular assays are used to assess the end-of-treatment and, most importantly the sustained virological response, i.e. the endpoint of therapy.
文摘To evaluate maternal hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA as risk for perinatal HBV infection among infants of HBV-infected women in California. METHODSRetrospective analysis among infants born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothers who received post vaccination serologic testing (PVST) between 2005 and 2011 in California. Demographic information was collected from the California Department of Public Health Perinatal Hepatitis B Program databaseand matched to birth certificate records. HBV DNA level and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status were obtained from three large commercial laboratories in California and provider records if available and matched to mother infant pairs. Univariate analysis compared infected and uninfected infants. Multivariate analysis was restricted to infected infants and controls with complete maternal HBV DNA results using a predefined high HBV DNA level of > 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> IU/mL, a 5:1 ratio of cases to controls and a two-sided confidence level of 95%. RESULTSA total of 17687 infants were born to HBsAg positive mothers in California between Jan 1 2005 and Dec 31, 2011. Among 11473 infants with PVST, only 125 (1.1%) were found to be HBV infected. Among these infected infants, lapses in Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) occurred in only 9 infants. However, PEP errors were not significantly different between infected and uninfected infants. Among the 347 uninfected and infected infants who had maternal HBeAg and HBV DNA level, case-control analysis found HBeAg positivity (70.4% vs 28.9%, OR = 46.76, 95%CI: 6.05-361.32, P < 0.001) and a maternal HBV DNA level ≥ 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> IU/mL (92.6% vs 18.5%, OR = 54.5, 95%CI: 12.22-247.55, P < 0.001) were associated with perinatal HBV infection. In multivariate logistic regression, maternal HBV DNA level ≥ 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> IU/mL was the only significant independent predictor of perinatal HBV infection. CONCLUSIONIn California, transmission is low and most infected infants receive appropriate PEP and vaccination. Maternal HBV DNA ≥ 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> IU/mL is associated with high risk of perinatal infection.
基金supported by the Protein Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University.
文摘Diagnostic testing plays a fundamental role in the mitigation and containment of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19),as it enables immediate quarantine of those who are infected and contagious and is essential for the epidemiological characterization of the virus and estimating the number of infected cases worldwide.Confirmation of viral infections,such as COVID-19,can be achieved through two general approaches:nucleic acid amplification tests(NAATs)or molecular tests,and serological or antibody-based tests.The genetic material of the pathogen is detected in NAAT,and in serological tests,host antibodies produced in response to the pathogen are identified.Other methods of diagnosing COVID-19 include radiological imaging of the lungs and in vitro detection of viral antigens.This review covers different approaches available to diagnosing COVID-19 by outlining their advantages and shortcomings,as well as appropriate indications for more accurate testing.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To evaluate the diagnostic value of (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan and mannan assay for invasive candidiasis. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Methods</span></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> A retrospective study was conducted on 32 cases in the disease group (18 proven invasive candidiasis and 14 probable invasive candidiasis) and 48 cases in the control group. The subjects were recruited from January 2018 to March 2019 in Clinical Laboratory of Hainan General Hospital. All subjects were detected by (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan and mannan assay. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results</span></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The mean concentration of (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan in the disease group was 97.45 (43.23, 224.35) pg/ml and it was significantly higher than the mean concentration of the control group which was 49.85(41.91, 56.07) pg/ml (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> = 0.005). The mean concentration of mannan in the disease group and the control group were 161.36 (34.96, 224.49) pg/ml and 25.80 (25.00, 29.31) pg/ml, respectively, which were significantly different (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">P</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan assay were 59.38%, 89.58%, 79.17%, 76.79%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of mannan assay were 65.63%, 95.83%, 91.30%, 80.70%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of combination of two types of assays were 81.25%, 85.42%, 78.79% and 87.23%, respectively. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusions</span></b></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">:</span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Combination of (1 - 3)-</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">β</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-D glucan and mannan assay can improve diagnostic specificity and it has essential clinical diagnostic value for invasive candidiasis</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.
文摘Background Both population-level epidemiological data and individual-level biological data are needed to control the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.Population-level data are widely available and efforts to combat COVID-19 have generated proliferate data on the biology and immunoresponse to the causative pathogen,severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2).However,there remains a paucity of systemized data on this subject.Objective In this review,we attempt to extract systemized data on the biology and immuno-response to SARS-CoV-2 from the most up-to-date peer-reviewed studies.We will focus on the biology of the virus and immunological variations that are key for determining long-term immunity,transmission potential,and prognosis.Data Sources and Methods Peer-reviewed articles were sourced from the PubMed database and by snowballing search of selected publications.Search terms included:“Novel Coronavirus”OR“COVID-19”OR“SARS-CoV-2”OR“2019-nCoV”AND“Immunity”OR“Immune Response”OR“Antibody Response”OR“Immunologic Response”.Studies published from December 31,2019 to December 31,2020 were included.To ensure validity,papers in pre-print were excluded.Results Of 2889 identified papers,36 were included.Evidence from these studies suggests early seroconversion in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.Antibody titers appear to markedly increase two weeks after infection,followed by a plateau.A more robust immune response is seen in patients with severe COVID-19 as opposed to mild or asymptomatic presentations.This trend persists with regard to the length of antibody maintenance.However,overall immunity appears to wane within two to three months post-infection.Conclusion Findings of this study indicate that immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 follow the general pattern of viral infection.Immunity generated through natural infection appears to be short,suggesting a need for long-term efforts to control the pandemic.Antibody testing will be essential to gauge the epidemic and inform decision-making on effective strategies for treatment and prevention.Further research is needed to illustrate immunoglobulin-specific roles and neutralizing antibody activity.
