Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional(3D)integration,including material compatibility,structural stability,and scalable fabrication methods.Inspired by the tactile sen...Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional(3D)integration,including material compatibility,structural stability,and scalable fabrication methods.Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of the human skin,we have developed a flexible monolithic 3D-integrated tactile sensing system based on a holey MXene paste,where each vertical one-body unit simultaneously functions as a microsupercapacitor and pressure sensor.The in-plane mesopores of MXene significantly improve ion accessibility,mitigate the self-stacking of nanosheets,and allow the holey MXene to multifunctionally act as a sensing material,an active electrode,and a conductive interconnect,thus drastically reducing the interface mismatch and enhancing the mechanical robustness.Furthermore,we fabricate a large-scale device using a blade-coating and stamping method,which demonstrates excellent mechanical flexibility,low-power consumption,rapid response,and stable long-term operation.As a proof-of-concept application,we integrate our sensing array into a smart access control system,leveraging deep learning to accurately identify users based on their unique pressing behaviors.This study provides a promising approach for designing highly integrated,intelligent,and flexible electronic systems for advanced human-computer interactions and personalized electronics.展开更多
The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft,innovative,and multifunctional materials for human health monitoring.The integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an over...The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft,innovative,and multifunctional materials for human health monitoring.The integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an overwhelming tendency,providing powerful tools for remote health monitoring and personal health management.Among many candidates,two-dimensional(2D)materials stand out due to several exotic mechanical,electrical,optical,and chemical properties that can be efficiently integrated into atomic-thin films.While previous reviews on 2D materials for biodevices primarily focus on conventional configurations and materials like graphene,the rapid development of new 2D materials with exotic properties has opened up novel applications,particularly in smart interaction and integrated functionalities.This review aims to consolidate recent progress,highlight the unique advantages of 2D materials,and guide future research by discussing existing challenges and opportunities in applying 2D materials for smart wearable biodevices.We begin with an in-depth analysis of the advantages,sensing mechanisms,and potential applications of 2D materials in wearable biodevice fabrication.Following this,we systematically discuss state-of-the-art biodevices based on 2D materials for monitoring various physiological signals within the human body.Special attention is given to showcasing the integration of multi-functionality in 2D smart devices,mainly including self-power supply,integrated diagnosis/treatment,and human–machine interaction.Finally,the review concludes with a concise summary of existing challenges and prospective solutions concerning the utilization of2D materials for advanced biodevices.展开更多
The rise of large-scale artificial intelligence(AI)models,such as ChatGPT,Deep-Seek,and autonomous vehicle systems,has significantly advanced the boundaries of AI,enabling highly complex tasks in natural language proc...The rise of large-scale artificial intelligence(AI)models,such as ChatGPT,Deep-Seek,and autonomous vehicle systems,has significantly advanced the boundaries of AI,enabling highly complex tasks in natural language processing,image recognition,and real-time decisionmaking.However,these models demand immense computational power and are often centralized,relying on cloud-based architectures with inherent limitations in latency,privacy,and energy efficiency.To address these challenges and bring AI closer to real-world applications,such as wearable health monitoring,robotics,and immersive virtual environments,innovative hardware solutions are urgently needed.This work introduces a near-sensor edge computing(NSEC)system,built on a bilayer AlN/Si waveguide platform,to provide real-time,energy-efficient AI capabilities at the edge.Leveraging the electro-optic properties of AlN microring resonators for photonic feature extraction,coupled with Si-based thermo-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometers for neural network computations,the system represents a transformative approach to AI hardware design.Demonstrated through multimodal gesture and gait analysis,the NSEC system achieves high classification accuracies of 96.77%for gestures and 98.31%for gaits,ultra-low latency(<10 ns),and minimal energy consumption(<0.34 pJ).This groundbreaking system bridges the gap between AI models and real-world applications,enabling efficient,privacy-preserving AI solutions for healthcare,robotics,and next-generation human-machine interfaces,marking a pivotal advancement in edge computing and AI deployment.展开更多
Multimodal sensor fusion can make full use of the advantages of various sensors,make up for the shortcomings of a single sensor,achieve information verification or information security through information redundancy,a...Multimodal sensor fusion can make full use of the advantages of various sensors,make up for the shortcomings of a single sensor,achieve information verification or information security through information redundancy,and improve the reliability and safety of the system.Artificial intelligence(AI),referring to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans,represents a pivotal frontier in modern scientific research.With the continuous development and promotion of AI technology in Sensor 4.0 age,multimodal sensor fusion is becoming more and more intelligent and automated,and is expected to go further in the future.With this context,this review article takes a comprehensive look at the recent progress on AI-enhanced multimodal sensors and their integrated devices and systems.Based on the concept and principle of sensor technologies and AI algorithms,the theoretical underpinnings,technological breakthroughs,and pragmatic applications of AI-enhanced multimodal sensors in various fields such as robotics,healthcare,and environmental monitoring are highlighted.Through a comparative study of the dual/tri-modal sensors with and without using AI technologies(especially machine learning and deep learning),AI-enhanced multimodal sensors highlight the potential of AI to improve sensor performance,data processing,and decision-making capabilities.Furthermore,the review analyzes the challenges and opportunities afforded by AI-enhanced multimodal sensors,and offers a prospective outlook on the forthcoming advancements.展开更多
The accuracy of center height detection for corrugated beam guardrails is significantly affected by robot posture in the mobile highway guardrail detection systems based on structured light vision.To address the probl...The accuracy of center height detection for corrugated beam guardrails is significantly affected by robot posture in the mobile highway guardrail detection systems based on structured light vision.To address the problem,this paper proposes an integrated calibration method for structured light vision sensors.In the proposed system,the sensor is mounted on a crawler-type mobile robot,which scans and measures the center height of guardrails while in motion.However,due to external disturbances such as uneven road surfaces and vehicle vibrations,the posture of the robot may deviate,causing displacement of the sensor platform and resulting in spatial 3D measurement errors.To overcome this issue,the system integrates inertial measurement unit(IMU)data into the sensor calibration process,enabling realtime correction of posture deviations through sensor fusion.This approach achieves a unified calibration of the structured light vision system,effectively compensates for posture-induced errors,and enhances detection accuracy.A prototype was developed and tested in both laboratory and real highway environments.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method enables accurate center height detection of guardrails under complex road conditions,significantly reduces posture-related measurement errors,and greatly improves the efficiency and reliability of traditional detection methods.展开更多
The monolithic integrated micro sensor is an important direction in the fields of integrated circuits and micro sensors. In this paper,a monolithic thermal vacuum sensor based on a micro-hotplate （MHP） and operating...The monolithic integrated micro sensor is an important direction in the fields of integrated circuits and micro sensors. In this paper,a monolithic thermal vacuum sensor based on a micro-hotplate （MHP） and operating under constant bias voltage conditions was designed. A new monolithic integrating mode was proposed,in which the dielectric and passiva- tion layers in standard CMOS processes were used as sensor structure layers,gate polysilicon as the sacrificial layer,and the second polysilicon layer as the sensor heating resistor. Then, the fabricating processes were designed and the monolithic thermal vacuum sensor was fabricated with a 0. 6μm mixed signal CMOS process followed by sacrificial layer etching technology. The measurement results show that the fabricated monolithic vacuum sensor can measure the pressure range of 2- 10^5 Pa and the output voltage is adjustable.展开更多
As an important sensor in the navigation systems,star sensors and the gyro play important roles in spacecraft attitude determination system.Complex environmental factors are the main sources of error in attitude deter...As an important sensor in the navigation systems,star sensors and the gyro play important roles in spacecraft attitude determination system.Complex environmental factors are the main sources of error in attitude determination.The error influence of different benchmarks and the disintegration mode between the star sensor and the gyro is analyzed in theory.The integrated design of the star sensor and the gyro on the same benchmark can effectively avoid the error influence and improves the spacecraft attitude determination accuracy.Simulation results indicate that when the stars sensor optical axis vectors overlap the reference coordinate axis of the gyro in the same benchmark,the attitude determination accuracy improves.展开更多
The multi-terminal direct current(DC)grid has extinctive superiorities over the traditional alternating current system in integrating large-scale renewable energy.Both the DC circuit breaker(DCCB)and the current flow ...The multi-terminal direct current(DC)grid has extinctive superiorities over the traditional alternating current system in integrating large-scale renewable energy.Both the DC circuit breaker(DCCB)and the current flow controller(CFC)are demanded to ensure the multiterminal DC grid to operates reliably and flexibly.However,since the CFC and the DCCB are all based on fully controlled semiconductor switches(e.g.,insulated gate bipolar transistor,integrated gate commutated thyristor,etc.),their separation configuration in the multiterminal DC grid will lead to unaffordable implementation costs and conduction power losses.To solve these problems,integrated equipment with both current flow control and fault isolation abilities is proposed,which shares the expensive and duplicated components of CFCs and DCCBs among adjacent lines.In addition,the complicated coordination control of CFCs and DCCBs can be avoided by adopting the integrated equipment in themultiterminal DC grid.In order to examine the current flow control and fault isolation abilities of the integrated equipment,the simulation model of a specific meshed four-terminal DC grid is constructed in the PSCAD/EMTDC software.Finally,the comparison between the integrated equipment and the separate solution is presented a specific result or conclusion needs to be added to the abstract.展开更多
Sleep monitoring is an important part of health management because sleep quality is crucial for restoration of human health.However,current commercial products of polysomnography are cumbersome with connecting wires a...Sleep monitoring is an important part of health management because sleep quality is crucial for restoration of human health.However,current commercial products of polysomnography are cumbersome with connecting wires and state-of-the-art flexible sensors are still interferential for being attached to the body.Herein,we develop a flexible-integrated multimodal sensing patch based on hydrogel and its application in unconstraint sleep monitoring.The patch comprises a bottom hydrogel-based dualmode pressure–temperature sensing layer and a top electrospun nanofiber-based non-contact detection layer as one integrated device.The hydrogel as core substrate exhibits strong toughness and water retention,and the multimodal sensing of temperature,pressure,and non-contact proximity is realized based on different sensing mechanisms with no crosstalk interference.The multimodal sensing function is verified in a simulated real-world scenario by a robotic hand grasping objects to validate its practicability.Multiple multimodal sensing patches integrated on different locations of a pillow are assembled for intelligent sleep monitoring.Versatile human–pillow interaction information as well as their evolution over time are acquired and analyzed by a one-dimensional convolutional neural network.Track of head movement and recognition of bad patterns that may lead to poor sleep are achieved,which provides a promising approach for sleep monitoring.展开更多
A mercury biosensor was constructed by integrating biosensor genetic elements into E. coli JM109 chromosome in a single copy number, using the attP/attB recombination mechanism of λ phage. The genetic elements used i...A mercury biosensor was constructed by integrating biosensor genetic elements into E. coli JM109 chromosome in a single copy number, using the attP/attB recombination mechanism of λ phage. The genetic elements used include a regulatory protein gene （merR） along with operator/promoter （O/P） derived from the mercury resistance operon from pDU1358 plasmid of Serratia marcescens. The expression of reporter gene gfp is also controlled by merR/O/P. Integration of the construct into the chromosome was done to increase the stability and precision of the biosensor. This biosensor could detect Hg（Ⅱ） ions in the concentration range of 100–1700 nmol/L, and manifest the result as the expression of GFP. The GFP expression was significantly different （P 0.05） for each concentration of inducing Hg（Ⅱ） ions in the detection range, which reduces the chances of misinterpretation of results. A model using regression method was also derived for the quantification of the concentration of Hg（Ⅱ） in water samples.展开更多
Understanding the neural underpinning of human gait and balance is one of the most pertinent challenges for 21st-century translational neuroscience due to the profound impact that falls and mobility disturbances have ...Understanding the neural underpinning of human gait and balance is one of the most pertinent challenges for 21st-century translational neuroscience due to the profound impact that falls and mobility disturbances have on our aging population.Posture and gait control does not happen automatically,as previously believed,but rather requires continuous involvement of central nervous mechanisms.To effectively exert control over the body,the brain must integrate multiple streams of sensory information,including visual,vestibular,and somatosensory signals.The mechanisms which underpin the integration of these multisensory signals are the principal topic of the present work.Existing multisensory integration theories focus on how failure of cognitive processes thought to be involved in multisensory integration leads to falls in older adults.Insufficient emphasis,however,has been placed on specific contributions of individual sensory modalities to multisensory integration processes and cross-modal interactions that occur between the sensory modalities in relation to gait and balance.In the present work,we review the contributions of somatosensory,visual,and vestibular modalities,along with their multisensory intersections to gait and balance in older adults and patients with Parkinson’s disease.We also review evidence of vestibular contributions to multisensory temporal binding windows,previously shown to be highly pertinent to fall risk in older adults.Lastly,we relate multisensory vestibular mechanisms to potential neural substrates,both at the level of neurobiology(concerning positron emission tomography imaging)and at the level of electrophysiology(concerning electroencephalography).We hope that this integrative review,drawing influence across multiple subdisciplines of neuroscience,paves the way for novel research directions and therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches,to improve the lives of older adults and patients with neurodegenerative diseases.展开更多
The novel integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensor presented in this paper works similarly as a two terminal Zener, has breakdown voltage directly proportional to Kelvin temperature at 10 mV/℃, with typical error ...The novel integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensor presented in this paper works similarly as a two terminal Zener, has breakdown voltage directly proportional to Kelvin temperature at 10 mV/℃, with typical error of less than ±1.0℃ over a temperature range from -50℃ to +125℃. In addition to all the features that conventional IC temperature sensors have, the new device also has very low static power dissipation ( 0.5 mW ) , low output impedance ( less than 1Ω), excellent stability, high reproducibility, and high precision. The sensor's circuit design and layout are discussed in detail. Applications of the sensor include almost any type of temperature sensing over the range of -50℃-+125℃. The low impedance and linear output of the device make interfacing the readout or control circuitry especially easy. Due to the excellent performance and low cost of this sensor, more applications of the sensor over wide temperature range are expected.展开更多
Although magnetotelluric sounding method applied to the land is advanced, there are many difficulties when it is applied to marine environment, one of which is how to lay magnetic field sensors down to the seafloor to...Although magnetotelluric sounding method applied to the land is advanced, there are many difficulties when it is applied to marine environment, one of which is how to lay magnetic field sensors down to the seafloor to complete measurements. To protect the magnetic field sensors from intense erosion and high pressure, suitable high-pressure sealed cabins must be designed to load them. For the consideration of magnetic measurement and marine operation, the sealed pressure cabin should be nonmagnetic and transportable. Among all optional materials, LC4 super.hard aluminum alloy has the highest performance of price/quality ratio to make the sealed pressure cabin. However, it does not mean that the high-pressure sealed cabin made using LC4 will be perfect in performance. In fact, because of its weak magnetism, the pressure cabin made using LC4 has distorting effect on frequency responses of the magnetic field sensors sealed in it. This distorting effect does not affect the use of the magnetic field sensor, but if we want to eliminate its effect, we should study it by experimental measurements. In our experiment tests, frequency sweep magnetic field as excitation signal was used, and then responses of the magnetic field sensor before and after being loaded into the high-pressure sealed cabin were measured. Finally, normalized abnormal curves for the frequency responses were obtained, through which we could show how the high-pressure sealed cabin produces effects on the responses of the magnetic field sensor. Experimental results suggest that the response distortion induced by the sealed pressure cabin appears on mid- and high-frequency areas. Using experimental results as standardization data, the frequency responses collected from seafloor magnetotelluric measurements can be corrected to restore real information about the seafloor field source.展开更多
Currently, little work has been devoted to the mediators and tools for multi-role production interactions in the mass individualization environment. This paper proposes a kind of hardware-software-integrated mediators...Currently, little work has been devoted to the mediators and tools for multi-role production interactions in the mass individualization environment. This paper proposes a kind of hardware-software-integrated mediators called social sensors （S2ensors） to facilitate the production interactions among customers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders in the social manufacturing systems （SMS）. The concept, classification, operational logics, and for- malization of S2ensors are clarified. S2ensors collect sub- jective data from physical sensors and objective data from sensory input in mobile Apps, merge them into meaningful information for decision-making, and finally feed the decisions back for reaction and execution. Then, an S2en- sors-Cloud platform is discussed to integrate different S2- ensors to work for SMSs in an autonomous way. A demonstrative case is studied by developing a prototype system and the results show that S2ensors and S2ensors- Cloud platform can assist multi-role stakeholders interact and collaborate for the production tasks. It reveals the mediator-enabled mechanisms and methods for production interactions among stakeholders in SMS.展开更多
Artificial Intelligence(AI)has shown the power to enhance the functionality of sensors and enable intelligent human‐machine interfaces through machine learning‐based data analysis.However,the good performance of AI ...Artificial Intelligence(AI)has shown the power to enhance the functionality of sensors and enable intelligent human‐machine interfaces through machine learning‐based data analysis.However,the good performance of AI is always accompanied by a large amount of data and high computational complexity.Though cloud computing appears to be the right solution to this issue with the advent of the 5G era,a certain intelligence of the edge terminal is also important to make the entire integrated intelligent system more efficient.The current development of microelectronic,wearable,AI,and neuromorphic technologies pave the way to realize advanced edge computing by integrating silicon‐based high‐computing‐power neuromorphic chips with anthropomorphic wearable sensory devices and show the potential to achieve human‐like self‐sustainable decentralized intelligence to enable the next‐generation of AI.Hence,in this review,we systematically introduce the related progress in terms of wearable electronics that can mimic the biological features of humans'sensory systems and the development of neuromorphic/in‐sensor computing technologies.Discussion on implementing the integrated human‐like perception and sensation system with silicone‐based computing chips and non‐silicone‐based wearable functional units and our perspectives are also provided.展开更多
With the rapid development of flexible and portable microelectronics,the extreme demand for miniaturized,mechanically flexible,and integrated microsystems are strongly stimulated.Here,biomass-derived carbons(BDCs)are ...With the rapid development of flexible and portable microelectronics,the extreme demand for miniaturized,mechanically flexible,and integrated microsystems are strongly stimulated.Here,biomass-derived carbons(BDCs)are prepared by KOH activation using Qamgur precursor,exhibiting three-dimensional(3D)hierarchical porous structure.Benefiting from unobstructed 3D hierarchical porous structure,BDCs provide an excellent specific capacitance of 433 F g^(-1)and prominent cyclability without capacitance degradation after 50000 cycles at 50 A g^(-1).Furthermore,BDC-based planar micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)without metal collector,prepared by mask-assisted coating,exhibit outstanding areal-specific capacitance of 84 mF cm^(-2)and areal energy density of 10.6μWh cm^(-2),exceeding most of the previous carbon-based MSCs.Impressively,the MSCs disclose extraordinary flexibility with capacitance retention of almost 100%under extreme bending state.More importantly,a flexible planar integrated system composed of the MSC and temperature sensor is assembled to efficiently monitor the temperature variation,providing a feasible route for flexible MSC-based functional micro-devices.展开更多
Integration of sensors with engineering thermoplastics allows to track their health and surrounding stimuli.As one of vital backbones to construct sensor systems,copper(Cu)is highly conductive and cost-effective,yet t...Integration of sensors with engineering thermoplastics allows to track their health and surrounding stimuli.As one of vital backbones to construct sensor systems,copper(Cu)is highly conductive and cost-effective,yet tends to easily oxidize during and after processing.Herein,an in-situ integrated sensor system on engineering thermoplastics via hybrid laser direct writing is proposed,which primarily consists of laser-passivated functional Cu interconnects and laser-induced carbon-based sensors.Through a one-step photothermal treatment,the resulting functional Cu interconnects after reductive sintering and passivation are capable of resisting long-term oxidation failure at high temperatures(up to 170℃)without additional encapsulations.Interfacing with signal processing units,such an all-in-one system is applied for long-term and real-time temperature monitoring.This integrated sensor system with facile laser manufacturing strategies holds potentials for health monitoring and fault diagnosis of advanced equipment such as aircrafts,automobiles,high-speed trains,and medical devices.展开更多
In this paper, magnetic fluid(MF), a new type of optical functional nanomaterial with interesting optical characteristics under the external magnetic field, is adopted to form a novel fiber-optic magnetic field sensor...In this paper, magnetic fluid(MF), a new type of optical functional nanomaterial with interesting optical characteristics under the external magnetic field, is adopted to form a novel fiber-optic magnetic field sensor. The proposed sensor is based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and has a multimode-singlemode-multimode(MSM) fiber structure. The MSM structure was fabricated by splicing a section of uncoated single mode fiber (SMF) between two short sections of multimode fibers(MMFs) using a fiber fusion splicer. The magnetic field sensing probe was made by inserting the fiberoptic structure in an MF-filled capillary tube. Variations in an external magnetic field is seen to cause changes in the refractive index of MF. This tunable change in the refractive index with magnetic field strengths between 0.6 mT to 21.4 mT produces a shift in the peak position of the wavelength. The shift of the valley wavelength with magnetic field intensity has a good linearity of up to 99.6%. The achieved sensitivity of the proposed magnetic field sensor is 0.123 nm/mT, which is improved by several folds compared with those of most of the other reported MF-based magnetic field sensors. Furthermore, we build the corresponding circuit-based measurement system, and the experimental results show that the voltage change indirectly reflects the change of the external magnetic field strength. Therefore, this provides the potential to fiber-based magnetic field sensing applications.展开更多
Artificial sensory systems mimic the five human senses to facilitate data interaction between the real and virtual worlds.Accurate data analysis is crucial for converting external stimuli from each artificial sense in...Artificial sensory systems mimic the five human senses to facilitate data interaction between the real and virtual worlds.Accurate data analysis is crucial for converting external stimuli from each artificial sense into user-relevant information,yet conventional signal processing methods struggle with the massive scale,noise,and artificial sensory systems characteristics of data generated by artificial sensory devices.Integrating artificial intelligence(AI)is essential for addressing these challenges and enhancing the performance of artificial sensory systems,making it a rapidly growing area of research in recent years.However,no studies have systematically categorized the output functions of these systems or analyzed the associated AI algorithms and data processing methods.In this review,we present a systematic overview of the latest AI techniques aimed at enhancing the cognitive capabilities of artificial sensory systems replicating the five human senses:touch,taste,vision,smell,and hearing.We categorize the AI-enabled capabilities of artificial sensory systems into four key areas:cognitive simulation,perceptual enhancement,adaptive adjustment,and early warning.We introduce specialized AI algorithms and raw data processing methods for each function,designed to enhance and optimize sensing performance.Finally,we offer a perspective on the future of AI-integrated artificial sensory systems,highlighting technical challenges and potential real-world application scenarios for further innovation.Integration of AI with artificial sensory systems will enable advanced multimodal perception,real-time learning,and predictive capabilities.This will drive precise environmental adaptation and personalized feedback,ultimately positioning these systems as foundational technologies in smart healthcare,agriculture,and automation.展开更多
This paper presents a new designed miniature six DOF （degree of freedom） force/torque sensor. This sensor is fully integrated with a micro DSP （digital signal processor）, so all the signal conditioning, A/D, decou...This paper presents a new designed miniature six DOF （degree of freedom） force/torque sensor. This sensor is fully integrated with a micro DSP （digital signal processor）, so all the signal conditioning, A/D, decoupling, digital-signals serial output are performed in the sensor. Some experimental results are presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed design. Finally, a neural network was used for decoupling the interacting signals, compared with the conventional method using the inverse matrix, this new method is more accurate.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272177,12204010)the Foundation for the Introduction of High-Level Talents of Anhui University(S020118002/097)+1 种基金the University Synergy Innovation Program of Anhui Province(GXXT-2023-066)the Scientific Research Project of Anhui Provincial Higher Education Institution(2023AH040008)。
文摘Flexible electronics face critical challenges in achieving monolithic three-dimensional(3D)integration,including material compatibility,structural stability,and scalable fabrication methods.Inspired by the tactile sensing mechanism of the human skin,we have developed a flexible monolithic 3D-integrated tactile sensing system based on a holey MXene paste,where each vertical one-body unit simultaneously functions as a microsupercapacitor and pressure sensor.The in-plane mesopores of MXene significantly improve ion accessibility,mitigate the self-stacking of nanosheets,and allow the holey MXene to multifunctionally act as a sensing material,an active electrode,and a conductive interconnect,thus drastically reducing the interface mismatch and enhancing the mechanical robustness.Furthermore,we fabricate a large-scale device using a blade-coating and stamping method,which demonstrates excellent mechanical flexibility,low-power consumption,rapid response,and stable long-term operation.As a proof-of-concept application,we integrate our sensing array into a smart access control system,leveraging deep learning to accurately identify users based on their unique pressing behaviors.This study provides a promising approach for designing highly integrated,intelligent,and flexible electronic systems for advanced human-computer interactions and personalized electronics.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22272004,62272041)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(YWF-22-L-1256)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3402600)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars(No.1870011182126)。
文摘The proliferation of wearable biodevices has boosted the development of soft,innovative,and multifunctional materials for human health monitoring.The integration of wearable sensors with intelligent systems is an overwhelming tendency,providing powerful tools for remote health monitoring and personal health management.Among many candidates,two-dimensional(2D)materials stand out due to several exotic mechanical,electrical,optical,and chemical properties that can be efficiently integrated into atomic-thin films.While previous reviews on 2D materials for biodevices primarily focus on conventional configurations and materials like graphene,the rapid development of new 2D materials with exotic properties has opened up novel applications,particularly in smart interaction and integrated functionalities.This review aims to consolidate recent progress,highlight the unique advantages of 2D materials,and guide future research by discussing existing challenges and opportunities in applying 2D materials for smart wearable biodevices.We begin with an in-depth analysis of the advantages,sensing mechanisms,and potential applications of 2D materials in wearable biodevice fabrication.Following this,we systematically discuss state-of-the-art biodevices based on 2D materials for monitoring various physiological signals within the human body.Special attention is given to showcasing the integration of multi-functionality in 2D smart devices,mainly including self-power supply,integrated diagnosis/treatment,and human–machine interaction.Finally,the review concludes with a concise summary of existing challenges and prospective solutions concerning the utilization of2D materials for advanced biodevices.
基金the National Research Foundation(NRF)Singapore mid-sized center grant(NRF-MSG-2023-0002)FrontierCRP grant(NRF-F-CRP-2024-0006)+2 种基金A*STAR Singapore MTC RIE2025 project(M24W1NS005)IAF-PP project(M23M5a0069)Ministry of Education(MOE)Singapore Tier 2 project(MOE-T2EP50220-0014).
文摘The rise of large-scale artificial intelligence(AI)models,such as ChatGPT,Deep-Seek,and autonomous vehicle systems,has significantly advanced the boundaries of AI,enabling highly complex tasks in natural language processing,image recognition,and real-time decisionmaking.However,these models demand immense computational power and are often centralized,relying on cloud-based architectures with inherent limitations in latency,privacy,and energy efficiency.To address these challenges and bring AI closer to real-world applications,such as wearable health monitoring,robotics,and immersive virtual environments,innovative hardware solutions are urgently needed.This work introduces a near-sensor edge computing(NSEC)system,built on a bilayer AlN/Si waveguide platform,to provide real-time,energy-efficient AI capabilities at the edge.Leveraging the electro-optic properties of AlN microring resonators for photonic feature extraction,coupled with Si-based thermo-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometers for neural network computations,the system represents a transformative approach to AI hardware design.Demonstrated through multimodal gesture and gait analysis,the NSEC system achieves high classification accuracies of 96.77%for gestures and 98.31%for gaits,ultra-low latency(<10 ns),and minimal energy consumption(<0.34 pJ).This groundbreaking system bridges the gap between AI models and real-world applications,enabling efficient,privacy-preserving AI solutions for healthcare,robotics,and next-generation human-machine interfaces,marking a pivotal advancement in edge computing and AI deployment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62404111)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20240635)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.24KJB510025)Natural Science Research Start-up Foundation of Recruiting Talents of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(No.NY223157 and NY223156)Opening Project of Advanced Inte-grated Circuit Package and Testing Research Center of Jiangsu Province(No.NTIKFJJ202303).
文摘Multimodal sensor fusion can make full use of the advantages of various sensors,make up for the shortcomings of a single sensor,achieve information verification or information security through information redundancy,and improve the reliability and safety of the system.Artificial intelligence(AI),referring to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans,represents a pivotal frontier in modern scientific research.With the continuous development and promotion of AI technology in Sensor 4.0 age,multimodal sensor fusion is becoming more and more intelligent and automated,and is expected to go further in the future.With this context,this review article takes a comprehensive look at the recent progress on AI-enhanced multimodal sensors and their integrated devices and systems.Based on the concept and principle of sensor technologies and AI algorithms,the theoretical underpinnings,technological breakthroughs,and pragmatic applications of AI-enhanced multimodal sensors in various fields such as robotics,healthcare,and environmental monitoring are highlighted.Through a comparative study of the dual/tri-modal sensors with and without using AI technologies(especially machine learning and deep learning),AI-enhanced multimodal sensors highlight the potential of AI to improve sensor performance,data processing,and decision-making capabilities.Furthermore,the review analyzes the challenges and opportunities afforded by AI-enhanced multimodal sensors,and offers a prospective outlook on the forthcoming advancements.
基金Supported by the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central-Level Public Welfare Scientific Research Institutes(2024-9007)。
文摘The accuracy of center height detection for corrugated beam guardrails is significantly affected by robot posture in the mobile highway guardrail detection systems based on structured light vision.To address the problem,this paper proposes an integrated calibration method for structured light vision sensors.In the proposed system,the sensor is mounted on a crawler-type mobile robot,which scans and measures the center height of guardrails while in motion.However,due to external disturbances such as uneven road surfaces and vehicle vibrations,the posture of the robot may deviate,causing displacement of the sensor platform and resulting in spatial 3D measurement errors.To overcome this issue,the system integrates inertial measurement unit(IMU)data into the sensor calibration process,enabling realtime correction of posture deviations through sensor fusion.This approach achieves a unified calibration of the structured light vision system,effectively compensates for posture-induced errors,and enhances detection accuracy.A prototype was developed and tested in both laboratory and real highway environments.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method enables accurate center height detection of guardrails under complex road conditions,significantly reduces posture-related measurement errors,and greatly improves the efficiency and reliability of traditional detection methods.
文摘The monolithic integrated micro sensor is an important direction in the fields of integrated circuits and micro sensors. In this paper,a monolithic thermal vacuum sensor based on a micro-hotplate （MHP） and operating under constant bias voltage conditions was designed. A new monolithic integrating mode was proposed,in which the dielectric and passiva- tion layers in standard CMOS processes were used as sensor structure layers,gate polysilicon as the sacrificial layer,and the second polysilicon layer as the sensor heating resistor. Then, the fabricating processes were designed and the monolithic thermal vacuum sensor was fabricated with a 0. 6μm mixed signal CMOS process followed by sacrificial layer etching technology. The measurement results show that the fabricated monolithic vacuum sensor can measure the pressure range of 2- 10^5 Pa and the output voltage is adjustable.
文摘As an important sensor in the navigation systems,star sensors and the gyro play important roles in spacecraft attitude determination system.Complex environmental factors are the main sources of error in attitude determination.The error influence of different benchmarks and the disintegration mode between the star sensor and the gyro is analyzed in theory.The integrated design of the star sensor and the gyro on the same benchmark can effectively avoid the error influence and improves the spacecraft attitude determination accuracy.Simulation results indicate that when the stars sensor optical axis vectors overlap the reference coordinate axis of the gyro in the same benchmark,the attitude determination accuracy improves.
基金supported in part by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant BK20230255Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province under Grant ZR2023QE281.
文摘The multi-terminal direct current(DC)grid has extinctive superiorities over the traditional alternating current system in integrating large-scale renewable energy.Both the DC circuit breaker(DCCB)and the current flow controller(CFC)are demanded to ensure the multiterminal DC grid to operates reliably and flexibly.However,since the CFC and the DCCB are all based on fully controlled semiconductor switches(e.g.,insulated gate bipolar transistor,integrated gate commutated thyristor,etc.),their separation configuration in the multiterminal DC grid will lead to unaffordable implementation costs and conduction power losses.To solve these problems,integrated equipment with both current flow control and fault isolation abilities is proposed,which shares the expensive and duplicated components of CFCs and DCCBs among adjacent lines.In addition,the complicated coordination control of CFCs and DCCBs can be avoided by adopting the integrated equipment in themultiterminal DC grid.In order to examine the current flow control and fault isolation abilities of the integrated equipment,the simulation model of a specific meshed four-terminal DC grid is constructed in the PSCAD/EMTDC software.Finally,the comparison between the integrated equipment and the separate solution is presented a specific result or conclusion needs to be added to the abstract.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant(2024YFE0100400)Taishan Scholars Project Special Funds(tsqn202312035)+2 种基金the open research foundation of State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems,the Tianjin Science and Technology Plan Project(No.22JCZDJC00630)the Higher Education Institution Science and Technology Research Project of Hebei Province(No.JZX2024024)Jinan City-University Integrated Development Strategy Project under Grant(JNSX2023017).
文摘Sleep monitoring is an important part of health management because sleep quality is crucial for restoration of human health.However,current commercial products of polysomnography are cumbersome with connecting wires and state-of-the-art flexible sensors are still interferential for being attached to the body.Herein,we develop a flexible-integrated multimodal sensing patch based on hydrogel and its application in unconstraint sleep monitoring.The patch comprises a bottom hydrogel-based dualmode pressure–temperature sensing layer and a top electrospun nanofiber-based non-contact detection layer as one integrated device.The hydrogel as core substrate exhibits strong toughness and water retention,and the multimodal sensing of temperature,pressure,and non-contact proximity is realized based on different sensing mechanisms with no crosstalk interference.The multimodal sensing function is verified in a simulated real-world scenario by a robotic hand grasping objects to validate its practicability.Multiple multimodal sensing patches integrated on different locations of a pillow are assembled for intelligent sleep monitoring.Versatile human–pillow interaction information as well as their evolution over time are acquired and analyzed by a one-dimensional convolutional neural network.Track of head movement and recognition of bad patterns that may lead to poor sleep are achieved,which provides a promising approach for sleep monitoring.
基金Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbaifor providing facility and financial assistance in the form of Masters’ Fellowship during the research period
文摘A mercury biosensor was constructed by integrating biosensor genetic elements into E. coli JM109 chromosome in a single copy number, using the attP/attB recombination mechanism of λ phage. The genetic elements used include a regulatory protein gene （merR） along with operator/promoter （O/P） derived from the mercury resistance operon from pDU1358 plasmid of Serratia marcescens. The expression of reporter gene gfp is also controlled by merR/O/P. Integration of the construct into the chromosome was done to increase the stability and precision of the biosensor. This biosensor could detect Hg（Ⅱ） ions in the concentration range of 100–1700 nmol/L, and manifest the result as the expression of GFP. The GFP expression was significantly different （P 0.05） for each concentration of inducing Hg（Ⅱ） ions in the detection range, which reduces the chances of misinterpretation of results. A model using regression method was also derived for the quantification of the concentration of Hg（Ⅱ） in water samples.
文摘Understanding the neural underpinning of human gait and balance is one of the most pertinent challenges for 21st-century translational neuroscience due to the profound impact that falls and mobility disturbances have on our aging population.Posture and gait control does not happen automatically,as previously believed,but rather requires continuous involvement of central nervous mechanisms.To effectively exert control over the body,the brain must integrate multiple streams of sensory information,including visual,vestibular,and somatosensory signals.The mechanisms which underpin the integration of these multisensory signals are the principal topic of the present work.Existing multisensory integration theories focus on how failure of cognitive processes thought to be involved in multisensory integration leads to falls in older adults.Insufficient emphasis,however,has been placed on specific contributions of individual sensory modalities to multisensory integration processes and cross-modal interactions that occur between the sensory modalities in relation to gait and balance.In the present work,we review the contributions of somatosensory,visual,and vestibular modalities,along with their multisensory intersections to gait and balance in older adults and patients with Parkinson’s disease.We also review evidence of vestibular contributions to multisensory temporal binding windows,previously shown to be highly pertinent to fall risk in older adults.Lastly,we relate multisensory vestibular mechanisms to potential neural substrates,both at the level of neurobiology(concerning positron emission tomography imaging)and at the level of electrophysiology(concerning electroencephalography).We hope that this integrative review,drawing influence across multiple subdisciplines of neuroscience,paves the way for novel research directions and therapeutic neuromodulatory approaches,to improve the lives of older adults and patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
文摘The novel integrated circuit (IC) temperature sensor presented in this paper works similarly as a two terminal Zener, has breakdown voltage directly proportional to Kelvin temperature at 10 mV/℃, with typical error of less than ±1.0℃ over a temperature range from -50℃ to +125℃. In addition to all the features that conventional IC temperature sensors have, the new device also has very low static power dissipation ( 0.5 mW ) , low output impedance ( less than 1Ω), excellent stability, high reproducibility, and high precision. The sensor's circuit design and layout are discussed in detail. Applications of the sensor include almost any type of temperature sensing over the range of -50℃-+125℃. The low impedance and linear output of the device make interfacing the readout or control circuitry especially easy. Due to the excellent performance and low cost of this sensor, more applications of the sensor over wide temperature range are expected.
基金This paper is supported by the National "863" Program in the Tenth Five-Year-Plan (No. 2002AA615020)Eleventh Five-Year-Plan (No. 2006AA09A201)the Focused Subject Program of Beijing (No. XK104910598).
文摘Although magnetotelluric sounding method applied to the land is advanced, there are many difficulties when it is applied to marine environment, one of which is how to lay magnetic field sensors down to the seafloor to complete measurements. To protect the magnetic field sensors from intense erosion and high pressure, suitable high-pressure sealed cabins must be designed to load them. For the consideration of magnetic measurement and marine operation, the sealed pressure cabin should be nonmagnetic and transportable. Among all optional materials, LC4 super.hard aluminum alloy has the highest performance of price/quality ratio to make the sealed pressure cabin. However, it does not mean that the high-pressure sealed cabin made using LC4 will be perfect in performance. In fact, because of its weak magnetism, the pressure cabin made using LC4 has distorting effect on frequency responses of the magnetic field sensors sealed in it. This distorting effect does not affect the use of the magnetic field sensor, but if we want to eliminate its effect, we should study it by experimental measurements. In our experiment tests, frequency sweep magnetic field as excitation signal was used, and then responses of the magnetic field sensor before and after being loaded into the high-pressure sealed cabin were measured. Finally, normalized abnormal curves for the frequency responses were obtained, through which we could show how the high-pressure sealed cabin produces effects on the responses of the magnetic field sensor. Experimental results suggest that the response distortion induced by the sealed pressure cabin appears on mid- and high-frequency areas. Using experimental results as standardization data, the frequency responses collected from seafloor magnetotelluric measurements can be corrected to restore real information about the seafloor field source.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71571142,51275396)
文摘Currently, little work has been devoted to the mediators and tools for multi-role production interactions in the mass individualization environment. This paper proposes a kind of hardware-software-integrated mediators called social sensors （S2ensors） to facilitate the production interactions among customers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders in the social manufacturing systems （SMS）. The concept, classification, operational logics, and for- malization of S2ensors are clarified. S2ensors collect sub- jective data from physical sensors and objective data from sensory input in mobile Apps, merge them into meaningful information for decision-making, and finally feed the decisions back for reaction and execution. Then, an S2en- sors-Cloud platform is discussed to integrate different S2- ensors to work for SMSs in an autonomous way. A demonstrative case is studied by developing a prototype system and the results show that S2ensors and S2ensors- Cloud platform can assist multi-role stakeholders interact and collaborate for the production tasks. It reveals the mediator-enabled mechanisms and methods for production interactions among stakeholders in SMS.
基金supported by NRF‐CRP28‐2022‐0038“Integrating Wideband Tuneable Acoustic Filters on Silicon for High‐Speed Wireless Communication”(WBS:grant no.A‐8001503‐00‐00)National University of Singapore(NUS),Singapore,and RIE2025 IAF‐ICP under I2301E0027“Piezo Specialty Lab‐in‐Fab 2.0(LiF 2.0)-Enabling Unrivalled Power Efficient Transducers Beyond Material Limits”at National University of Singapore(NUS),Singapore.
文摘Artificial Intelligence(AI)has shown the power to enhance the functionality of sensors and enable intelligent human‐machine interfaces through machine learning‐based data analysis.However,the good performance of AI is always accompanied by a large amount of data and high computational complexity.Though cloud computing appears to be the right solution to this issue with the advent of the 5G era,a certain intelligence of the edge terminal is also important to make the entire integrated intelligent system more efficient.The current development of microelectronic,wearable,AI,and neuromorphic technologies pave the way to realize advanced edge computing by integrating silicon‐based high‐computing‐power neuromorphic chips with anthropomorphic wearable sensory devices and show the potential to achieve human‐like self‐sustainable decentralized intelligence to enable the next‐generation of AI.Hence,in this review,we systematically introduce the related progress in terms of wearable electronics that can mimic the biological features of humans'sensory systems and the development of neuromorphic/in‐sensor computing technologies.Discussion on implementing the integrated human‐like perception and sensation system with silicone‐based computing chips and non‐silicone‐based wearable functional units and our perspectives are also provided.
基金support from Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1907144)Dalian Youth Science and Technology Star Project Support Program(No.2017RQ104)+6 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFB0311600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22125903,51872283,22075279)Liaoning BaiQianWan Talents Program(Grant XLYC1807153)Dalian Innovation Support Plan for High Level Talents(2019RT09)Dalian National Laboratory For Clean Energy(DNL),CAS,DNL Cooperation Fund,CAS(DNL201912,DNL201915,DNL202016,DNL202019)DICP(DICP ZZBS201802,DICP I2020032)The Joint Fund of the Yulin University and the Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy(YLU-DNL Fund 2021002,2021009).
文摘With the rapid development of flexible and portable microelectronics,the extreme demand for miniaturized,mechanically flexible,and integrated microsystems are strongly stimulated.Here,biomass-derived carbons(BDCs)are prepared by KOH activation using Qamgur precursor,exhibiting three-dimensional(3D)hierarchical porous structure.Benefiting from unobstructed 3D hierarchical porous structure,BDCs provide an excellent specific capacitance of 433 F g^(-1)and prominent cyclability without capacitance degradation after 50000 cycles at 50 A g^(-1).Furthermore,BDC-based planar micro-supercapacitors(MSCs)without metal collector,prepared by mask-assisted coating,exhibit outstanding areal-specific capacitance of 84 mF cm^(-2)and areal energy density of 10.6μWh cm^(-2),exceeding most of the previous carbon-based MSCs.Impressively,the MSCs disclose extraordinary flexibility with capacitance retention of almost 100%under extreme bending state.More importantly,a flexible planar integrated system composed of the MSC and temperature sensor is assembled to efficiently monitor the temperature variation,providing a feasible route for flexible MSC-based functional micro-devices.
基金STI 2030-Major Projects(2022ZD0208601)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52105593)+2 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LDQ24E050001)‘Pioneer’and‘Leading Goose’R&D Program of Zhejiang(2023C01051)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2024-00085)。
文摘Integration of sensors with engineering thermoplastics allows to track their health and surrounding stimuli.As one of vital backbones to construct sensor systems,copper(Cu)is highly conductive and cost-effective,yet tends to easily oxidize during and after processing.Herein,an in-situ integrated sensor system on engineering thermoplastics via hybrid laser direct writing is proposed,which primarily consists of laser-passivated functional Cu interconnects and laser-induced carbon-based sensors.Through a one-step photothermal treatment,the resulting functional Cu interconnects after reductive sintering and passivation are capable of resisting long-term oxidation failure at high temperatures(up to 170℃)without additional encapsulations.Interfacing with signal processing units,such an all-in-one system is applied for long-term and real-time temperature monitoring.This integrated sensor system with facile laser manufacturing strategies holds potentials for health monitoring and fault diagnosis of advanced equipment such as aircrafts,automobiles,high-speed trains,and medical devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11274278)
文摘In this paper, magnetic fluid(MF), a new type of optical functional nanomaterial with interesting optical characteristics under the external magnetic field, is adopted to form a novel fiber-optic magnetic field sensor. The proposed sensor is based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and has a multimode-singlemode-multimode(MSM) fiber structure. The MSM structure was fabricated by splicing a section of uncoated single mode fiber (SMF) between two short sections of multimode fibers(MMFs) using a fiber fusion splicer. The magnetic field sensing probe was made by inserting the fiberoptic structure in an MF-filled capillary tube. Variations in an external magnetic field is seen to cause changes in the refractive index of MF. This tunable change in the refractive index with magnetic field strengths between 0.6 mT to 21.4 mT produces a shift in the peak position of the wavelength. The shift of the valley wavelength with magnetic field intensity has a good linearity of up to 99.6%. The achieved sensitivity of the proposed magnetic field sensor is 0.123 nm/mT, which is improved by several folds compared with those of most of the other reported MF-based magnetic field sensors. Furthermore, we build the corresponding circuit-based measurement system, and the experimental results show that the voltage change indirectly reflects the change of the external magnetic field strength. Therefore, this provides the potential to fiber-based magnetic field sensing applications.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(RS-2023-00211580,RS-2023-00237308).
文摘Artificial sensory systems mimic the five human senses to facilitate data interaction between the real and virtual worlds.Accurate data analysis is crucial for converting external stimuli from each artificial sense into user-relevant information,yet conventional signal processing methods struggle with the massive scale,noise,and artificial sensory systems characteristics of data generated by artificial sensory devices.Integrating artificial intelligence(AI)is essential for addressing these challenges and enhancing the performance of artificial sensory systems,making it a rapidly growing area of research in recent years.However,no studies have systematically categorized the output functions of these systems or analyzed the associated AI algorithms and data processing methods.In this review,we present a systematic overview of the latest AI techniques aimed at enhancing the cognitive capabilities of artificial sensory systems replicating the five human senses:touch,taste,vision,smell,and hearing.We categorize the AI-enabled capabilities of artificial sensory systems into four key areas:cognitive simulation,perceptual enhancement,adaptive adjustment,and early warning.We introduce specialized AI algorithms and raw data processing methods for each function,designed to enhance and optimize sensing performance.Finally,we offer a perspective on the future of AI-integrated artificial sensory systems,highlighting technical challenges and potential real-world application scenarios for further innovation.Integration of AI with artificial sensory systems will enable advanced multimodal perception,real-time learning,and predictive capabilities.This will drive precise environmental adaptation and personalized feedback,ultimately positioning these systems as foundational technologies in smart healthcare,agriculture,and automation.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （ No. 60275032 ） and the Supported bv the High Technology Research and Development Programme of China （ No. 2003AA404220）.
文摘This paper presents a new designed miniature six DOF （degree of freedom） force/torque sensor. This sensor is fully integrated with a micro DSP （digital signal processor）, so all the signal conditioning, A/D, decoupling, digital-signals serial output are performed in the sensor. Some experimental results are presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed design. Finally, a neural network was used for decoupling the interacting signals, compared with the conventional method using the inverse matrix, this new method is more accurate.
