The growing demands for energy storage systems,electric vehicles,and portable electronics have significantly pushed forward the need for safe and reliable lithium batteries.It is essential to design functional separat...The growing demands for energy storage systems,electric vehicles,and portable electronics have significantly pushed forward the need for safe and reliable lithium batteries.It is essential to design functional separators with improved mechanical and electrochemical characteristics.This review covers the improved mechanical and electrochemical performances as well as the advancements made in the design of separators utilizing a variety of techniques.In terms of electrolyte wettability and adhesion of the coating materials,we provide an overview of the current status of research on coated separators,in situ modified separators,and grafting modified separators,and elaborate additional performance parameters of interest.The characteristics of inorganics coated separators,organic framework coated separators and inorganic-organic coated separators from different fabrication methods are compared.Future directions regarding new modified materials,manufacturing process,quantitative analysis of adhesion and so on are proposed toward next-generation advanced lithium batteries.展开更多
The potential of the vertical-horizontal well hybrid SAGD technique for developing shallow heavy oil reservoirs is gradually being realized.However,challenges remain in terms of low thermal efficiency and high carbon ...The potential of the vertical-horizontal well hybrid SAGD technique for developing shallow heavy oil reservoirs is gradually being realized.However,challenges remain in terms of low thermal efficiency and high carbon emissions in reservoirs with interlayers.Currently,there is limited research on the low-carbon strategy of coupling exhaust gas from steam boilers with the VH-SAGD technique.Herein,considering heterogeneity,a series of flue gas-assisted VH-SAGD experiments were conducted employing a high-performance 2D visualization model.The mechanism of enhanced recovery of flue gas in VH-SAGD and the effect of its injection methods were studied,with a focus on steam chamber development and oil saturation distribution.Crucially,the interlayer length was optimized to enhance oil recovery,providing a new perspective for well location design in heavy oil reservoirs with interlayers.The results showed that flue gas,as an additive,could fully exploit the well-type advantage of VH-SAGD.By supplementing energy at the reservoir top,flue gas effectively promoted steam chamber development,expanded the oil drainage area of VH-SAGD,and increased the oil recovery from 58.9%to 71.7%.The flow channels formed by pre-injection flue gas accelerated the early-stage expansion of the steam chamber while also inducing lateral migration of steam,slowing steam rise,and consequently increasing the heating range within the low-permeability layer.When the distance between the vertical and horizontal wells was set to twice the interlayer length,the negative effects of the interlayer were more effectively turned into advantages.Because when the lateral development distance of the steam chamber in the low-permeability layer slightly exceeds the interlayer,enhanced heating of the lower part of the reservoir occurred through vertical convection of rising steam and returning condensate.The research results contribute to reducing carbon emissions from steam-based heavy oil extraction while advancing the maturity of VH-SAGD.展开更多
Weak interlayers play a crucial role in the seismic performance of bedding slopes;however,the effects of structural surface development within these layers remain underexplored.This study presents two scaled models of...Weak interlayers play a crucial role in the seismic performance of bedding slopes;however,the effects of structural surface development within these layers remain underexplored.This study presents two scaled models of bedding slopes,each with different weak interlayers:one with a homogeneous weak layer and another with discontinuous interfaces.Shaking table tests were conducted to compare their seismic performance.The results show that the peak ground acceleration(PGA)values above the weak interlayer in model A were significantly higher than those in model B,with the differences increasing as the input wave amplitude increased.The peak earth pressure(PEP)values at the tensile failure boundary at the rear edge of model A were also higher,whereas those within the weak layer at the toe of model A were lower than those in model B.Deformation analysis revealed that the maximum principal strain in model A initially appeared at the upper part of the tensile failure boundary,while the maximum shear strain was concentrated near the rear edge within the weak layer.In contrast,model B exhibited the opposite strain distribution.These findings provide insight into the impact of weak interlayers on the dynamic response and deformation of bedding slopes,highlighting the importance of considering this factor in seismic landslide investigations and failure mode predictions.展开更多
The thermal stability of lithium-ion battery separators is a critical determinant of battery safety and performance,especially in the context of rapidly expanding applications in electric vehicles and energy storage s...The thermal stability of lithium-ion battery separators is a critical determinant of battery safety and performance,especially in the context of rapidly expanding applications in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.While traditional polyolefin separators(PP/PE)dominate the market due to their cost-effectiveness and mechanical robustness,their inherent poor thermal stability poses significant safety risks under high-temperature conditions.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in enhancing separator thermal stability through coating materials(metal,ceramic,inorganic)and novel high-temperature-resistant polymers(e.g.,PVDF copolymers,PI,PAN).Notably,we critically evaluate the trade-offs between thermal resilience and electrochemical performance,such as the unintended increase in electronic conductivity from metal coatings(e.g.,Cu,MOFs)and reduced electrolyte wettability in ceramic coatings(e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3)).Innovations in hybrid coatings(e.g.,BN/PAN composites,gradient-structured MOFs)and scalable manufacturing techniques(e.g.,roll-to-roll electrospinning)are highlighted as promising strategies to balance these competing demands.Furthermore,a comparative analysis of next-generation high-temperature-resistant separators underscores their ionic conductivity,mechanical strength,and scalability,offering actionable insights for material selection.The review concludes with forward-looking perspectives on integrating machine learning for material discovery,optimizing interfacial adhesion in ceramic coatings,and advancing semi-/all-solid-state batteries to address both thermal and electrochemical challenges.This work aims to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and industrial applications,fostering safer and more efficient lithium battery technologies.展开更多
Zinc-based batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their inherent safety,notable cost-effectiveness and consistent performance,etc.However,the advancement of zinc-based battery technology encounters signi...Zinc-based batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their inherent safety,notable cost-effectiveness and consistent performance,etc.However,the advancement of zinc-based battery technology encounters significant challenges,including the formation of zinc dendrites and irreversible side reactions.Separators are vital in batteries due to their role in preventing electrode contact and facilitating rapid movement of ions within the electrolyte.The incorporation of cellulose in batteries enables uniform ion transport and a stable electricfield,attributed to its excellent hydrophilicity,strong mechanical strength,and abundant active sites.Herein,the latest research progress of cellulose-based separators on various zinc-based batteries is systematically summarized.To begin with,the accomplishments and inherent limitations of traditional sep-arators are clarified.Next,it underscores the advantages of cellulose-based materials in battery technology,thoroughly examining their utilization and merits as separators in zinc-based batteries.Lastly,the review offers prospective insights into the future trajectory of cellulose-based separators in zinc-based batteries.Through a comprehensive analysis of the present landscape,the review establishes a framework for the future design and enhancement of cellulose-based separators,thereby fostering the progression of associated industries.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries with high energy density and capacity have garnered significant research attention among various energy storage devices.However,the shuttle effect of polysulfides(LiPSs)remains a major ch...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries with high energy density and capacity have garnered significant research attention among various energy storage devices.However,the shuttle effect of polysulfides(LiPSs)remains a major challenge for their practical application.The design of battery separators has become a key aspect in addressing the challenge.MXenes,a promising two-dimensional(2D)material,offer exceptional conductivity,large surface area,high mechanical strength,and active sites for surface reactions.When assembled into layered films,MXenes form highly tunable two-dimensional channels ranging from a few angstroms to over 1 nm.These nanoconfined channels are instrumental in facilitating lithium-ion transport while effectively impeding the shuttle effect of LiPSs,which are essential for improving the specific capacity and cyclic stability of Li-S batteries.Substantial progress has been made in developing MXenes-based separators for Li-S batteries,yet there remains a research gap in summarizing advancements from the perspective of interlayer engineering.This entails maintaining the 2D nanochannels of layered MXenes-based separators while modulating the physicochemical environment within the MXenes interlayers through targeted modifications.This review highlights advancements in in situ modification of MXenes and their integration with 0D,1D,and 2D materials to construct laminated nanocomposite separators for Li-S batteries.The future development directions of MXenes-based materials in Li-S energy storage devices are also outlined,to drive further advancements in MXenes for Li-S battery separators.展开更多
Separators in supercapacitors(SCs)frequently suffer from high resistance and the risk of short circuits due to inadequate electrolyte wettability,depressed mechanical properties,and insufficient thermal stability.Here...Separators in supercapacitors(SCs)frequently suffer from high resistance and the risk of short circuits due to inadequate electrolyte wettability,depressed mechanical properties,and insufficient thermal stability.Here,we develop a high-performance regenerated cellulose separator with nano-cracked structures for SCs via a binary solvent of superbase-derived ionic liquid and dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).The unique nano-cracks with an average width of 7.45 nm arise from the acceleration of cellulose molecular reassembly by DMSO-regulated hydrogen bonding,which endows the separator with high porosity(70.2%)and excellent electrolyte retention(329%).The outstanding thermal stability(273℃)and mechanical strength(70 MPa)enable the separator to maintain its structural integrity under high temperatures and external forces.With these benefits,the SC utilizing the cellulose separator enables a high specific capacitance of 93.6 F g^(−1) at 1.0 A g^(−1) and a remarkable capacitance retention of 99.5%after 10,000 cycles compared with the commercial NKK-MPF30AC and NKK-TF4030.The robust and high-wettability cellulose separator holds promise as a superior alternative to commercial separators for advanced SCs with enhanced performance and improved safety.展开更多
Shuttle effect of polysulfides overshadows the superiorities of lithium-sulfur batteries.Size-sieving effect could address this thorny trouble rely on size differ in polysulfides and lithium ions.However,clogged polys...Shuttle effect of polysulfides overshadows the superiorities of lithium-sulfur batteries.Size-sieving effect could address this thorny trouble rely on size differ in polysulfides and lithium ions.However,clogged polysulfides pose some challenges for cathode and are rarely recycled during charging/discharging.Herein,an amino functionalized titanium-organic framework is designed for modifying lithium-sulfur batteries separator to address the aforementioned challenges.Wherein,the introduction of amino narrows titanium-organic framework pore size,enabling functional separator to selectively modulate lithium ions and polysulfides migration using size-sieving effect,thereby completely suppressing polysulfides shuttle.Furthermore,the blocked polysulfides will be adsorbed on the separator surface by positively charged amino leveraging electrostatic adsorption,ensuring polysulfides to redistribute and reuse,and boosting active materials utilization.Significantly,the migration of lithium ions is not hindered since there are lithium ions transfer channels formed via Lewis acid-base interaction with the help of amino.Combined with these virtues,the lithium-sulfur batteries with amino functionalized titanium-organic framework modified separator enjoy an ultralow attenuation rate of 0.045%per cycle over 1000 cycles at 1.0C.Electrostatic adsorption and Lewis acid-base interaction cover deficiencies existing in the inhibition of polysulfides shuttle by size-sieving effect,providing fresh insight into the advancement of lithium-sulfur batteries.展开更多
0 INTRODUCTION During the geological evolution process,tectonic activities coupled with anthropogenic engineering disturbances have collectively contributed to the development of complex fracture-filling networks with...0 INTRODUCTION During the geological evolution process,tectonic activities coupled with anthropogenic engineering disturbances have collectively contributed to the development of complex fracture-filling networks within rock masses(Feng et al.,2024;Tan et al.,2020;Li et al.,2019).The particle size distribution of infilling materials within fractures is susceptible to multiple controlling factors,including material composition,seepage-induced erosion,and tectonic disturbances(Zhang et al.,2024;Tan et al.,2023).展开更多
The uneven deposition and high reactivity of lithium-metal anode(LMA)lead to uncontrollable dendrite growth,low Coulombic efficiency,and safety concerns,hindering their commercialization.Here,a representative polar-ri...The uneven deposition and high reactivity of lithium-metal anode(LMA)lead to uncontrollable dendrite growth,low Coulombic efficiency,and safety concerns,hindering their commercialization.Here,a representative polar-rich-group triazine-based covalent organic framework(COF-TzDha)with a desolvation effect is designed as an interlayer for stable,dendrite-free LMA.The abundant triazine rings in COFTzDha as a donor effectively attract lithium ions,while the one-dimensional nanopore structure facilitates lithium-ion migration.The periodic arrangement of polar groups(-OH)in the backbone interacts with electrolyte components(DOL,DME,TFSI-)to form a hydrogen bonding network that slows solvent molecules transport.Therefore,COF-TzDha effectively desolvates lithium ions from the solvent sheath,promoting uniform lithium ion flux and Li plating/stripping.Theoretical calculations verify that COFTzDha with abundant adsorption sites and strong adsorption energy facilitates lithium ion desolvation.Consequently,the introduction of COF-TzDha obtains a high ion mobility(0.75).The Li|COF@PP|Li symmetric cell cycles stably for over 1200 h at 4 mA cm^(-2)/4.0 mA h cm^(-2).The Li|COF@PP|LiFePO_(4)full cell also displays highly stable cycling performance with 600 cycles(75.5%capacity retention,~100% Coulombic efficiency)at 1 C.This work verifies an effective strategy for inducing uniform Li deposition and achieving dendrite-free,stable LMA using a polar-rich-group COF interlayer with a desolvation effect.展开更多
Amorphous Si O2（a-Si O2） films were synthesized on WC-Co substrates with H2 and tetraethoxysilane（TEOS） via pyrolysis of molecular precursor.X-ray diffraction（XRD） pattern shows that silicon-cobalt compounds for...Amorphous Si O2（a-Si O2） films were synthesized on WC-Co substrates with H2 and tetraethoxysilane（TEOS） via pyrolysis of molecular precursor.X-ray diffraction（XRD） pattern shows that silicon-cobalt compounds form at the interface between a-Si O2 films and WC-Co substrates.Moreover,it is observed by transmission electron microscope（TEM） that the a-Si O2 films are composed of hollow mirco-spheroid a-Si O2 particles.Subsequently,the a-Si O2 films are used as intermediate films and chemical vapor deposition（CVD） diamond films are deposited on them.Indentation tests were performed to evaluate the adhesion of bi-layer（a-Si O2 ＋ diamond） films on cemented carbide substrates.And the cutting performance of bi-layer（a-Si O2 ＋ diamond） coated inserts was evaluated by machining the glass fiber reinforced plastic（GFRP）.The results show that a-Si O2 interlayers can greatly improve the adhesive strength of diamond films on cemented carbide inserts;furthermore,thickness of the a-Si O2 interlayers plays a significant role in their effectiveness on adhesion enhancement of diamond films.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have great potential in next-generation energy storage due to its high theoretical specific capacity and energy density.However,there are several challenges to the practical application o...Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have great potential in next-generation energy storage due to its high theoretical specific capacity and energy density.However,there are several challenges to the practical application of Li-S batteries including the growth of lithium dendrites and the shuttle effect of polysulfide.Introducing interlayeres(freestanding or coated on the separator)is an effective approach to reduce these obstacles and improve the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.In this review,we briefly summarize the interlayer materials and structures modified on both cathodic and anodic sides including(ⅰ)carbon-based materials,(ⅱ)polymers,(ⅲ)inorganic metal compounds,(iv)metal-organic frameworks,as well as(v)the novel separators in recent years.We also systematically address the fabrication processes,assembling methods,and functions of interlayers for enhancing the performance of Li-S batteries.Furthermore,the prospects and outlooks of the future development of advanced interlayers and separators are also presented.展开更多
PM2.5 separator directly affects the accuracy of PM2.5 sampling.The specification testing and evaluation for PM2.5 separator is particularly important,especially under China’s wide variation of terrain and climate.In...PM2.5 separator directly affects the accuracy of PM2.5 sampling.The specification testing and evaluation for PM2.5 separator is particularly important,especially under China’s wide variation of terrain and climate.In this study,first a static test apparatus based on polydisperse aerosol was established and calibrated to evaluate the performance of the PM2.5 separators.A uniform mixing chamber was developed to make particles mix completely.The aerosol concentration relative standard deviations of three test points at the same horizontal chamber position were less than 0.57%,and the particle size distribution obeyed logarithmic normal distribution with an R2 of 0.996.The flow rate deviation between the measurement and the set point flow rate agreed to within±1.0%in the range of-40 to 50℃.Secondly,the separation,flow and loading characteristics of three cyclone separators(VSCC-A,SCC-A and SCC112)were evaluated using this system.The results showed that the 50%cutoff sizes(D50)of the three cyclones were 2.48,2.47 and 2.44μm when worked at the manufacturer’s recommended flow rates,respectively.The geometric standard deviation(GSD)of the capture efficiency of VSCCA was 1.23,showed a slightly sharper than SCC-A(GSD=1.27),while the SCC112 did not meet the relevant indicator(GSD=1.2±0.1)with a GSD=1.44.The flow rate and loading test had a great effect on D50,while the GSD remained almost the same as before.In addition,the maintenance frequency under different air pollution conditions of the cyclones was summarized according to the loading test.展开更多
As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase,their safety has become a great concern for further practical large-scale applications.One of the ultimate solution of the safety issue is to...As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase,their safety has become a great concern for further practical large-scale applications.One of the ultimate solution of the safety issue is to develop intrinsically safe battery components,where the battery separators and liquid electrolytes are critical for the battery thermal runaway process.In this review,we summarize recent progress in the rational materials design on battery separators and liquid electrolyte towards the goal of improving the safety of LIBs.Also,some strategies for further improving safety of LIBs are also briefly outlooked.展开更多
Terminal fans have formed the sedimentary system of the 2＋3 sands of the upper second member, Shahejie formation in the west of the Pucheng Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Based on well logging data and physic...Terminal fans have formed the sedimentary system of the 2＋3 sands of the upper second member, Shahejie formation in the west of the Pucheng Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Based on well logging data and physical properties of the reservoir beds, the 2＋3 sands were divided into 16 sublayers. The heterogeneity of reservoir beds and distribution of interlayers and seal layers in the 2＋3 sands were investigated. The intra-layer heterogeneity and inter-layer heterogeneity primarily belong to the severely heterogeneous classification. The spatial differentiation of sedimentary microfacies resulted in a change of reservoir bed heterogeneity, strong in the middle and southern parts, weak in the northern part. Spatial distribution of interlayers and seal layers is dominated by sedimentary microfacies, and they are thick in north-eastern and middle parts, thin in the south-western part.展开更多
The performances of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are dependent on the wettability and stability of porous separators.Musselinspired coatings seem to be useful to improve the surface wettability of commercialized polyole...The performances of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are dependent on the wettability and stability of porous separators.Musselinspired coatings seem to be useful to improve the surface wettability of commercialized polyolefin separators.However,it is still a challenge to guarantee their stability under polar electrolytes.Herein,we report a facile and versatile way to enhance the wettability and stability of polypropylene separators by constructing robust polydopamine(PDA)coatings triggered with CuSO4/H2O2.These coatings were conveniently deposited on the polypropylene separator surfaces and the PDA-coated separators exhibited the improved surface wettability and thermal stability.The electrolyte uptake increased nearly two folds from the pristine separator to the modified ones.Correspondingly,the ionic conductivity also rose from 0.82 mS·cm^-1 to 1.30 mS·cm^-1.Most importantly,the CuSO4/H2O2-triggered PDA coatings were very stable under strong polar electrolytes,endowing the cells with excellent cycle performance and enhanced C-rate capacity.Overall,the results unequivocally demonstrate that application of PDA coatings on polyolefin separator triggered by CuSO4/H2O2 is a facile and efficient method for improving the wettability and stability of separators for high LIBs performance.展开更多
Membranes of polypropylene （PP）, PP coated with nano-A1203, PP electrospun with polyvinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene （PVdF-HFP）, and trilayer laminates of polypropylene-polyethylene-polypropylene （PP/PE/P...Membranes of polypropylene （PP）, PP coated with nano-A1203, PP electrospun with polyvinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene （PVdF-HFP）, and trilayer laminates of polypropylene-polyethylene-polypropylene （PP/PE/PP） were comparatively studied. Their physical properties were characterized by means of thermal shrinkage test, liquid electrolyte uptake, and field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）. Results show that, for the different membranes as PP, PP coated with nanowA1203, PP electrospun with PVdF-HFP, and PP/PE/PP, the thermal shrinkages are 14%, 6%, 12.6%, and 13.3%, while the liquid electrolyte uptakes are 110%, 150%, 217%, and 129%, respectively. In addition, the effects on the performance of lithium-ion batteries （LiFePO4 and LiNil/3Col/3Mn1/302 as the cathode material） were investigated by AC impedance and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. It is found that PP coated with A1203 and PP electrospun with PVdF-HFP can effectively increase the wettability between the cathode material and liquid electrolyte, and therefore reduce the charge transfer resistance, which improves the capacity retention and battery performance.展开更多
To improve the affinity between separators and electrolyte in lithium-ion battery,microporous polyethylene(PE) separator was grafted of polyacrylamide(PAAm) by radiation.Chemical structure of the PAAmgrafted PE separa...To improve the affinity between separators and electrolyte in lithium-ion battery,microporous polyethylene(PE) separator was grafted of polyacrylamide(PAAm) by radiation.Chemical structure of the PAAmgrafted PE separators(denoted as PE-g-PAAm) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Properties of the pristine PE and PE-g-PAAm were tested by scanning electron microscope,liquid electrolyte uptake and lithium-ion conductivity.Electrochemical performances of the grafted PE separators(up to 0.76 × 10^(-3) S/cm of ionic conductivity at room temperature) were much better than pristine PE,and performance of the battery with the grafted separator behaved better than with the virgin PE separator,under the same condition(assembled in Ar-filled glove box).展开更多
Surface chemical modification of polyolefin separators for lithium ion batteries is attempted to reduce the thermal shrinkage, which is im- portant for the battery energy density. In this study, we grafted organic/ino...Surface chemical modification of polyolefin separators for lithium ion batteries is attempted to reduce the thermal shrinkage, which is im- portant for the battery energy density. In this study, we grafted organic/inorganic hybrid crosslinked networks on the separators, simply by grafting polymerization and condensation reaction. The considerable silicon-oxygen crosslinked heat-resistance networks are responsible for the reduced thermal shrinkage. The strong chemical bonds between networks and separators promise enough mechanical support even at high temperature. The shrinkage at 150 ℃ for 30 min in the mechanical direction was 38.6% and 4.6% for the pristine and present graft-modified separators, respectively. Meanwhile, the grafting organic-inorganic hybrid crosslink networks mainly occupied part of void in the internal pores of the separators, so the thicknesses of the graft-modified separators were similar with the pristine one. The half cells prepared with the modified separators exhibited almost identical electrochemical properties to those with the commercial separators, thus proving that, in order to enhance the thermal stability of lithium ion battery, this kind of grafting-modified separators may be a better alternative to conventional silica nanoparticle layers-coated polyolefin separators.展开更多
In this research,2205/Q235 B clad plates were prepared by a vacuum hot rolling composite process.The effects of adding Fe,Ni,and Nb interlayers on the bonding interface structures and the shear strengths of the clad s...In this research,2205/Q235 B clad plates were prepared by a vacuum hot rolling composite process.The effects of adding Fe,Ni,and Nb interlayers on the bonding interface structures and the shear strengths of the clad steel plates were studied.The results showed that 2205 duplex stainless steel and the three interlayers produced a large amount of plastic deformation and low-angle boundaries,and the main structures were the recrystallized and deformed grains.There were many recrystallized grains in the microstructure of the Q235 B low-carbon steel due to the low deformation in the rolling process.The Fe interlayer had better wettability with the two kinds of steel,but the lower strength led to the reduction of shear strength by about14 MPa compared with the original clad steel plate.The C element in the Q235 B low-carbon steel easily diffused into the Fe interlayer,and the clad steel plate attained a poor corrosion resistance because a large decarburization area was formed.The Nb interlayer reacted with the Mo element in the 2205 duplex stainless steel to form an Nb-Mo binary alloy,which generated long-banded ferrite.The decarburization area was also produced because the Nb reacted with the C element in the Q235 B to form hard and brittle NbCx.As a result,the shear strength was significantly reduced by about 282 MPa,and the corrosion resistance of the bonding surface was deteriorated.The Ni interlayer did not react with the alloy elements in both sides,and therefore effectively prevented element diffusion and improved the corrosion resistance of the bonding surface.Due to the low strength of the Ni interlayer and the increased number of bonding surfaces of the clad steel plates,the shear strength was reduced to some extent(about 40 MPa),but it still met the engineering application standards.展开更多
基金the Center of Lithium Battery Membrane Materials jointly established by School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Shenzhen Senior Technology Material Co.Ltd.,the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52020105012,52303084)the Young Scientists Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province(2023AFB220)for the support of this work.
文摘The growing demands for energy storage systems,electric vehicles,and portable electronics have significantly pushed forward the need for safe and reliable lithium batteries.It is essential to design functional separators with improved mechanical and electrochemical characteristics.This review covers the improved mechanical and electrochemical performances as well as the advancements made in the design of separators utilizing a variety of techniques.In terms of electrolyte wettability and adhesion of the coating materials,we provide an overview of the current status of research on coated separators,in situ modified separators,and grafting modified separators,and elaborate additional performance parameters of interest.The characteristics of inorganics coated separators,organic framework coated separators and inorganic-organic coated separators from different fabrication methods are compared.Future directions regarding new modified materials,manufacturing process,quantitative analysis of adhesion and so on are proposed toward next-generation advanced lithium batteries.
基金support for this work is received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U22B20144).
文摘The potential of the vertical-horizontal well hybrid SAGD technique for developing shallow heavy oil reservoirs is gradually being realized.However,challenges remain in terms of low thermal efficiency and high carbon emissions in reservoirs with interlayers.Currently,there is limited research on the low-carbon strategy of coupling exhaust gas from steam boilers with the VH-SAGD technique.Herein,considering heterogeneity,a series of flue gas-assisted VH-SAGD experiments were conducted employing a high-performance 2D visualization model.The mechanism of enhanced recovery of flue gas in VH-SAGD and the effect of its injection methods were studied,with a focus on steam chamber development and oil saturation distribution.Crucially,the interlayer length was optimized to enhance oil recovery,providing a new perspective for well location design in heavy oil reservoirs with interlayers.The results showed that flue gas,as an additive,could fully exploit the well-type advantage of VH-SAGD.By supplementing energy at the reservoir top,flue gas effectively promoted steam chamber development,expanded the oil drainage area of VH-SAGD,and increased the oil recovery from 58.9%to 71.7%.The flow channels formed by pre-injection flue gas accelerated the early-stage expansion of the steam chamber while also inducing lateral migration of steam,slowing steam rise,and consequently increasing the heating range within the low-permeability layer.When the distance between the vertical and horizontal wells was set to twice the interlayer length,the negative effects of the interlayer were more effectively turned into advantages.Because when the lateral development distance of the steam chamber in the low-permeability layer slightly exceeds the interlayer,enhanced heating of the lower part of the reservoir occurred through vertical convection of rising steam and returning condensate.The research results contribute to reducing carbon emissions from steam-based heavy oil extraction while advancing the maturity of VH-SAGD.
基金funding support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41931296)the Open Research Project of Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Major Hazard Source Monitoring and Control(Grant No.KFKT2023-4)the 57#Project(Grant No.JH2024015).
文摘Weak interlayers play a crucial role in the seismic performance of bedding slopes;however,the effects of structural surface development within these layers remain underexplored.This study presents two scaled models of bedding slopes,each with different weak interlayers:one with a homogeneous weak layer and another with discontinuous interfaces.Shaking table tests were conducted to compare their seismic performance.The results show that the peak ground acceleration(PGA)values above the weak interlayer in model A were significantly higher than those in model B,with the differences increasing as the input wave amplitude increased.The peak earth pressure(PEP)values at the tensile failure boundary at the rear edge of model A were also higher,whereas those within the weak layer at the toe of model A were lower than those in model B.Deformation analysis revealed that the maximum principal strain in model A initially appeared at the upper part of the tensile failure boundary,while the maximum shear strain was concentrated near the rear edge within the weak layer.In contrast,model B exhibited the opposite strain distribution.These findings provide insight into the impact of weak interlayers on the dynamic response and deformation of bedding slopes,highlighting the importance of considering this factor in seismic landslide investigations and failure mode predictions.
基金supported by Beijing Institute of Technology Student Innovation Training Program(BIT2024LH013).
文摘The thermal stability of lithium-ion battery separators is a critical determinant of battery safety and performance,especially in the context of rapidly expanding applications in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.While traditional polyolefin separators(PP/PE)dominate the market due to their cost-effectiveness and mechanical robustness,their inherent poor thermal stability poses significant safety risks under high-temperature conditions.This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in enhancing separator thermal stability through coating materials(metal,ceramic,inorganic)and novel high-temperature-resistant polymers(e.g.,PVDF copolymers,PI,PAN).Notably,we critically evaluate the trade-offs between thermal resilience and electrochemical performance,such as the unintended increase in electronic conductivity from metal coatings(e.g.,Cu,MOFs)and reduced electrolyte wettability in ceramic coatings(e.g.,Al_(2)O_(3)).Innovations in hybrid coatings(e.g.,BN/PAN composites,gradient-structured MOFs)and scalable manufacturing techniques(e.g.,roll-to-roll electrospinning)are highlighted as promising strategies to balance these competing demands.Furthermore,a comparative analysis of next-generation high-temperature-resistant separators underscores their ionic conductivity,mechanical strength,and scalability,offering actionable insights for material selection.The review concludes with forward-looking perspectives on integrating machine learning for material discovery,optimizing interfacial adhesion in ceramic coatings,and advancing semi-/all-solid-state batteries to address both thermal and electrochemical challenges.This work aims to bridge the gap between laboratory innovations and industrial applications,fostering safer and more efficient lithium battery technologies.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22304055)Central Guiding Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project(No.236Z4409G)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.D2023209012,B2022209026)Youth Talent Program of Hebei Province Education Department(No.BJ2025032)Science and Technology Planning Project of Tangshan City(No.22130227H)Youth Scholars Promotion Plan of North China University of Science and Technology(No.QNTJ202306).
文摘Zinc-based batteries have attracted widespread attention due to their inherent safety,notable cost-effectiveness and consistent performance,etc.However,the advancement of zinc-based battery technology encounters significant challenges,including the formation of zinc dendrites and irreversible side reactions.Separators are vital in batteries due to their role in preventing electrode contact and facilitating rapid movement of ions within the electrolyte.The incorporation of cellulose in batteries enables uniform ion transport and a stable electricfield,attributed to its excellent hydrophilicity,strong mechanical strength,and abundant active sites.Herein,the latest research progress of cellulose-based separators on various zinc-based batteries is systematically summarized.To begin with,the accomplishments and inherent limitations of traditional sep-arators are clarified.Next,it underscores the advantages of cellulose-based materials in battery technology,thoroughly examining their utilization and merits as separators in zinc-based batteries.Lastly,the review offers prospective insights into the future trajectory of cellulose-based separators in zinc-based batteries.Through a comprehensive analysis of the present landscape,the review establishes a framework for the future design and enhancement of cellulose-based separators,thereby fostering the progression of associated industries.
基金supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Nos.2232037 and 2242035)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22005012,22105012 and 51803183)+1 种基金Chunhui Plan Cooperative Project of Ministry of Education(No.202201298)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Funded Project(No.2023M733520).
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries with high energy density and capacity have garnered significant research attention among various energy storage devices.However,the shuttle effect of polysulfides(LiPSs)remains a major challenge for their practical application.The design of battery separators has become a key aspect in addressing the challenge.MXenes,a promising two-dimensional(2D)material,offer exceptional conductivity,large surface area,high mechanical strength,and active sites for surface reactions.When assembled into layered films,MXenes form highly tunable two-dimensional channels ranging from a few angstroms to over 1 nm.These nanoconfined channels are instrumental in facilitating lithium-ion transport while effectively impeding the shuttle effect of LiPSs,which are essential for improving the specific capacity and cyclic stability of Li-S batteries.Substantial progress has been made in developing MXenes-based separators for Li-S batteries,yet there remains a research gap in summarizing advancements from the perspective of interlayer engineering.This entails maintaining the 2D nanochannels of layered MXenes-based separators while modulating the physicochemical environment within the MXenes interlayers through targeted modifications.This review highlights advancements in in situ modification of MXenes and their integration with 0D,1D,and 2D materials to construct laminated nanocomposite separators for Li-S batteries.The future development directions of MXenes-based materials in Li-S energy storage devices are also outlined,to drive further advancements in MXenes for Li-S battery separators.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20422,22178028)the Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(Project 111,B21022)the 5·5 Engineering Research&Innovation Team Project of Beijing Forestry University(No.BLRC2023B01)。
文摘Separators in supercapacitors(SCs)frequently suffer from high resistance and the risk of short circuits due to inadequate electrolyte wettability,depressed mechanical properties,and insufficient thermal stability.Here,we develop a high-performance regenerated cellulose separator with nano-cracked structures for SCs via a binary solvent of superbase-derived ionic liquid and dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO).The unique nano-cracks with an average width of 7.45 nm arise from the acceleration of cellulose molecular reassembly by DMSO-regulated hydrogen bonding,which endows the separator with high porosity(70.2%)and excellent electrolyte retention(329%).The outstanding thermal stability(273℃)and mechanical strength(70 MPa)enable the separator to maintain its structural integrity under high temperatures and external forces.With these benefits,the SC utilizing the cellulose separator enables a high specific capacitance of 93.6 F g^(−1) at 1.0 A g^(−1) and a remarkable capacitance retention of 99.5%after 10,000 cycles compared with the commercial NKK-MPF30AC and NKK-TF4030.The robust and high-wettability cellulose separator holds promise as a superior alternative to commercial separators for advanced SCs with enhanced performance and improved safety.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52463013 and 52073133)Key Talent Project Foundation of Gansu Province+3 种基金Joint fund between Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials ScienceState Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Nonferrous Metals(18LHPY002)the Program for Hongliu Distinguished Young Scholars in Lanzhou University of Technologythe Incubation Program of Excellent Doctoral Dissertation–Lanzhou University of Technology
文摘Shuttle effect of polysulfides overshadows the superiorities of lithium-sulfur batteries.Size-sieving effect could address this thorny trouble rely on size differ in polysulfides and lithium ions.However,clogged polysulfides pose some challenges for cathode and are rarely recycled during charging/discharging.Herein,an amino functionalized titanium-organic framework is designed for modifying lithium-sulfur batteries separator to address the aforementioned challenges.Wherein,the introduction of amino narrows titanium-organic framework pore size,enabling functional separator to selectively modulate lithium ions and polysulfides migration using size-sieving effect,thereby completely suppressing polysulfides shuttle.Furthermore,the blocked polysulfides will be adsorbed on the separator surface by positively charged amino leveraging electrostatic adsorption,ensuring polysulfides to redistribute and reuse,and boosting active materials utilization.Significantly,the migration of lithium ions is not hindered since there are lithium ions transfer channels formed via Lewis acid-base interaction with the help of amino.Combined with these virtues,the lithium-sulfur batteries with amino functionalized titanium-organic framework modified separator enjoy an ultralow attenuation rate of 0.045%per cycle over 1000 cycles at 1.0C.Electrostatic adsorption and Lewis acid-base interaction cover deficiencies existing in the inhibition of polysulfides shuttle by size-sieving effect,providing fresh insight into the advancement of lithium-sulfur batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42090054)。
文摘0 INTRODUCTION During the geological evolution process,tectonic activities coupled with anthropogenic engineering disturbances have collectively contributed to the development of complex fracture-filling networks within rock masses(Feng et al.,2024;Tan et al.,2020;Li et al.,2019).The particle size distribution of infilling materials within fractures is susceptible to multiple controlling factors,including material composition,seepage-induced erosion,and tectonic disturbances(Zhang et al.,2024;Tan et al.,2023).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972066)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China(No.2024A1515012499)。
文摘The uneven deposition and high reactivity of lithium-metal anode(LMA)lead to uncontrollable dendrite growth,low Coulombic efficiency,and safety concerns,hindering their commercialization.Here,a representative polar-rich-group triazine-based covalent organic framework(COF-TzDha)with a desolvation effect is designed as an interlayer for stable,dendrite-free LMA.The abundant triazine rings in COFTzDha as a donor effectively attract lithium ions,while the one-dimensional nanopore structure facilitates lithium-ion migration.The periodic arrangement of polar groups(-OH)in the backbone interacts with electrolyte components(DOL,DME,TFSI-)to form a hydrogen bonding network that slows solvent molecules transport.Therefore,COF-TzDha effectively desolvates lithium ions from the solvent sheath,promoting uniform lithium ion flux and Li plating/stripping.Theoretical calculations verify that COFTzDha with abundant adsorption sites and strong adsorption energy facilitates lithium ion desolvation.Consequently,the introduction of COF-TzDha obtains a high ion mobility(0.75).The Li|COF@PP|Li symmetric cell cycles stably for over 1200 h at 4 mA cm^(-2)/4.0 mA h cm^(-2).The Li|COF@PP|LiFePO_(4)full cell also displays highly stable cycling performance with 600 cycles(75.5%capacity retention,~100% Coulombic efficiency)at 1 C.This work verifies an effective strategy for inducing uniform Li deposition and achieving dendrite-free,stable LMA using a polar-rich-group COF interlayer with a desolvation effect.
基金Project(20130073110036)supported by the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China
文摘Amorphous Si O2（a-Si O2） films were synthesized on WC-Co substrates with H2 and tetraethoxysilane（TEOS） via pyrolysis of molecular precursor.X-ray diffraction（XRD） pattern shows that silicon-cobalt compounds form at the interface between a-Si O2 films and WC-Co substrates.Moreover,it is observed by transmission electron microscope（TEM） that the a-Si O2 films are composed of hollow mirco-spheroid a-Si O2 particles.Subsequently,the a-Si O2 films are used as intermediate films and chemical vapor deposition（CVD） diamond films are deposited on them.Indentation tests were performed to evaluate the adhesion of bi-layer（a-Si O2 ＋ diamond） films on cemented carbide substrates.And the cutting performance of bi-layer（a-Si O2 ＋ diamond） coated inserts was evaluated by machining the glass fiber reinforced plastic（GFRP）.The results show that a-Si O2 interlayers can greatly improve the adhesive strength of diamond films on cemented carbide inserts;furthermore,thickness of the a-Si O2 interlayers plays a significant role in their effectiveness on adhesion enhancement of diamond films.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui province and Jiangxi province(JZ2018AKZR0058,20202BAB204007)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(PA2020GDGP0054)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1832136 and 21303038)。
文摘Lithium-sulfur(Li-S)batteries have great potential in next-generation energy storage due to its high theoretical specific capacity and energy density.However,there are several challenges to the practical application of Li-S batteries including the growth of lithium dendrites and the shuttle effect of polysulfide.Introducing interlayeres(freestanding or coated on the separator)is an effective approach to reduce these obstacles and improve the electrochemical performance of Li-S batteries.In this review,we briefly summarize the interlayer materials and structures modified on both cathodic and anodic sides including(ⅰ)carbon-based materials,(ⅱ)polymers,(ⅲ)inorganic metal compounds,(iv)metal-organic frameworks,as well as(v)the novel separators in recent years.We also systematically address the fabrication processes,assembling methods,and functions of interlayers for enhancing the performance of Li-S batteries.Furthermore,the prospects and outlooks of the future development of advanced interlayers and separators are also presented.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2016YFF0103004 and 2017YFC0209504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.91544218)+1 种基金the Science and Technological Fund of Anhui Province for Outstanding Youth(No.1808085J19)the Special Research of Public Welfare Industry of Environmental Protection(201409011)
文摘PM2.5 separator directly affects the accuracy of PM2.5 sampling.The specification testing and evaluation for PM2.5 separator is particularly important,especially under China’s wide variation of terrain and climate.In this study,first a static test apparatus based on polydisperse aerosol was established and calibrated to evaluate the performance of the PM2.5 separators.A uniform mixing chamber was developed to make particles mix completely.The aerosol concentration relative standard deviations of three test points at the same horizontal chamber position were less than 0.57%,and the particle size distribution obeyed logarithmic normal distribution with an R2 of 0.996.The flow rate deviation between the measurement and the set point flow rate agreed to within±1.0%in the range of-40 to 50℃.Secondly,the separation,flow and loading characteristics of three cyclone separators(VSCC-A,SCC-A and SCC112)were evaluated using this system.The results showed that the 50%cutoff sizes(D50)of the three cyclones were 2.48,2.47 and 2.44μm when worked at the manufacturer’s recommended flow rates,respectively.The geometric standard deviation(GSD)of the capture efficiency of VSCCA was 1.23,showed a slightly sharper than SCC-A(GSD=1.27),while the SCC112 did not meet the relevant indicator(GSD=1.2±0.1)with a GSD=1.44.The flow rate and loading test had a great effect on D50,while the GSD remained almost the same as before.In addition,the maintenance frequency under different air pollution conditions of the cyclones was summarized according to the loading test.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(General Program no.51874041)。
文摘As the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) continues to increase,their safety has become a great concern for further practical large-scale applications.One of the ultimate solution of the safety issue is to develop intrinsically safe battery components,where the battery separators and liquid electrolytes are critical for the battery thermal runaway process.In this review,we summarize recent progress in the rational materials design on battery separators and liquid electrolyte towards the goal of improving the safety of LIBs.Also,some strategies for further improving safety of LIBs are also briefly outlooked.
文摘Terminal fans have formed the sedimentary system of the 2＋3 sands of the upper second member, Shahejie formation in the west of the Pucheng Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, East China. Based on well logging data and physical properties of the reservoir beds, the 2＋3 sands were divided into 16 sublayers. The heterogeneity of reservoir beds and distribution of interlayers and seal layers in the 2＋3 sands were investigated. The intra-layer heterogeneity and inter-layer heterogeneity primarily belong to the severely heterogeneous classification. The spatial differentiation of sedimentary microfacies resulted in a change of reservoir bed heterogeneity, strong in the middle and southern parts, weak in the northern part. Spatial distribution of interlayers and seal layers is dominated by sedimentary microfacies, and they are thick in north-eastern and middle parts, thin in the south-western part.
基金financially supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LZ15E030001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21534009)
文摘The performances of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)are dependent on the wettability and stability of porous separators.Musselinspired coatings seem to be useful to improve the surface wettability of commercialized polyolefin separators.However,it is still a challenge to guarantee their stability under polar electrolytes.Herein,we report a facile and versatile way to enhance the wettability and stability of polypropylene separators by constructing robust polydopamine(PDA)coatings triggered with CuSO4/H2O2.These coatings were conveniently deposited on the polypropylene separator surfaces and the PDA-coated separators exhibited the improved surface wettability and thermal stability.The electrolyte uptake increased nearly two folds from the pristine separator to the modified ones.Correspondingly,the ionic conductivity also rose from 0.82 mS·cm^-1 to 1.30 mS·cm^-1.Most importantly,the CuSO4/H2O2-triggered PDA coatings were very stable under strong polar electrolytes,endowing the cells with excellent cycle performance and enhanced C-rate capacity.Overall,the results unequivocally demonstrate that application of PDA coatings on polyolefin separator triggered by CuSO4/H2O2 is a facile and efficient method for improving the wettability and stability of separators for high LIBs performance.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(No.FRF-MP-12-005B)the Project on International Cooperation Research with Johnson Controls Battery Group,Inc.
文摘Membranes of polypropylene （PP）, PP coated with nano-A1203, PP electrospun with polyvinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene （PVdF-HFP）, and trilayer laminates of polypropylene-polyethylene-polypropylene （PP/PE/PP） were comparatively studied. Their physical properties were characterized by means of thermal shrinkage test, liquid electrolyte uptake, and field emission scanning electron microscopy （FESEM）. Results show that, for the different membranes as PP, PP coated with nanowA1203, PP electrospun with PVdF-HFP, and PP/PE/PP, the thermal shrinkages are 14%, 6%, 12.6%, and 13.3%, while the liquid electrolyte uptakes are 110%, 150%, 217%, and 129%, respectively. In addition, the effects on the performance of lithium-ion batteries （LiFePO4 and LiNil/3Col/3Mn1/302 as the cathode material） were investigated by AC impedance and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. It is found that PP coated with A1203 and PP electrospun with PVdF-HFP can effectively increase the wettability between the cathode material and liquid electrolyte, and therefore reduce the charge transfer resistance, which improves the capacity retention and battery performance.
基金supported by National Science Foundation of China(Grants 11575277,11175234,11505270,51473183 and 11475246)
文摘To improve the affinity between separators and electrolyte in lithium-ion battery,microporous polyethylene(PE) separator was grafted of polyacrylamide(PAAm) by radiation.Chemical structure of the PAAmgrafted PE separators(denoted as PE-g-PAAm) was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.Properties of the pristine PE and PE-g-PAAm were tested by scanning electron microscope,liquid electrolyte uptake and lithium-ion conductivity.Electrochemical performances of the grafted PE separators(up to 0.76 × 10^(-3) S/cm of ionic conductivity at room temperature) were much better than pristine PE,and performance of the battery with the grafted separator behaved better than with the virgin PE separator,under the same condition(assembled in Ar-filled glove box).
基金supported by the MOST(Grant No.2013CB934000,2014DFG71590,2011CB935902,2010DFA72760,2011CB711202,2013AA050903,2011AA11A257 and 2011AA11A254)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2013M530599 and 2013M540929)+2 种基金Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program(Grant No.2010THZ08116,2011THZ08139,2011THZ01004 and 2012THZ08129)the State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy(No.ZZ2012-011)Suzhou(Wujiang)Automotive Research Institute,Tsinghua University,Project No.2012WJ-A-01
文摘Surface chemical modification of polyolefin separators for lithium ion batteries is attempted to reduce the thermal shrinkage, which is im- portant for the battery energy density. In this study, we grafted organic/inorganic hybrid crosslinked networks on the separators, simply by grafting polymerization and condensation reaction. The considerable silicon-oxygen crosslinked heat-resistance networks are responsible for the reduced thermal shrinkage. The strong chemical bonds between networks and separators promise enough mechanical support even at high temperature. The shrinkage at 150 ℃ for 30 min in the mechanical direction was 38.6% and 4.6% for the pristine and present graft-modified separators, respectively. Meanwhile, the grafting organic-inorganic hybrid crosslink networks mainly occupied part of void in the internal pores of the separators, so the thicknesses of the graft-modified separators were similar with the pristine one. The half cells prepared with the modified separators exhibited almost identical electrochemical properties to those with the commercial separators, thus proving that, in order to enhance the thermal stability of lithium ion battery, this kind of grafting-modified separators may be a better alternative to conventional silica nanoparticle layers-coated polyolefin separators.
基金financially supported by the Shandong Taishan Industry Leading Talents Project(SF1503302301)
文摘In this research,2205/Q235 B clad plates were prepared by a vacuum hot rolling composite process.The effects of adding Fe,Ni,and Nb interlayers on the bonding interface structures and the shear strengths of the clad steel plates were studied.The results showed that 2205 duplex stainless steel and the three interlayers produced a large amount of plastic deformation and low-angle boundaries,and the main structures were the recrystallized and deformed grains.There were many recrystallized grains in the microstructure of the Q235 B low-carbon steel due to the low deformation in the rolling process.The Fe interlayer had better wettability with the two kinds of steel,but the lower strength led to the reduction of shear strength by about14 MPa compared with the original clad steel plate.The C element in the Q235 B low-carbon steel easily diffused into the Fe interlayer,and the clad steel plate attained a poor corrosion resistance because a large decarburization area was formed.The Nb interlayer reacted with the Mo element in the 2205 duplex stainless steel to form an Nb-Mo binary alloy,which generated long-banded ferrite.The decarburization area was also produced because the Nb reacted with the C element in the Q235 B to form hard and brittle NbCx.As a result,the shear strength was significantly reduced by about 282 MPa,and the corrosion resistance of the bonding surface was deteriorated.The Ni interlayer did not react with the alloy elements in both sides,and therefore effectively prevented element diffusion and improved the corrosion resistance of the bonding surface.Due to the low strength of the Ni interlayer and the increased number of bonding surfaces of the clad steel plates,the shear strength was reduced to some extent(about 40 MPa),but it still met the engineering application standards.
