Flexible fiber sensors,However,traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost,large-scale fiber sensors.In recent years,the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced,offering a novel approach to flexib...Flexible fiber sensors,However,traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost,large-scale fiber sensors.In recent years,the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced,offering a novel approach to flexible fiber sensors.Through the preform-tofiber manufacturing technique,a variety of fiber sensors with complex functionalities spanning from the nanoscale to kilometer scale can be automated in a short time.Examples include temperature,acoustic,mechanical,chemical,biological,optoelectronic,and multifunctional sensors,which operate on diverse sensing principles such as resistance,capacitance,piezoelectricity,triboelectricity,photoelectricity,and thermoelectricity.This review outlines the principles of the thermal drawing process and provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in various thermally drawn fiber sensors.Finally,the future developments of thermally drawn fiber sensors are discussed.展开更多
Diabetes mellitus represents a major global health issue,driving the need for noninvasive alternatives to traditional blood glucose monitoring methods.Recent advancements in wearable technology have introduced skin-in...Diabetes mellitus represents a major global health issue,driving the need for noninvasive alternatives to traditional blood glucose monitoring methods.Recent advancements in wearable technology have introduced skin-interfaced biosensors capable of analyzing sweat and skin biomarkers,providing innovative solutions for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring.This review comprehensively discusses the current developments in noninvasive wearable biosensors,emphasizing simultaneous detection of biochemical biomarkers(such as glucose,cortisol,lactate,branched-chain amino acids,and cytokines)and physiological signals(including heart rate,blood pressure,and sweat rate)for accurate,personalized diabetes management.We explore innovations in multimodal sensor design,materials science,biorecognition elements,and integration techniques,highlighting the importance of advanced data analytics,artificial intelligence-driven predictive algorithms,and closed-loop therapeutic systems.Additionally,the review addresses ongoing challenges in biomarker validation,sensor stability,user compliance,data privacy,and regulatory considerations.A holistic,multimodal approach enabled by these next-generation wearable biosensors holds significant potential for improving patient outcomes and facilitating proactive healthcare interventions in diabetes management.展开更多
Monitoring biogenic amines,which are metabolic byproducts of shrimp spoilage,is crucial for assessing food quality.Currently,most detection methods for biogenic amines suffer from limitations such as time-consuming pr...Monitoring biogenic amines,which are metabolic byproducts of shrimp spoilage,is crucial for assessing food quality.Currently,most detection methods for biogenic amines suffer from limitations such as time-consuming procedures,complex operations,and delayed results.Colorimetric analysis techniques have gained attention in recent years due to their advantages of short analysis time,simple operation,and suitability for on-site testing.This study successfully developed a series of colorimetric sensor platforms for biogenic amines by loading the natural active ingredient curcumin(CUR)and its derivative of Boron complex BFCUR onto filter paper and electrospun nanofibre films(ENFs),respectively.By analyzing the color response differences of these sensors upon contact with biogenic amines,the colorimetric sensors with superior detection performance were selected and further applied to the visual monitoring and indication of shrimp spoilage processes.展开更多
In the modern technological landscape,magnetic field sensors play a crucial role and are indispensable across a range of high-tech applications[1].In conjunction with magnets,magnetic field sensors can accurately dete...In the modern technological landscape,magnetic field sensors play a crucial role and are indispensable across a range of high-tech applications[1].In conjunction with magnets,magnetic field sensors can accurately detect any form of relative movement of objects without physical contact.For instance,in the precise control of robotic arms or machine tools,a permanent magnet is used as a reference.The magnetic sensor detects the relative movement of magnet by sensing changes in the magnetic field strength.These changes are converted into electrical signals,which are fed back to the control system,enabling accurate positioning and control of the device.This advanced detection technology not only greatly enhances measurement precision but also significantly extends the lifespan of equipment.Among various types of magnetic field sensors,magnetoresistive(MR)sensors stand out for their exceptional performance[1].The high sensitivity allows them to detect minimal changes of magnetic fields in high-precision measurements.Today,MR sensors are widely used across numerous fields,including automobile industries,information processing and storage,navigation systems,biomedical applications,etc[1,2].With their outstanding performance and wide-ranging applications,MR sensors are at the forefront of sensor technology.展开更多
As emerging two-dimensional(2D)materials,carbides and nitrides(MXenes)could be solid solutions or organized structures made up of multi-atomic layers.With remarkable and adjustable electrical,optical,mechanical,and el...As emerging two-dimensional(2D)materials,carbides and nitrides(MXenes)could be solid solutions or organized structures made up of multi-atomic layers.With remarkable and adjustable electrical,optical,mechanical,and electrochemical characteristics,MXenes have shown great potential in brain-inspired neuromorphic computing electronics,including neuromorphic gas sensors,pressure sensors and photodetectors.This paper provides a forward-looking review of the research progress regarding MXenes in the neuromorphic sensing domain and discussed the critical challenges that need to be resolved.Key bottlenecks such as insufficient long-term stability under environmental exposure,high costs,scalability limitations in large-scale production,and mechanical mismatch in wearable integration hinder their practical deployment.Furthermore,unresolved issues like interfacial compatibility in heterostructures and energy inefficiency in neu-romorphic signal conversion demand urgent attention.The review offers insights into future research directions enhance the fundamental understanding of MXene properties and promote further integration into neuromorphic computing applications through the convergence with various emerging technologies.展开更多
The growing prevalence of exercise-induced tibial stress fractures demands wearable sensors capable of monitoring dynamic musculoskeletal loads with medical-grade precision.While flexible pressure-sensing insoles show...The growing prevalence of exercise-induced tibial stress fractures demands wearable sensors capable of monitoring dynamic musculoskeletal loads with medical-grade precision.While flexible pressure-sensing insoles show clinical potential,their development has been hindered by the intrinsic trade-off between high sensitivity and full-range linearity(R^(2)>0.99 up to 1 MPa)in conventional designs.Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of human skin,where dermal stratification enables wide-range pressure adaptation and ion-channelregulated signaling maintains linear electrical responses,we developed a dual-mechanism flexible iontronic pressure sensor(FIPS).This innovative design synergistically combines two bioinspired components:interdigitated fabric microstructures enabling pressure-proportional contact area expansion(αP1/3)and iontronic film facilitating self-adaptive ion concentration modulation(αP^(2/3)),which together generate a linear capacitance-pressure response(CαP).The FIPS achieves breakthrough performance:242 kPa^(-1)sensitivity with 0.997linearity across 0-1 MPa,yielding a record linear sensing factor(LSF=242,000).The design is validated across various substrates and ionic materials,demonstrating its versatility.Finally,the FIPS-driven design enables a smart insole demonstrating 1.8%error in tibial load assessment during gait analysis,outperforming nonlinear counterparts(6.5%error)in early fracture-risk prediction.The biomimetic design framework establishes a universal approach for developing high-performance linear sensors,establishing generalized principles for medical-grade wearable devices.展开更多
Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental protection.Theophylline(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to tre...Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental protection.Theophylline(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to treat respiratory disorders such as asthma,bronchitis,and emphysema,has a narrow therapeutic window with a safe plasma concentration ranging from 55.5-111.0μmol·L^(-1)in adults.Accurate monitoring of TP levels is essential because too low or too high can cause se-rious side effects.In this regard,non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors offer a practical solution with rapidity,portability,and high sensitivity.This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent developments of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection,highlighting the basic principles,electro-oxidation mechanisms,catalytic effects,and the role of modifying materials on electrode performance.Carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes(GCEs),carbon paste electrodes(CPEs),and carbon screen-printed electrodes(SPCEs)have become the primary choices for non-enzymatic sensors due to their chemical stability,low cost,and flexibility in modification.This article identifies the sig-nificant contribution of various modifying materials,including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene,metal oxides,and multi-element nanocomposites.These modifications enhance sensors’electron transfer,sensitivity,and selectivity in detecting TP at low concentrations in complex media such as blood plasma and pharmaceutical samples.The electro-oxidation mechanism of TP is also discussed in depth,emphasizing the hydroxyl and carbonyl reaction pathways strongly influenced by pH and electrode materials.These mechanisms guide the selection of the appropriate electrode ma-terial for a particular application.The main contribution of this article is to identify superior modifying materials that can improve the performance of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.In a recent study,the combination of multi-element nanocomposites based on titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),CNTs,and gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)resulted in the lowest detection limit of 3×10^(-5)μmol·L^(-1),reflecting the great potential of these materials for developing high-performance electrochemical sensors.The main conclusion of this article is the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in electrode material design to support the sensitivity and selectivity of TP detection.In addition,there is still a research gap in understanding TP’s more detailed oxidation mechanism,especially under pH variations and complex environments.Therefore,further research on electrode modification and analysis of the TP oxidation mechanism are urgently needed to improve the accuracy and sta-bility of the sensor while expanding its applications in pharmaceutical monitoring and medical diagnostics.By integrating various innovative materials and technical approaches,this review is expected to be an essential reference for developing efficient and affordable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.展开更多
The flexible physical sensors have the advantage of pliability and extensibility and can be easily twisted or curved.The development of flexibility from rigidity has significantly increased the application situations ...The flexible physical sensors have the advantage of pliability and extensibility and can be easily twisted or curved.The development of flexibility from rigidity has significantly increased the application situations for sensors,especially in intelligent robots,tactile platforms,wearable medical sensors,bionic devices,and other fields.The research of membrane-based flexible physical sensors relies on the development of advanced materials and technologies,which have been derived from a wide range of applications.Various technical methods and principles have gradually matured according to the different applications and materials used.The first section of this review discusses membrane substrates and functional materials,summarizing the development of flexible physical sensors.According to the technical sensing principles,the review is concerned with the state of research on physical sensing platforms.Lastly,the difficulties and chances for the design of emerging membrane-based flexible physical sensors in the coming years are presented.展开更多
Over recent decades,carbon-based chemical sensor technologies have advanced significantly.Nevertheless,significant opportunities persist for enhancing analyte recognition capabilities,particularly in complex environme...Over recent decades,carbon-based chemical sensor technologies have advanced significantly.Nevertheless,significant opportunities persist for enhancing analyte recognition capabilities,particularly in complex environments.Conventional monovariable sensors exhibit inherent limitations,such as susceptibility to interference from coexisting analytes,which results in response overlap.Although sensor arrays,through modification of multiple sensing materials,offer a potential solution for analyte recognition,their practical applications are constrained by intricate material modification processes.In this context,multivariable chemical sensors have emerged as a promising alternative,enabling the generation of multiple outputs to construct a comprehensive sensing space for analyte recognition,while utilizing a single sensing material.Among various carbon-based materials,carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and graphene have emerged as ideal candidates for constructing high-performance chemical sensors,owing to their well-established batch fabrication processes,superior electrical properties,and outstanding sensing capabilities.This review examines the progress of carbon-based multivariable chemical sensors,focusing on CNTs/graphene as sensing materials and field-effect transistors as transducers for analyte recognition.The discussion encompasses fundamental aspects of these sensors,including sensing materials,sensor architectures,performance metrics,pattern recognition algorithms,and multivariable sensing mechanism.Furthermore,the review highlights innovative multivariable extraction schemes and their practical applications when integrated with advanced pattern recognition algorithms.展开更多
Multimodal sensor fusion can make full use of the advantages of various sensors,make up for the shortcomings of a single sensor,achieve information verification or information security through information redundancy,a...Multimodal sensor fusion can make full use of the advantages of various sensors,make up for the shortcomings of a single sensor,achieve information verification or information security through information redundancy,and improve the reliability and safety of the system.Artificial intelligence(AI),referring to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans,represents a pivotal frontier in modern scientific research.With the continuous development and promotion of AI technology in Sensor 4.0 age,multimodal sensor fusion is becoming more and more intelligent and automated,and is expected to go further in the future.With this context,this review article takes a comprehensive look at the recent progress on AI-enhanced multimodal sensors and their integrated devices and systems.Based on the concept and principle of sensor technologies and AI algorithms,the theoretical underpinnings,technological breakthroughs,and pragmatic applications of AI-enhanced multimodal sensors in various fields such as robotics,healthcare,and environmental monitoring are highlighted.Through a comparative study of the dual/tri-modal sensors with and without using AI technologies(especially machine learning and deep learning),AI-enhanced multimodal sensors highlight the potential of AI to improve sensor performance,data processing,and decision-making capabilities.Furthermore,the review analyzes the challenges and opportunities afforded by AI-enhanced multimodal sensors,and offers a prospective outlook on the forthcoming advancements.展开更多
Capacitive pressure sensors have a promising application in the field of wearable electronic devices due to their excellent electrical properties.Owing to the complexity of the environment,capacitive sensors are susce...Capacitive pressure sensors have a promising application in the field of wearable electronic devices due to their excellent electrical properties.Owing to the complexity of the environment,capacitive sensors are susceptible to electromagnetic interference and changes in the surrounding medium,resulting in unstable signal acquisition.Capacitive sensor with excellent immunity to interference while maintaining flexibility is an urgent challenge.This study proposes an all-fiber anti-jamming capacitive pressure sensor that integrates liquid metal(LM)into a fiber-based dielectric layer.The combination of the LM and the fiber not only improves the dielectric properties of the dielectric layer but also reduces the Young's modulus of the fiber.The sensor has high interference immunity in various noise environments.Its all-fiber structure ensures lightweight,great air permeability and stretchability,whichmakes it a promising application in wearable electronic devices fields.展开更多
Ten physical and environmental variables collected from an on-the-go soil sensor at two field sites (MF3E and MF11S) in Mississippi, USA, were analyzed to assess soil variability and the interrelationships among the m...Ten physical and environmental variables collected from an on-the-go soil sensor at two field sites (MF3E and MF11S) in Mississippi, USA, were analyzed to assess soil variability and the interrelationships among the measurements. At MF3E, moderate variability was observed in apparent electrical conductivity shallow (ECas), slope, and ECa ratio measurements, with coefficients of variation ranging from 20% to 27%. In contrast, MF11S exhibited higher variability, particularly in ECas and ECad (deep) measurements, which exceeded 30% in their coefficient of variation values, indicating significant differences in soil composition and moisture content. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between the near-infrared-to-red ratio and red reflectance (r = 0.897***) soil values at MF3E. MF11S demonstrated a strong negative correlation between ECas and ECad readings with the x-coordinate (r ***). Scatter plots and fitted models illustrated the complexity of relationships, with many showing nonlinear trends. These findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and advanced modeling to understand the dynamic nature of soil properties and their implications for agricultural practices. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms driving variability in the soil characteristics to enhance soil management strategies at the study sites.展开更多
NOx sensors, as a core component of diesel engine exhaust treatment system, play an important role in exhaust emission control, which can accurately and quickly detect the NOx and O2 concentration. It has become a nec...NOx sensors, as a core component of diesel engine exhaust treatment system, play an important role in exhaust emission control, which can accurately and quickly detect the NOx and O2 concentration. It has become a necessary option for the detection of existing exhaust emission standards. At present, there is limited and scattered information on knowledge and test methods of NOx sensors, the research of NOx sensors has become a challenging research topic at home and abroad. Based on these requirements, the article systematically integrates the knowledge of principle and testing methods. First of all, through introducing functional description of NOx sensors and the basic principle of NOx sensors, the relevant scholars can have an overall understanding of the product and master the operation mode of products. Secondly, the current status of performance test bench and methods of NOx sensors were described, which can contribute to having a clear understanding of the development process. After that, a new structure of NOx sensors test bench was purposed, which contains six major units including standard gas source, gas mixing unit, analyzer measurement unit, sensor measurement unit, data processing and display unit, exhaust gas treatment unit. And the test bench was validated. The experimental results show that the test bench has the advantages of high-repeatability, high reliability and low cost. And it can realize automatic detection of multiple target values, which is worthy further promotion. Thereby, the article can contribute to the development of its technology indirectly.展开更多
Lithium-based batteries(LiBs)are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices,thanks to their unparalleled energy density,minimal self-discharge rates,...Lithium-based batteries(LiBs)are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices,thanks to their unparalleled energy density,minimal self-discharge rates,and favorable cycle life.However,the inherent safety risks and performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management systems(BMS).This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of sensor technologies for smart LiBs,focusing on their advancements,opportunities,and potential challenges.Sensors are classified into two primary groups based on their application:safety monitoring and performance optimization.Safety monitoring sensors,including temperature,pressure,strain,gas,acoustic,and magnetic sensors,focus on detecting conditions that could lead to hazardous situations.Performance optimization sensors,such as optical-based and electrochemical-based,monitor factors such as state of charge and state of health,emphasizing operational efficiency and lifespan.The review also highlights the importance of integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms and control approaches to optimize charging and discharge cycles.Potential advancements driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and machine learning algorithms are also discussed.However,challenges related to sensor miniaturization,power consumption,cost efficiency,and compatibility with existing BMS need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of LiB sensor technologies.This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of sensor innovations in smart LiBs,guiding further research and development efforts to enhance battery performance,reliability,and safety.Integration of advanced sensor technologies for smart LiBs:integrating non-optical multi-parameter,optical-based,and electrochemical sensors within the BMS to achieve higher safety,improved efficiency,early warning mechanisms,and TR prevention.Potential advancements are driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and advanced algorithms,addressing key challenges to enhance battery performance and reliability.展开更多
Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors c...Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors consume less power,but lack the capability to resolve static stimuli.Here,we address this issue by utilizing the unique polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers for the first time and propose a new type of bioinspired,passive,and bio-friendly tactile sensors for resolving both static and dynamic stimuli.Specifically,to emulate the polarization process of natural sensory cells,conjugated polymers(including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen e):poly(styrenesulfonate),polyaniline,or polypyrrole)are controllably polarized into two opposite states to create artificial potential differences.The controllable and reversible polarization process of the conjugated polymers is fully in situ characterized.Then,a micro-structured ionic electrolyte is employed to imitate the natural ion channels and to encode external touch stimulations into the variation in potential difference outputs.Compared with the currently existing tactile sensing devices,the developed tactile sensors feature distinct characteristics including fully organic composition,high sensitivity(up to 773 mV N^(−1)),ultralow power consumption(nW),as well as superior bio-friendliness.As demonstrations,both single point tactile perception(surface texture perception and material property perception)and two-dimensional tactile recognitions(shape or profile perception)with high accuracy are successfully realized using self-defined machine learning algorithms.This tactile sensing concept innovation based on the polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers opens up a new path to create robotic tactile sensors and prosthetic electronic skins.展开更多
Flexible sensors are attractive due to potential applications in body exercise and ambient gas monitoring systems.Cellulose and its derivatives have combined superiorities such as intrinsic and structural flexibility,...Flexible sensors are attractive due to potential applications in body exercise and ambient gas monitoring systems.Cellulose and its derivatives have combined superiorities such as intrinsic and structural flexibility,ease of chemical functionalization,moisture sensitivity,and mechanical stability,enabling them to be promising candidates as flexible supporting substrates and flexible sensitive materials.Significant progress consequently has been achieved to improve mechanical,electrical,and chemical performance.The latest advance in materials synthesis,structure design,fabrication control,and working mechanism of novel cellulose-based flexible sensors are reviewed and discussed,including strain sensors,humidity sensors,and harmful gas sensors.Various strategies were summarized to enhance sensor performance by surface group modifications,inorganic and organic conducting fillers optimization,multilayer structure design.Newly emerged processing techniques of self-assembly,vacuum filtration,and 3D printing were introduced as well to construct multiscale microstructures.The integration of multiple sensors toward smart and healthy exercise monitoring system is briefly reviewed.The facing challenges and future opportunities of cellulose-based flexible sensors were discussed and proposed at the end.This review provides inspiration and guidelines on how to design and fabricate cellulose-based flexible sensors.展开更多
Structural health monitoring technology uses advanced sensors to collect structural state data in real time,evaluate its integrity and residual life,and make maintenance decisions accordingly.The key of structural hea...Structural health monitoring technology uses advanced sensors to collect structural state data in real time,evaluate its integrity and residual life,and make maintenance decisions accordingly.The key of structural health monitoring is to obtain structural data accurately.With the development of new sensor technology,sensors and data acquisition devices for structural health monitoring are constantly emerging,and the performance of these devices is developing rapidly.The latest developments of fiber optic sensors,piezoelectric material sensors and self-diagnostic sensors for structural health monitoring are summarized.The basic working principle of each sensor and its application in structural health monitoring are introduced,and the challenges and opportunities faced by sensors in structural health monitoring are prospected.展开更多
High-sensitivity sensors represent a critical frontier in modern sensing technology,driving innovations across fields such as biomedical monitoring,precision instrumentation,environmental detection,and indus-trial aut...High-sensitivity sensors represent a critical frontier in modern sensing technology,driving innovations across fields such as biomedical monitoring,precision instrumentation,environmental detection,and indus-trial automation.As demands for accuracy,miniaturization,and reliability continue to grow,developing novel sensor architectures and functional materials has become essential to achieving enhanced performance under extreme or complex conditions.展开更多
Wearable sensors represent a promising technology to monitor human health and movement,however,it is pivotal and challenging to tailor-make highly conductive hydrogels to achieve high sensitivity and environmental wea...Wearable sensors represent a promising technology to monitor human health and movement,however,it is pivotal and challenging to tailor-make highly conductive hydrogels to achieve high sensitivity and environmental weatherability for application at extreme temperature conditions.Herein,the dual-conductive hydrogels consisting of ion-conductive deep eutectic solvents(DES)and electron-conductive MXene within polymer matrix have been presented.The increment of ion and electron migration path could generate substantial resistance variation and thus improves the sensitivity of hydrogels under small strain and large strain,resembling those in low and high frequency sound discrimination of auditory transduction.Additionally,the hydrogen bonding interactions among water molecules,DES and MXene as well as polymers endow the hydrogels with superior anti-freezing and water-retaining performance.The resultant hydrogel sensor achieves ultra-fast strain response time of 0.01 s and high sensitivity over 1.0 in wide strain ranges from 1%to 150%.High sensitivity,anti-freezing and water-retaining performance enable the hydrogels to monitor strain at extreme temperature conditions from20 to 60℃ and could detect human motion in real time.This work provides a rational approach to the construction of high-sensitivity and environmental weatherable hydrogels based on the dual-conductive fillers for the development of advanced wearable sensors.展开更多
The laser-assisted manufacturing technology has significant advantages in meeting various demands such as complex structures,functional integration,customized devices,and cost-effectiveness,which makes it a highly att...The laser-assisted manufacturing technology has significant advantages in meeting various demands such as complex structures,functional integration,customized devices,and cost-effectiveness,which makes it a highly attractive option for fabricating sensors.In this review,the latest advancements and strategies in intelligent sensor development through laser processing were surveyed and outlined following the interaction of laser and materials.Laser-assisted manufacturing technologies have been extensively applied in materials science and device processing.Firstly,laser technology can be utilized in a wide range of materials,encompassing carbon-based materials,metals,and metallic oxides.In the field of device scale processing,laser manufacturing is widely used in micro/nano structures,planar device construction,and stereoscopic electronic devices such as cutting,engraving,and lithography.Additionally,laser technology provides robust support for sensor applications,covering fields such as pressure sensing,temperature sensing,gas sensing,and biosensors.Furthermore,laser considerably serves in real application areas such as multifunctional sensing systems,actuators,and robots.The widespread application of laser manufacturing technology in sensor platform fabrication offers effective solutions for realizing the miniaturization,multifunctionality,and integration of sensors.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3809800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172249,52525601)+2 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences Talents Program(E2290701)the Jiangsu Province Talents Program(JSSCRC2023545)the Special Fund Project of Carbon Peaking Carbon Neutrality Science and Technology Innovation of Jiangsu Province(BE2022011).
文摘Flexible fiber sensors,However,traditional methods face challenges in fabricating low-cost,large-scale fiber sensors.In recent years,the thermal drawing process has rapidly advanced,offering a novel approach to flexible fiber sensors.Through the preform-tofiber manufacturing technique,a variety of fiber sensors with complex functionalities spanning from the nanoscale to kilometer scale can be automated in a short time.Examples include temperature,acoustic,mechanical,chemical,biological,optoelectronic,and multifunctional sensors,which operate on diverse sensing principles such as resistance,capacitance,piezoelectricity,triboelectricity,photoelectricity,and thermoelectricity.This review outlines the principles of the thermal drawing process and provides a detailed overview of the latest advancements in various thermally drawn fiber sensors.Finally,the future developments of thermally drawn fiber sensors are discussed.
文摘Diabetes mellitus represents a major global health issue,driving the need for noninvasive alternatives to traditional blood glucose monitoring methods.Recent advancements in wearable technology have introduced skin-interfaced biosensors capable of analyzing sweat and skin biomarkers,providing innovative solutions for diabetes diagnosis and monitoring.This review comprehensively discusses the current developments in noninvasive wearable biosensors,emphasizing simultaneous detection of biochemical biomarkers(such as glucose,cortisol,lactate,branched-chain amino acids,and cytokines)and physiological signals(including heart rate,blood pressure,and sweat rate)for accurate,personalized diabetes management.We explore innovations in multimodal sensor design,materials science,biorecognition elements,and integration techniques,highlighting the importance of advanced data analytics,artificial intelligence-driven predictive algorithms,and closed-loop therapeutic systems.Additionally,the review addresses ongoing challenges in biomarker validation,sensor stability,user compliance,data privacy,and regulatory considerations.A holistic,multimodal approach enabled by these next-generation wearable biosensors holds significant potential for improving patient outcomes and facilitating proactive healthcare interventions in diabetes management.
基金Supported by the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory on Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology,China(No.2021LSYS004)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sustainable Biomimetic Materials and Green Energy,China(No.2024B1212010003)。
文摘Monitoring biogenic amines,which are metabolic byproducts of shrimp spoilage,is crucial for assessing food quality.Currently,most detection methods for biogenic amines suffer from limitations such as time-consuming procedures,complex operations,and delayed results.Colorimetric analysis techniques have gained attention in recent years due to their advantages of short analysis time,simple operation,and suitability for on-site testing.This study successfully developed a series of colorimetric sensor platforms for biogenic amines by loading the natural active ingredient curcumin(CUR)and its derivative of Boron complex BFCUR onto filter paper and electrospun nanofibre films(ENFs),respectively.By analyzing the color response differences of these sensors upon contact with biogenic amines,the colorimetric sensors with superior detection performance were selected and further applied to the visual monitoring and indication of shrimp spoilage processes.
文摘In the modern technological landscape,magnetic field sensors play a crucial role and are indispensable across a range of high-tech applications[1].In conjunction with magnets,magnetic field sensors can accurately detect any form of relative movement of objects without physical contact.For instance,in the precise control of robotic arms or machine tools,a permanent magnet is used as a reference.The magnetic sensor detects the relative movement of magnet by sensing changes in the magnetic field strength.These changes are converted into electrical signals,which are fed back to the control system,enabling accurate positioning and control of the device.This advanced detection technology not only greatly enhances measurement precision but also significantly extends the lifespan of equipment.Among various types of magnetic field sensors,magnetoresistive(MR)sensors stand out for their exceptional performance[1].The high sensitivity allows them to detect minimal changes of magnetic fields in high-precision measurements.Today,MR sensors are widely used across numerous fields,including automobile industries,information processing and storage,navigation systems,biomedical applications,etc[1,2].With their outstanding performance and wide-ranging applications,MR sensors are at the forefront of sensor technology.
基金supported by the NSFC(12474071)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2024YQ051,ZR2025QB50)+6 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2025A1515011191)the Shanghai Sailing Program(23YF1402200,23YF1402400)funded by Basic Research Program of Jiangsu(BK20240424)Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials(KF2406)Taishan Scholar Foundation of Shandong Province(tsqn202408006,tsqn202507058)Young Talent of Lifting engineering for Science and Technology in Shandong,China(SDAST2024QTB002)the Qilu Young Scholar Program of Shandong University。
文摘As emerging two-dimensional(2D)materials,carbides and nitrides(MXenes)could be solid solutions or organized structures made up of multi-atomic layers.With remarkable and adjustable electrical,optical,mechanical,and electrochemical characteristics,MXenes have shown great potential in brain-inspired neuromorphic computing electronics,including neuromorphic gas sensors,pressure sensors and photodetectors.This paper provides a forward-looking review of the research progress regarding MXenes in the neuromorphic sensing domain and discussed the critical challenges that need to be resolved.Key bottlenecks such as insufficient long-term stability under environmental exposure,high costs,scalability limitations in large-scale production,and mechanical mismatch in wearable integration hinder their practical deployment.Furthermore,unresolved issues like interfacial compatibility in heterostructures and energy inefficiency in neu-romorphic signal conversion demand urgent attention.The review offers insights into future research directions enhance the fundamental understanding of MXene properties and promote further integration into neuromorphic computing applications through the convergence with various emerging technologies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 52175281,52475315)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2021382)。
文摘The growing prevalence of exercise-induced tibial stress fractures demands wearable sensors capable of monitoring dynamic musculoskeletal loads with medical-grade precision.While flexible pressure-sensing insoles show clinical potential,their development has been hindered by the intrinsic trade-off between high sensitivity and full-range linearity(R^(2)>0.99 up to 1 MPa)in conventional designs.Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of human skin,where dermal stratification enables wide-range pressure adaptation and ion-channelregulated signaling maintains linear electrical responses,we developed a dual-mechanism flexible iontronic pressure sensor(FIPS).This innovative design synergistically combines two bioinspired components:interdigitated fabric microstructures enabling pressure-proportional contact area expansion(αP1/3)and iontronic film facilitating self-adaptive ion concentration modulation(αP^(2/3)),which together generate a linear capacitance-pressure response(CαP).The FIPS achieves breakthrough performance:242 kPa^(-1)sensitivity with 0.997linearity across 0-1 MPa,yielding a record linear sensing factor(LSF=242,000).The design is validated across various substrates and ionic materials,demonstrating its versatility.Finally,the FIPS-driven design enables a smart insole demonstrating 1.8%error in tibial load assessment during gait analysis,outperforming nonlinear counterparts(6.5%error)in early fracture-risk prediction.The biomimetic design framework establishes a universal approach for developing high-performance linear sensors,establishing generalized principles for medical-grade wearable devices.
基金the funding from Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat(LPPM)Universitas Indonesia,by Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia(RKI)-World Class University(WCU)Program with grant number NKB-1067/UN2-RST/HKP.05.00/2023 and NKB-781/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2024.
文摘Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental protection.Theophylline(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to treat respiratory disorders such as asthma,bronchitis,and emphysema,has a narrow therapeutic window with a safe plasma concentration ranging from 55.5-111.0μmol·L^(-1)in adults.Accurate monitoring of TP levels is essential because too low or too high can cause se-rious side effects.In this regard,non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors offer a practical solution with rapidity,portability,and high sensitivity.This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent developments of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection,highlighting the basic principles,electro-oxidation mechanisms,catalytic effects,and the role of modifying materials on electrode performance.Carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes(GCEs),carbon paste electrodes(CPEs),and carbon screen-printed electrodes(SPCEs)have become the primary choices for non-enzymatic sensors due to their chemical stability,low cost,and flexibility in modification.This article identifies the sig-nificant contribution of various modifying materials,including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene,metal oxides,and multi-element nanocomposites.These modifications enhance sensors’electron transfer,sensitivity,and selectivity in detecting TP at low concentrations in complex media such as blood plasma and pharmaceutical samples.The electro-oxidation mechanism of TP is also discussed in depth,emphasizing the hydroxyl and carbonyl reaction pathways strongly influenced by pH and electrode materials.These mechanisms guide the selection of the appropriate electrode ma-terial for a particular application.The main contribution of this article is to identify superior modifying materials that can improve the performance of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.In a recent study,the combination of multi-element nanocomposites based on titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),CNTs,and gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)resulted in the lowest detection limit of 3×10^(-5)μmol·L^(-1),reflecting the great potential of these materials for developing high-performance electrochemical sensors.The main conclusion of this article is the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in electrode material design to support the sensitivity and selectivity of TP detection.In addition,there is still a research gap in understanding TP’s more detailed oxidation mechanism,especially under pH variations and complex environments.Therefore,further research on electrode modification and analysis of the TP oxidation mechanism are urgently needed to improve the accuracy and sta-bility of the sensor while expanding its applications in pharmaceutical monitoring and medical diagnostics.By integrating various innovative materials and technical approaches,this review is expected to be an essential reference for developing efficient and affordable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52403081)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52172126)+1 种基金Research Startup Fund of Changzhou University(ZMF24020055)Young Scientists Lifting Project of Changzhou and Jiangsu Province and Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BX2023026)。
文摘The flexible physical sensors have the advantage of pliability and extensibility and can be easily twisted or curved.The development of flexibility from rigidity has significantly increased the application situations for sensors,especially in intelligent robots,tactile platforms,wearable medical sensors,bionic devices,and other fields.The research of membrane-based flexible physical sensors relies on the development of advanced materials and technologies,which have been derived from a wide range of applications.Various technical methods and principles have gradually matured according to the different applications and materials used.The first section of this review discusses membrane substrates and functional materials,summarizing the development of flexible physical sensors.According to the technical sensing principles,the review is concerned with the state of research on physical sensing platforms.Lastly,the difficulties and chances for the design of emerging membrane-based flexible physical sensors in the coming years are presented.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(92263109,52305607 and 61904188)the Shanghai Rising-Star Program(22QA1410400)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(23ZR1472200)the Medical Innovation Research Program of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(Grant No.24DX2800100)。
文摘Over recent decades,carbon-based chemical sensor technologies have advanced significantly.Nevertheless,significant opportunities persist for enhancing analyte recognition capabilities,particularly in complex environments.Conventional monovariable sensors exhibit inherent limitations,such as susceptibility to interference from coexisting analytes,which results in response overlap.Although sensor arrays,through modification of multiple sensing materials,offer a potential solution for analyte recognition,their practical applications are constrained by intricate material modification processes.In this context,multivariable chemical sensors have emerged as a promising alternative,enabling the generation of multiple outputs to construct a comprehensive sensing space for analyte recognition,while utilizing a single sensing material.Among various carbon-based materials,carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and graphene have emerged as ideal candidates for constructing high-performance chemical sensors,owing to their well-established batch fabrication processes,superior electrical properties,and outstanding sensing capabilities.This review examines the progress of carbon-based multivariable chemical sensors,focusing on CNTs/graphene as sensing materials and field-effect transistors as transducers for analyte recognition.The discussion encompasses fundamental aspects of these sensors,including sensing materials,sensor architectures,performance metrics,pattern recognition algorithms,and multivariable sensing mechanism.Furthermore,the review highlights innovative multivariable extraction schemes and their practical applications when integrated with advanced pattern recognition algorithms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62404111)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20240635)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.24KJB510025)Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(No.NY223157 and NY223156)Opening Project of Advanced Inte-grated Circuit Package and Testing Research Center of Jiangsu Province(No.NTIKFJJ202303).
文摘Multimodal sensor fusion can make full use of the advantages of various sensors,make up for the shortcomings of a single sensor,achieve information verification or information security through information redundancy,and improve the reliability and safety of the system.Artificial intelligence(AI),referring to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans,represents a pivotal frontier in modern scientific research.With the continuous development and promotion of AI technology in Sensor 4.0 age,multimodal sensor fusion is becoming more and more intelligent and automated,and is expected to go further in the future.With this context,this review article takes a comprehensive look at the recent progress on AI-enhanced multimodal sensors and their integrated devices and systems.Based on the concept and principle of sensor technologies and AI algorithms,the theoretical underpinnings,technological breakthroughs,and pragmatic applications of AI-enhanced multimodal sensors in various fields such as robotics,healthcare,and environmental monitoring are highlighted.Through a comparative study of the dual/tri-modal sensors with and without using AI technologies(especially machine learning and deep learning),AI-enhanced multimodal sensors highlight the potential of AI to improve sensor performance,data processing,and decision-making capabilities.Furthermore,the review analyzes the challenges and opportunities afforded by AI-enhanced multimodal sensors,and offers a prospective outlook on the forthcoming advancements.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U20A20166,52371202,52125205,52250398,52192614 and 52003101)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2021YFB3200300)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(No.2222088)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.KQTD20170810105439418)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
文摘Capacitive pressure sensors have a promising application in the field of wearable electronic devices due to their excellent electrical properties.Owing to the complexity of the environment,capacitive sensors are susceptible to electromagnetic interference and changes in the surrounding medium,resulting in unstable signal acquisition.Capacitive sensor with excellent immunity to interference while maintaining flexibility is an urgent challenge.This study proposes an all-fiber anti-jamming capacitive pressure sensor that integrates liquid metal(LM)into a fiber-based dielectric layer.The combination of the LM and the fiber not only improves the dielectric properties of the dielectric layer but also reduces the Young's modulus of the fiber.The sensor has high interference immunity in various noise environments.Its all-fiber structure ensures lightweight,great air permeability and stretchability,whichmakes it a promising application in wearable electronic devices fields.
文摘Ten physical and environmental variables collected from an on-the-go soil sensor at two field sites (MF3E and MF11S) in Mississippi, USA, were analyzed to assess soil variability and the interrelationships among the measurements. At MF3E, moderate variability was observed in apparent electrical conductivity shallow (ECas), slope, and ECa ratio measurements, with coefficients of variation ranging from 20% to 27%. In contrast, MF11S exhibited higher variability, particularly in ECas and ECad (deep) measurements, which exceeded 30% in their coefficient of variation values, indicating significant differences in soil composition and moisture content. Correlation analysis revealed strong positive relationships between the near-infrared-to-red ratio and red reflectance (r = 0.897***) soil values at MF3E. MF11S demonstrated a strong negative correlation between ECas and ECad readings with the x-coordinate (r ***). Scatter plots and fitted models illustrated the complexity of relationships, with many showing nonlinear trends. These findings emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and advanced modeling to understand the dynamic nature of soil properties and their implications for agricultural practices. Future research should explore the underlying mechanisms driving variability in the soil characteristics to enhance soil management strategies at the study sites.
文摘NOx sensors, as a core component of diesel engine exhaust treatment system, play an important role in exhaust emission control, which can accurately and quickly detect the NOx and O2 concentration. It has become a necessary option for the detection of existing exhaust emission standards. At present, there is limited and scattered information on knowledge and test methods of NOx sensors, the research of NOx sensors has become a challenging research topic at home and abroad. Based on these requirements, the article systematically integrates the knowledge of principle and testing methods. First of all, through introducing functional description of NOx sensors and the basic principle of NOx sensors, the relevant scholars can have an overall understanding of the product and master the operation mode of products. Secondly, the current status of performance test bench and methods of NOx sensors were described, which can contribute to having a clear understanding of the development process. After that, a new structure of NOx sensors test bench was purposed, which contains six major units including standard gas source, gas mixing unit, analyzer measurement unit, sensor measurement unit, data processing and display unit, exhaust gas treatment unit. And the test bench was validated. The experimental results show that the test bench has the advantages of high-repeatability, high reliability and low cost. And it can realize automatic detection of multiple target values, which is worthy further promotion. Thereby, the article can contribute to the development of its technology indirectly.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,52130601)the Joint Research Center for Multi-energy Complementation and Conversion of USTC.
文摘Lithium-based batteries(LiBs)are integral components in operating electric vehicles to renewable energy systems and portable electronic devices,thanks to their unparalleled energy density,minimal self-discharge rates,and favorable cycle life.However,the inherent safety risks and performance degradation of LiB over time impose continuous monitoring facilitated by sophisticated battery management systems(BMS).This review comprehensively analyzes the current state of sensor technologies for smart LiBs,focusing on their advancements,opportunities,and potential challenges.Sensors are classified into two primary groups based on their application:safety monitoring and performance optimization.Safety monitoring sensors,including temperature,pressure,strain,gas,acoustic,and magnetic sensors,focus on detecting conditions that could lead to hazardous situations.Performance optimization sensors,such as optical-based and electrochemical-based,monitor factors such as state of charge and state of health,emphasizing operational efficiency and lifespan.The review also highlights the importance of integrating these sensors with advanced algorithms and control approaches to optimize charging and discharge cycles.Potential advancements driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and machine learning algorithms are also discussed.However,challenges related to sensor miniaturization,power consumption,cost efficiency,and compatibility with existing BMS need to be addressed to fully realize the potential of LiB sensor technologies.This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the current landscape and future directions of sensor innovations in smart LiBs,guiding further research and development efforts to enhance battery performance,reliability,and safety.Integration of advanced sensor technologies for smart LiBs:integrating non-optical multi-parameter,optical-based,and electrochemical sensors within the BMS to achieve higher safety,improved efficiency,early warning mechanisms,and TR prevention.Potential advancements are driven by nanotechnology,wireless sensor networks,miniaturization,and advanced algorithms,addressing key challenges to enhance battery performance and reliability.
基金financially supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2022YFS0025 and 2024YFFK0133)supported by the“Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.”。
文摘Tactile perception plays a vital role for the human body and is also highly desired for smart prosthesis and advanced robots.Compared to active sensing devices,passive piezoelectric and triboelectric tactile sensors consume less power,but lack the capability to resolve static stimuli.Here,we address this issue by utilizing the unique polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers for the first time and propose a new type of bioinspired,passive,and bio-friendly tactile sensors for resolving both static and dynamic stimuli.Specifically,to emulate the polarization process of natural sensory cells,conjugated polymers(including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophen e):poly(styrenesulfonate),polyaniline,or polypyrrole)are controllably polarized into two opposite states to create artificial potential differences.The controllable and reversible polarization process of the conjugated polymers is fully in situ characterized.Then,a micro-structured ionic electrolyte is employed to imitate the natural ion channels and to encode external touch stimulations into the variation in potential difference outputs.Compared with the currently existing tactile sensing devices,the developed tactile sensors feature distinct characteristics including fully organic composition,high sensitivity(up to 773 mV N^(−1)),ultralow power consumption(nW),as well as superior bio-friendliness.As demonstrations,both single point tactile perception(surface texture perception and material property perception)and two-dimensional tactile recognitions(shape or profile perception)with high accuracy are successfully realized using self-defined machine learning algorithms.This tactile sensing concept innovation based on the polarization chemistry of conjugated polymers opens up a new path to create robotic tactile sensors and prosthetic electronic skins.
基金the NSFC Funds under Grant 52075440National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFD1600402)+2 种基金Central Guidance on Local Science and Technology Development Fund of Shaanxi Province(No.2020-ZYYD-NCC-9)Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education Collaborative Innovation Center Project(20JY052)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52072075)。
文摘Flexible sensors are attractive due to potential applications in body exercise and ambient gas monitoring systems.Cellulose and its derivatives have combined superiorities such as intrinsic and structural flexibility,ease of chemical functionalization,moisture sensitivity,and mechanical stability,enabling them to be promising candidates as flexible supporting substrates and flexible sensitive materials.Significant progress consequently has been achieved to improve mechanical,electrical,and chemical performance.The latest advance in materials synthesis,structure design,fabrication control,and working mechanism of novel cellulose-based flexible sensors are reviewed and discussed,including strain sensors,humidity sensors,and harmful gas sensors.Various strategies were summarized to enhance sensor performance by surface group modifications,inorganic and organic conducting fillers optimization,multilayer structure design.Newly emerged processing techniques of self-assembly,vacuum filtration,and 3D printing were introduced as well to construct multiscale microstructures.The integration of multiple sensors toward smart and healthy exercise monitoring system is briefly reviewed.The facing challenges and future opportunities of cellulose-based flexible sensors were discussed and proposed at the end.This review provides inspiration and guidelines on how to design and fabricate cellulose-based flexible sensors.
文摘Structural health monitoring technology uses advanced sensors to collect structural state data in real time,evaluate its integrity and residual life,and make maintenance decisions accordingly.The key of structural health monitoring is to obtain structural data accurately.With the development of new sensor technology,sensors and data acquisition devices for structural health monitoring are constantly emerging,and the performance of these devices is developing rapidly.The latest developments of fiber optic sensors,piezoelectric material sensors and self-diagnostic sensors for structural health monitoring are summarized.The basic working principle of each sensor and its application in structural health monitoring are introduced,and the challenges and opportunities faced by sensors in structural health monitoring are prospected.
文摘High-sensitivity sensors represent a critical frontier in modern sensing technology,driving innovations across fields such as biomedical monitoring,precision instrumentation,environmental detection,and indus-trial automation.As demands for accuracy,miniaturization,and reliability continue to grow,developing novel sensor architectures and functional materials has become essential to achieving enhanced performance under extreme or complex conditions.
基金the funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22471055)Scientific Research Projects of Higher Education Institutions in Hebei Province(BJ2025137)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2024202020,B2022202039)Hebei Yanzhao Golden Platform Talents Project(B2024003001)State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry(20240025)Tianjin Education Commission Scientific Research Project(2022KJ093).
文摘Wearable sensors represent a promising technology to monitor human health and movement,however,it is pivotal and challenging to tailor-make highly conductive hydrogels to achieve high sensitivity and environmental weatherability for application at extreme temperature conditions.Herein,the dual-conductive hydrogels consisting of ion-conductive deep eutectic solvents(DES)and electron-conductive MXene within polymer matrix have been presented.The increment of ion and electron migration path could generate substantial resistance variation and thus improves the sensitivity of hydrogels under small strain and large strain,resembling those in low and high frequency sound discrimination of auditory transduction.Additionally,the hydrogen bonding interactions among water molecules,DES and MXene as well as polymers endow the hydrogels with superior anti-freezing and water-retaining performance.The resultant hydrogel sensor achieves ultra-fast strain response time of 0.01 s and high sensitivity over 1.0 in wide strain ranges from 1%to 150%.High sensitivity,anti-freezing and water-retaining performance enable the hydrogels to monitor strain at extreme temperature conditions from20 to 60℃ and could detect human motion in real time.This work provides a rational approach to the construction of high-sensitivity and environmental weatherable hydrogels based on the dual-conductive fillers for the development of advanced wearable sensors.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB3210400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472097 and 52102171)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021JQ15,ZR2023LLZ008 and ZR2022YQ42)Taishan Scholar Project of Shandong Province(tstp20240515)Innovative Team Project of Jinan(2021GXRC019).
文摘The laser-assisted manufacturing technology has significant advantages in meeting various demands such as complex structures,functional integration,customized devices,and cost-effectiveness,which makes it a highly attractive option for fabricating sensors.In this review,the latest advancements and strategies in intelligent sensor development through laser processing were surveyed and outlined following the interaction of laser and materials.Laser-assisted manufacturing technologies have been extensively applied in materials science and device processing.Firstly,laser technology can be utilized in a wide range of materials,encompassing carbon-based materials,metals,and metallic oxides.In the field of device scale processing,laser manufacturing is widely used in micro/nano structures,planar device construction,and stereoscopic electronic devices such as cutting,engraving,and lithography.Additionally,laser technology provides robust support for sensor applications,covering fields such as pressure sensing,temperature sensing,gas sensing,and biosensors.Furthermore,laser considerably serves in real application areas such as multifunctional sensing systems,actuators,and robots.The widespread application of laser manufacturing technology in sensor platform fabrication offers effective solutions for realizing the miniaturization,multifunctionality,and integration of sensors.
